Ordering & Customer Support 1-800-420-1432 www.engineeringpress.com CiviL ENGINEERING Foundations & Retaining ue IDEAL REE FOR THE peREADTE ale Sa All the Problems and Solutions you need are here! * 10 Sample Problems * 42 End-of-Chapter Problems 52 PE Problems with Complete Step-by-Step Solutions A Code-Specific Review Book Chapter 4 of Civil Engineering License Review Latest Code References including the 1997 Uniform Building Code = The MOST COMPLETE Problems & Solutions Book! Ce ea i y PUT Mate e Ulett aE) a aCIVIL ENGINEERING FOUNDATIONS & RETAINING STRUCTURES Review for the Breadth/Depth Exam in Civil Engineering Alan Williams, Ph.D., S.E., C.Eng. Registered Structural Engineer-California Engineering Press Austin, TXList of Knowledge clusters with | AM PM Test percentage of questions Test Pat Feat Option Nom T[T2TsTays [ TRANSPORTATION RROWLEDSE” BL | BE 3% eaten] XX Fy De TR Ba & als x tan Teams, Eo, ad MTA x Gale Desi (Aaa CS XOX [ SYRUCTURAC RROWCEOOE 0 35% TE Toaagal—X x ‘Analy x Technics of Materials x Materials] —X x Member Desige| —X x | Feallure Analysis —X_ Design Gritera; ce. codee| x | WATER RESOURCES KNOWLEDGE ZO _| ZO] TO] GBH] TEE Fara XX Px [x Hydrology! x] x % ‘WeteoroTagical and ChmareTogical Datel XTX : ‘analy Water Treaimeril x | [ENVIRONMENTAL RNOWLEGDE. 2% [BB Biology (eluding miero- and aquatey—X Bacteriology Xx SofaiFazardous Wasiel —X— x found Water and Wel Feléel —% xX [GEOTECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE 20% | FSR BOK TO | TO | GBH Field Exploration and Laboratory Test XP xX px xx Soil Mechanics Analyisl x —[—X xxx Foundation anaiysi XOX PX XTX Retaining Stielures % Toa Ferea oom Too Toor Too To TAThe Proposed Breadth/Depth Exam “The Breadth/Depth examination format may be used as early as October 2000. A\ this writing the {inal details ofthe exam have not been announced, but the topic content ofthese exams is shown inthe NCEES Appendix C table on the folowing page. The table shows the topic content of the fexam, The morning exam wil be the breadth ofthe topics with each topic equaly welghted. The ‘kam will be objectively scored by computer using A.B,C,0 multiple choice answers. The test will prohably consist of 40-60 single weight questions. The afternoon examination bookie wll contain Seceame, the candidate wil enoose one of the five options. In each option, a major topic consists 0f 65% ofthe option with the balance ofthe questions being of related topics. The afternoon exarn til algo be objectively Scored by computer using 40-60 questions wth multiple-choice answers, Taking The Exam Exam Dates ‘The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCES) prepares Civil Engineering Professional Engineer exams for use on a Friday in April and October each year. Some stato boards administer the exam twice a year in their state, while others offer the exam once a year, The scheduled exam dates are: ‘Apr October 909 23D 2000442 2oot 208 202188 People seeking to take a particular exam must apply to their state board severat months in advance.4 Foundations and Retaining Structures ‘Alan Williams Introduction Building Structures Bridge Structures ROE NT Footing Design 4-2 lsolated Column Spread Footing + Combined Footing + Strap Footing + Eecenire Footing + Footing with Eccentri Load Retaining Wall 4-23 Cantilever Retaining Wall » Gravity Retaining Wall « Cantilovered Shestpile Wal = Anchored Sheetplle Retaining Wall Pile Foundations 4-35 Pile Group with Vertical Piles + Pile Group with Inclined Piles + Pile Cap Design Selected Symbols and Abbreviations 4-47 References 4-48 Problems 4-49 Seismic Design Hydrauties Engineering | Hydrology Water Treatment ‘and Distribution Wastewater Treatme Geotechnical Engineering Transportation Engineering ‘Sample Examination Problems. Appendix A Engineering Economics Index‘able 42399 99ERZE222EESERESESRS AOS =MORASTREIISER REE State Boards of Relation for Profesional Engineers ‘al te tao SOUS Meme 36OSES 10 om, nes {est W Cum tae 250 3 Foe ile oc 208 154i ks ie, ute on Sin 918 Teeny, Se 13 Der 0YOR [eScipo feb 3 Han loe Ee te ee Si ioe Sree cc Lae ese "areas cesar ee ein Se sea etd: ae a TE a ee i Aerie Nese Eola atin age Picea to She igen Borer ahi araerst REunai ioe Soe a ‘senate aunts Care ee ee Becket: er ieee pore See sr as Es ae aia eres = aoe ‘ouareases fstmoie sana feanaie focagasit sanage.397Contents ‘THE BREADTHIDEPTH EXAM 4, FOUNDATIONS AND RETAINING STRUCTURES, FOOTING DESIGN Isolated Column Spread Footing Combined Footing Strap Footing Eceenttic Footing Footing with Eccentric Load RETAINING WALL Cantilever Retaining Wall Graviy Retaining Wall Cantiovered Sheetpile Wall ‘Anchored Sheotplle Retaining Wall PILE FOUNDATIONS Pile Group wth Vertical Pies Pile Group with Inclined Piles Pile Cap Design Selected Symbole and Abbreviaions REFERENCES PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONSIMustratons: John and Joan Foster {© Copyright 2000, Engineering Poss Allghls reserved. Except as permited under the Unies States Copyright Act of 1976, no pat ofthis publication may be repreduced or astibute in any form or by any means, orstoredin a data base or ‘etieval system, without the prior writen permission ‘ofthe copyright owner ISBN 1-57645.0422 Printed in tho United States of America 43.2 4 Engineering Press P.O. Box 200128 Austin, Texas 78720-0128Goo Retaining Structures Cee cy FOOTING DESIGN Isolated Column Spread Footing ‘An isolated cola footing tasters the lads from a single column othe supporting soil ‘The sine ofthe footing is determined by the allowable soil bearing pressure. The foting is designed fr flexure, punching o ova shear, and flexural oc one-ay heat, The depth of the footing is generally governed by punching shear The ACI Code! In Scions 13.4 an 11.12, pes Uh xia vetons inthe Foti for exe and shear. Fora reinforced concrete column the reaction plane is defined in ACL Section 15.4.2 as being located atthe face of the column. The leaton of the critical sections for flexure and shew ae specified with respect wo this plane and ae illsrated in Fig. 41 (@- {), The length of the eritcal perimeter fr punching shear is given by 6, ey +e) 44d where c, = short side of column = long side of column effective depth of footing reinforcement. oa, = a o ® “oe aaa best dF Fig. 1 (4d, Che eon Fong with efron consFooting Design m 4-3 ‘The reaction plane for afoting supporting a column with a steel bas pate is specified as half-way between the face ofthe column and the edge of the baseplate, The maximum ‘moments computed at this plane, with the flexural shear at distanced from tis plane, and the punching shear at a distance ofd2 rom thie plane, ak shown in Fig 42 The reaction plane for afoting supporting a matoney column is specified as half way between the center andthe face of the column, The maxinium moment is computed at this plane, withthe flexural shear at distance d from this plane and the punching sheat at 3 stance of d2 from this plane as shown in Fig. 43. =a bay (king i el ape hig inh ony con Reinforcements designed forthe maximum moment atthe reation plane andi distrb- ‘uted uniformly aeross the base in the case of a square footing. Fora rectangular footing, reinforcement parallel othe shorter side shouldbe concentrated in a centeal band width equal ‘othe length ofthe shorter side asillstated in Fig. 4-4. The area of reinforcement required in the central band is given by ACI Equation (15-1) 38, Ay=240 1) where, A, = total requited reinforcement area {B= lf, = aio ofthe long side tothe shor side ofthe Footing pp ri. —— PoE oa ii ra) Pfc an ogiod Fie, Reng ong infremen et ene Conn iatcnFoundations and 44 M_ Foundations and Retaining Structures “The capacity of a Footing for flexural shear i given by ACT Equation (11-3) as: aod If. were, seg eton aor = 085 fo ACI Sson 98 be witht ong defective depth {f =conte tenth The apariy of tng fr pncing shea iven by ACT xan (1135) oyun tio of log side to shor side of column Ne, +e) +44 where B.