kmfu'g@)&!

kmfu'g@)&!

jif{M #, c+sM $, kmfu'g @)&!

leqsf cfsif{0f

FEB./MARCH 2015

;'g;/L lhk|sf b=g+= M !#*)^*^(

l/kf]6{

;d:ofu|:t c?0f kmfOgfG;

s/f]8 tna yfKg] a}+s/x?
nufgL a9\bf], lgIf]k 36\bf]
s[lif Joj;fo btf{ ug]{ nx/
oftfoftn] ;'Gtnf ls;fgnfO{ kmfObf
gof Joj;fosf] r'gf}tL

!*
!^
!(
!)
!@
#&

cGt{jftf{
KofS6sf] ljifodf ;j} hfgsf/
a}+sx? 7"nf Jofkf/Lsf xftdf dfq}
w/fgdf 7"nf Joj;foLsf] k|j]z dxTjk"0f{

kf7\ok':tsdf k|sfzssf] ;f}bfafhL

*
!$
@)
#!

ljljw

cfj/0f syf $

l;ksf cleoGtf s[i0f ;fx

ljZjsf] ;Dks{ efiff P:k]/fGtf]
;jf/L b'3{6gf sf/0f / Go"lgs/0f
j}ejzfnL hLjgsf of]ux?

#%
@&
!#
$)

kmfu'g@)&!

;DkfbsLo

;'g;/L lh=k|=sf= btf{ g+=M !#*)^*^(

jif{M #, c+sM $, March 2015

cy{la6 k|sfzg ;d"xsf nflu

;Dkfbsk|sfzs M s[i0f e/fO{
;Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbs M s[i0f clj/n

M cljhfn lai6
cltly ;Dkfbs M ;'dg/fh kGt
;]o/ ahf/ ;Dkfbs M ladndfg >]i7
;u/dfyf k|ltlglw M /fhg k/fh'nL
emfkf ;+jfbbftf M nIdL pk|]tL
l8hfOg tyf ;fh;Hhf M k|sfz g]kfn
ahf/ k|aGws
M u0f]z sfsL{
cfj/0f kmf]6f] ;|f]t M OG6/g]6
lj1fkg ;Dks{
M (*%@)%%&)%
M (*$@)%*(*$
M (*$@)@*&@%
sfof{no
M O6x/L%, ;'g;/L,
kqfrf/ 7]ufgf M

M cy{la6 dfl;s klqsf

M O6x/L%, d~h'>L 6f]n
kmf]g M )@%%*@^!*, (*%@)%%&)%
zfvf sfof{no M lj/f6gu/ a/uf5L

M w/fg 5ftf rf}s
E-mail : arthabeat@gmail.com
j]e M www.arthabeat.com.np
Ok]k/ Joj:yf M k|sfz OGkmf]l;;,

lj/f6gu/
d'b|0f M c/lgsf] ckm;]6 k|];, lj/f6gu/

cy{la6 kfOg] :yfgx? M

d}gfnL a's :6f]/, la/f6gu/

dsfn' k':ts k;n, O6x/L
;f]gL k':ts k;n, O6x/L
d}gfnL a's :6f]/, w/fg
b'uf{ :6]zg/L, ul5of
>]i7 a's :6f]/, bds
lhljsf O{G6/k|fOh]h, latf{df]8
;/:jtL k':ts k':ts k;n, Onfd

sfuhL 3f]8fnfO{ lg?T;fxg h?/L

g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z eg]/ w]/} cuf8Lb]vL elgb} / ;'lgb}
cfPklg ca of] Psfb]zsf] syfh:t} agL ;s]sf] 5 . lsgsL cfheGbf !%
jif{ cl3;Dd caf}{+sf s[lif pkh, vfBGg, t/sf/L, cn}+rL, ;'Gtnf OToflb
ljb]z lgof{t ub}{ cfPsf] o; b]zdf clxn] em08} &) k|ltzt vfBGg
kmnk"mn / t/sf/L ljb]zaf6 cfot eO /x]sf] 5 .

