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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

B.H.D.F-101
fgUnh esa vk/kj ikB~;e
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
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may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the Assignment.
As these solutions/answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so that the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and is referred the official study material provided by the university.

lHkh iz'uksa osQ mkj nhft,

uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls lgh vkSj xyr dks fp }kjk crkb;s fd dkSu&lk okD; lgh () gS vkSj dkSu&lk xyr
() gSA
(d) fopkj dks le; ls vkxs c<+kuk fyfi dk lcls cM+k xq.k gSA
mkj()
([k) ftu ofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa xys esa oaQiu mRiUu gks mUgsa v?kks"k ofu;k dgrs gSaA
mkj( )
(x) ge vius ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr rHkh lq/kj ldrs gSa tc ge vius gh ns'k dh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
mkj()
(?k) i`Foh ij lcls igys fliZQ ikuh esa jg ldusa okys tho iSnk gq,A
mkj( )
() ifjokj gh og ikB'kkyk gS] tgk O;fDr LokFkZ vkSj yksHk dh f'k{kk xzg.k djrk gSA
mkj( )
iz'u 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kq :i fyf[k,%
(d) lqj{kk_ ([k) vuqx`g (x) n`"VO; (?k) jktiky () pUpy
mkj(d)lqj{kk_ ([k) vuqxzg_ (x) n`"VO; (?k) jkT;iky_ () papy
iz'u 3- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuus okys 'kCn fyf[k,%
(d) fno~Q$xt ([k) mr~$?kkVu (x) lr~$mi;ksx (?k) txr~$bZ'k () mr~$ekn
mkj(d) fnXxt_ ([k) mn~?kkVu_ (x) lnqi;ksx_ (?k) txnh'k_ () mUekn
iz'u 4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn crkb,A
(d) nq%[k ([k) vuqowQy (x) xjhc (?k) lger () fir`lkkRed
mkj(d) lq[k_ ([k) izfrowQy_ (x) vehj_ (?k) vlger_ () ekr`lkkReoQ
iz'u 5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk laf/ foPNsn dhft,A
(d) iz'ukskj ([k) lw;ksZn; (x) erkf/dkj (?k) fuisZ{k () nqeZfr
mkj(d) iz'u $ mkj_ ([k) lw;Z&mn;_ (x) er $ vf/dkj_ (?k) fu%$vis{k_ () nq%$efr

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iz'u 6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^fo* milxZ yxkdj vFkZ dh fHkUurk crkb,A
(d) f'k"V ([k) okn (x) dy (?k) tu () fp=k
mkj(d) fof'k"V_ ([k) fookn_ (x) fody_ (?k) fotu_ () fofp=k
iz'u 7- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa vkSj dgkorksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx fyf[k,%
(d) gkFk&iko iwQyuk
([k) nwj osQ <ksy lqgkous yxrs gSa]
(x) dks;ys dh nykyh esa gkFk dkys]
(?k) [kksnk igkM+ fudyk pwgk]
() vke osQ vke xqBfy;ksa osQ nke
mkj(d) pkSdhnkj dks vkrk ns[kdj pksjksa osQ gkFk&ikao iwQy x,A
([k) iz'kalk lqudj eSa rqEgkjs ikl vk;k Fkk] fdUrq rqe Hkh esjk 'kadk lek/ku ugha dj lossQA fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS fd