= eye length of ertical perimeter for punching, shea Load transfer between a reinforced concrete column and the footing may be provided by the bearing capacity of the column and the footing. The bearing capacity ofthe column com crete a the interface is given by ACI, Section 1.17.1 as =O8sef'A, where, strength reduction factor = 0.7 from ACI Section 9:3 A, eatea of column {ff = stength of column concrete ‘The beacing capacity ofthe footing concrete atthe interface i given by ACI Sesion Jou7.tas 6, =0856 1/4, JIA 50585974, x2 where, 6 ‘Aye area ofthe base ofthe pyramid, with side slopes of 1-2, formed within the footing by the calomn base Tn accordance with ACI Sesion 15.1.2, when the bearing strength ofthe concrete is exceeded, reinforcement must be peovided atthe interface to transfer the excess load, The ‘capacity ofthis reinforcements strength of footing concrete 1 from ACI Section 93 tuength reduction factor OP, = 04S, where, ¢= strength reduction factor = 0.7 from ACI Section 9.3 fy ‘A= reinforcement area, In addition, in accordance with ACI Section 15.821, a minimum area of reinforcement must be provided across the interface given by =0.0054. einfrcement yield strength BennIsolated Column Spread Footing wm 4-5 ar rE Fig 4-Sindicates the londs acting ona see column witha reinforced concrete footing. Check the adequacy ofthe footing and determine the required base plate thickness and rinfore ment area, using grade 60 bats, fora concrete strength of 2000 pounds per squae inch anda base plate of grade A36 sec smuranar Reo COO iatn Solution ‘The baseplate thickness may be computed by the design method presented in the AISC Manval? Section 3-106. ‘The bearing pressure on the base plate due to the applied service loads i L= Pot Py, 10 + 80yCI4 x 14) 46 Kips per square inch “The relevant design parameters ae m=, -095072 14-95% 892 | oa | (6, -0805y0 | =is-080%82 8... govems, | Hence, the required bas plate thickness given by n TE, x38 fOH6T36 86 inches 8 inc,Re Coe ty 46 Foundations and Retaining Structures The factored applied load is piven by ACE Equation (9-1) as P= L4P,+17P, 1410+ 1.780 = 130 kips “The area of the base ofthe pyramid, with side slopes of 1:2, formed within the footing bythe baseplate areas: Ay +44"

Py. sistactry “The net factored pressure ating on the underside ofthe footing is ae Puy 50/5.5° 96 kips per squae foot The ertcal section fr flexural shears iocated a distance from tbe edge ofthe footing, which is given by: m= ID-(B, + bya SI2~ (M4 + 848 14N12 125 feet, ‘The factored applied shear at the eal section is vena 965.5 x1.125 30.69 kip. ‘The flexural shear capacity of the Footing is given by Equation (11-3 asIsolated Column Spread Footing 47 oY.9 20 2x 0.85 x 5.5 x 12 x 14 x 9/2000 /1000 = 70.25 kips > V, satisfactory, | ‘The length of one side ofthe etal perimeter for punching shear is b=, +byr+d (14 4824+ 14/12 08 feet ee Retaining Structure ‘The factored, applied shear atthe erica perimeters: Y= Py ash fa = 150--4.96%208% 28.47 kip. I the rato ofthe baseplate sides is B <2 then, the punching shear capacity of the footing i given by ACI Equation (11-35) as OY, = abt Vie 4 x 0.85 x4 «2.08 x 12 14 x 2000/1000 = 212.53 kips > Vi Satisfactory “The csitical section for flexure is located a distance from the edge ofthe foting, whichis siven by: 2-8, + bye S.— (14+ 8948 29 feet, ‘The factored, applied moment at tis section is My= gj 4.96 5.5 «2.2972 | 7153 kip et The required flexural reinforcement ratio may be obtained by calculator program? and is aiven by p= 085 42 (1 fi 2RTOISLI! f, where, K'= 12M fb? =0.0664 p= 0.126 percentFoundations and CoC 48 Ml Foundation 1nd Retaining Structures The maximum reinforcement ratio is given by ACI Section 10:3 as 15 x085 X87 B,{1{87 #5) 07 percent >. -stisfatory. “The minimum reinforcement ratio ina footing slab for grade 60 bars is given by ACI, Section Tatas Pau 0.18 percent ofthe gros area... governs >p. Honce, the required enforcement area is 14 square inches. Hence, provide eleven Number 4 bars fo give an area of Aj =2.20 square inches, Allowing for an end cover ofthe inches, the available anchorage length for the burs is a3 (2.29123 = 245 inches. For Number 4 bars in 2000 pound per square inch concrete, the development length of ‘ACI Equation (12-1) governs with 259 (c+K,)ld, ba y=08 The equired development length s given by 4222.24, =322x05 = 161 inches lg» stsfactory “The footings adequate Combined Footing ‘The rectangular footing shown in Fig. 4-6 has one column adjacent othe property line ofthe building and his Fits the allowable length ofthe Footing. "The centoid of the footing is designed to coincide with the centroid ofthe service fads onthe two columns thus providing ‘uniform ail Bearing presse fr service loads. The fectored bearing pressure under fa tered loads wll nol, however, be uniform unless the aio ofthe factored load to service lad {orboth columns is identicalCombined Footing m 4-9 Example 2 Fig. 47 indicates the service loads supported by two 12 inch 12 inch columns and their location with respect co the propety line. The depth of he footing is 24 inches and the con crete siength is 3000 pounds per square inch. Determine the dimensions ofa combined fot- ing which wil provide an allowable soil bearing pressure of 2000 pound pe square fot. It the ttio of factoer onl to service lead for bath columns it 1, determine i the grade 60 reinforcement indieated and the depth ofthe footing are adequate Solution Allowing forthe weight of the footing, the equivalent soil pressure produced bythe column service loads is 4=4,~ 150 2000 (150 x2) = 1700 pounds per square foot Foundations and COCO4-10 Foundations and Retaining Structures ps0 yoo my seca ont Goons COONS “The centroid ofthe service lads is located a distance from the propesty lie given by 5 P,,+145P,MP,+P,) =255x40+ 145% S040 +50) 9.17 feet. “Then, to produce a uniform pressure under the footing, the length ofthe footing is L=2s, 2x97 = 18,34 fet. ‘The required width of footing to prodace an allowable soil pressure of 2000 pounds pet square foots B=(P,,+P, Nal = (40,000 + 50,000)(1700 x 18.34) = 2.89 feet ‘Since the rato of factored load to verve load for both columns i 1.5, the net factored pressure seting onthe underside ofthe foting for factored loads i: Py Pale S(40 + soyis.sa [36 kips pr linea foot.Combined Footing 4-11 The shear force and bending moment diagrams forthe footing For factored loading) are shown in Fig, 47. Allowing for 3 inches of cover for the longitudinal reinforcement, the cffective depth is given by de h-3-dpp 243-052, 20.75 inches “The ertcal section for flexural shear is located a distance equal othe effective depth fom Colum 2. The factored applied shear at this rtea secon is given by’ Vi=Va,~ qd +022 1668 ~7.26(205 + 6VI2 30.27 kips ‘Tho flexural shear eapcity ofthe foting is given by Equation (11-3) a: ov, = 268d JF = 2x 085 x 289 x 12%20.75 3000/1000 = 6631 ips > Vy satisfactory. “The length ofthe exitical perimeter for punching shear is given by: b,=Merd 412+ 2075) + 131 inches, ‘The column side enti is Bat <2, Then the punching shear capacity ofthe Footing is w= 4ob,a Sf = 40185 x 131 20.75 x 13000 /1000 = 506 Kips > Py, saisoctry "The minimum ceinforcement ratio in Footing slab for grade 60 bars is given by ACL 0.18 percent ofthe gross area “The minimum are of reinforcement required i Ais * Pais = 018 «24 2.89 12100 1.5 square inches Ce Cooti Retaining Structures 412 Foundations and Retaining Structures "The sum ofthe reinforcement rea in the cop and botom ofthe foting, which consists ofa total of twelve Number 4 bars 2A, = 24 square inches > 1S. satisfactory “The maximum reinforcement ratio is given by ACI Section 103 as Pn = 01S XO8S XBTB, £187 +f) 16 percent "The reinforcement ratio provided inthe top ofthe Footing is pa apa 2 100/2.89 x 12.20.75) 17 peecent < Agus Satisfactory. [Neglecting compression reinforcement, the design moment strength ofthe reinforee- rent in the top of the footing is (6M, =0.94, £401 ~O.59pf,/ D2 109.8 kip fet > 94.1... satisfactory “The reinforcement proved inthe botiom ofthe footing is clearly adequate “Te etc section for flexure the transverse eton i atthe face ofthe cours and the