Hi tho chuyn v a dng sinh hc v Bin i kh hu: Mi lin quan ti i ngho v Pht trin bn vng

H Ni, Ngy 22-23 thng 5, 2007

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PHT TRIN V S DNG HP L NGUN TI NGUYN NC.

GSTS Ng nh Tun, Trng i hc Thu li

I. Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu
yu t khng bn vng.
1. Nc ta c khong 830 t m 3 nc mt trong ch c 310 t m 3 c to ra do ma ri trong
lnh th Vit Nam chim 37% cn 63% do lng ma ngoi lnh th chy vo. Tng tr lng tim
tng kh nng khai thc nc di t cha k phn hi o c tnh khong 60 t m 3/nm. Tr
lng nc giai on tm kim thm d s b mi t khong 8 t m 3/nm (khong 13% tng tr
lng).
Nu k c nc mt v nc di t trn phm vi lnh th th bnh qun u ngi t 4400
m3/ngi, nm (Th gii 7400m3/ngi, nm). Theo ch tiu nh gi ca Hi Ti nguyn nc Quc
t IWRA th quc gia no di 4000m 3/ngi, nm l quc gia thiu nc. Nh vy, nc ta l mt
trong nhng nc ang v s thiu nc trong mt tng lai rt gn (Thc t nu k c lng nc
t cc lnh th nc ngoi chy vo th Vit Nam trung bnh t khong 10.600m 3/ngi, nm).
2. Cc yu t khng bn vng ca Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam.
1) Lng nc sn sinh t ngoi lnh th chim xp x 2/3 tng lng nc c c, rt kh ch
ng, thm ch khng s dng c.
2) S phn b ca c nc mt ln nc di t rt khng u. Theo khng gian, ni c lng
ma nht l Bch M 8000mm/nm, Bc Quang, B N t khong 5000mm/nm, trong khi Ca
Phan R ch t xp x 400mm/nm. Theo thi gian, ma l ch ko di t 3- 5 thng nhng chim ti
70- 85% lng nc c nm. Ma l, lng ma mt ngy ln nht t trn 1500mm/ngy song ma
cn tn ti hng nhiu thng khng c git ma no. Ma, l t k lc trong vng ng Nam l
ven bin Min Trung. Hn hn xy ra nghim trng. iu cn phi tch nc trong ma l iu
tit b sung ma cn l gii php tch cc nht, quan trng nht.
3) S khng thun li ca Ti nguyn nc trong s dng v khai thc.
- Nc ta c khong 2360 con sng c chiu di ln hn 10 km. Trong s 13 lu vc sng
chnh v nhnh c din tch ln hn 10.000 km 2 th c n 10/13 sng c quan h vi cc nc lng
ging, trong c 3/13 sng thng ngun Vit Nam, h ngun chy sang nc lng ging, 7 sng
thng ngun nc lng ging, h ngun Vit Nam. iu ny Vit Nam khng nhng b rng
buc ngun li v nc ca quc gia th hai, th ba chia s, ng thun.
- Tng lng nc nm ng vi p = 75% khong 720 t m 3, tng lng nc ma cn c
khong 170 t m3 (k c 30 t m3 iu tit t cc h cha tnh n nm 2010). Tng nhu cu nc
nm 2010 l 110 t m3, trong ma cn khong 85 t m 3 (cha k n lu lng nc m bo mi
trng sinh thi h lu). Nu qun l khng tt th n nm 2010 kh nng thiu nc r rng vo
tng ni, tng thi k, c bit l cc vng Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Daklak, Daknng, BSCL, Trung
du S. Thi Bnh v sng Hng v di ven bin.
4) S cn kit ti nguyn nc ngy cng tng.
- Dn s tng, ch s lng nc trn u ngi gim. Nm 1943 l 16.641 m 3/ngi, nu
dn s nc ta tng ln 150 triu ngi th ch cn t 2467 m 3/ngi, nm xp x vi nhng quc gia
him nc.
- Do cc Quc gia thng ngun khai thc nc cc sng ngy cng nhiu v c chiu
hng bt li. V d: Trung Quc v ang xy dng hn 10 h cha ln trn sng Mekong, sng
Nguyn; Lo v ang xy dng 35 cng trnh thu li- thy in trong c 27 h cha trn sng
nhnh v 8 p dng trn sng chnh. Thi Lan, c 10 h cha va v ln v ang c k hoch
xy thm. Campuchia c d kin gi mc nc Bin H vi mt cao trnh nht nh pht trin
ti
- Nn ph rng ngy mt tng cao trng cph ( khi c gi), ph rng ly g, ly ci,
ly t lm nng ry kh kim sot lm ngun nc v ma cn nhiu sng sui, kh kit, v
ma l lm tng tc xi mn t, tng tnh trm trng ca l lt l cha k hu qu gy gim
st ng k v a dng sinh hc.
- nhim nc ngy mt trm trng do tc th ho, cng nghip ho, hin i ho ngy
mt tng nhanh trong khi nc thi, rc thi cha c kim sot cht ch. l cha k nhim do
s dng ho cht bo v thc vt, phn bn ho hc ngy mt tng kh kim sot, nhim nc do
nc thi, cht thi ca cc ao nui thu sn x trc tip khng qua x l vo ngun nc.
II. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu.