nwj osQ <ksy lqgkous yxrs gSaA
(x) vktdy futh iwath yxkdj viuk O;olk; djus dk ifj.kke ugha gksrk gS fd dks;ys dh nykyh esa gkFk dkys
(?k) lkjk&lkjk fnu dke fd;k] ij etnwjh mruh ugha feyh&[kksnk igkM+ fudyk pwgkA
() fnYyh rks eky ysus x, Fks vkSj esVks jsy dk etk Hkh ys fy;kA ;g rks ogh ckr gqbZvke osQ vke] xqBfy;ksa osQ nkeA
iz'u 8- uhps fn, x, iz'uksa osQ mkj 100 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
(d) Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dkSu&lh fo'ks"krk, gSa\
([k) 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh nks izeq[k 'kSfy;ksa osQ uke crk,a vkSj muosQ varj dks Li"V dhft,A
(x) bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh dh 'kklu uhfr dk C;kSjk nhft,A
(?k) fyf[kr Hkk"kk vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kk esa D;k varj gS\
() jktHkk"kk fgUnh dk Lo:i Li"V dhft,A
mkj(d) Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh loZizeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;gka yksdrkaf=kd fof/ ls ljdkj dk p;u o xBu fd;k tkrk
gS] ftlesa lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko osQ leku volj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA yksdra=k dk vfHkizk; gSyksxksa dk 'kkluA
bl O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr yksx vius chp esa ls gh vius izfrfuf/ dk p;u djrs gSa] tks turk osQ fy, leku fu;e o dkuwu cukrs
gSaA Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gS] jktuhfrd lekurk] ftlosQ vuqlkj fcuk fdlh vkfFkZd&lkekftd Hksn&Hkko osQ lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dks oksV nsus dk vf/dkj gSA Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa vehj&xjhc dh vlekurk ls ijs lHkh yksxksa dks leku :i
ls thou thus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA bls lektokn dh laKk Hkh nh tkrh gSA /eZ fujis{krk Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh lokZf/d vuqie
fo'ks"krk gS] ftlosQ vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] Hkys gh og fdlh Hkh /eZ dk ekuus okyk gS] mls vius /eZ dks ekuus dh iwjh Lora=krk
gSA
([k) 'kkL=kh; laxhr dh nks izeq[k 'kSfy;ka gSa
(i) fgUnqLrkuh_ rFkk (ii) dukZVd 'kSyhA
'kkL=kh; laxhr dh ;s nksuksa 'kSfy;ka yxHkx ,d tSlh gSaA blesa osQoy ek=k bruk gh varj gS fd mkj Hkkjr esa tks tkfr;ka ckgj
ls vkb mUgksaus vius ;ksx ls fgUnqLrkuh laxhr osQ vyadj.k o :i esa oqqQN ifjorZu dj fn, FksA
(x) Hkkjr ,oa iwohZ ns'kksa esa vkbZ dEiuh dk uke bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh FkkA lu~ 1599 bZ- esa cuh bl dEiuh dks baXySaM esa
^epsV ,MosaplZ* osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
bl dEiuh dks lu~ 1600 esa jkuh ,fytkcsFk (1558&1603) us ,d izek.ki=k (lun) rFkk iwoZ osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk O;kikj