factored momenta this setion is M,= 4X8 08 = 7.36 x 18.34 (2.89 ~ 1)7/8 = 603 kip fest “The required reinforcement tio inthe bottom ofthe footing is ven by poss 4 fi where K = 2M Jb p= 00142 percent IRTOTETNIS, Hence th egiredeinforcement are is Av=pbd = 0.0142 18:34 12% 205100 65 square inches. “The reinforcement ares provided a the bottom ofthe footing inthe transverse dreston ‘exceeds this, and the combined reinforcement are at the top and bottom of the footing ex teeds the requirement for minim reinforcement of 0.18 percent of ross area, so the foot: ing is satisfactoryStrap Footing @ 4-19 Strap Footing “The strap footing shown in Fg. 4-8 consists of wo colunnson individual pad footings which sno connected by a stp beam. The soffit ofthe strap ie not subject to soil pressure because it is poured on a ayer of styrofoam, I is assumed tal the strap and fotings acta a igi body with a uniform bearing pressure under the footings. The sil reactions, Ry and Ry ata he ‘center ofthe fotings and the pressure under the footings is given by 4% ‘The bas area of ech footings: A= Bala “The soil ection ae given Read, Raa, HP ese By locating the footing under Column 2 symmetrical with respect tothe cele of the column, the ines of action of and coincide. hen, rom the Higa, the distance between 2, and ge lp t eB ‘The strap length is Ly by B+ BV ‘Two equations of states are available for solving the two unknowns, Ryan Ry How lever, the values of Rand Ral influence the required dimensions forthe members and an ‘trative technique is required. Rey CoSRetaining Structures 4-14 Foundations and Retaining Structures Appropriate dimensions at intl selected for B, and B,the depth ofthe Footings and strap, andthe width ofthe strap. Hence, the weight of the stap, W., may be determined. An intial estimate is made ofthe soil reaction Rand the corresponding values of A, and Ware Aetermined. An estimate is made of W,, Resolving vertically gives Rye P, + Py Ry + Wi, + Wt Wy Hence, Az may be determined and the intial estimate of W, revised. Taking mome the contr of Footing 2 gives Ry= (lp Wilg + We Ls + BYE ‘Tho intial eatin of, may now he revised andthe process repeated unl convergence is reached bout Example 3 Design the strap beam of the strap footing shown in Fig. 4-9. The allowable soil beating pressure i 3000 pounds por square foo, concrete srength is 3000 pounds per square inch and all reinforcement is Grade 60. Solution ‘Asan intial estimate, assume thatthe value of the soi reaction under Columon I is given by R= Lae, 1.42(60 +40) 142 Kips ‘The area ofthe footing requited for Column 1 is: A=Ryla waa 547.33 square fet, “The weight of this foting is W, #015 44, 154733235 24,81 kips “The weight of the strap bear is W,= 0.1528, Is 15x23 = 11.25 kia ‘Asan intial estimate, W, = 30.6 ips ‘Then, resolving vertically, the valu of the soil reaction under Column 2 is y= PtP RAW, + Wat Wy 100 + 150142 + 24.81 +3066 + 1128. sume thatthe weight ofthe footing requied for Column 2is‘Strap Footing ml 4-15 pee an 4 Slee See A[EER spesene OEE 7 iy T oro) - (oe Ze fngresson se) The area ofthe footing ceguired for Column 2s Asia = 1470 258234-16 Foundations and Retaining Structures ‘Atevised estimate ofthe weight ofthis foting is W, = 0.15 Aghy 15% 58.2335 = 30.57 kips 306 Hence, the initial estimate of W, is sulicintly accurate “Taking moments about the center of Footing ? gives Ry = fly + Wily Wg BP 100 x20 + 24:81 18 + 11.25% 185729218 ning Structures Hence, the init “The factored loading on Column 1 is given by ACI Equation (9-1) as P,,214Py+ LIP, Lax 60 + 1.740 Sz ips “The ratio of factored load to service load for Column is P,P = 152100, =152 estimate of R; is sufficiently accurate ble for Cohan 2, which has Fctored load of | “The same ratio i appli P= 228 kins So, neglecting the effect ofthe Footings factored dead loads,» uniform factored pres- sure acts on the underside of both footings under factored loading. The factored weights of the Footings are W,,= LAW, 34.73 kips | W,,= 1A, | 42.80 kips | Wa = 14M, 15.75 Kips “The total factored load is Pye Pict Pat Wit Wat Wo, (73.28 ips “The nifor factored sol pressure at both footings is: 4,2 PA, +42) (73. 28(47.33 + 58.23) = 448 ips per squae fot‘Strap Footing “The net factored pressures acting onthe underside of bath footings ae: Ay Wi a8 4733-34705 = 35.46 kis per linear foot As Was 58.23 2.8076 6.35 hips plies foo “The fctved self weight ofthe strap beam i 442 Walls 575/25 26 hips per linear foo. ‘The loading, shear and moment diagrams are shove in Fig. 49, a4 “The maximum negative moment inthe strap occurs at the interface with Footing | and nas the value: -M,= 241 kip fee, ‘The required flexural enforcement ratios given by: p= 0.85 f(t ~ 1 BRTOTER 1, here, K = 12M fb = 0.1066 d= 38625 inches. using Number 6 bats with 2 inches cover (p= 0.202 percent ‘The mininmam einforement ratio in the strap beam for Grade 60 bars is given by ACT Sec tions 10.5.1 and 105.3 as: Pain = 2001, 10.333 percent 512339 = 0.269 percent. governs. reinforcement are required in the tp of the sap beam is given by: Pai 24 38.625 0.00269 4 Providing five Number 6 bars gives a reinforcement area A; =2.20 square inches >A, satisfactory, The maximum sharin the strap occurs atthe inerace with Foting | and has the valve: Skips Po Retaining Structures4-18 Foundations and Retaining Structures “The design shear strength ofthe concrete section is given by ACI Equation (11-3) a RSM Eccentric Footing “Aneceentic footing, as shown in Fig. 4-10, may be utlized when te wal ofa builng mus be located onthe property line. I is assumed that the footing acts as a rigid body with a ‘niform soil pressure under the base and that the Intra soil pressures on ether side of the Footing ae balanced. The total gravity load acting asthe footing is EW We 4 Wet Wy Wet My “The soil reaction under the base is R=EW Cou Te required length ofthe base is tg cy wr, o Thecouterlskvise coupe produced. t by Rand EWis wa 1 My= Re } where, eis the eccentricity between and elm = ro “he ftionl fre produced tthe we side ofthe base is pt Penk Dos wee, sth coefficient of ton tet I ‘The frictional free is balanced by’ an CE The equa and oposite teste force in he 1 5 Stands prods the clockwise couple pe My = FH. oo ot Eating the wo coupes gives i ripe e410, Becton Q FH=Re H= Reon By assuming an inital value For H, W,, Ws and W,, coresponding values of Land e nay be determined anda revised value of 1 computed. The process is repeated unl conver- ‘ence is reachedEccentric Footing m 4-19 Example 4 Design the eccentric foting shown in Fig. 4 1(a) to support a superimposed dead pus live load of 62kps per liner foot. The coeicient of fietion is 0:3 andthe unit soil weight is 120 pounds per cubic foot. The allowable soil bearing pressure is 2500 pounds per square foo. Conerete strength is 3000 pounds per square inch and all reinforcement is Grade 60. ae c= 62s par ot pond ler 1+ Fe sue) Solution As intial estimates, assun H=2.25 feet W, = 0.15 kips W,=0.30kips Wg 0:36 ips Then, Wy #011831 = 05 bigs. ZW R= W,+ We Wy + We Wy =62+045+030+0.36 +045 746 kps. ‘The base length required is given by La klg = 1462.5 = 2,984 fet, Gere420 Foundations and Retaining Structures ‘The eccentricity between the fines of action of Rand EW is [1 Gv, + W,+ WBMI2-05 984(1 0.817.462 -05 83, “The required value fr is given by: Hee 8303 = 2:77 feet Roe coos Coe ence the inital estimate of His sufficiently accurate Revised values for the footing and soil weights ae: Wp las 150 15% 1.984 x10 298 0300 | Wi = 012 x 1.984% 1.52 362 t 0360 os Peat —— 0.450. i The net pressure acting onthe base of the footing i | of =4-(W y+ We+ WML 1) =25-0.408, 09 kips per linear fot, “The bending moment atthe face ofthe front walls Me gl- D2 4.11 Kip fet ed 15 x 1.984% 05 oe be i—_4 rene ‘Minimum rinforeement is adequate and is given by ACI Section 7.12.2 a8 A,=0.00186h 0018 x 12% 12 (0.26 square inches per Foot = Number 4 bars at 18 inch spacing, top and botom,Footing with Eccentric Load 421 Using six Number 3 ars transversely provides a reinforcement rato of: p= 0.65 x 