Hi tho chuyn v a dng sinh hc v Bin i kh hu: Mi lin quan ti i ngho v Pht trin bn vng
H Ni, Ngy 22-23 thng 5, 2007
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1. Nhit khng kh c xu th ngy mt tng ln c khng nh. Kch bn c th chp nhn

l n nm 2070, cc vng ven bin c kh nng tng thm +1,5 oC, vng ni a +2,5oC. Chng
ko theo lng tng bc thot hi ln khong 7,7 8,4%, nhu cu nc ti tng ln, lng dng
chy nc mt s gim i tng ng khi lng ma khng i.
2. Bo. ElNino v LaNina lm tng thm tnh cc oan ca thi tit. Hu qu lm tng thm tnh cc
oan ca lng dng chy trong nm trn cc dng sng.
1) Vo cc nm LaNina, s lng bo v ATN nh hng n thi tit nc ta nhiu hn r rt
so vi cc nm ElNino. Nu km theo nh hng khng kh lnh th cc nm ny thng xy ra
nhng trn lt ln ko di, din rng.
2) Vo cc nm ElNino, s lng bo v ATN nh hng n nc ta t song cng c nhng
cn c cng rt mnh gy thit hi rt nghim trng.
3) Ni chung Vit Nam bo c xu th ngy cng tng c cng ln tn s. Tn sut bo
b vo vng ven bin pha Bc v ven bin Trung b c xu hng chuyn dch ln nhau theo tng
thi k. Trong nhng nm gn y bo c xu th b vo vng ven bin Min Trung nhiu hn c
bit l vng ven bin Cc Nam Trung B.
3. Hn. ElNino gn lin vi vic gy hn hn rt nng n nc ta. Nhng nm c ElNino, lng
ma v lng dng chy trong sng c bit l trong ma cn thng b gim mnh, thm ch khng
c dng chy nh sng Lng Sng, S. Ly(Bnh Thun), sng LrongBuk (Daklak), sng H Thanh
(Bnh nh) Hn n ni ngay c sc vt cng khng th sng c, ngi dn phi di chuyn
chng n vng khc. Hng chc ngn ha cy trng b cht do thiu nc.
III. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam c xu th suy thoi do pht trin v s dng thiu hp l, thiu
ng b.
1. Cc pht trin KTXH c lin quan n pht trin nh knh.
a. S pht trin dn s ko theo s pht trin din tch trng la v sn lng thc.
Nm 2000 so vi nm 1900: Dn s Vit Nam tng gp 1,6 ln F la tng gp 2,56 ln, sn
lng thc tng 8,2 ln.
b. Ph v trng rng. Nm 1943 che ph l 43%, n nay che ph rng cn t khong
35% song cht lng rng b gim nng n phn ln l rng th sinh, rng thoi ho, rng trng.