djus osQ fy, ,d fo'ks"kkfkdkj iznku fd;kA bl dEiuh esa mudh Hkh fgLlsnkjh FkhA
bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa viuk O;kikfjd osaQnz loZizFke lwjr esa LFkkfir fd;k FkkA
vaxzstksa osQ Hkkjr ij jktuhfrd vfkdkj izkIr djus osQ ihNs fuEufyf[kr dkj.k Fks%
1- 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnzh; lkk dk vHkko rFkk NksVs&NksVs Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ mn; gksus ls vaxzst Hkkjr dh detksj jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk ls ifjfpr gks x,A os bl volj dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk mBkuk pkgrs FksA
2- O;kikfjd mUufr osQ ekxZ esa iz'kklfud #dkoV ls fdlh izdkj dh ckkk [kM+h ugha gqbZA

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vius mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus osQ fy, mUgksaus lafk ,oa kks[kkkM+h dh uhfr viukbZA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vaxzstksa us ejkBk 'kfDr
dks lafk }kjk vius o'k esa dj fy;k vkSj eSlwj jkT; dks kks[kkkM+h }kjk vius vfkdkj esa ys fy;kA bl izdkj 1857 rd yxHkx
lkjk Hkkjr vaxszth 'kklu osQ vfkdkj esa vk x;kA
vkS|ksfxd kafr osQ iQyLo:i vR;fkd vkkqfud e'khuksa }kjk oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa 'kh?kzrk ls gksus yxkA
os dPpk eky Hkkjr ls lLrs nkeksa esa [kjhndj mUgsa viuk rS;kj eky mQps nkeksa esa cspus yxsA blls Hkkjrh; oqQVhj m|ksx yxHkx
can gks x,A dbZ cqudj rFkk dkjhxj csjkstxkj gks x,A ;gk mRikfnr oLrqvksa ij vfkd dj yxk fn, x,A bu dkj.kksa osQ pyrs
dkjhxjksa dks vius m|ksx can djus iM+sA bl izdkj vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k vkjaHk dj fn;k A
(?k) Hkk"kk fopkjkas osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u gSA Hkk"kk osQ eq[;r% nks :i gSa
(i) ekSf[kd Hkk"kk o (ii) fyf[kr Hkk"kkA
cksyh xbZ Hkk"kk dks ys[ku osQ ek;e ls izdV djus osQ fy, oqQN ofu fpg~uksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftls fy;s dgrs gSaA
rFkk 'kCn dk fyf[kr :i orZuh dgykrk gSA
() ^jktHkk"kk* dk vFkZ gSljdkjh dk;kZy;h Hkk"kk vFkkZr~ og Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k dh 'kklu&O;oLFkk pykus osQ
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
jktHkk"kk dk iz;ksx rhu {ks=kksa esa gksrk gSfokkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydkA]
fgUnh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk osQ :i esa 14 flrEcj] 1947 dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA
lafokku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ vuqlkj la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh vkSj fyfi nsoukxjh gksxhA la?k osQ 'kkldh; iz;kstuksa osQ fy,
iz;ksx gksus okys vadksa dk :i Hkkjrh; vadksa dk varjkZ"Vh; :i gksxkA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; vad 1] 2] 3] 4----- osQ :i dh ctk; 1] 2]