100412 x 12) =0.20 percent > 0.18... satisfactory Minimum reinforcement in the font wall is govemed by ACI Section 14.3, Vertical reinforcement consisting of Number 4 bats at 18 inch spacing front and back provides a reinforcement ratio of: p= 04x 100/12 x 18) = 0.19 percent > 0.12... satsictory Horizontal reinforcement consisting of eight Number 3 bars provides a reinforcement rato of: p= 088 x 1001236) = 0.204 percent > 020... satisfactory Inaecordance with ACI Section A3.2, the ava of tensile reinforcement required in the floor slab is given by: A,=Fl, 03 x74604 = 0,093 square inches per foot, Using Number 4 bars at 18 inch spacing provides an area A (= 0.13 square inches > 00093... satisfactory. ‘The reinforcement layout is shown in Fig, 4-110) Footing with Eccentric Load ao on op Lt J TTD 2 i AD et ' “CT. OT ~~ ig. 412, Foxe wih cer ad Gre Retaining Structures422, Foundations and Retaining Structures An applied lod with an eccentecty les than L16 produces the pressure distribution shown in Fig, 412. The maximum and minimum bearing pressure under the footing is given by A Pes PUL 4 6elL VBL where, scenticity ofthe applied load P width of footing L= length of footing Coe PERM coca pstendng onenopicd ena f= toataning toon n i 1 oes an , td ceeenceatcy ores. - Jot “he tering pence under the fing is STII hembra maniyobnl ? 2 sve ol | hen i mde of xh Tl Cy | downing ttt agnenby | U6 the bearing pressure under the footing is: 2PIBL. ° ig 13, Foting wih apie moment Rett, tecetacty= 0 When the eccentricity exeseds 116 a shown in Fig. 4-15, no tension is possible be- toven te sil andthe footing and the bearing pressure under the footing is given by Gna 2PIBBeE wherese" = LeRotaining Wall 4-23 He 3 (U2 ie 445. Becoicy > U6 RETAINING WALL Cantilever Retaining Wall ‘he forces acting on a reinforced concrete cantilever retaining wall ae shown in Fig. 416 “The weight of the stm wall, base and sear key in pounds per foot length ar: fet, —ehettefe —$t 1 Peoeamae Wy = 150L (Hh) ‘The live load surcharge behind the stem and the weight of the fl supported bythe hee are: fdlh) » bd fom ‘The active earth pressure behind T-77Z the wal, acing at height of 3 shove the hase is m | MAS Le Vy. stisfactory “The required reinforcement aio is derived from ACT Sezion 102, withthe aid ofa cleula- toe progea?, andi i p= O854,{t~ Jf=IRTOTER)!s, 12M bed? = 0.0062 kis per square inch p= 0.012 percent where K ‘The minimum reinforcement ai ina footing slab or Grade 6O basis given by AC TA2as Pron = 0.18 percent ofthe gross are > govems, Hence, the required reinforcement re is Ag= bh ga 2512 x 018/100 26 square inches por Foot Provide Number 5 bars at welve inch spacing to give A 31 square inches er foot. ‘The cttcal section for shear and moment in the toe is atthe fon ace ofthe stom and, due to factored loads, these values are: V,=0.5(1346 + 11242 — 67W1Y32 13 pounds pr foot <4, satisfactory, 5 (1124 +2 13466025 x 671732 133 pounds foot pe foot, M, ‘The routed isnfrement rai 85 1 ~ i= 2R/0705RV5 C103 percent. Providing Number 3 bats a 16 inch spacing gives a reinforcement eatio of p'= 0.08312 8.75) = 0.079 percent > 1.33... satistactry ‘The required reinforcement layouts shown in Fig 4-186), Foundations and CORONore) Coun y 430 Wl Foundations and Retaining Structures Gravity Retaining Wall Ta gravity etaining wall, ax shown in Fig. 4-19, stability and aceptale earth pressure are provided bythe sie and mas of the structure, The resultant ofthe self wei Toads nist be ajusted over the fll height o the structure to ensure that heal stress of the materials notexceeded a any section. When specifications require 2er0 tension ‘at any section, the focus of the resultant trust must ie within the mile thi at any section, shown in Fig, 4-19 7 / te aoe . ff ooh a = ET Example 6 The mass concrete gravity dain shown in Fig. 420s 18 feet high Determine the minimum ‘bse width fo tensile steses are allowed in the concrete and th water levels atthe tp of the dam wall Solution “The total weight ofthe wal is We 144x184 82 = 1296 (3 + B) pounds per foot. “The total water pressure ating on the wall at a height oF 6 feet above the base is He @dxi92 10,108 pounds per foot “The centroid of the wall mas is located a distance from the hee which is given by’ F = (9 4 3B + BVSC +B) fet “The ine of scion ofthe resultant thrst cuts the base at distance from the centroid which is even by: x= onw 6 «10, 108712960 + 5) = 46.8010 + 8)Gravity Retaining Wall 4-31 “To-ensure no tensile stress in the base a+ F206 Hence, the minimum base width i given by 4680163 + 8) +(9 438+ BIVS(3 +B) - 2813 =0 B= 1081 feet Cantilevered Sheetpile Wall i 77. | amigo T ! Path) ——oh itn -Pat 1) ‘The forces acting onacamilevered sheeple wall are shown in Fig. 421. Anita estimate is required ofthe penetation ofthe sheetpiling and of the location ofthe Point R about which the sheepiling rotates. Point O occurs where the passive pressure in font ofthe shetpiling ‘equals the ative pressure behind te sheespilng, The Focesaeting on the wal are Hy= PAH, +992 bls) ~ Pa dly + Hy YH 9-92 Hyp = ley +H) pylh MO, 02 where, 91 = Ale Pad 2 rile lll +H) ~ By Vp —eMH, +24, yy) Resolving horizontally gives 4, Hp, + Hp re COee Relaining Structures 4-32. Wl Foundations and Retaining Structures “Taking moments about the toe ofthe pile at T gives Hyby—Hpiin +Hralr 20 ‘Adjustments are made to the iil estimates unfl the above equations are satisfied. Ty sear and bending moment in the sheeting may then be obtained Anchored Sheetpile Retaining Wall als) Ba eallGe Hd [g422, Ancor she wal ‘he forces acting on an anchored sheeple wall are shown fn Fig. 4-22. An intial estimate * is required ofthe penetration ofthe setplin, The frces acting onthe wall ae given by 1, total aotive pressure behind wall = path + HP Hy = toal passive pressure infront of wall Hy fore in tie =H-H, Taking inoments of al forces about the tie point 7 gives Hyly~Hpby=0 ‘Adjustments are made tothe inital estimate ofthe penetration until the above equation is satisied The tie may be secured by means ofa sel anchor, anchor ples ora dead-man. Anchor piles are shown in Fig. 4-23 and the forces in the piles are given by force in compression pile Hrlsin 6, +008 8, tan 8) force in tension pile = Hyfsin 8, 4608 6; an 6) FeAnchored Sheetpile Retaining Wall mi 4-33 Fe-423, Antares g.424 Desde TEE PTT ‘A cead-man anchors shown in Fig. 4-24 and may consist of a continuous beam or an isolated anchorage. The resistance of a continuous beam consists ofthe passive pressure in front ofthe beam les the active pressure behind the beam, The dead-man must be located & sufficient distance from the wal so thatthe passive wedge in front ofthe dead-man does not imerscc the ative wedge behind the wall. Resolving horizontally for «continuous anchor With te Force per uni eagth of H gives Hyp + Hy Diifop-Py)—H Hence, the sizeof the anchor may be determined. Example 7 Determine the required penetration ofthe sheeple retaining wall shown in Fig 4.25 fsctive earth pressure may be assume equivalent oa fluid pressure of 30 pounds per square foot per foot, and passive pressute may be assumed equivalent oa uid pressure of 400 pounds per square (oot per fot. Calculate the fore inthe tie and the location and magnitude of the ‘maximum shea and the maximum moment in the sheeting pun T Fam pese om Hemant vesCoG 4-94 Foundations and Retaining Structures Solution “The total active pressure on the back ofthe walls Hy= 3014+ HD 2040 + 420H, + 15H “The totat passive pressure on th Hy = 400132 200 H3 “The distance botween the fine of action of the action presto and the i is 122014 + HY 334.0671, “The distance between the lie of aston ofthe passive pressure andthe ti is Ly = 14+067H, “Taking moments about the ti point T gives: Hg —Hplyp = 0 (2540 + 4204, + 1583)(9.33 + 0.67H1,) ~ 20047 (14 +067H) Solving for Hy gives the required penetration as Hy = 4.25 foo. “The force in the tei: y= Hy-Hp = 4996 - 3613 = 1383 pounds pr foot Front of the wal is: oll, = passive pressure at toe of wall: 400 «425 1700 pounds por square foo. pa(l4 + H,) = active pressure