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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

B.S.H.F.-101
ekufodh vkSj lkekftd foKku esa vk/kj ikB~;e
(Foundation Course in Humanities
& Social Sciences)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the Assignment.
As these solutions/answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so that the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and is referred the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- D;k ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ^mkj&vkS|kfxd lekt* lsok {ks=k vkSj lwpuk&lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dh vksj
LFkkukarfjr gks jgk gS\
mkjmkj&vkS|ksfxd lektifjorZu (Post-Industrial SocietyChanges)1- mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dh ladYiuk eas
lSkfUrd Kku dh osQUnzh;rk dks ego fn;k tkrk gSA blosQ pkjksa vksj fuEu gSa
(i) ubZ kS|ksfxdh]
(ii) vkFkd fodkl vkSj
(iii) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k
bl dkj vkS|ksfxdrk lkekftd <kps esa ,d ifjorZu dh igpku dk ;kl gSA
2- vkS|ksfxd lekt dh Lrjhdj.k O;oLFkk esa ,sfrgkfld 'kfDr dk vkkkj lEifk rFkk oa'kkuqxr lk/u FksA mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt
esa lEifk ,d egoiw.kZ vk/kj cuh gqbZ gSA blosQ lkFk gh rduhdh dkS'ky ,d vk/kj cu x;k gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g rduhdh dkS'ky
dh kfIr osQ ek;e osQ :i esa f'k{kk osQ lkFk ,d frLi/hZ vk/kj cu tkrk gSA mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh ijEijk dks ns[kk tkrk gSA
3- mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dh eq[k leL;k, fuEu dh LFkkiuk djuk gS
(i) foKku vkSj kFkfed laLFkk,
(ii) fo'ofo|ky; ;k vuqla/ku laLFkk
mUuhloha 'krkCnh vkSj chloha 'krkCnh osQ kjaHk esa fdlh jk"V dh 'kfDr mldh vkS|ksfxd {kerk FkhA mldk lwpd bLikr dk mRiknu
FkkA nwljs fo'o ;q osQ i'pkr oSKkfud {kerk bldh {kerk vkSj 'kfDr dh fu.kkZ;d gks xbZA vuqlakku ,oa fodkl us bldh 'kfDr dh
eki osQ :i esa bLikr dk LFkku xzg.k dj fy;k gSA
4- vkS|ksfxd Jethoh oxZ osQ yksxksa dh la[;k esa deh gqbZA vkS|ksfxd lekt esa nsgkr ls fudys Jfed iSQDVjh&('kgjksa) esa Hkkjh
la[;k eas LFkkfir gq,A mkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt esa vkS|ksfxd etnwj oxZ dh tula[;k dkexkjksa dh tula[;k dk osQoy 15 fr'kr gSA
blesa yxkrkj deh gksrh tk jgh gSA f"k dk;ks esa layXu yksxksa dh la[;k 5 fr'kr vFkok mlls de gSA
5- yksxksa dk lsok lewgksa esa lfEefyr gksuk ,d fu.kkZ;d fLFkfr gSA ;s ekuoh lsok, vFkok LokLF;] f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd lsok vkfn
O;kolkf;d lsok, tula[;k dh {kerk dks foLr`r dj nsrh gSaA
bl f;k osQ fuEu nks ifj.kke fudys
Fke] yksx nh?kkZ;q gksus yxsA
2

f}rh;] bu dkS'kyksa dk foLrkj gqvkA

6- eq[k O;kolkf;d Js.kh O;kolkf;dksa vkSj rduhf'k;uksa dh mRifk gqbZA ;g Js.kh vU; O;kolkf;d lewgksa dh vis{kk vfkd rhoz
xfr ls c<+ jgh gSA o"kZ 1890 esa O;kolkf;dksa rduhdh de;ksa dh la[;k 10 yk[k ls Hkh de FkhA 1968 esa ;g la[;k 1-03 djksM+
rd igqp xbZ FkhA bl Js.kh osQ vUrxZr lcls vfkd la[;k fuEu dh Fkh
1- v;kidksa dh
2- LokLF; dk;ZdkkZvksa dh
3- oSKkfudksa dh
4- bathfu;jksa dh ,oa
5- vfHk;kaf=kdh ,oa foKku rduhf'k;uksa dhA
gkykafd lisQniks'k dk;ZdkkZvksa dk ,d oxZ mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA ,sls dk;ZdkkZvksa dh la[;k 1900 esa 17-6 fr'kr Fkh ij 1968
esa c<+dj 46-7 fr'kr gks xbZ FkhA
7- bl f;k esa lokZfkd HksnHkkoiw.kZ lewg la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ lekt esa v'osrksa dk lewg FkkA bl lewg us la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk esa c<+rs O;kolkf;dksa osQ {ks=k dks Hkkfor fd;k gSA yxHkx 20 fr'kr v'osr iq#"k O;kolkf;d] rduhf'k;u vkSj Dydks osQ