bzsf}+b]vL jif]{gL @) cf}+ ca{ ?k}ofF s[lif ljsf; / cg';Gwfgdf
vr{ x'Fb} cfPsf] b]zdf x/]s jif{ s[lif pTkfbg 3l6 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ls;fgsf] ;xof]usf nflu cfpg] cg'bfgsf /sdx? s]lx u}/ ls;fgsf]
ldn]dQf]df sfuhL k|ltj]bg agfP/ vfOlbg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] u'gf;f] jf/Djf/
s[lif If]qdf ;'Gg] ul/G5 . jf:tjdf b]zsf] ah]6 jflif{s h'g ?kdf s[lif
If]qdf nufgL eO /x]sf] 5 pknAwL ;'Go a/fj/ b]lvg'n] klg u'gf;f] ;xL
xf]sL eGg s/} nfU5 .
s[lif sfof{no / cg';Gwfgsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf sd{rf/Lx? sfuhL
k}|ltj]bgd} jl9 /dfO /x]sf x'g eGg] cf/f]ksf] c;Totf k|dfl0ft ug{
;/sf/L lgsfon] ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?n]
ls;fg :t/df cg'bfg lbPsf] dlgPsf 7fpFdf cg'udg ubf{ To;sf]
k|ltkmn s]xL kfpg ;lsb}g . a? ls;fg cfFkm}n] lbn r:kL lbP/ u/]sf
7fpF pbfx/0fLo b]lvG5g\ .
s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox? dfkm{t x/]s lhNnfdf ljt/0f x'g] s/f]8f}+sf
cg'bfgsf] pknlAw ;fFRr} ulx/LP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;fFRr} b]vlb}g . To;df klg
8'lKns]zgsf] ;+:sf/ plQs} df}nfPsf] kfOG5 . s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?df
x/]s jif{ ldlgls6sf] gfddf cfpg] t/sf/Lsf] aLpm ;d]t ls;fgn]
;/sf/n] tf]s] cg';f/ kfpFb}gg\ . ;/sf/n] tf]s]/ Ps ls;fgsf nflu
k7fPsf] aLpmsf] dfqfnfO{ s[lif sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?n] rf/cf]6f agfP/
emf/f 6fg][ ub{5g\ . ls;fgnfO{ lbPsf] cg'bfg eGbf cg'bfg lbg ul/Psf]
9'jfgL vr{ / e|d0feQfsf] vr{ al9 x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

kl5Nnf s]xL jif{b]vL s[lif If]qdf cg]sg cg'bfgx? nfu' ul/Psf
5g\ . ;/sf/n] ljleGg bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf 7"nf 7"nf cfof]hgfx?
;d]t ;Grfng u/]sf] 5 . hxfFaf6 sfd ug{ rfxfg] ls;fgx?nfO{ caf}+{
?k}ofF cg'bfg lbg] elgPsf] 5 . To:t} s[lif dGqfnon] dGqfnosf ljleGg
lgsfo dfkm{t @% eGbfjl9 dfWodaf6 s[lifdf cg'bfg lbg] eg]/ lglt
agfPsf] 5 . To:t} s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?df ;fljsdf cfpg]eGbf
cg'bfgsf] dfqf w]/} a9fOPsf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} s[lif Joj;fo ug{
rfxfg]x?sf nflu ^ k|ltztdfq Jofh b/df C0f pknAw u/fpg] 3f]if0ff
;d]t ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 . tL ;j} ah]6 ;lx ;b'kof]u x'g] xf] / sfd ug]{
ls;fgn] ljlQo ;+:yfx?af6 ;lhnf]ul/ C0f kfpg] x'g eg] b]zdf s[lifsf]
ljsf; x'g ;do nfUb}g t/ s[lifdf pknlAw kfpg sfuhL k|ltj]bg
agfP/ /sd b'?kof]u ug]{ k|j[ltnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu
;/sf/L ;+oGq OdfGbf/ / kf/bzL{ x'g h?/L 5 . /fhgLlts If]q / s[ifs
;d"xx?n] ;lx ;b'kof]udf ;xof]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 / s[ifsx? cg'bfg
lnP/ ;fFRr} s[lifdf Joj;flos x'g sDd/ s;]/ nfUg kb{5 .
kmfu'g@)&!


cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6]/ k|sflzt
x'b} cfPsf] cy{la6 k7lgo 5 . o;af6
Joj;foLs If]qsf ultljlwx?sf ljifodf
w]/} hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsPsf] 5 . o;df
;kmn JolQmsf k|]/s k|;+ux?, r'6lsnf
nufotsf dgf]/~hgfTds s'/fx? ;d]t
;dfj]z ug{ ;s] ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g] lyof] .

;j{Wjh ;fjf
O6x/L$, ;'g;/L

cy{la6n] lzIff If]qsf] ljifodf

p7fPsf] ;fdfu|L :t/Lo nfUof] . lzIff If]qdf
ePsf /fd|f hfgsf/L d"ns s'/fx?nfO{
lgoldt :yfg lbO ljs[lt lj;+utLx?nfO{
lgoldt phfu/ ug{ ;sf];\ . z'esfdgf
5.

lbks 9sfn

lj/f6gu/$, df]/

k'j{df cGo ;a} ljwfsf klqsfx?
;+u} cfly{s ljwfsf] cy{la6 klqsfn]
km/s ;fdfu|LnfO{ :yfg lbP/ Joj;flos
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . o;df
Joj;fo btf{, s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL k|fjwfg
nufot hfgsf/L d"ns ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{
;d]t :yfg lbg ;s] o;sf] nf]slk|otf
cem} a9\5 . To;tkm{ ;Dkfbs d08nsf]
Wofg hfcf];\ .

cK;/f s6'jfn
kmQ]k'/, ;Kt/L

cy{la6n] s[lif / ;xsf/L If]qdf
ePsf pNn]vlgo pknAwLx?nfO{ vf]hlag
u/]/ lgoldt k|sfzg ug{ ;s] o; If]qdf
nfu]sf JolQmx?nfO{ k|]/0ff ldNg] lyof] .