a toe of wall = 30(14 +425) S548 pounds per square foot "The shear force at a distance y from the te is (1700 — 200) ~ ($48 — 159) = 11s2y~ 1859" “The maximum shear occurs when avis = 1152-3709 Hence, y = 3.11 feet, and Vue = 1793 pounds pe fo ‘The shear force ata distance «from the top ofthe wal isPile Foundations wm 4.35 VeH,— pee 1383-15 “The maximum moment occurs when v=o xe YRS =9.6 feet “The maximum moments Mg, = Hy P18 1383956 - 309.646 = 8853 pounds feet oot PILE FOUNDATIONS Pile Group with Vertical Piles beso | © @ © © tovnmer LAA Manresa oa 4 a Daehn on Using the notation in Fig. 4-26, which shows a group of vertical piles with a rigid pile cap ith an imposed vertial eccentric loa, the loation ofthe pile group conto is F =ZanlEn The axa force on cach pil in cow i neglecting the self eight ofthe ile andthe pile apo iven by P= Wide + Wess ne Fora symmetrical group, the location ofthe group centri is a Greene) CoS4-36 Foundations and Retaining Structures ‘When the applied load coincides withthe pile group centroid, the axial foree on eack pile is given by Pawan ‘When the pile cap is subjected to a bending moment, M, the eccentricity is given by naw ‘When each row inthe group hss an identical numberof piles ng and the numberof piles in each line is, the load applicable to each line i CoCr) Coon We = Wing “The axial force on a plein Row (is: Pym Wein,» Wen Fig 427 ile «grou of ve cat piles speted to oto lo ine ete ofp or wba. Te ple re Conse el end atthe ple cpa wa at dep of penetration, H, Below the bot fa la tom of the rigid pile cap, with a point of FT contraflexure occurring at a depth of HI2, pera} “head monet acing ene te wap Pfs | | The axial force on each pile in ow fs ne lecting the self weight ofthe pile and the f | |._-sve coos Poet cL file cap given by [saps Pos Wid + Myst © © © @ rowneroer “The shearing force on each pile is The maximum bending momen tthe point te at, Veskalpitewit of Fixit and atthe pile ap, in each ple is lala iad van Example 8 —_— <_< Fig. 428 shows the loading acting on one line of piles supporting a dock. The vertical load indicated includes the self weight ofthe rigid pile cap and the piles may be considered fixed ata depth of 20 fet below the botom of the cap. Determine the shear force and maximum bending moment in each ple and the maximum axial force produced in a pilelle Group with Vertical Piles 437 oe) ee TOTTITTR TOTO b+» 1 2 y UWF aco omy lo bb tole ae ebe tea} retan Solution The otal moment ating on the pl rp is MpeM 4 FH =200 + 1020 = 400 kip feet, ‘The pile group is symmetrical with an inertia of See eT ‘The maximum axial force occurs in Pile 4 and, neglecting the self Weigh, i given by Pee Wing Myst = 10004 + 400 18/720 5 hips “The shear fore in each pile is Ve Flin = 104 225 hips. The maximum bending moment in a pile is determined by assuming a point of contaflextie ata depth of #72, a8 shown in Fig 4-28, The maximum moment van Gooey CO OUD Rt438 W_ Foundatlons and Retaining Structures Pile Group with Inclined Piles “The elastic center method”® may be used to determine the forces in inclined piles. Al piles are assumed fo be hinged at each end and the rigid ple ap is assumed to rotate about the elastic center thus producing forces inthe piles which balance the moment of the external foad about the elastic center For simple pile arrangements, the locaton ofthe elastic center i nay be determined by inspection, a shown in Fig 42. | i mcr Se i I | er fi A Cot i ij | { vai | \ 429, Lacon of ascent ‘When the tine of action ofthe extemal load passes through te elastic center, no rotation ofthe ple ep occurs and the forces inthe ples, duc tothe translation ofthe pile cap, may be obtained by resolution. i Example 9 Determine the Fores, duet the indicated loads, in the raked piles shown in Fig. 430. The piles havea batter of 14 andthe line of ation of the external loads pases through the elastic Solution Resolving forces vertically, the vertical component ofthe axa force in pile 1s given by ‘The axial foc in pl i: Pav liee ro sit 3092 ipsPile Group with inclined Plies @ 4-39 Jweroonee Fe t0Kpe he Foundations and Retaining Structure beret 40 Fie 431, Pecproaion ‘The vertical component of the axial force in Pile? is: V,= W2-+ FBI2 =70.00kips “The axial fore in Pile is P= VN 1B = 72.15 kips When the line of action of the external loads does not passthrough the elastic center, dion axial forees are produced in the ples. As shown in Fig. 4-3, the external load, ‘may be replaced by a force, R, dough the elastic center plus a couple of magnitude M= Ra where ais he perpendicular distance from the line of action of to the elastic ceter at C ‘The free, R trough the elastic center produces a translation ofthe pile cap and the axial forces in the piles are determined by resolution as previously described. “The couple, M, causes rotation of the ple cap which produces an axial deformation ineach ple of magnitude: 210 wher isthe distance fom the elastic center perpendicular each pile “The axial force produced in each pile is This axial force produces a moment about the elastic center of Mp= Py, BALGone) Coon 4-40 WW Foundations and Retaining Structures For equilibrium, the sum ofthe moments of the pile frees about the ease center must equal the external couple about the elastic center M= OLEAIL MPSEAPIL (MEA JL M(BEAPIL) = Mr .for dential piles Example 10 ‘Deternine dhe Forces, de fo the indicated oud nthe raked pes chown in Fig. 4.22. The re ie 432 Solution The axial forees due to the translation are obtained from Example 4-9 as Pj=P,= 20922 15.46 kips y= TAS. 36.08 kips The couple about the elastic center due to the applied load is aP 4x10 = 40 kip feet.Plle Cap Design m 481 “The distance frm the elastic center perpendiculat each ple i: cos 1408" 94 fet B= (1.94 = 1505 “The il forces inthe piles due fo rotation ofthe pile cap are: Dix Pye Mabe 40% 1 94508 = 5.15 ips. compression. Py=Py=S.1Skip. tension “The fina ite forces are given by the sum ofthe foros due to translation and rotation and are P= 1546.65.15 = 2061 kips Py = 1546-5152 1031 kips P,=3608 +5.15=41.23 kips P= 3608 5.15 =30.93kips Pile Cap Design To design the tension reinforcement in a pile cap either a bear analogy method or a truss snalogy method may be employed? Cte pear or ig 4.3, Pe epbeamanogy ee) Retal4-42 Foundations and Retaining Structures The pile cap depth is govemed by shear requtements or by the necessity to provide adequate anchorage length fr the reinforeement projecting from the pies or forthe column starter bars. ‘The critical perimeter for punching shears located distance of d2 from the face ofthe ‘column oF from the face ofa pile. Punching shear atthe column will generally not contol since some piles are normally within the cites perimeter. As shown in Fig. 438, punching shear for comer pile is most severe. The capacity ofthe pile exp Tor punching shear isthe minimum value given by ACI Equations (11-36), (11-37) and (11-38) as 6Y,=0+ U6 AYE Re mente Retaining Stuctures OW = A0bd ST 1 4¥, = (alld, + 90st ‘whore, fj, = ratio of long side to shoe side of column 85 from ACI Section 9.3 (= strength reduetion Facto ', = length of ertcl perimeter for punching shear = 40... interior ples =30... edge piles | += 20... commer piles. Tn accordance with ACI Section 11.8.1, the pile cup may be clasified as a deep flexural rember when the ratio ofthe clear distance between piles othe efetive depth is Wes In this caso, ACI, Section 11.8.5 specifies that the critical section for flexural shea is located a distance from the face ofa ple given by an 60) = 1.74 square inches Since there are two ties in each direction, the total reinforcement are in each direction is Ay=2x 1.74 3.48 square inches. epeePile Cap Design wm 4-45 Providing eight Number 6 bars gives an areaof ‘Aj=3.52 square inches >A,» stisfacory ‘This ives reinforcement ratio, based on the gross cross sectional area of 1 =sm0x99 aoe ee feaeaeal . p ap for Grade 60 bars, based on the gross ros sectional ara, is given by ACI See- tion 7.12 a8 | 0.0018 <0,0020.... satisfactory. The rato ofthe clear distance between piles tothe effective depth is . 