dk;ks esa yxs gq, gSaA orZeku esa ;g la[;k 1968 esa 'osr iq#"kksa dh oqQy 43 fr'kr tula[;k osQ eqdkcys de gSA
8- O;kolkf;d vkSj lsok {ks=k eas efgykvksa dk O;kid :i ls os'k gqvkA lsok {ks=k osQ deZpkfj;ksa esa 1968 esa efgykvksa dh 46
fr'kr lgHkkfxrk FkhA o"kZ 2000 rd ;g vkdM+k 60 fr'kr igqp x;k Fkk] bl ifjorZu dks ,d ys[kd us nwljh cqtqZvk kafr dh
laKk nhA ;|fi efgyk O;kolkf;dksa dh lsok 'krks esa fir`lkkRed vojksk ;Fkkor gSa fiQj Hkh dk;Z {ks=k esa bruh vfkd la[;k esa mudh
mifLFkfr osQ dkj.k eqn~nksa dh iqu% ifjHkk"kk djus dh vfuok;Zrk gqbZA ifj.kker% dkexkj efgykvksa osQ thou;kiu osQ dk;ks vkSj ikfjokfjd
thou lEcUkh eqn~nksa esa lUrqyu LFkkfir djuk egoiw.kZ gks x;kA dkexkj efgykvksa osQ f'k'kqvksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj fnoldkyhu ns[kHkky
dk eqn~nk Hkh egoiw.kZ gks x;k FkkA ifj.kker% vkl&iM+ksl esa fo|ky;ksa vkSj lkeqnkf;d lg;ksx lsokvksa dk gksuk egoiw.kZ gks x;kA blosQ
vfrfjDr lwfr ykHkksa] lwfr ns[kHkky osQ 'u Hkh mB [kM+s gq, gSaA ifj.kker% LokLF; lEcUkh lsokvksa osQ eqn~ns] tks fuf"; iM+s Fks]
lf; gks x,A
lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh % Hkwfedk, (Information and Communication Technology: Roles) mnkjhdj.k rFkk futhdj.k
dk ,d ldkjkRed izHkko vusd {ks=kksa esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj kS|ksfxdh dk c<+rk gqvk iz;ksx gSA lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|ksfxdh dh igy
osQ dk;Z fo'o leqnk; dks ijLij fudV yk jgs gSaA gesa Kkr gS fd dEI;wVj cVu fDyd djus ij dksbZ Hkh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh bfPNr
lwpuk izkIr dj ldrk gSA ge bySDVkWfud 'kklu ;k bZ&xousZl osQ dkxt jfgr] lhek jfgr vkSj vU;ksU;f;k fo'o ;qx esa izos'k dj
jgs gSaA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ ckn fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk izeq[krk izkIr dj jgh gSA
lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls ,d gh LFkku ij foiqy ek=kk esas lwpuk dks lafpr djuk lEHko gks x;k gSA fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa
esa foiqy ek=kk esa lwpuk tSls lpy fp=kksa lfgr ikB~;ka'k] ofu fp=k ,d LFkku ij LVksj djuk lEHko gks x;k gSA yk[kksa izfof"V;k lsoQa Mksa osQ vUnj
[kksth tk ldrh gSAa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh lkekftd {ks=s k esa fuEu rhu ize[q k Hkwfedk, fuHkkrh gS
a Kku nkrk] jkstxkj iznkrk vkSj f'k{kk iznkrkA
budk fooj.k bl izdkj gS
1- Kku iznkrk osQ :i esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh fukZu ns'kksa vkSj de lqfokk izkIr yksxksa osQ
fy, ojnku gSA blus lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ,d leku vkSj igpku iw.kZ lwpuk dh lqyHkrk lEHko cukbZ gSA baVjusV ij miyCk lwpuk dks fo'o
osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA {ks=k osQ mR"Vre iqLrdky; Hkh lHkh izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dks miyCk ugha djk ldrs gSAa baVjusV
osQ vkfo"dkj ls izR;sd O;fDr ,d leku vkSj v|ru lwpuk izkIr dj ldrk gSA tSls gh lwpuk dk va'a k baVjusV ij viyksM fd;k tkrk
gS] izR;sd O;fDr bls izkIr dj ldrk gSA igys ;g f'kdk;r Fkh fd vfkdka'k ubZ iqLrosQa oqQN gh O;fDr ys ldrs gS]a lHkh ugha] ijUrq baVjusV
osQ vkus ls izR;sd O;fDr lwpuk izkIr dj ldrk gSA
izkjEHk esa baVjusV ij nh xbZ lwpuk fu%'kqYd FkhA yksxksa dks lwpuk ysus osQ fy, izkRs lkgu fn;k tkrk Fkk] ijUrq vc oqQN lwpuk ku Hkqxrku