c. Xy dng h cha thu li, thu in trc nm 1994 c tng dung tch khong 20 t m 3 nc,
tng dung tch hiu ch khong 16 t m3.
d. S dng nng lng bng than, kh, qu trnh cng nghip, cht thi pht thi kh nh knh
mt t trng ng k.
2. Cc pht trin v s dng Ti nguyn nc thiu hp l, thiu ng b.
a. Bt ca cc phn lu khai thc cc bi sng trong s dng cho mc ch nng nghip. V
d:
1) Nm 1900, bt ca sng C L l phn lu t nhin ca sng Hng- sng C L tr thnh
mt nhnh ca sng Cu- sng cha nc ma, nc thi nhim cc cht hu c, du m.
2) Nm 1937 bt sng y bng p y, sng y tr thnh khc sng cht (t p y
n Ba Th). Nm 1967, bt ca y bng cng Vn Cc v Ca Ht khai thc bng h t Vn
Cc- p y. Hin nay sng y- sng Nhu tr thnh con sng tiu nc thi, nc bn t cc
th ln H Ni, H Ty, ang ku cu.
b. Cc sng nh trong ni ca cc Thnh ph b nhim nng do nc thi sinh hot, cng
nghip.
1) Sui Phng Hong chy trong Thnh ph Thi Nguyn, b nhim cht hu c nghim
trng do nc thi ca nh my sn xut Giy thi trc tip.
2) Cc sng T Lch, sng St, Kim Ngu chy trong ni thnh H Ni b nhim rt
nghim trng trc tip vo sng Nhu.
3) Cc knh nhiu Lc- Th Ngh knh Tu H, knh Tn Ho- L Gm, Knh Tham Lng,
Knh i- T v cc knh rch khc chy trong ni Thnh ph H Ch Minh trc tip vo sng
Si Gn gy nhim nghim trng.
c. Cc sng ni chung c th phn on nhim khi sng chy qua cc khu th, khu cng
nghip, lng ngh, hay hot ng nng nghip
d. Xy dng p dng s dng ht lng nc c bn to ra khc sng kh di p.
1) Cc p dng thu li nh p Thch Nham trn sng Tr Khc, p Li Giang trn sng
i Giang, p ng Cam trn sng Rng, p Nha Trinh- Lm Cm trn sng Ci Nha Trang
30 nm trc y v ma kh vn c nc trn qua p. Vi chc nm gn y do tng din tch
ti, tng lng nc cp cho sinh hot, cng nghip, mt khc do rng u ngun b ph nng n
nn ma kh l h lu ht nc c nm ko di vi ba thng nu khng c ma- vng h lu cc p
dng ny nhiu c dn sinh sng ven sng v trn sng, tc ng ny l rt ng k.

Hi tho chuyn v a dng sinh hc v Bin i kh hu: Mi lin quan ti i ngho v Pht trin bn vng
H Ni, Ngy 22-23 thng 5, 2007
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2) Cc p dng thu in:

- To ra khc sng cht on gia h lu p v nh my. Tuy dn c vng ny tha
tht song i vi a dng sinh hc, h sinh thi thu sinh, s tn tht khng th khng xt n.
- Do iu tit ngy m to ra na ngy h lu khng c nc x. nh hng ny l
ng k khng nhng n hot ng kinh t x hi lin quan n ng thu m ngay c i vi cc
hot ng ca ng vt, thc vt c lin quan n nc.
e. Trong qui hoch, thit k cc h cha nc, trong mt thi gian di khng quan tm n hoc
quan tm khng y n dng chy mi trng pha h lu p nn gy nhng khiu t ca
ngi dn, nhiu a phng khng ng c.
g. Khai thc nc qu mc, thiu qui hoch, k hoch ng b.
1) Khai thc nc ngm qu mc gy nhim trm trng Daklak, Ninh Thun v Bnh
Thun, i hi phi c bin php b cp.
2) Theo qui hoch v ngun nc, n nm 2010 p ng yu cu cp nc ti cho 5 tnh
Ty Nguyn l 80.000 ha cph. n nm 2000 ring tnh Daklak (c) trng c 260.000 ha
cph. Hu qu l khng nc ti hng chc ngn ha cph b cht.
h. Qun l ti nguyn nc b phn tn, tnh rng buc khng cht ch, thiu thng nht nn
xy ra tnh trng:
- Thiu nc nhn to do khng c qui trnh vn hnh h v ma cn (nc sng Hng
khng p ng yu cu mc nc cn thit trong cc thng II, III hng nm).
- Thiu tp trung, thiu nghim lnh, nhiu c quan ban hnh nhng khng c c quan no
quyt nh. V d: Trn sng Krong Ana on cu Giang Sn, Trm Thu vn Giang Sn c 3 qui nh
ca 3 B: B giao thng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn vi
ba bin cm cng c 1 iu cm: Cm ly ct trn on sng. Thc t khng c chp hnh: Trc
cu vn b xi, tu thuyn vn u kn khai thc ct gy xi l b sng, lm sai lch s liu quan trc
thu vn.
IV. Cc gii php pht trin v s dng hp l ngun Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam hay Cc gii
php pht trin bn vng Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam.
1. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do bin i kh hu ton cu.
a. Gim nh kh nh knh theo k hoch hnh ng ca Quc gia.
b. T 1994- 2020, xy dng thm khong hn 70 h cha Thu li, Thu in c V hi 10 triu m3
vi Vtb 50 t m3, Vhi 33 t m3, trong c 46 h cha vi Vhi 400 triu m3.
c. Ci thin, nng cp v m rng cc h thng thot l, tiu ng.
1) Nng cp cc h thng c.
2) Qui hoch xy dng b sung h thng mi, c lp vi ti, cp nc.
3) Thc hin nghim chnh cc Lut Ti nguyn nc, Bo v mi trng, iubo m
thot l, bo v b sng, chnh tr lng sng, ca sng thng thot l
d. Nng cp bin, ca sng.
e. Cng c bi trc sng m bo an ton vi mc nc thit k qui nh.
g. Khai thc hp l t ai cha s dng.
h. Thc hin c ch sn xut sch.
2. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do Pht trin, s dng Ti nguyn nc khng
hp l.
a. Gim nhu cu nc.
1) Ti tit kim nc.
2) Gim tn tht nc:
- Cng ho knh mng
- Nng cp cng trnh u mi
- Nng cao hiu qu qun l
* Qun l theo nhu cu dng nc khng phi qun l theo kh nng cng trnh.
* To iu kin thun li cho s tham gia qun l ca x hi, cng dn v cng ng.
* Tng cng nng lc qun l.
3) Chuyn i c cu cy trng vt nui c nhu cu s dng nc thp.
4) Phng chng nhim nc.
b. Cng nghip.
1) Nng cao hiu qu ti s dng nc.
2) Xy dng h thng x l nc thi.
3) Phng chng nhim ngun nc.
c. Du lch- Dch v- Sinh hot.
1) S dng nc tit kim chng lng ph.

Hi tho chuyn v a dng sinh hc v Bin i kh hu: Mi lin quan ti i ngho v Pht trin bn vng
H Ni, Ngy 22-23 thng 5, 2007
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2) Gim nhu cu nc mt cch hp l, ci tin thit b s dng nc.