0K Fe 4350 Vy amsieory sgh ff ---siscory. city is adequate 4-46 Ml Foundations and Retaining Structures ne) “The flexural shear. Punching shear fr the columns nt applicable since the piles re located within the ei perimeter of the column. The lngth ofthe etitical perimeter fra pile is b= 218 + 42) 218 + 242) = 60 inches The capacity ofthe pil cap for punching shear aa pileis given by ACI Equation (11-37) a: OV, = db The 4085 «60% 24 $9000 = 268,168 pounds > WA... satisfactory “The punching shear capacity ofthe pile caps adequateSelected Symbols and Abbreviations Selected Symbols and Abbrev ions Syatotor ‘Abbreviation Descipton short side of column long side of column ctfectve depth of footing total requited reinforcement ae ratio of long side tothe short side of the footing tHrength redhetion fete wid of footing conerste strength ratio of the long side tothe short side of the column length of ertical perimeter for punching shear reinforcement yield strength ‘inimam area of reinforcement ‘bearing pressure baseplate thickness factored applied load coefficient of feetion width of footing length of foting weight Rankine coefficient th presse {otal etve pressure behind wall {otal passive pressure in frost of wall factored shear at critical section factored moment acral section “47 Ge CS448. Foundation and Retaining Structures References 1, American Concrete laste, Bild ode requirements and commentary for Fenforcedconrte(ACL3TE95) Dei, MI, 1995 2. nrc nto Stel Consston, Mana ste corti ninth aon Cag, 1989. 3, Wilms A Scr engineer cone reve: problems and oun Second Baton aginecting Pres, tin TK 997. 4. Imermainal Confrence of Bulg file, Uno bling code 197 Whiter CA, 1997 5. Conatoton Indy Rast at afecation toi. A comparnon a tay wall design metho. CIRIA Techies! Note $4 Londo, 1974 ‘ 6, Terai Anchored henderson Aesicn Solty of Ci nginet Volume 119. New York, 154 1, Wester. Th essence ple groupe. Engineering Contction, New York May 1918, 8, Veter, CP. Desig ofp fandations. Transactions American Seceyof Cl Engines, Vole 64, New Yor, 938 9, Allen, Al, Reljorcdconeretedergn to CP 10. Comen and Concrete Association. Loon, 1974 | 10 British Standards Institutions. HS 8110: Structural use of concrete. London, 1985, | | | | |Foundations and Retaining Structures W 4.49 Problems and Solutions Indicated lous. The stub column is 18 inches square and is reinforced with Grade 60 de- formed bars. Concrete compressive strength is 2000 pounds per square inch The sub column Is subjected to axial load only and is effectively braced agaist sidesway by the floor slab. 41, The stub column shown in Fig. 41 supports see column and base plate with the | Re { COCO SnS lh TH. josteame =H 2) What ithe ffestive length ator ofthe Sl cola? @) 065 080 © 190 (@ 120 | (©) 210 | €) Do slendermess effects have to be considered? (@ Yes (No4-50 Chil Engineering License Problems and Solutions €) The design axilla strength ofthe tb column is given most mealy by (@) 380 kips (&) 350 ips | (c) 370 kips | (2) 390 Kips ! (©) A10kips PNIIIN «) towateeaced tte not tinge mnt ey by | Coon (2) 160 squae inches (6) 170 square inches (@) 180 square inches (@) 190 square inches () 200 square inches 1 The minimum allowable reinforcement area in the stub column is most neacly (@) 1.6 square inches () 1.7 square inches () 1.8 square inches (@) 1.9 square inches () 2.0 square inches 4) The minim allowable sizeof lateral tes is () Nomber3 () Namber 4 (©) Namber 5 (@ Number 6 (@) Number 7 1 The maximum allowable pacing os ery © 10 mck (6 Iainces (© Hite ; (8 Isinchs j (© sinceFoundations and Retaining Structures mw 4-51 Solution 18) From ACI Section 10.121, the effective length factor for a column braced agsinst side sway is k=10 ‘The answer is (2) ') The radius of gyration, in accordance with ACI Section 10.11.28 3e 03x18 A inches “The slenderness ratio, in accordance with ACI Section 10.11.45 Hifr= 1.0% 30184 56 “The answers (, {© From ACI Section 10.122, slendemess effects may be Hfr<34— 12M yJMy, where MylMjy2-0.5 and 5.6 < 40 ‘The answer is (, 4) Fora colar with nteral is, the design axial load strength is given by Bq (10-2) as: $P,= 0809(089/14,-A,) +hAgl 18 0.710.85 x 2 (524 2) + 60% 2.4) 387 ips The answer is). The ratio of design load strength co applied ultimate Load is (oP fP, = 381114 x 10-4 1.780) 26 >2, From ACI Section 10.8.4 the reduced effective aten of the section is ae =34n = 162 squate inches ‘The answer is)| i ee) Co ay 4-52 ML Clvil Engineering License Problems and Solutions {) The minimum allowable reinforcement area in accordance with ACI Section, 10.9.1 i ous Lx 162 [62 square inches Pain™ ‘Theansweris 1) The minimum allowable size of lateral ies fr enclosing bars smaller than Number 10 is ven by ACI Section, 7.10.5.1 as Number 3. ‘The answer is. bn) The ACL Section 7.1052, specifies a tie spacing not greater than 6d = 1678» 14 inches 8d, 48 8 inches 8 inches The answer is (2). 42, ‘The ill behind the retaining wall in Fig 4-2 bas aunt weight of 110 pounds per cubic foot with an equivalent uid pressure of 30 pounds per square foot per fot. Passive earth presse may be assumed equivalent to fluid pressure of 300 pounds per square Foot per foot tnd the coefficient of friction atthe underside ofthe base is 0.4. Al concrete has a compres- five strength of 2000 pounds per square inch and reinforcement consists of Grade 60 de ormed bars. For Questions ato , neglect the effects ofthe shear key. 8) The vale ofthe averting moment about the fe is most nearly (4) 52,000 pounds fet () 54,000 pounds feet {) $6,000 pounds feet (@) $8,000 pounds fet (6) 60,000 pounds fet 1) The distance ofthe resultant vertical Toad from the toe is most nearly (a) 55 feet &) 60 feet (@ 65tee (70 fee (e) 75 feetFoundations and Retaining Structures m 453 £9 The factor of safety against overtuming is most nearly @ 23 25 27 29 34 Fesjusle—e—o} €) The earth pressure atthe toe is most nearly (4) 3170 pounds por square foot (6) 3220 pounds per square fot (©) 3270 pounds per square foot (2) 3320 pounds per square foot () 3370 pounds per square foot 1 The cath pressure a he heel fs mos nestly (@) pounds per square Foot () 250 pounds pr square foot (6) 380 pounds per square foot (©) 430 pounds per square foot (©) $30 pounds per square foot p satisfactoryCocoa Nn 458 Civil Engineering License Problems and Solutions “The minimvam reinforcement ratios given by ACI, Section 7.12 as Pr 0.18 percent of the gross area A, satifactory. ‘The answer is) 1) The maximum fctored bending moment in the te is: M, = 333965 +2 x 56396 ~ 15x 3y1Hy/105 2,865 ~ 148 AT pounds ex ‘The required reinforcement aio: (p=0.188 percent satisfactory “The required reinforcement area is A, = 0.00188 x 12% 4.09 33 square inches per fot. ‘Shear is not critical and Number S bars a a spacing of 11 inches provides a reinforcement area of: A, = 0.36 square inches per foot > Age satisfactory “The answer is (a, 1 The maximum factored bending moment in the tem is 130% 18996 + 602% 18.542) = 71,274 pounds feet. “The required reinforcement ratios ‘p= 058 percent... satisfactory. ‘The required reinfreement area is: A, = 0.0058 x 12% 15.5 = 1.08 squat inches per footFoundations and Retaining Structures 4-59 ‘Shea i not ertcal and Number 7 bars area of A, = L.12 square inches per foot >A, satisfactory a spacing of 6.5 inches provides a reinforcement ‘The answer is), |) Based on the gross concrete ates, the enforcement ratio required forthe vertical reinforce ‘ment in the autor fae of the walls given by ACI, Section 14.3 as 1001272 for aes not larger than Number 3 “The required vertical reinforcement area is A,= 0.002% 12% 182 0.13 square inches per foot. Providing Number 3 basa a spacing of 10 inches gives A; = 0.13 square inches per foot, = Ay atsfactory ‘The answers) LD The applied horizontal force on the retaining wali Healy +H, = 6000 + 1200 = 7200 pounds ‘The frictional sistance avaiable is = aw 0.4% 20056 = 8022 pounds, “To provide a factor of safety of IS aginst sliding requires apasive resistance of Hp=1SH-F 5x 7200-8022 77 pounds, ‘To