3] 4-------osQ :i esa fy[ks tk,xsA
lafokku osQ vuqPNsn 345 esa ;g izkokku j[kk x;k gS fd jkT; viuh bPNk ls viuh jktHkk"kk dk fukkZj.k dj ldrk gSA
jk"Vifr us lu~ 1955 esa ^jktHkk"kk vk;ksx* rFkk lu~ 1957 esa ^lalnh; jktHkk"kk lfefr* dk xBu fd;kA bu nksuksa lfefr;ksa
dk xBu blfy, fd;k x;k rkfd fgUnh osQ izpkj&izlkj] izf'k{k.k ,oa iz;ksx osQ fo"k; esas fn'kk&funsZ'k r; fd, tk losaQA
jk"Vifr us 1960 esa jktHkk"kk fgUnh osQ fo"k; esa fuEufyf[kr fn'kk&funsZ'k fn,%
1- f'k{kk ea=kky; dks ,d LFkk;h vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg,] tks fgUnh Hkk"kk eas oSKkfud ,oa rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk
fuekZ.k dj losQA
2- f'k{kk ea=kky; lHkh eSuqvyksa vFkkZr~ fu;e iqLrdksa vkSj dk;Zfofk lkfgR; dk vuqokn Lo;a djsA
3- ,d LFkk;h vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tk, ftlesa fofHkUu jk"Vh; Hkk"kkvksa dk izfrfufkRo djus okys fo'ks"kK 'kkfey gksa vkSj
os ,d ekud fofk 'kCndks'k rS;kj djsa vkSj lkFk gh fgUnh esa fofk dk iqu% vfkfu;eu djsaA
4- ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk, ftlesa ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks fgUnh Hkk"kk dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tk losQA
5- f'k{kk ea=kky; ,d leh{kkRed Hkwfedk fuHkk, vkSj ns[ks fd fgUnh osQ izpkj dh orZeku O;oLFkk oSQlh py jgh gSA
fofHkUu ea=kky;ksa }kjk lq>k, x, rjhdksa ij vko';d dkjZokbZ djs ,oa vuqPNsn 351 osQ vuqlkj fgUnh dk fodkl djus osQ fy,
vko';d ;kstuk rS;kj djsA
lu~ 1963 esa ^jktHkk"kk vfkfu;e* cuk;k x;kA drq vfgUnh Hkk"kh leqnk; dh vlqfokkvksa dk ;ku j[krs gq, blesa lu~
1967 esa la'kksku fd;k x;kA rc ls vkt rd ;g vius mlh :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA
^la'kksfkr jktHkk"kk vfkfu;e* osQ vuqlkj osQoy fgUnh dks gh la?k dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA ijUrq vaxzsth dk iz;ksx
djus dh NwV rc rd cuh jgsxh] tc rd fgUnh dks viuh jktHkk"kk osQ :i esa ekU;rk u fey tk,] tc rd fgUnh dks viuh
jktHkk"kk osQ :i esa u viukus okys lHkh jkT;ksa osQ fokku eaMy vaxzsth dk iz;ksx lekIr djus osQ fy, ladYi ikfjr u dj nsa vkSj
mu ladYiksa ij fopkj djus osQ ckn laln osQ nksuksa lnu Hkh bl lacak esa ladYi ikfjr u dj nsaA
iz'u 9- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d ij fuca/ fyf[k,
([k) esjs fiz; ys[kd
mkjesjs fiz; miU;kldkj eqa'kh izsepan dk tUe 31 ebZ lu 1880 bZ- dks dk'kh ls pkj ehy mkj ik.Ms;iqj osQ fudV yegh
xzke esa ,d fuEu oxZ osQ oqQyhu dk;LFk ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA vkidk cpiu dk uke kuirjk; FkkA ekrk dk uke vkuanh nsoh FkkA

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firk ckcw vtk;cjk; Mkd[kkus esa chl #i;s ekfld osru ij eqa'kh dk dk;Z djrs FksA vkidh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ikpos o"kZ ls izkjaHk