?kfg s'?jf
n]6f, df]/

kmfu'g@)&!

s[lifdf

s[lif sd{ ug]{x?sf nflu kl5Nnf s]xL jif{b]vL cj;/}
cj;/ jl9 /x]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/n] s]xL jif{b]vL s[lifnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ljleGg cg'bfgsf
sfo{qmd pknAw u/fpg yfn]kl5 cj;/ ylkPsf x'g\ .
t/ oL cj;/nfO{ ls;fg :t/n] eg] vf;} ;b'kof]u ug{ gkfPsf] u'gf;f]
klg 5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L tyf ljb]zL ;xof]udf s] s:tf
cg'bfg 5g\ o; ljifodf oxfF ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf k"jf{Grnsf !! cf]6f lhNnfdf
;g\ @))^ b]vL Jofj;flos s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf - l;Pl8kL_ nfu'
ePsf]] lyof] . !% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ - sl/j 8]9 ca{ g]kfnL
?k}ofF_ nufgLdf ;Grflnt pQm cfof]hgf s]xL jif{ cl3 ;lsPsf] xf]
. l;Pl8kL ;lsg' eGbf cl3 g} ;/sf/n] Jofj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/
cfof]hgf -Kofs6_ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . To:t} !) pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf
5'6\6} csf]{ cfof]hgf ;d]t ;Grflnt 5 eg] ;/sf/n] cGo ljleGg #)
lgsfo dfkm{t s[lifsf ljleGg If]qdf yk cg'bfgsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf nflu s[lif If]qdf cg'bfg ljt/0f ug{ ;/sf/n]
sl/j !@ ca{ ?k}ofF 5'6\ofPsf] 5 .

cfj/0f

cg'bfg lbg] u/]sf] 5 .

KofS6 cGt{ut ls;fgn] ;fgf kl/of]hgfsf] nflu #%nfv ?k}ofF;Dd
/ 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf] nflu Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd cg'bfg kfpg] Joj:yf
5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] nflu k/]sf k|:tfjx?sf] :ynut k|dfl0fs/0f
ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . k"jf{Grn If]qsf !^ cf]6f lhNnfdf $ ;o
*# of]hgfsf] nflu Ps;o %* cf]6f ;+o'Qm cfj]bg k|:tfj k/]sf]df
xfn :ynut k|dfl0fs/0fsf] sfd eO/x]sf] If]qLo cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog
;xof]u ;d"xsf k|d'v efg'eQm d}gfnLn] hfgsf/L lbP . pgn] tL of]hgf

KofS6 cfof]hgf

;g\ @))( b]vL @)!* h'g;Ddsf nflu ;/sf/n] b]ze/Lsf &%

cf]6} lhNnfsf lglb{i6 s[lif pkhx?sf] d"No >[+vnfdf cfj4 ;fgf
s[ifs,s[lif Joj;foL tyf pBdLsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{
eg]/ Jofj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf -Kofs6_ nfu' u/]sf] 5 .
ljZj a}+s / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf ;Grflnt cfof]hgfn]
s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L dfkm{t s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g / ahf/Ls/0fsf]
nflu cg'bfg lbb} cfPsf] 5 . s'n *!=*% ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/
- cf7 ca{ !( s/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}ofF_ ah]6 /x]sf] cfof]hgfn] cfly{s
jif{ @)^()&)df 5gf}6 ePsf b'O;o %% kl/of]hgf dWo] b'O;o %@
cf]6fnfO{ @& s/f]8 ## nfv cg'bfg lbPsf] lyof] . tL kl/of]hgfdf
;DjlGwt ;Grfnsaf6 ^* s/f]8 nufgL ePsf] lyof] . To:t}
@)&)&!df 5 ;o %( cf]6f Joj;flos s[lif kl/of]hgfn] cg'bfg
dfu u/]sf]df b'O;o %) kl/of]hgfnfO{ $^ s/f]8 *$ nfv ?k}ofF
cg'bfg lbOPsf] lyof] . tL of]hgfsf] nflu ;DjlGwt of]hgf ;Grfns
kIfaf6 %% s/f]8 & nfv ?k}ofF nufgL ePsf] cfof]hgfn] hgfPsf] 5
. KofS6n] s[lif Joj;foLsf] kl/of]hgfsf] s'n nfutsf] ^) k|ltzt;Dd
kmfu'g@)&!