3) Phng chng nhim ngun nc.
d. Khai thc s dng ngun nc i i vi bo v ngun nc, bo m duy tr dng chy mi
trng cho con sng kho mnh bo v v pht trin h sinh thi thu sinh. Php l ho ni dung
m bo dng chy mi trng trong qui hoch, thit k vn hnh cc h cha nc thu li, thu
in v p dng. C k hoch bin php b cp nc ngm nhng vng khai thc qu mc, phng
chng hoang mc ho.
e. u t nghin cu kim k nh gi v qui hoch d bo di hn Ti nguyn nc. D bo
theo ma, nm v nhiu nm v ngun nc, thin tai l lt, hn hn i km vi hin tng LaNina,
ElNino c k hoch s dng hp l v an ton ngun nc.
g. Qun l tng hp Ti nguyn nc. T chc Lu vc sng c c ch qun l thch hp, hiu
qu.
h. Bo v mi trng nc, phng chng v gim thiu nhim nc, thc hin ng cc Lut
v cc vn bn di Lut c lin quan.
1) Hiu v thc hin y Lut Bo v mi trng, Lut Ti nguyn nc, Lut iu,
Chin lc quc gia v Ti nguyn nc n nm 2020 v cc Ngh nh, Qui nh ca Chnh ph c
lin quan.
2) Thc hin ngi gy nhim phi tr ph.
3) To iu kin thun li cho x hi cng ng tham gia qun l v bo v mi trng nc.
4) Ci to, ci thin khi phc c kim sot cc dng sng b nhim, b t nh sng y,
sng Nhu, sng Cu, sng Si Gn v cc sng, knh ni .
3. Hn ch v gim thiu suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do Qun l, T chc v Lut php.
1) Nh nc sm ban hnh y ng b nhng vn bn di Lut hng dn thi hnh Lut
Bo v mi trng v cc Lut c lin quan n Ti nguyn nc.
2) Nh nc sm sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc cho ph hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t x
hi hin nay ( bc l mt s iu bt cp) v cc vn bn di Lut.
3) Nh nc sm tp trung thng nht c quan qun l Ti nguyn nc thng sut t Trung
ng n a phng v sm thnh lp cc T chc qun l lu vc sng thch hp vi nhim v
chc nng r rng, hot ng c hiu qu thc s do ngi trong lu vc sng t qun l c s h
tr ca Trung ng (ch khng phi ch dng li qun l qui hoch, m thc cht qui hoch cha
c. Lnh o qun l ch yu l ngi ca Trung ng nn hot ng km hiu qu, hnh thc).
4) Nh nc nn c c ch, chnh sch ngi dn, cc t chc cng ng tham gia thc s
bo v Ti nguyn nc, bo v mi trng nc, to iu kin cho ngi dn tham gia ngay t khi
lp qui hoch xy dng n khai thc s dng v bo v.
5) Nh nc sm ban hnh vn bn qui nh tng bc m bo dng chy mi trng cho
cc con sng con sng thc s c sng, kho v lnh mnh lm c s cho pht trin bn vng
Ti nguyn nc.
V. Kt lun.
1. Suy thoi Ti nguyn nc do bin i kh hu v pht trin kinh t x hi l r rng v ng k.
2. Tc ng ca bin i kh hu r rt nht l tng cao nhit khng kh ko theo tng cao bc
thot hi, tng cao nhu cu s dng nc. N lm tng tn s v cng bo b vo nc ta
ng thi lm nc bin dng ln. Kt hp vi hin tng ElNino- LaNina to nn nhng thin tai
nh lt bo, hn hn, l qut xm nhp mn ngy cng tng.
3. Tc ng ca pht trin kinh t x hi lm nhim nhng on sng, thm ch c con sng
(Ni ) hoc to ra nhng con sng cht, khc sng cht.
4. Nhng bin php khc phc hay gim thiu ch c hiu qu khi c thc hin ng b, thng
nht hnh ng t trn xung di v t di ln trn, t nng cao nhn thc, thc n cc hot
ng c th, tng vic lm c th.
Tm tt
Vit Nam l mt nc c ngun Ti nguyn nc vo loi trung bnh trn th gii c nhiu yu t
khng bn vng. S khng bn vng ngy mt tng trm trng do tc ng ca bin i kh hu
ton cu, do s pht trin v s dng thiu hp l k c khu qun l dn n Ti nguyn nc Vit
Nam c xu th ngy cng suy thoi, cn kit, ngho nc. ngn chn v phc hi c hiu qu
ngun Ti nguyn nc, Bo co xut nhng gii php pht trin v s dng hp l (hay pht
trin bn vng) cn c quan tm thc hin tch cc, thng nht, ng b kp thi.

Hi tho chuyn v a dng sinh hc v Bin i kh hu: Mi lin quan ti i ngho v Pht trin bn vng
H Ni, Ngy 22-23 thng 5, 2007
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