gqbZA igys vkius mnwZ i<+hA blosQ i'pkr fdaXlos dkWyst ls gkbZ LowQy dh ijh{kk ikl dhA rRi'pkr iz;kx esa ljdkjh ukSdjh esa
vkdj lh-Vh- vkSj baVj ijh{kk, ikl dhaA mUufr djrs&djrs vki LowQyksa osQ mifujh{kd gks x;s_ fdUrq LokLF; [kjkc gks tkus osQ
dkj.k ukSdjh NksM+ nhA iqu% cLrh osQ ljdkjh fo|ky; esa v;kid gq,A ogka ls xksj[kiqj tkdj ch-,- dh ijh{kk mrh.kZ dhA vkius
lu 1921 esa ns'k dh fLFkfr dks ns[kdj ljdkjh ukSdjh ls R;kx&i=k ns fn;kA ekkqjh] gal vkSj tkxj.k if=kdkvksa dk lEiknu fd;kA
thou Hkj vkFkd dfBukb;ksa ls tw>rs jgsA 18 vDVwcj lu 1936 dks vkidk fuku gks x;kA
esjs fiz; miU;kldkj izsepan th le; dh xfr dks igpkuus esa vf}rh; FksA vkius thou dh fueZe ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
dVq&vkLoknu Hkyh Hkkafr fd;kA vkidh lektoknh fopkjkkjk dh Nki vkidh fr;ksa ij Li"V :i ls iM+h gSA xzkeh.k thou dk
tSlk thrk&tkxrk fp=k vkidh jpukvksa esa miyCk gS oSlk vU;=k ughaA ;FkkFkZ fp=k.k osQ lkFk vkidh jpukvksa esa vkn'kZ dk leUo;
gqvk gSA vkidk n`f"Vdks.k loZ=k ekuorkoknh FkkA miU;kl rFkk dgkfu;ksa osQ vfrfjDr vkius fucak rFkk ukVd Hkh fy[ks gSaA okLro
esa vki vius ;qx osQ egku dykdj FksA fganh txr lsokvksa osQ fy, lnSo vkiosQ izfr Jkur jgsxkA
lEiknue;kZnk] ekkqjh] gal] tkxj.k] xYi lqeu] xYi jRu] tekukA
miU;kldeZHkwfe] dk;kdYi] fueZyk] izfrKk] izsekJe] ojnku] jaxHkwfe] izsek] eaxylw=k] nqxkZnkl] lsoklnu] xcu rFkk xksnkuA
dgkuh&laxzgvkidh dgkfu;ka ekuljksoj (vkB Hkkxksa esa) gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr vU; laxzgizse izlwu] izse&iPphlh] izse&rhFkZ]
izse iw.kek] izse }kn'kh] izsj.kk] xzkE; thou dh dgkfu;k oqQy feykdj fganh esa 356 rFkk 178 mnwZ esa gSA
ukVddcZyk] laxzke] izse dh osnh] #gkuh&'kknh] :Bh jkuh vkSj panzgkjA
fucak&laxzgoqQN fopkj] LojkT; osQ iQk;ns vkSj lkfgR; dk ms';A
vuwfnrvgadkj] lq[knkl] vktkn] pkanh dh fMfc;k] VkyLVk; dh dgkfu;k] l`f"V dk vkjaHk] U;k;] gM+rky vkfnA
iz'u 10- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa esa ls izR;sd osQ mkj 200 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,%
([k) ^iwl dh jkr* ;FkkFkZoknh dgkuh gSA Li"V dhft,A
mkjizsepUn vkjEHk esa vkn'kZoknh Fks] ijUrq ckn esa ;FkkFkZoknh cu x;sA izLrqr dgkuh mudh ;FkkFkZoknh dgkuh gSA bl dgkuh
dks fy[kus dk mudk eq[; ms'; ml le; osQ lkekftd o jktuSfrd ;FkkFkZ dk o.kZu djuk FkkA
;g dgkuh ,sls le; esa fy[kh xbZ Fkh] ftl nkSjku ns'k ijra=k Fkk vkSj vktknh osQ fy, la?k"kZ py jgk FkkA ns'k eas ml le;
fo|eku jktuSfrd o lkekftd okLrfodrk dk ltho fp=k.k gesa iwl dh jkr dgkuh esas feyrk gSA ml nkSjku egkRek xkkh
LorU=krk laxzke esa lf; FksA ;g ?kVuk yxHkx 1930 osQ vkl&ikl dh gSA
ns'k esa tehankjh izFkk FkhA fdlkuksa dks tehu dk ekfydkuk gd u FkkA vaxt
sz h ljdkj bu tehankjksa osQ }kjk yxku olwy djrh
FkhA iQly pkgs vPNh gks ;k [kjkc] ljdkjh [ktkus esa yxku tek djuk vko';d FkkA lkekftd cUkuksa ls cakk gqvk fdlku vR;Ur