provide this passive fore, te total required deph of the shear key plus footing is: ATRETTIOO = 43 foot “The depth ofthe shear key is: DaHy-15 = 2.8 feet, “The answer is) ations and COOore) Coon 460 Civil Engineering License Problems and Solutions 43, Theties forthe anchored bulkhead shown in Fig. 43 ore located four feet from the top athe sheipting and are spaced at feon foot centers. The end ofthe tie is secured to two Shchor piles caked as ineated, The ative earth pressure may be assumed equivalent to @ fluid pressure of 30 pounds pr square foot per foot and passive pressure may be asumed ‘equivatent toa Muid presse of 400 pounds per square foot pe fot tht LTT: sek IN roo "The value ofthe total active prestuse on the back of the wal is most nearly (@) 1800 pounds per foot (@) 2400 pounds per foot (©) 3000 pounds per foot () 3900 pounds pr foot (©) 4800 pounds per foot 1) The value ofthe total passive pressure an the front of the wall is most nearly (@) 1800 pounds per foot (6) 2400 pounds pe fot (© 3000 pounds per Foot (@) 3900 pounds pet foot (6) 4800 pounds per footFoundations and Retaining Structures 4-61 ©) The moment ofall forces about the tie point is most nearly (@) Opounds feet per foot {(b) 200 pounds feet per foot (©) 400 pounds fest pe foot (@ 600 pounds fest per foot (©) 800 pounds foot pe foot 2) The fore inthe tie is mos nearly ey (@) 1800 pounds per foot Rotaining Structures} (6) 2400 pounds per foot (©) 3000 pounds per foot (@) 3900 pounds per foot (©) 4800 pounds per foot ©) The distance fom the op of the wall othe positon of maximum shears most nearly (@) Ofeet (6) 4 feot (©) 9 feet @ Veet ( Beet {0 The maximum shear in the wall is most nearly (@) 1240 pounds (©) 1340 pounds (© 1440 pounds (1540 pounds (©) 1640 pounds £) The distance fom the tp ofthe wall tthe position of maximum moment is most nearly (@) Ofer (&) Aer (©) Steet @ 1 feet ) 1B feet4-62. W_ Civil Engineering License Problems and Solutions 1h) The maximum moment in the wal is most nearly (a) $600 pounds feet per foot (8) $700 pounds fet per foot (6) $800 pounds fect pr foot (4) $900 pounds feet per foot (6) 6000 pounds feet per foot 1) The force inthe ompresion anchor pile is most nealy Foundations and Retaining Structures (@) 605 kips| () 61.1 Kips () 6.7 Kips (8) 624 kips (©) 63.1 kips 1) The force in the tension anchor pile is most nearly () 605 ips () 61. Kips (©) 61.7 kips (©) O2Akips (© 63.1 kips == Il ai Fe. 4s10) |Foundations and Retaining Structures 4-63 Solution e onthe back ofthe walls 8) The total active press y= 94H, + HR 20 (14+ 2.895)92 = 4798 pounds por foot. ‘The answer is), ') The total passive pressure onthe font ofthe wal is Foundations and = 400x3.88592 3018 pounds pe foot. ‘Tho answer is (2 «The bending moment atthe tie point is My Hy, + H,Y3 ~ Le) ~ Hy(H Ly 2H) = 4798 2% 17.885)/3 —4)~3018(10 + 2% 3.8850) = T pounds feet pe foot, ‘The anewer is (0) .&) The force inthe tie is Hy=Hy—Hy 4798-3018 = 1780 pounds. “The answer is). «) The maximum shear occurs tthe ie point which is four et fromthe top ofthe sheeting. ‘The answer is) (Te maximum shai ven by Vue * HPAL 780-240 [540 pounds pe fot. “The answer ie). £8) The shea force at a distance «from the top of the sheepiling, when x exceeds Ly, i: vi I= mys 180 = 1522 The maximum moment occurs when v.oe) Coon Sy 464 WM Clll Engineering License Problems and Solutions ITB: = 10.89 fet ‘The answers). Hence, 1) The maximum moments My = HL) Pe 1780 (10.89 - 4) -30 10.89%6 5800 pounds feet per foo. ‘Tho answer is {) The fore inthe compression ple is: F.-= 15Hllsin 8, +6088, tan 0) 215 I78O/sin 14°+c05 14° tan 11.3") 5 x 1780/(0.243 +0970 0.200) = 61,094 pounds ‘Theansweris 1) The force inthe tension ple is: ae i The answers (® 44, The fil bend the retaining wall in Fig. 4-4 has a uit weight of 110 pounds perebic foot withan equivalent uid pres sure of 20 pounds per square foo per fot. “The live load surcharge behind the wall i equivalent to un additional two feet of il "The I2-inch aquare piles are spaced at 5 feet on center longitainally. 8) The val ofthe total factored vertical load is most nearly (@) 138 kipe () 148 kips (6) 158kips (@) 168 kips (178 kipsFoundations and Retaining Structures m 4-65 1) The value ofthe total factored horizontal load is most pearly (@) St kips () 61 kips () Tkips (@) 81 ips (e) 91 kips 1) The height of the elastic center above the base is most nearly on (@) I feet (0) 15 foot (©) 18 feet (8) 21 feat (6) 24 foot 4) The horizontal distance of the elastic center From the toe is most nearly (@) Steet ©) 6feet (©) Meet (Beet (©) 9 fect Retaining Structure ‘©The moment ofthe factored loads about the elastic contr is most nearly (2) 202 kip feet. (0) 22 kip feet () 242 kip feet (8) 262 kip feet (6) 282 kip feet. 1 The force in Pile 1, due to tansaton ofthe pile cap, is mast nearly (@) 45kips (©) 69 kips (© 96kips (@) 135 kips (©) 165 kips466 Wl Cll Engineering License Problems and Solutions 1) The force in Pile 1, due to rotation ofthe ple cap, is most nearly (o 45 kips (69 kips (©) 96 ips (@) 135kips (©) 165 kips 1 Te toa Forse in Pile 2 is most nearly Porn CeO uA ar ) 45 ips (©) 69 kips (©) 96kips @) 135 kips () 165 ips 1) The total force in Pile 3 is most nearly (a) 45 kips () Kips (©) 96 ips (© 135 ips (©) 165 Kips 4D The maximum shear inthe base is most nearly (a) 45kips (0) 6 kips (© 96kips (8) 135 ips (©) 165 ips Solution 8) The factored vertical loads for aS foot length of wal are given by: Wy = factored weight of stem wall 55x 14x 150x1 5% 17.571000 27.56 Kips. 25x 14 15025 x 10/1000 W,= factored weight of base =26.25kipsFoundations and Retaining Structures 4-67 /,= factored weight of backfill Sx 14x 110% 5.5 x 17.5/1000 =74.11 kps W, = factored weigh of surcharge Sx 1.7 1105.5 «2/1000 1029 kips Wes the total Factored vertical load 275642625 + 74.11 4 10.29 roe) 138.21 hips. The answers (), Coo by Tete rz aor fot eto wala give by t= tort al prs om ak scaeeeeneee = 51.00 kips. | 1 tard al pres om bk | Sut x2 930201000 | Sl rN a 0 0.20 61.0 ins The averis) ©) The height of the elastic center above the base is Ly=3x6 =18 foe. ‘The answers (). @) The horizontal distance ofthe elastic center from the to is: 1,29 fe ‘The answer i) ©) The clockwise moment ofthe factored loads about the elastic center is Ma 11334, + 8H, -525Wy— 4H, ~ L75(W, + W_) =578.0+81.6~ 144.7 - 1050-1477 162.2 kip feet “The answer i (8).488 Civil Engineering License Problems and Solutions {Resolving free, the ail fre in Pile dv to talon of the pile capi given by Ry PlinP 2 1.249012 = 96.77 hips... compression; ‘The answer is (©, 2) The distance from the elastic center perpendicular to ech pile is rary 2c0s 184° Pe = 190 feet Coon “The axial fore in Pile | due to rotation ofthe pile cap is Py = Mr BP — T = 262.2 190112 cm 4, = 69.20 kip... tension. Pad, 5 ‘The answers () i 3 pa jialw I) The axial force in Pile 2 due to transla. "ff Py_= 96.77 Kips... compression The axial Force in Pile 2 due to rotation i: Pay = 69.20 ips... compression “The totl axial fore in Pile 2s = 165.97 kipe.. . compression. cree on 1) Teal fc in le 3, dt tame soll i tion, is ‘one ee Ppa W-3P sere Treva basso = 138.21 -3 61.20 45,39 hips tension tase 5.39 kips eee . The axial Force in Pile 3 dus to rotation i: Ys eas? Pyy = MrfB2 eqn I Ey Be “The total axial force in Pile 3 is:Foundations and Retaining Structures 4-69 Pye Py t Pps 5-45.39 kips. tension, ‘The answer is), 4) The loading diagram and corresponding shear fore diagram ae shown in Figure 4-4(). ‘The maximum shear force occurs at Pile 2 and has a value of 135.29 kps ‘The answer is), 45. Thetl-up concrete wall panel shown in Fig. 4-5 is locate sx inches from the property and supports an axial load of five kips per linear fot. Te wall pane is supported onthe ‘eccentric footing indicated and the ground flor sli ied tothe wall panel with Grade 60 reinforcement o limi the soil bearing pressure to 3000 pounds per square foot, be hesbeere} [rosie an ==" mh} Peds I | i Read 48) Determine the required depth, H, ofthe foting below the level of the ground floc la to rouce a maximum sol bearing pressure of 3000 pounds pr square fot. 