djosQ gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSAa fu%'kqYd nh tkus okyh lwpuk izk;% lkekU; Kku dh gksrh gSA fdlh u, vuqlUkku osQ fu"d"kZ ;k yksdfiz;
ys[kdksa dh fr;ksa osQ fy, Hkkjh Hkqxrku djuk iM+rk gSA vusd ckj lwpuk izkIr djus dh bPNk j[kus okys O;fDr;ksa dks fujk'k gksuk iM+rk
gSA dkj.k baVjusV ij ?k.Vksa rd liaQx djus osQ ckn Hkh mUgsa dksbZ egoiw.kZ lwpuk ugha fey ikrh gS rFkk mi;ksxh lwpuk fu%'kqYd ugha nh
tkrh gSA ;fn O;fDr Hkqxrku djosQ lwpuk izkIr djuk pkgrk gS rks mudh dhersa Hkh bruh vfkd gksrh gS]a tks mldh leFkZ ls ckgj gksrh
gSAa bl izdkj osQ Hkqxrku dh cM+h jkf'k mu dEifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks tkrh gS] tks ,slh lsok, fo'ks"k :i ls fodflr ns'kksa esa ns jgs
gSaA

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2- jkstxkj iznkrk osQ :i esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdhlwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh osQ dkj.k yksxksa osQ fy, ;g lEHko
gks ldk gS fd fo'o osQ ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkxksa esa fLFkr vius fu;ksDrkvksa osQ fy, dk;Z dj losQA ^dkWy lsaVj* esa yksx nsj jkr osQ
le; dke djuk vkjEHk djrs gSaA ;s dk;kZy; ckgjh ns'kksa ls dke ysrs gSa vkSj fons'kksa osQ fy, dke djrs gSaA oqQN dk;kZy; fpfdRldksa
}kjk fy[ks x;s uqL[kksa dks fy[kdj nsus esa vLirkyksa rFkk fDyfudksa dks lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
3- f'k{kk iznkrk osQ :i esa lwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdhlwpuk vkSj lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh osQ eq[; izHkko f'k{kk txr esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs
gSAa vc f'k{kkFk;ksa us ikB~;e ^vkWu ykbu* ysus izkjEHk dj fn;s gSAa nwljs 'kCnksa es]a ikB~;e dh fo"k;&oLrq baVjusV ij j[kh tkrh gS vkSj
fo|kFkhZ lkbV dk vfHkxe djrs gSa vkSj Lo;a ikB~;e lkexzh dk v;;u djrs gSAa izo's k ij laLFkk f'k{kkFk;ksa dks ,d ikloMZ nsrh gSA
f'k{kkFkhZ lkbV dk vfHkxe dj ldrk gS rFkk fo"k;&oLrq dks i<+ ldrk gSA dfBukbZ gksus ij ;g ijke'kZnkrk dks viuh dfBukbZ ;k leL;k
bZ&esy ij Hkst nsrk gSA ijke'kZnkrk bZ&esy osQ }kjk mldh leL;k dk lekkku ,oa mi;ksxh fn'kk&funs'Z k nsrk gSA tc f'k{kkFkhZ dks ;g fo'okl
gks tkrk gS fd mlus fo"k; dks le> fy;k gS rks og ijh{kk esa cSB ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ijh{kk Hkh vkWu&ykbu gksrh gSA ewY;kadu Hkh
vkWu&ykbu fd;k tkrk gSA izek.k&i=k LFkkuh; Mkd }kjk laLFkkvksa osQ ikl Hkst fn;s tkrs gSAa f'k{kkFk;ksa dh ml laLFkk dk Nk=k ekuk tkrk
gSA blesas laLFkk nsus dk dksbZ vFkZ u gksdj lkbV fodflr djuk gSA izR;sd dk;Z Lor% fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'u 2- jk"Vh; vkanksyu esa egkRek xka/h dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh dhft,A
mkjxkkhth osQ Hkko (Influence of Gandhiji)
ifjfLFkfr;k
1- Lons'kh vkUnksyu 1907 rd {kh.k gks pqdk FkkA
2- 1907 esa dkaxzsl dk foHkktu gks x;k FkkA
3- fryd dks tsy Hkst fn;k x;k vkSj 1908 esa fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA
4- vjfcUnks ?kks"k vkSj fofiupUnz iky us jktuhfr ls laU;kl ys fy;kA
5- ykyk yktirjk; oqQN le; osQ fy, fons'k pys x,A
mi;qZDr ?kVukvksa us jk"Vh; vkUnksyu dks detksj dj fn;kA Fke fo'o;q osQ nkSjku fLFkfr esa lqkkj gqvkA
1- ,suh cslsaV vkSj fryd us gkse:y yhx vkjEHk dhA
2- 1916 esa dkaxzsl osQ nksuksa Hkkx fiQj ls ,d gks x,A
3- bl ;q osQ nkSjku oqQN Hkkjrh; kafrdkfj;ksa us tks fczfV'k 'kklu dk Hkkjr ls mUewyu djuk pkgrs Fks vesfjdk esa xnj vkUnksyu
vkjEHk fd;kA
xkkhth dk vkxeueksgu nkl deZpUn xkkh tks fd ckn esa egkRek xkkh osQ uke ls pfyr gks x,] nf{k.k vhdk ls Hkkjr