xjhch ls tdM+k gqvk FkkA fdlku vf'kf{kr Fks] ijUrq bZekunkj FksA dM+h esgur osQ ckotwn Hkh mUgsa nks twu dh jksVh ulhc u gks ikrh
FkhA fdlku ru osQ diM+s o Hkw[ks isV dh ijokg u djrs gq, Hkh LorU=krk laxkz e esa owQn iM+s FksA iQlysa bruh vPNh u gksrh Fkha fd
tehankj dh ywV Hkh lgas vkSj fdlku dk isV Hkh HkjaAs vU; [kpks dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mls lwn[kksjksa osQ paxy
q esa iQluk iM+rk FkkA
lwn[kksj euekuk C;kt olwyrs FksA gj rjiQ 'kks"k.k gh 'kks"k.k FkkA ,d ckj fy;k gqvk dtZ lkjs thou u mrj ikrk FkkA dtZ
ih<+h nj ih<+h pyrs FksA fdlku vHkkoksa dh ftUnxh dkVrk Fkk vkSj lwn[kksj tehankj foykflrk dk thou O;rhr djrk FkkA fdlkuksa
dh vf'k{kk mudh lcls cM+h nq'eu FkhA os 'kks"k.k osQ nq"p esa iaQls gq, FksA
izsepUn us izLrqr dgkuh esa bu ckrksa dk ekfeZd o okLrfod o.kZu fd;k gSA
gYowQ Hkh ,d ,slk gh vHkkxk fdlku gS] tks viuh vf'k{kk o xjhch osQ dkj.k lwn[kksjksa osQ paxy
q esa iQl x;k gSA mldh lkjh
dekbZ bu 'kks"kdksa }kjk ywV yh tkrh gSA mlosQ ikl ru <dus dks oaQcy Hkh ugha gSA og jkr&jkr Hkj B.M esa [ksr ij jgdj iQlyksa
dh j[kokyh djrk gS] mldh mit dks lwn[kksj o tehankj [kkrs gSaA gYowQ fujk'kkoknh gks tkrk gSA og lksprk gS fd ftl iQly dh
j[kokyh djosQ Hkh mls oqQN ugha feyrk] rks mlosQ mtM+ tkus ls mls D;k uqdlku gSA vr% og Lo;a dks fu;fr osQ gokys dj nsrk
gSA
izsepUn viuh dgkfu;ksa esa xzkE; thou dh leL;k dks izLrqr djrs gSa rFkk mldk fu.kZ; ikBdksa ij NksM+ nsrs gSaA

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iz'u 11- fuEufyf[kr i|ka'k dh lizlax O;k[;k dhft,

eSa uhj Hkjh nq[k dh cnyhA
Lianu esa fpj fuLianu clk]
anu esa vkgr fo'o glk]
u;uksa esa nhid ls tyrs]
iydksa esa fuj>ja.kh lh ePNyhA
esjk ix ix laxhr Hkjk]
'oklksa ls LoIu&ijkx >jk]
uHk osQ uo jx cqurs nqowQy]
Nk;k esa ey;&c;kj iyhA
mkjegknsoh oekZ th Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh Js.kh esa vkrh gSa] ijUrq mudk dkO; mlls oqQN gVdj Fkk] D;ksafd mlesa mudk
futh lalkj T;knk O;Dr gqvk gSA os vius eu dh ihM+k o osnuk dks gh O;Dr djrh gSaA blosQ fy, mUgksaus izo`Qfr dk lgkjk fy;k
gS vkSj mUgsa izrhd :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA mUgksaus izo`Qfr osQ fp=kksa }kjk vius euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr fd;k gSA
izLrqr iafDr;k egknsoh oekZ dh uhj Hkjh nq%[k dh cnyh* 'kh"kZd dfork ls m`r gSaA dof;=kh us vius thou dh rqyuk
ty ls Hkjh cnyh ls dh gSA ;g Nk;koknh dfork gSA
O;k[;kdof;=kh viuh rqyuk ty ls Hkjh cnyh ls djrs gq, dgrh gS fd esjs pyus esa Hkh vVy 'kkfUr fo|eku gSA esjh
xtZuHkjh ph[k dh osnuk ls ?kk;y lalkj osQ yksx izlUurk dk vuqHko djrs gSaA cnyh esa nedrh gqbZ fctyh esjs us=kksa osQ nhidksa
osQ leku gSA esjh iydksa ls >jrs vklw cnyh dh tykkjk ls ty izkIr djosQ >jus ls fudyus okyh unh osQ leku gSaA