'b) Determine the area ofthe reinforcement required tote the wall pane to the ground floor slab ore)oO) CSc 4-70 Givi Engineering License Problems and Solutions Solution 4) The forces acting onthe Foeing are shown in Fig. 4S and assume a uniform distribaton of peessure under the wall and between the side ofthe wall and the footing, The axial load i the wall panel is W, = Skips per foot The weight ofthe base is W, =0.15(2.28 x 140505) 0.375 kips pr foo. “The total vertical load is ReW,+Wy 375 kips per fot “The eccentricity betveen the axial loadin the wal panel andthe center of pressure under the walls 572-672 = 4S inches. “The clockwise couple produced by the axial loadin the wall is My=eW, “This is balanced by the counterclockwise couple Mp=yP Equating the two couples gives: wy 4SxSIy = 22.59 kips. “The maximum pressure under the base is given by Gam = RIA + FalS = 5:37572.25 4 225% 1.25)0844y = 30 kips per square foo. 4.5 inches, ‘The required depth ofthe footing below the level ofthe Heys is +4 TLS inches ound floor slab is 1) In accordance with ACI, Section 4.3.2, the area of tensile reinforcement required inthe floor slab is As Pl = 2,5454.5 x24) (017 square inches per footFoundations and Retaining Structures 4-71 446, An 18-inchsquare column carrying 8 factored axial load of 900 kip is supported, as shown in Fig. 4-6, ona pile cap and & t0up of six 12inch-square piles. The eon rte strength is 3000 pounds per square inch and einforcement consist of Grade 60 bars, 8) Determine the minimum allowable effec. tive depth ofthe ple cap. 'b) Determine the required umber of Num ber 7 reinforcing bars required in the longi- tudinal direction 8) Assuming thatthe pile cap may be class fied asa deep flexural member, as specified in ACI Section 1.81, the etitiel section for flexural shea i given by ACI, Section 118 Sasadistance fom the face ofthe ower piles of real 16-62 = 15 inches ‘The factored shear at this location is v= W8 = 900 = 300 ips “The factored moment atthe same location is i= Wore OVS = 900115 + 693 6300 kip inches Crea anton ese Rp 460) ee CoCene Cou 472. Civil Engineering License Problems and Solutions “The reinforcement tio may be assed oe: fd 020 “he lerral shear capaci of the etion obtained om ACT Equation (1-29) eV, = 035-29 JV 00191 + 2800pV aloo 85(3.5 ~ 2.5 x 6300/3004) (1.9V3000 + 2500 x 0.002 x 300dI6300)60d 13.5 ~52.14104.06 02382) “", 3,000 pounds. Solving forthe efetve depth gives inches nd Wy < hab slic. Pancing ser forthe column is ot applicable since he cent piles ae located within he evil prineter of th column, The etal perimeter for acome pili b,=1it a2) 2418 +300) = G6inchs. “The capacity ofthe pile cp for punching shear aa pile is given by ACL Equation (11-37) 8 WV, = 6A =x 085 x66 3049005 168,730 pounds > Wy. satisfactory “The tat ofthe clear distance between piles to the effective depths hd 2400 08 ection 11.8.1 the pile cap may be clasiied asa deep Mexural mem- bp, adthe minimum effective depth of 30 inches is satisfactory. 1) The ea section for exes ote the feof he column andthe Fctred moment M,=W,66~9)0 x12) 15 ip et The eqired reinforcement rato is derived fom ACI, Section 10.3, with the aid of cle tor progr? andi p=085 jth fi 2K TOTEM,Foundations and Retaining Structures 4-73 ‘Ths is greater than the inital assumed value which ie therefore, satisfactory. ‘The maximum eeinforcement rato i given by ACT Section 10.3: 15 XO8S x 8TB,LLI(8T +1) 0160 > p. satisfactory. The minimum enforcement ratio is given by ACI Section 7.12 a Prin * 018 percent ofthe gross area | Aj. satisfactory References 1. American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements and Commentary for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-95). Detroit, MI, 1995. 2. American Institute of Stel Constvction, Manual of Stel Construction, Ninth Balition. Chicago, UL, 1988. 3. Williams, A. Srctval Engineer License Review: Problems and Solutions Second Edition. Engineering Press, Austin, TX, 1997 4. International Conference of Building Officials. Uniform Building Code ~ 1997. ‘Whiter, CA, 1997 5. Constaction Indust Research and Information Association. A Comparison of ‘Quay Wall Design Methods. CIRIA Technics Note $4, London, 1974, 66. Terzaghi, K. Anchored Bultheads. Transactions American Society of Civil Engi- neers, Volume 119. New York, 1954 7. Westergaads, HIM. The Resistance of Pile Groups Engineering Construction, New York, May 1918. 8. Vewer, CP. Design of Pile Foundations. Transactions American Society of Civit, Engineers, Volume 64. New York, 1938 9. Allen, A.H. Reinforced Conerete Design ro CP 100, Cement and Concrete Asso- ciation. London, 1974, 10. British Standards Insitutions, BS 8110: Structural Use of Concrete, London, 198The Only Civil Engineering Books by Professional Civil Engineers! Prof, Donald G. Newnan, Ph.D.,P.E,, Editor Prof. James K. Banks, Ph.D., San Diego State Universit Prof. Braja M. Das, Ph.D., P.E., California State University-Sacramento Prof. Bruce E. Larock, Ph.D., P. of California-Davis Prof. Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D., Kansas State Ur Prof. Alan Williams, Ph.D., S.E., C. Eng., Registered Structural Engine: Prof. Kennoth J. Williamson, Ph.D., P.E., Oregon State University i Use these books for studying the new Breadth/Depth Exam. + The most complete Civil Engineering License Review books written specifically for the National Civil Engineering / Professional Engineer (CE/PE) exam used in all 50 states. + Now youhave a choice. Buy only those topics that you need. The new Breadth/ Depth Exam specifications are discussed. Each ofthe nine books presents problems and solutions covering the essential material in: Building Structures Bridge Structures : Foundations and Retaining Structures Seismic Design i Hydraulics & Engineering Hydrology Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment and Distribution Transportation Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Engineering Economics + Adbtailed step-by-step solution to every problem in this book. For a detailed review of all these lopics, see the companion book: Civil Engineering License Review. Another book of special importance to Civil Engineers is the book by Alan Williams, a California Structural Engineer: Seismic Design of Buildings and Bridges. Both are available at your college or technical bookstore A Code-Specific Review Book! gene ra Eon eae) siiThe Only Civil Engineering Books by Professional Civil Engineers! Prof. Donald G. Newnan, Ph.D., P.E., Editor Prof. James K. Banks, Ph.D., San Di Prof. Braja M. Das, Ph.D., P.E., 'y-Sacramento Prof. Bruce E. Larock, Ph.D., P.E., University of California—Davis Prof. Robert W. Stokes, Ph.D., Kansas State University Prof. Alan Williams, Ph.D, S.E.,C. Eng., Registered Structural Engineer-CA Prof. Kennath J. Williamson, Ph.D.,P-E, Oregon State University Use these books for studying the new Breadth/Depth Exam. + The most complete Civil Engineering License Review books written specifically For the National Civil Engineering/ Professional Engineer (CE/PE] exam used in all 50 states + Now youhave a choice. Buy only those topics thal youneed. The new Breadth / Depth Exam specifications are discussed Each of the nine books presents problems and solutions covering the essential material in: Building Structuros Bridge Structures Foundations and Retaining Structures Seismic Design Hydraulics & Engineering Hydrology Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment and Distribution Transportation Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Engineering Economics + Adetailed step-by-step solution to every problem in this book. For a detoiled review of all these topics, see the companion book: Civil Engineering License Review. Another book of special importance to Civil Engineers is the book by Alan Williams, a California Structural Engineer: Seismic Design of Buildings and Bridges. Both are available at your college or technical bookstore OCS a LLL Updated for most recent codes, including oot PEC) sau g@7"31-507-% CO) vin