vk,A mUgksaus nf{k.k vhdk esa uLyh; ljdkj osQ fo# Hkkjrh;ksa osQ vfkdkjksa osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;k FkkA os o"kZ 1919 ls 1947 rd
Hkkjr dh LorU=krk kfIr rd jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk usr`Ro djrs jgsA
xkkhth 9 tuojh] 1915 dks Hkkjr vk, FksA mUgksaus ,d o"kZ rd Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk nkSjk fd;kA mudh jktuhfrd xfrfofk;k
1917&18 esa vkjEHk gqbA mUgksaus pEikju osQ uhy dh [ksrh djus okys fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa osQ eqs osQ vfrfjDr vgenkckn dh lwrh
diM+k feyksa osQ etnwjksa vkSj [ksM+k osQ fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks l'kDr rjhosQ ls mBk;kA ;g la?k"kZ muosQ lR;kxzg vkUnksyu uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA
pEikju] mkjh fcgkj esa fLFkr gSA ;gk uhy osQ ckxkuksa osQ ekfyd fdlkuksa dks uhy dh [ksrh djus osQ fy, ck; djrs FksA uhy
dh [ksrh ls fdlkuksa dks Hkkjh gkfu mBkuh iM+rh FkhA fdlkuksa us xkkhth dks ckxkuksa osQ ekfydksa osQ lkFk py jgs vius la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey
djus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr fd;kA ;s ckxku ekfyd vaxzstksa osQ leFkZd FksA xkkhth fdlkuksa osQ vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro djus osQ fy, ogk pys
x,A os fdlkuksa dks fdlh lhek rd jkgr igqpkus esa liQy Hkh jgsA
xqtjkr osQ [ksM+k ftys esa Hkkjh o"kkZ osQ dkj.k yxHkx lkjh iQly u"V gks xbZ FkhA blfy, [ksM+k osQ fdlku ljdkj ls ml o"kZ jktLo
u ysus dh ekx dj jgs FksA ljdkj us muosQ bl vkosnu dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA xkkhth us 22 ekpZ] 1918 dks lR;kxzg vkUnksyu vkjEHk
dj fdlkuksa dks jktLo dk Hkqxrku u djus dh lykg nhA vusd fdlkuksa us bl vkanksyu esa fgLlk fy;kA ljdkj us bl ekx dks vLohdkj
dj fn;kA vkUnksyu oqQN le; rd yxkrkj pyrk jgkA xkkhth us eglwl fd;k fd fdlkuksa osQ bl vkanksyu dks yEcs le; rd pykrs
jguk lEHko ugha gSA blh le; ljdkj us oqQN xjhc fdlkuksa dks oqQN NwV nsuk Lohdkj dj fy;k] vr% vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k x;kA
vgenkckn esa xkkhth us etnwjksa dk osru c<+kus osQ fy, mudk usr`Ro fd;kA la?k"kZ osQ i'pkr ljdkj us etnwjksa osQ osru esa 35
fr'kr dh o`f ns nhA

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mi;qZDr la?k"kks osQ ek;e ls xkkhth dks viuh jktuhfrd la?k"kZ dh ifr rFkk vglk vkSj vlg;ksx osQ flkUrksa dks Hkkjrh;ksa
osQ le{k n'kr djus dk volj feykA
iz'u 6- ^ekuo lqj{kk* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A
mkjekuo lqj{kk % cqfu;knh fopkjijEijkxr :i ls lkekftd lqj{kk 'kCn dk vFkZ lhfer gSA ;g laxfBr m|ksxksas esa
dkexkjksa ;k lEiw.kZ laxfBr {ks=k osQ fy, j{kkRed mik;ksa dk leqPp; gS] tks dkexkjksa dks vk; ls oafpr ugha gksrs nsrs gSaA bu mik;ksa
esa izlo vodk'k] Hkfo"; fufk vkSj minku bR;kfn 'kkfey gSa] ijUrq gky gh esa ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dkexkjksa
dh cgqr de la[;k gh laxfBr {kss=k esa gS pwfd vk; vkSj miHkksx vfuf'prrkvksa osQ ckjs esa xjhc vkSj misf{kr yksx vfuf'pr vkthfodk
fodYiksa rFkk lkekU; laosnu'khyrk dk lkeuk djrs gSaA blfy, lkekftd lqj{kk dh vokkj.kk osQ {ks=k dk foLrkj djuk vko';d gSA
fodflr ns'kksa esa oqQN mik;] tSlscsjkstxkjh Hkkk] o`koLFkk issa'ku vkSj v'kDrrk ykHk egoiw.kZ ik, x, gSaA ;g n`f"Vdks.k ml
le; iwjh rjg ls mi;ksxh vkSj mi;qDr ugha gks ldrk gS] tc ge fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk v;;u djrs gSaA ljdkjsa lkekftd lqj{kk mik;ksa
osQ fy, nks n`f"Vdks.k viuk ldrh gSa
izFke n`f"Vdks.k] lkekU; vkFkd lao`f dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, tula[;k osQ laosnu'khy oxks dh lqj{kk djus osQ fy, lao`f