O;k[;kcnyh osQ vkdk'k iFk ij pyus ij lHkh dks laxhr osQ ekqj vkuUn dk vuqHko gksrk gSA 'okl :ih ok;q ls liuksa
dk lqxUk ;qDr ijkx >jrk gSA vkdk'k esa iSQys ukS jax cnyh dk lqUnj js'keh oL=k cu tkrs gSaA cnyh dh Nk;k esa cgrh gqbZ ok;q
pUnu dh lqxUk ls ;qDr gSA
iz'u 12- fuEufyf[kr vorj.kksa dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dhft,
(d) oS".ko dh ifo=k vkRek ls vkokt vk;h] ^ew[kZ] rw D;k gksVy fcBkuk pkgrk gS\ nsork lksejl ihrs FksA
ogh lksejl ;g efnjk gSA blesa rsjk oS".ko&/eZ dgk Hkax gksrk gSA lkeosn esa 63 'yksd lksejl vFkkZr~ efnjk dh Lrqfr
esa gSaA rq>s /eZ dh le> gS ;k ugha\*
mkj(d) lanHkZizLrqr x|ka'k gfj'kadj ijlkbZ osQ O;aX; fucak ^oS".ko dh fiQlyu* ls fy;k x;k gSA oS".ko }kjk cuk,
x, gksVy esa ekalkgkj dh O;oLFkk gksus osQ ckotwn mlesa Bgjus okys mPp vfkdkjh vkSj cM+s yksx vc Hkh vlarq"V gSaA os vc
efnjk dh ekx djus yxrs gSaA ;g lqudj oS".ko gSjku jg tkrk gS fd og efnjk dk mi;ksx vius oS".ko gksVy esa oSQls dj ldrk
gSA og iqu% izHkq ls izkFkZuk djrk gS fd mudk HkDr gksrs gq, og yksxksa dks efnjkiku oSQls djok ldrk gSA mldh 'kq vkRek osQ
:i esa Hkxoku fo".kq ,d vU; lekkkuiw.kZ vkns'k nsrs gSa] mlh vkns'k dks izLrqr mj.k esa O;aX;kRed rjhosQ ls fn[kk;k x;k gSA
O;k[;kviuh izkFkZuk osQ mkj esa oS".ko dh 'kq vkRek (tks LokFkZ dk izrhd gS) ls vkokt vkrh gS fd og rks ew[kZ gSA
;fn gksVy ls og ykHk dekuk pkgrk gS] rks mls yksxksa dks larq"V djuk gh gksxkA os oS".ko dh nqfokk dks nwj djus osQ fy,
lkeosn dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, crkrs gSa fd nsork Hkh lksejl dk iku fd;k djrs Fks vkSj ;g lkeosn osQ 63osa 'yksd esa fy[kk gqvk
gSA vr% mls Mjus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gS] D;ksafd tks dk;Z bZ'oj Lo;a dj ldrs gSa] mls HkDr dks djus esa ladksp ugha gksuk
pkfg,A bl izdkj bls fo".kq dk vkns'k ekudj oS".ko gksVy esa ekal osQ lkFk&lkFk efnjk dh O;oLFkk Hkh dj nsrk gSA vr% keZ
dh >wBh vkM+ esa mldk gksVy vkSj vPNh rjg pyus yxrk gSA
fo'ks"k1- ;gk ^oS".ko dh 'kq vkRek* in efyu vkSj LokFkZ fyIr vkRek dk vFkZ nsrk gSA
2- bl mj.k esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd vius oqQo`QR;ksa dks liQyrkiwoZ Nqikus osQ fy, O;kolkf;d oxZ fdlh Hkh gn rd tk
ldrk gSA og izkphu ,oa lEekuuh; xzaFkksa dk mi;ksx vius LokFkZ ,oa fgr osQ fy, dj ldrk gSA blh lanHkZ esa ys[kd us lkeosn
esa fyf[kr lksejl dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

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([k) ;g Fkk og okrkoj.k ftlesa cpiu chrkA bl ekgkSy esa ;fn o.kZ&O;oLFkk dks vkn'kZ&O;oLFkk dgus okyksa dks
nks&pkj fnu jguk iM+ tk, rks mudh jk; cny tk,xhA
mkj([k) lanHkZizLrqr mj.k vkseizdk'k okYehfd }kjk jfpr vkRedFkk ^twBu* ls fy;k x;k gSA blessa ys[kd us nfyrksa
osQ ;krukiw.kZ thou dks cM+h lthork osQ lkFk O;Dr fd;k gSA muosQ vuqlkj vktknh osQ brus o"kZ ckn Hkh xko esa tkfr&O;oLFkk
dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA mPpoxZ ,oa fuEuoxZ vyx&vyx jgrs FksA
O;k[;kys[kd ftl ekgkSy esa jgrk gS] og vkn'kZ O;oLFkk osQ uke ls dkslksa nwj gSA vktknh osQ ckn gekjs egkiq#"kksa us ,d
vkn'kZ Hkkjr dh dYiuk dh] tgk lekurk ij fo'ks"k cy nsus dks dgk x;kA ijUrq vusd tkfr;ksa esa foHkkftr Hkkjr dh lkekftd
O;oLFkk lekurk 'kCn dk migkl mM+krh izrhr gksrh gSA fuEu tkfr dks xanxh ls Hkjs okrkoj.k esa clk;k tkrk Fkk] tgk rax xfy;ksa
esa ?kwers lqvj] uax&kM+ax ?kwers cPps] jkstkuk gksus okys >xM+s ls okrkoj.k Hk;kog gks tkrk FkkA ys[kd blh ekgkSy dh ppkZ djrs
gq, dgrs gSa fd vkn'kZ O;oLFkk dh ckr djuk rks cgqr vklku gS] ijUrq bldk O;ogkfjd :i mruk gh dfBu gSA
fo'ks"k1- ;gk vkn'kZ O;oLFkk dh dYiuk djus okys dYiuk'khy O;fDr;ksa dk migkl fd;k x;k gSA
2- o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh dBksjrk dks ys[kd us Hkyh&Hkkafr fpf=kr fd;k gSA
iz'u 13- fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,%
(d) lekpkj dh Hkk"kk
([k) Hkko&iYyou dk ego
mkj(d) lekpkji=k dh Hkk"kk esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk, gksuh pkfg,%
1- osQoy vko';d ckrsa gh fy[kh tkuh pkfg,A
2- izR;sd lwpuk osQ fy, NksVs&NksVs vuqPNsn cukus pkfg,A
3- okD; NksVs o ljy gksus pkfg,] u fd yEcs ,oa tfVyA
4- vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftls tulkkkj.k vklkuh ls le> losQA
5- dfBu ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dk vuko';d iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] ijUrq fdlh fof'k"V {ks=k osQ fy, mi;qDr 'kCnksa osQ
iz;ksx ls ijgst ugha djuk pkfg,A
6- n;Li'khZ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
7- izR;sd lwpuk ec gksuh pkfg,] ftlls lekpkj esa fujUrjrk cuh jgsA
8- v'yhy ;k gYdh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] tks fdlh O;fDr ;k leqnk; osQ fy, viekutud gksA
9- Hkk"kk fgUnh dh izo`Qfr osQ vuqowQy gksuh pkfg,A ;fn lwpuk fdlh Hkk"kk dk vuqokn gS] rks mlesa Hkh fgUnh dh izo`Qfr
dh j{kk djrs gq, vuqokn gksuk pkfg,A
mkj([k) Hkko&iYyou x| dh y?kqke fo/k gSA Hkko&iYyou esa fdlh fopkj] okD;] lwfDr vuqHko vFkok n`'; dks
de ls de 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djuk gksrk gSA Hkko&iYyou osQ nks egoiw.kZ xq.k gksrs gSaNksVs&NksVs okD; rFkk lkj&:i esa dlh gqbZ
jpukA blesa fopkjksa dk izokg ,d k`a[kyk dh Hkkafr gksrk gSA llesa fo"k; dk foLrkj djus dh vis{kk mldk fodkl djuk gksrk
gS] rkfd iYyou osQ var esa mldk fu"d"kZ le> esa vk tk, rFkk fo"k; Hkh Li"V gks tk,A iYyou&ys[ku esa jkspdrk rFkk eu
jekus dh vn~Hkqr 'kfDr gksrh gSA blesa fo"k; dk vkjaHk djus osQ fy, fdlh Hkwfedk dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA iYyou ys[ku esa
oqQ'kyrk izkfIr dk ,d gh ewy ea=k gSvH;klA

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