dWo] s] slt 5gf}6 x'G5g / s]

slt cg'bfg ljt/0f x'G5 eGg] s'/f
s]lGb|o :t/af6} x'g] ePsfn] cfFkm'n]
s]xL eGg g;Sg] atfP . df3 @%
ut]b]vL :ynut k|dfl0fs/0fsf
nflu 6f]nL vl6Psf] 5 . 6f]nLn]
k|dfl0fs/0fsf] sfd ;s]kl5 ;j}
l/kf]6{ s]Gb|df k7fpF5f}+ . ;xof]u
;d"xsf k|d'v d}gfnLn] eg] .

lxdfnL cfof]hgf

;/sf/n] b]zsf bzcf]6f pRr

kxf8L lhNnfdf s[lif Joj;fo
dfkm{t lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df
;xeflu x'g] s[lif Joj;foLnfO{
nlIft ul/ sl/j tLg jif{b]vL
pRr kxf8 s[lif Joj;fo tyf
lhljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ - lxdfnL _
cfof]hgf ;Grfng ul//x]sf] 5 .
Psca{ tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofF ah]6df
;Grfng eO /x]sf] cfof]hgfn]
Joj;foLnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] s'n
nfut dWo] *) k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg
lbg] ub{5 . ;g\ @)!& ;Dd ;Grfng
x'g] cfof]hgfdf Joj;foLs
kl/of]hgf ;Grfngsf] nflu kof{Kt
k|:tfj kg{ g;s]sf] cfof]hgfn]
hgfPsf] 5 . cfof]hgfn] ut df3
!@ ut] #% lbg] ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/]/ yk kl/of]hgf k|:tfj dfu
u/]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf !) lhNnf
;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', /;'jf,
bf]nvf, dgf, d':tf\, 8f]Nkf, d'u',
x'Dnf / h'Dnfdf Joj;flos s[lif
kl/of]hgf ;Grfng ug{ OR5'snfO{
cfof]hgfn] kmfu'g !& ut]leq
Joj;fo of]hgf a'emfpg ;"lrt
u/]sf] 5 . of]hgfn] yk !@ ;o
of]hgfsf] cfj]bg lng] atfPsf]
5 . df3 clGtd ;ftf;Dd &
;o (@ cfj]bg k/]sf]df sl/j ^
;osf] d"Nof\sg ul/Psf] / rf/;o
of]hgf cg'bfgsf] nflu :jLs[lt
ePsf] cfof]hgfn] hgfPsf] 5
. cfof]hgfsf jl/i7 sfo{qmd
clws[t sf}zns'df/ kf}8]nsf
cg';f/ df3 bf];|f] ;ftf;Dd %)
s/f]8 ?k}ofF nfutsf b'O;o
* of]hgfsf] nflu cg'bfg
;+emf}tf ePsf]df sl/j $) s/f]8
?k}ofF cg'bfg ljt/0f eO;s]sf] 5
. kmfu'gsf] bf];|f] ;ftf leq rf/;o
of]hgfsf] nflu sl/j &% s/f]8
cg'bfg ljt/0f x'g] ;+efjgf 5

g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@ df ;+rfng ul/g] cg'bfg ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf] ljj/0f
qm=;+
!

sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf
s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno

s[lif
cg';Gwfg
tyf ljsf;
sf]if

cg'bfg ljj/0f
aLdfsf] lk|ldoddf &% cg'bfg
lrof pBf]u ;+rfng cg'bfg
ufO{ dfO{ sfo{qmd cg'bfg
b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgnfO{ kz' cfxf/f pTkfbg sfo{qmd cg'bfg
s[lif ko{6g k|a4{g sfo{qmd
% ufO{ jf e};L tyf @) afv|f kfng ug]{ kl/jf/ jf JolQmnfO{ 3fF; tyf uf]7df %) cg'bfg
e'ldlxgx?n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf # x]S6/;Dd hUuf ef8fdf lnO{ Joj;foLs v]tL ug]{ ;d"xnfO{
C0fsf] Aofhdf %) cg'bfg
;fgf tyf l;dfGts[t s[ifsx?n] ^=% x]S6/ hUuf ldnfg u/L v]tL ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ C0fsf] %)
Aofh cg'bfg
!) x]S6/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L hUuf ldnfg u/L ;fd'lxs v]tL ug]{ sDkgL jf ;xsf/L jf s[ifs
;d"xnfO{ C0fsf] Aofhdf %) cg'bfg
:gftsf]Q/ tyf ljBfafl/wL ;|f]t sfo{ cg'bfg

ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljsf; sfo{df cg'bfg

;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg / Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;+rfng
cg'bfg

bL3{sfnLg
s[lif of]hgf
cg'udg tyf
;dGjo

/fi6klt pTs[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/

k'ik k|a4{g sfo{qmd
Oh/fonaf6 km]ss
{ f @)) o'jf s[ifspBdLx?nfO{ s[lif sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cg'bfg ;xof]u
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf :yflgo ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cg'bfg lrof sf/vfgf :yfkgf cg'bfg

b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] afnLsf] Ifltdf /fxft

s[lif ;xsf/L ;+3sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cGt/fli6o kfl/jf/Ls v]tL jif{ @)!$ sf] nflu ;xof]u
$

ljz]if s[lif
pTkfbg
sfo{qmd

nfut ;xefuLtfsf] cfwf/df /f;folgs dn laqmL cg'bfg

cg'bfgdf k|f\uf/Ls dn laqmL
k|fuf/Ls dn sf/vfgf :yfkgfdf d]lzg/L cf}hf/ cg'bfg
pGgt aLp ljhg laqmL cg'bfg
:yfgLo s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L dfkm{t k|f\uf/Ls dn pTkfbg cg'bfg
s[ifsx?sf] esf/f] ;'wf/sf] nflu cg'bfg

Joj;foLs
s[if tyf
Aofkf/
cfof]hgf
s[lif tyf
vfB ;'/Iff
cfof]hgf

k|ljlw ;xof]u tyf ahf/ k'jf{wf/ / s[lif pBd ;+rfng ePsf pk cfof]hgfx?nfO{ k'/s
cg'bfg ls:tf ljt/0f
n3' cg'bfg ljt/0f

!@

!#

#)))).

s'n @% hgf :gftsf]Q/ tyf ljBfafl/wLsf

ljBfyL{x?n] s[ifsd}qL k|ljlwsf] df]8naf/]df ;f]wsfo{
ug]{5g
s'n (% j6f ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 s[lif If]q;+u ;DaGwLt
k|ljlw cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug]{5g
yk !) lhNnf ;lxt #@ lhNnfdf Ps ufpF Ps
pTkfbg / yk ^ lhNnf ;d]t u/L ( lhNnfdf !
lhNnf Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO{ s[ifs
pBdLaf6 pBf]u :yfkgf x'g]
s[ifsx?sf] ;Ddfg eO{ s[lif k]zfdf cfsif{0f a9\g]
k'ik Joj;fosf] k|a4{g eO{ /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 x'g]
@)) hgf o'jf s[ifsx?n] Oh/fondf l;s]sf] ;Lk /
k|ljlw canDag u/L :j/f]huf/ x'g]
ljleGg !% j6f ;+3;+:yf dfkm{t Joj;foLs s[lifdf
;3fp x'g] @ j6f lrof sf/vfgf :yfkgfdf ;xof]u
x'g]

#))).

cGt/fli6o kfl/jf/Ls v]tL jif{ @)!$ sf] k|rf/

k|;f/df ;xof]u x'g]
@ nfv %% xhf/ d]=6g /f;folgs dn s[ifs :t/df
ljt/0f x'g]
!) xhf/ d]=6g k|f\uf/Ls dn s[ifsx?df laqmL
ljt/0f x'g]
dWo klZrdf~rn / ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf
!! j6f dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf x'g]
ux'F / wfg u/L & xhf/ d]=6g pGgt aLp s[ifs
:t/df ljt/0f eO{ pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g]
!% lhNndf &%) ;+Vofdf s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L
dfkm{t k|f\uf/Ls dn pTkfbg x'g]
%( lhNnfdf !@ xhf/ $ ;o esf/f] ;'wf/ eO{
u'0f:t/Lo k|f\uf/Ls dn pTkfbg x'g]
Joj;foLs s[lifdf yk cfsif{0f a9\g]

#&))@.
!))))).

*%).
!)))).
@)))).
@$%)).

#^))).
%))).
%!**&$).
%)))).
!&%)).
!##))).
!(@)).
^$$*).
!)))))).

#(^%)).

l8k 6\o"a]n lgdf{0f, :ofnf] 6\o"a]n lgdf{0f cg'bfg

lsDa' lj?jf ljt/0f

lsDa' au}rf lj:tf/ x'g]

!$#!%.

:ofp cfTd lge{/ sfo{qmd ;'Gtnf au}rf ;'b[l9s/0f cg'bfg

%## x]S6/ yk :ofpsf] If]qkmn lj:tf/ x'g] / !^)

x]S6/ k'/fgf] au}rfsf] ;'b[l9s/0f x'g]

&)$&(.

o'jf nlIft Joj;foLs a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL cg'bfg

#()) hgf o'jf nfeflGjt eO{ Joj;foLs s[lif

caDag u/L /f]huf/ x'g]

@)*)^^.

dT:o kf]v/L lgdf{0fdf o'jf nlIft cg'bfg sfo{qmd

@ ;o hgf o'jf sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt eO{

Joj;foLs dT:okfng u/L :j/f]huf/ x'g]

*((@^.

AFSP

!!