ls izkIr gksus okyh vk; dks mu yksxksa osQ lkekU; ykHkksa osQ fy, iz;ksx djuk gSA
f}rh; n`f"Vdks.k] lkekftd {ks=kksa] tSlsf'k{kk vkSj LokLF; osQ vuqlkj izR;{k :i ls lkoZtfud dk;Zokgh osQ mik; djuk rFkk csgrj
vk; forj.k osQ e dks Hkh izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj lcosQ jkstxkj osQ fy, volj l`tu djuk gSA
iz'u 7- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa HkweaMyhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ fVIi.kh dhft,
mkjHkwe.Myhdj.k ls Hkkjr dks ykHk (Advantages of Globalisation to India)Hkwe.Myhdj.k Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, cgqr ykHkdkjh gSA buesa vfkd egoiw.kZ ykHk fuEu izdkj gSa
1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k voqQ'kyrk gVkus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ u gksus ij fuEu ifj.kke fudyrs gSa
(i) ?kjsyw m|ksxksa osQ yEcs le; rd laj{k.k esa ykxr lajpuk ij xEHkhj gkfudkjd izHkko iM+rk gSA
(ii) j{kkRed ifjos'kksa osQ vkhu m|ksx lqLr gks tkrs gSaA
(iii) dBksj ifjJe ls cprs jgrs gSaA
(iv) dEifu;k ykxr osQ ckjs esa ykijokg gks tkrh gSaA
2- Hkwe.Myhdj.k fuEu f;k }kjk yEcs le; rd o`f nj c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrk gS
(i) lalkkuksa dh vkoaVukRed n{krk esa lqkkj }kjk
(ii) iwthxr mRiknu ?kVkdj
(iii) Je dh mRikndrk esas o`f djA
3- Hkwe.Myhdj.k Je izkku eky vkSj Je izkku rduhdksa osQ i{k esa mRiknu vkSj O;kikj osQ izk:i dh iqulpuk esa lgk;rk iznku
djrk gSA
4- O;kolkf;d fu;kZr voljksa dk nksgu djus osQ fy, fons'kh iwth vkd"kr dh tkrh gS vkSj ns'k esa fuos'k Hkh dh tkrh gSA
5- fons'kh izfrLikkZ osQ izos'k vkSj vk;kr gVdj ckkkvksa dh lekfIr gksus ij ?kjsyw m|ksx ?kjsyw vFkZO;oLFkk esa ewY; de dj losaQxs
vkSj xq.kokk lqkkj losaQxsA
6- vykHkdj vk;kr izfrLFkkiu dkykUrj esa yqIr gks tk;saxs] vfkd lLrs vk;kr] fo'ks"kdj iwthxr eky fofuekZ.k esa iwth mRiknu
dk vuqikr ?kVsxkA fofuer eky dh dher de gksxh rFkk O;kikj dh 'krks dks f"k osQ i{k esa djsxhA
7- Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ eq[; izHkko dk vuqHko miHkksDrk eky m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu oLrqvksa dh cgqr Hkkjh ekx gSA vr,o
jkstxkj osQ voljksa esa o`f gksxh rFkk xjhch dh js[kk osQ uhps yksxksa dh la[;k ?kVsxhA
8- fons'kh iwth rFkk fons'kh cSadksa osQ fy, uohu {ks=k [kqyus osQ lkFk gh cSafoaQx vkSj fok {ks=k dh n{krk esa o`f gksxhA
iz'u 8- vkiosQ fopkj esa vkt vk/qfud f'k{kk osQ le{k dkSu&dkSu lh pqukSfr;k gSa\
mkjf'k{kk dh vokkj.kk vkSj ms';f'k{kk mruh gh izkphu gS] ftruh ekuo lH;rkA bldk fo"k;&{ks=k bruk O;kid gS fd
;g fooknkLin gS fd D;k dksbZ ,sls iSjkehVj vFkok iSekus fuf'pr fd, tk ldrs gSa] ftuosQ vUrxZr f'k{kk vokkj.kk xfr'khy gSA
vkn'kZoknh vuqHko dgrs gSa fd f'k{kk iw.kZr% ewY;ksa vkSj vkn'kks ij vkkkfjr gksuh pkfg,A O;qRifk osQ vuqlkj 'kCn ^f'k{kk* nks ySfVu
'kCnksa Educare vkSj Educere ls fudys gSaA Educare dk vFkZ gS cPps dk ikyu&iks"k.k] ykyu&ikyu Educere dk vFkZ O;fDr
dh var%'kfDr dks vkxs ykukA

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izkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk KkuktZu] lnkpkj O;fDr vkSj var esa eqfDr dk ek;e le>k tkrk FkkA Lokeh foosdkuUn us ekuk fd f'k{kk
ls ekuo izk.kh esa igys ls gh fo|eku nSoh var%'kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA IysVks osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk O;fDr osQ 'kjhj vkSj vkRek esa
lHkh lqUnjrk vkSj iw.kZrk dks fodflr djrh gS] ftuosQ fy, og l{ke gS] tcfd vjLrq us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd f'k{kk O;fDr dh ;ksX;rk
dks fodflr djrh gS rkfd og tUe] lqUnjrk vkSj vPNkbZ dk voyksdu dj losQA f'k{kk dh vkkqfud vokkj.kk dks O;fDr vkSj lekt
osQ pgqeq[kh fodkl osQ lkku osQ :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr osQ f'k{kk vk;ksx] 1964&66 (Indian Education CommissionIEC) osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk lkekftd] vkFkd vkSj lkaLfrd
ifjorZu dk 'kfDr'kkyh lkku gSA MsykslZ osQ vuqlkj blosQ pkj LrEHk gSa] ftu ij f'k{kk vkkkfjr gS
1- O;fDrRo fuekZ.k osQ fy, f'k{kk]
2- Kku vtZu osQ fy, f'k{kk]
3- dkZO; dkS'ky osQ fy, f'k{kk]
4- eS=khiw.kZ Hkko ls lkFk jgus dh f'k{kkA
vktdy vkthou f'k{kk dh vokkj.kk dks yksdfiz;rk fey jgh gSA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk lkekU;r% nwjLFk f'k{kk }kjk nh tkrh gS vkSj
v;s;rkvksa osQ fy, vfkd eqDr vkSj yphysiu ls foHksn dh tk ldrh gSA
f'k{kk dh lelkef;d leL;k, vkSj pqukSfr;k
(i) f'k{kk vkSj lqfokkoafpr oxZlekt dk dY;k.k izR;sd ukxfjd osQ dY;k.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekftd vkSj vkFkd n`f"V
ls lqfokkoafpr oxks osQ fy, iz;kl fd;k tkuk vkSj f'k{kk miyCk djkuk vko';d gSA jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd flkUrksa dk vuqPNsn
jkT; ls 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk nsus dk vkxzg djrk gSA lkoZHkkSfed izkjfEHkd f'k{kk iznku djus
osQ jkLrs esa dbZ ckkk, vkbZ gSaA buesa nwjorhZ LFkkuksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dk HkkSfrd vyxko vkfn tula[;k foLiQksV] vkFkd :i ls fiNM+s
oxks ls cPps dk Jfed cy osQ lkFk cky etnwj] ckfydk f'k'kq osQ izfr mnklhurk] tkfrokn lfEefyr gSAa
(ii) f'k{kk vkSj ekuo lalkku fodklf'kf{kr dkexkj u osQoy oqQ'ky gksrs gS]a cfYd dke osQ izfr lgh joS;k Hkh viukrs gSAa os ubZ
izk|
S ksfxdh osQ fy, vfkd vuqoQw y'khy gksrs gSAa blfy, f'k{kk esa fuos'k djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA f'k{kk osQ fy, vkoafVr ctV vko';drk
ls de iM+ tkrk gSA ns'k dh ekuo iwt
h fodflr djus osQ fy, f'k{kk esa lgh izdkj dk fuos'k vko';d gSA
(iii) f'k{kk vkSj vkkqfudhdj.kvkt Hkh gekjk lekt vfu"Vdj izFkkvksa] tSlstkfrokn] fyax iwokZxzg] innfyr dk 'kks"k.k vkfn
ls xzLr gSA kked] dV~Vjoknh] lEiznk;okn Hkh gekjs lekt esa cgqr xgjs :i ls O;kIr gSA f'k{kk gh osQoy ,d ,slk rjhdk gS] tks
lekt dks bu cqjkb;ksa ls eqfDr ns ldrk gSA
(iv) f'k{kk vkSj yksdrU=kyksdrU=k 'kklu O;oLFkk fuEure Lrj ls lgh yksxksa dks 'kkfey djrh gSA ;g izR;sd ukxfjd dks o;Ld
erkfkdkj iznku dj lekt dks lekurkoknh cukrh gSA cjLVy jLly us fopkj O;Dr fd;k fd yksdrU=k cpkus vkSj lqn<` + djus osQ fy, f'k{kk
vko';d gSA yksdrU=k vius vkkqfud :i esa ml ns'k esa liQy ugha gks ldrk gS] tgk yksx f'kf{kr ugha gSAa
(v) f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vh;rkvkt vusd ns'k fo?kVu osQ ladV dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA ;wxksLykfo;k vkSj lksfo;r la?k tSls ns'kksa dk
fo?kVu gqvk gSA u`tkrh; vfroknh] la?k"kZ] kked dV~Vjrk vkfn dkjd jk"V osQ fo?kVu dks izsfjr djrs gSaA Hkkjr osQ f'k{kk vk;ksx
(1964&66) osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk jk"Vh; ,drk fodflr djus esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
(vi) f'k{kk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vh; ikjLifjd le>vkt ;g vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd Kku lfgr fo'o osQ lalkku ekuork dh
mHk;fu"B lEifk gSA johUukFk VSxksj vkSj MkW- jkkk".ku us dgk gS fd vUrjkZ"Vh; Kku bl izdkj dk gks] ftlesa vUrjkZ"Vh; ikjLifjd
le> vkSj fo'o 'kkfUr rFkk ,d nwljs dh fpUrkvksa vkSj Hk; dk vkHkkl vfuok;Z gks] f'k{kk jk"Vksa osQ e; 'kkfUr] lgvfLrRo vkSj lg;ksx