#)))).

rSnfaGbL u/L v]tL k|f/De x'g]

dWolZrdf~rn / ;'b'/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf !)

lhNnfdf pRR d'No hfg] s[lif pkhx?sf] d'No
z[\vnfaf6 pTkfbg tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
k'Ug]
!@ j6f l8k / !$% j6f :ofnf] 6\o"a]n lgdf{0f x'g]

af6 :yflkt Xofr/L ;+rfng cg'bfg

;fgf cg'bfg sfo{qmd
^) j6f vfBfGg tyf t/sf/L ljp pTkfbg ;d"x ;xsf/L $ j6f lap sDkgL tyf !)
Pu|f]e]6nfO{ lap pTkfbg, k|;f]wg / ahf/Ls/0fdf %) k|ltzt cg'bfg
AFSP

!)

rSnfaGbL u/L v]tL k|f/De x'g]

$^)).
@#(#().

b'Uw pTkfbg Kofs]h sfo{qmd

!%))).
%))).
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#)))).

&&%)).

u|fld0f s'v'/f Kofs]h sfo{qmd

Joj;foLs kz'kfngdf cfsif{0f a9\g]

rSnfaGbL u/L v]tL k|f/De x'g]

$ j6f Xofr/L :yfkgf x'g]

!$# j6f ;fgf l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f eO{ @ ;o x]S6/df
l;+rfO{ k'Ug]
&^ ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t l;+rfO{af6 @ ;o x]S6/
l;+lrt x'g]
#* j6f ;d"xnfO{ k|ljlw canDagdf ;xof]u k'Ug]
&@ j6f ;d"xdf gd"gf au}rf :yfkgf x'g]
!#@ j6f ;d"x au}rf :yfkgf x'g]
$ ;o * j6f 3/af/L au}rf :yfkgf x'g]
#(^ ;d"xdf afv|f pTkfbsTj ;'wf/ tyf
lhljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd z? x'g] / ! ;o !( j6f af]sf
ljt/0f, af]sf tyf !^ ;o %) j6f pGgt kf7L
ljt/0f ul/g]
!&^ j6f ;d"xdf u|fld0f s'v'/f Kofs]h sfo{qmd
;+rfng x'g]
^) j6f b'Uw pTkfbgsf d'No ;[vnfdf cfwfl/t
Kofs]h ljt/0f x'g]
$ j6f lxdfnL lhNnfdf Xofr/L :yfkgf x'g]
!*) j6f ;fgf cg'bfg ljt/0f x'g]
k'/s cg'bfgaf6 u'0f:t/Lo lap pTkfbg k|;f]wg /
ljt/0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug]

s'v'/fsf] rNnf XofrL d]l;g vl/b cg'bfg

;fgf l;+rfO{ lgdf{0f tyf dd{t cg'bfg

k|ljlw canDag cg'bfg

lxdfnL lhNnfsf] ufpF :t/sf gd"gf au}rf :yfkgf cg'bfg
kxf8L lhNnfsf ufpF :t/sf gd"gf au}rf :yfkgf cg'bfg
3/af/L au}rf :yfkgf
afv|f pTkfbsTj ;'wf/ tyf lhljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd cg'bfg -k'/fgf ;d"x_

ls;fgsf
nflu pGgt
lap ljhg
sfo{qmd
;fgf tyf
demf}nf s[ifs
cfo :t/ a[l4
cfof]hgf
s[lif ljsf;
cfof]hgf
hgsk'/
/]zd v]tL
ljsf;
sfo{qmd
afujfgL
ljsf;
sfo{qmd
cfn' t/sf/L
tyf d;nf
ljsf;
sfo{qmd
dT:o ljsf;
sfo{qmd

cg'bfg /sd ?=xhf/df_

^)))).
@)))).
!)))).

Joj;foLs s[lifdf ;fgf ls;fgx? cfslif{t x'g]

;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t ;fgf l;+rfO{ ;+rfng cg'bfg

&

ck]lIft pknAwL
Joj;foLs s[lifdf yk cfsof{0f a9\g]
lrof k|;f]wg pBf]u :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'Ug]
@! lhNnfdf ufO{ / dfOsf] aLdf eO{ ufO{ kfngdf
a[l4 x'g]
x]6f}8fdf kz' cfxf/f pTkfbg sf/vfgf ;+rfng x'g]

pRr d'No hfg] s[lif pkhx?sf] d'No ;[vnfaf6 pTkfbg a[l4 tyf ahf/ cfk'lt{ cg'bfg

kmfu'g@)&!

@))).
#))).
@!^).
^@)$.
!^#@).
^$!$!.

@*^**.
#)))).
!#@)).
%$))).
!#(&^).

%!%)!.

. PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf]

;xof]udf ;d'Gb| ;txaf6
@)))
b]vL
$%))
ld6/;Dd prfOdf cjl:yt
pNn]vLt lhNnfsf v]tLhGo
gub]jfnL, kz'k+IfL, df5f,
hl8a'6L, s[lif ko{6g
nufot $! ljwfdf cg'bfg
lbg] lxdfnL cfof]hgf ;g\
@)!& ;Dd ;Grfng x'g] 5
. z'?tfsf Go"g dfq k|:tfj
k/]sf] lxdfnL of]hgfaf6
cg'bfgdf s[lif Aoj;fo
;Grfng ug{ rfxfg]x?sf
nflu xfn dfu ul/Psf]
k|:tfj clGtd ePsf] jl/i7
sfo{qmd clws[t kf}8]nn]
atfP .

ufOe}+;L kmfd{
cg'bfg

;/sf/n] b'wfn' ufO e}+;L

kmfd{ ;Grfng ul/ b'w
pTkfbgdf nfUg] s[ifsnfO{
kmfd{ Joj:yfkg cg'bfg
lbg] ePsf] 5 . s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] pQm cg'bfgsf]
sfo{ljlw ;d]t agfO ;s]sf]
5.
xfn b]ze/L kfFr nfv eGbf
jl9 ls;fg ufO tyf e}+;L
kfng Joj;fodf ;lqmo 5g\
eg] 5 ;o @) cf]6f ;fgf
7"nf b'Uw pBf]u ;Grflnt 5g\
. b'w pTkfbgdf ;lqmo /x]sf
ls;fg, s[ifs ;d"x, ;xsf/L
;+:yfx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ /
ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psfx?nfO{
;d]t of] Joj;fodf cfsif{0f
ug{ kmd{ Joj:yfkg cg'bfg
nfu' ul/Psf] s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .
kxf8L If]qdf % dfp eGbf
jl9 / t/fOdf !) dfpeGbf
jl9 ufOe}+;L kfng ug]{nfO{
uf]7 Joj:yfkg jfktsf]
%) k|ltzt /sd cg'bfg
lbg] sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v
5 . sfo{ljlw cg';f/ tLg
/f]kgL jf ;f9] rf/ s6\7f
eGbf jl9df pGgt 3fF; v]tL
nufpg]nfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ sfo{qmd dGqfnon]
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

b'Uw pBf]unfO{ cg'bfg

Jofj;flos kz'kfns s[ifs, kmfd{, b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yf,

b'Uw pBf]ux?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts tyf cfly{s ?kdf k'/s
cg'bfg lbg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] csf]{ sfo{ljlw agfPsf] 5 .
:jR5 b'w pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljqmLsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg
c;n Joj:yfkg ljlwx? cjnDjg u/fpg k|]l/t ub}{ b'Uw pTkfbg
k]zfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If ;'xfpFbf] / dof{lbt agfpg b'Uw Joj;foL s[ifs
/ kz'kfns s[ifsx?sf] cfo cfh{gdf 6]jf k'ofO{ s[ifs kl/jf/sf]
hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg, s[lif Joj;fonfO{ k|ljlwo'Qm agfpg ljleGg
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] dGqfnosf] egfO 5 . ;/sf/n] rfn' cfly{s
jif{sf] nflu b'Uw pBf]unfO{ b'Onfv ?k}ofF;Dd cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf 5 .
ldlNs\ d]l;g vl/bsf nflu d]l;gsf] %) k|ltzt jf al9df b'Onfv
%) xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd cg'bfg lbOg] dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .
b'Uw pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ Ps;o %) s]leP Ifdtfsf] h]g]/]6/
vl/bdf k/n d"Nosf] %) k|ltzt jf jl9df Psnfv %) xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf 5 eg] s[lqd uef{wfgsf nflu jflR5
dfq pTkfbg x'g] ljo{ vl/bdf ;d]t cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6o b'Uw ljsf; jf]8{ dfkm{t ;Grfng x'g] b'Uw pBf]u k|j4{g
sfo{qmdsf nflu rfn' cfly{s jif{df rf/ s/f]8 gf} nfv ?k}ofF ah]6sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd

g]kfndf s[lifsf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} x/]s jif{ rf/nfv %) xhf/

eGbfjl9 o'jfx? /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]z hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf
ePsf pj{/ hldgx? afFem} /x]/ jiff}{gL !) cf}+ ca{sf vfB kbfy{
cfot ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf o'jfx?nfO{ s[lif If]qdf
cfsif{0f ug{ ;s] Psflt/ s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g] /
csf]{ tkm{ cfot k|lt:yfkg eO{ g]kfnL k"FhL knfog x'gaf6 hf]lug]
;+efjgfnfO{ dWogh/ ul/ ;/sf/n] kz' ;]jf ljefu dfkm{t o'jf nlIft
ljz]if kz' pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;Grfng u/]sf] xf] . !* jif{b]vL %) jif{
pd]/;Ddsf JolQmx?nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf] sfo{qmd cGt{ut ufOe}+;L
kfng, Jojf;flos j+u'/, afv|f k|j4{g, kz'k+IfL jhf/ k|j4{g Joj;fo