fodflr djrh gSA
(vii) f'k{kk vkSj i;kZoj.krsth ls vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj jk"Vh; lalkkuksa osQ vUkkkqUk nksgu us i;kZoj.k dk fouk'k
fd;k gSA i`Foh dk rkieku c<+us] vkstksu ijr dh {kh.krk] oU; thoksa dk foyksiu] ijek.kq fc[kjko dk ladV] fuoZuhdj.k vkfn osQ ckjs
esa yksxksa esa tkx:drk mRiUu djus dh bDdhloha 'krkCnh osQ f'k{kkfonksa osQ fy, cM+h pqukSrh gSA
(viii) f'k{kk vkSj uSfrd ewY;fo'oHkj esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk lkekU; {kj.k gqvk gSA izR;sd {ks=klkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkFkd {ks=s k esa
uSfrd ewY;ksa dk kl gks jgk gSA O;kolkf;d laof` osQ fy, mi;qDr lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhu f'k{kk vko';d gSA
(ix) f'k{kk vkSj csjkstxkjhfodflr ns'k Hkh csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA f'k{kk osQ yksdrU=khdj.k ls f'kf{kr
csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, u osQoy f'k{kk nsuk leL;k gS cfYd f'k{kk osQ ckn jkstxkj nsuk Hkh leL;k
gSA

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xkakhth us dgk Fkk fd f'k{kk csjkstxkjh osQ fo# jkstxkj lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg,A jk"Vh; leh{kk lfefr] 1978 us ^yux Vw Mw* uke
dh fjiksVZ esa f'k{kk osQ nks izeq[k ?kVdksa ^lkekU;* vkSj ^O;kolkf;d* dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
(x) f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkwfedkf'k{kd f'k{kk dh fdlh Hkh iz.kkyh dk es#n.M gSA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us dgk fd
Hkkjr osQ HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kkvksa esa gks jgk gSA ;g lR; gS fd f'k{kk dh xq.kokk f'k{kd dh dksfV ;k xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
(xi) f'k{kk vkSj ikB~;egekjs fo|ky;ksa esa viuk;s x;s ikB~; fooj.k dh vkykspuk eqnfy;j vk;ksx }kjk vkSj Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
vk;ksx (1964-66) }kjk Hkh dh xbZ gSA ikB~; fooj.k vuE; gS] ;g fdrkch Kku ij tksj nsrk gS] pgqeq[kh fodkl ugha djrk gS rFkk
rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh mis{kk djrk gSA ;g ijh{kkeq[kh] vfrlaoqQy vkSj vi;kZIr gSA
(xii) vkthou f'k{kkvkt f'k{kk thouHkj dh izf;k le>h tkrh gSA thou dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ij gekjh #fp;k vkSj
vko';drk, fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSAa bl izdkj dh vko';drkvksa vkSj #fp;ksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, f'k{kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
iz'u 12- gekjs lafo/ku esa mfYyf[kr ^ewy vf/dkj* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
mkjekSfyd vfkdkj (Fundamental Right)ekSfyd vfkdkj gekjs lafokku dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk gSA lafokku fuekZrkvksa us
fczfV'k ijkkhurk osQ fofHkUu pj.kksa osQ nkSjku LorU=krk neu dk R;{k vuqHko fd;k FkkA mudk fu.kZ; Fkk fd LorU=k Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd
dks iqu% ,slk vuqHko u djuk iM+sA vr,o ekSfyd vfkdkjksa ij mudk vR;fkd tksj FkkA lafokku vius ukxfjdksa osQ fy, oqQN ,sls
vfkdkj lqfuf'pr djrk gS] tks muosQ dY;k.k osQ fy, ewyHkwr vko';drk, le>s x,A ;s Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ thou] LorU=krk vkSj
lEifk osQ vkkkj ro gaSA fofHkUu ekSfyd vfkdkj fuEu dkj gSa
(i) lekurk dk vfkdkj]
(ii) LorU=krk dk vfkdkj]
(iii) 'kks"k.k osQ fo# vfkdkj]
(iv) kked LorU=krk dk vfkdkj]
(v) lkaLfrd ,oa f'k{kk dk vfkdkj]
(vi) laoSkkfud mik;ksa dk vfkdkj]
laifk dk vfkdkj igys ekSfyd vfkdkj FksA ysfdu 44osa lafokku la'kksku osQ }kjk bls dkuwuh vfkdkj cuk fn;k x;kA bldk
vFkZ ;g gS fd vc fdlh O;fDr dh laaifk dks mfpr {kfriwr osQ }kjk gh vfkxzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA flok; vkikr~ fLFkfr osQ] ekSfyd
vfkdkjksa dks jn~n ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 ykxw jgrs gSaA bu vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr
dks vijkk gksus osQ ckn ykxw gksus okys dkuwuksa osQ vkkkj ij (dk;ksZkj dkuwu ls lqj{kk)] nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk,xk] ,d gh vijkk osQ
fy, ,d ckj ls vfkd ltk nsus dh lqj{kk (nksgjs n.M ls lqj{kk) vkSj Lo;a osQ fo# vfHk;ksx ls lqj{kk (Lo;a ij vfHk;ksx yxkus
ls lqj{kk) nku djrk gSA vuqPNsn 21 O;fDrxr thou vkSj LorU=krk dh lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA jkT; dks dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir
f;k dk ikyu djuss osQ vfrfjDr fdlh O;fDr osQ thou dks lekIr djus dk vfkdkj ugha gSA
iz'u 13- (i) jkT; uhfr osQ funs'kd ro
mkjjkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd ro (Directive Principles of State)uhfr funsZ'kd flkUr ljdkj osQ fy, U;k;iw.kZ o
Hkko'kkyh 'kklu osQ lapkyu osQ fy, ekxZn'kZd gSaA lafokku esa budh ,d lwph gS] tSls
1- leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osruA
2- lHkh eknd nzO;ksa fo'ks"kr% 'kjkc dk fu"ksk djukA
3- y?kq vkSj oqQVhj m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsukA
;|fi funsZ'kd flkUrksa dks dkuwu osQ }kjk ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkkfi ;s fdlh Hkh :i esa de egoiw.kZ ugha gSaA ljdkj
us fofHkUu funsZ'kd flkUrksa osQ vkkkj ij mi;qDr dkuwu cuk, gSaA bu funsZ'kd flkUrksa esa ls vusd dkuwuh :i esa orZuh; gks x,A
jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd flkUr vk;jyS.M osQ lafokku ls Hkkfor gSaA bl dkj ;s gekjs lafokku dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krk, gSaA ;s lafokku
osQ fu"d"kZ osQ ckjs esa i;kZIr fopkj Lrqr djrs gSaA
(iv) fMftVy foHkktu
mkjfMftVy fMokbM (Digital Divide)lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh us fo'o dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS
izFke] og Hkkx gS ftuosQ ikl lEifk gS vkSj tks lwwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh xSftV~l (tqxy) vkSj lsokvksa ij O;; dj ldrs gSaA
f}rh;] os] ftuosQ ikl xSftV~l vkSj lsok, izkIr djus o j[kus osQ fy, visf{kr kujkf'k ugha gSA

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/uh ns'k vkSj xjhc ns'kkssa osQ kuh yksx Hkh lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, O;; dj ldrs gSa vkSj
izkS|ksfxdh ;qx esa fVosQ jg ldrs gSaA blosQ foijhr os tks O;; ugha dj ldrs khjs&khjs fodkl dh nkSM+ esa fiNM+ tkrs gSa A
bl izdkj] tks kuh gSa os vf/d kuh gks tk,xs vkSj tks xjhc gSa vfkd xjhc gks tk,xsA bldk izHkko izeq[k O;fDr;ksa]
ifjokjksa lektksa vkSj ;gk rd fd jk"Vksa ij Hkh iM+sxkA lkekU; fo'okl ;g gS fd lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh esa ,d Lrj ij
lwpuk xjhch esa jgus okys ns'kksa dh ubZ Js.kh cu ldrh gSA nwljs Lrj ij mPp izkS|ksfxdh m|fe;ksa dh ubZ Js.kh gks ldrh gSA
fo'o vkFkd eap (2002) dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr essa lcls vfkd O;kid vadh; foHkktu gSA ;|fi baVjusV fujUrj
yksdfiz; gks jgk gS] ijUrq baVjusV iz;ksDrk osQoy 45 yk[k Fks vkSj 43 yk[k baVjusV iznkrk FksA 'kgjh {ks=k lwpuk vkSj lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
ls ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA Hkkjr osQ baVjusV dusD'kuksa osQ 70 izfr'kr ls Hkh vfkd ubZ fnYyh esa gSaA

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