;Grfng ug{ nlIft ;d"xnfO{

k|ljlw tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fO{
Joj;fodf k|f]T;fxg ug{ cg'bfgsf]
sfo{qmd nfu' ul/Psf] s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmd cGt{ut !) cf]6f;Dd
ufO jf e}+;L kfng ug]{ ;fgf s[lif
Joj;flos kmd{nfO{ b'O nfv
?k}ofF;Dd gub cg'bfg pknAw
u/fOg] 5 .
To:t} !! b]vL #) cf]6f;Dd ufO jf
e}+;L kfng ug]{ demf}nf Joj;flos
kmfd{nfO{ tLg nfv ?k}ofF;Dd /
#) eGbf jl9 ufO{ jf e}+;L kfng
ug]{ 7"nf Joj;flos kmfd{nfO{
oflGqs/0fsf nflu rf/ nfv
?k}ofF cg'bfg lbg] lglt dGqfnon]
agfPsf] 5 .
To:t} Jofj;flos afv|f kmfd{
tkm{ %) dfp k|hgg of]Uo afv|f
kfng ug]{ JolQmut kmfd{ :yfkgf /
k|j4{gsf nflu b'Onfv ?k}ofF, ;d"x
jf ;ldlt dfkm{t ;Grfng x'g] afv|f
kmfd{nfO{ Psnfv %) xhf/ / ;xsf/L afv|f kmfd{nfO{ b'O nfv ?k}ofF
cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] cg'bfg lng ;DjlGwt JolQm,;d"x jf
;xsf/Ln] sDtLdf cg'bfg a/fa/sf] cfk\mgf] nufgL u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
Jofj;flos j+u'/ kfng sfo{qmdsf nflu kfFrb]vL !% cf]6f;Dd j+u'/
kfng ug]{ ;fgf Joj;foLnfO{ Psnfv ?k}ofF, !% b]vL $% cf]6f;Dd
j+u'/ kfng ug]{ demf}nf a+u'/ kmfd{nfO{ Psnfv @% xhf/ / #) b]vL
^) cf]6f;Dd a+u'/ kfng ug]{ 7"nf kmfd{nfO{ Ps nfv %) xhf/ ?k}ofF
cg'bfg lbg] dGqfnon] sfo{ljlw agfPsf] 5 . of] cg'bfg lng ;DjlGwt
lhNnfsf lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfo{no dfkm{t lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

lzt e08f/nfO{ cg'bfg

s[ifsn] pTkfbg u/]sf ;fu ;JhL tyf kmnk"mn l56f] gfz gx'g] ul/
;Gro ug{] l;te08f/ lgdf{0f ug{ rfxfg] Joj;foLnfO{ lzt e08f/
lgdf{0fsf] nflu cg'bfg lbg] sfo{qmd ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
@) d]l6s 6g eGbf sd Ifdtfsf] lzte08f/ lgdf{0fdf nfut cg'dfgsf]
*% k|ltzt, @) d]6g eGbf jl9 Ifdtfsf] nflu &) k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg
lbOg] 5 .

kz' uf]7 tyf 3fF;]jfnL pTkfbg

kz' kfng Joj;fodf ;+nUg ls;fgx?sf] kz' uf]7 ;'wf/ tyf 3fF;]jfnL
pTkfbg sfo{qmdsf nflu ;d]t ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o:tf] cg'bfg Ps Joj;foLnfO{ Psnfv b]vL Psnfv %) xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd x'g] atfOPsf] 5 .

lrof 9'jfgL ;fwg cg'bfg

!) b]vL #) lj3f hUufdf lrof v]tL nufO{ lrof pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{
Pp6f lks ck 6|s / #) lj3f eGbf jl9 hUufdf lrof v]tL nufpg]
JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ b'O cf]6f lks ck vl/b ubf{ jf ljb]zaf6 cfot
ubf{ %) k|ltzt s/ 5'6 x'g] Jo:yf 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] s] s] lzif{sdf slt
slt cg'bfg /sd 5'6\6ofPsf] 5 . dflysf] tflnsfdf pNn]v 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

KofS6sf] ljifodf

cfj/0f

Joj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgfsf] rf}yf] cfJxfg
cGtu{t ljleGg lhNnfaf6 k/]sf k|:tfjx?sf] cg'udg lg/Gt/ eOg}
/x]sf] 5 . dWodf~rn If]qdf dfq !! ;o $ j6f k|:tfjx? :ynut
cg'udgsf] lglDt 5flgPsf 5g\ . tL dWo] xfn;Dd %%) j6f ;+:yfx?sf]
cg'udg, Pj+ :ynut k|dfl0fs/0f ug{] sfo{x? ljleGg l6dx?n] ;DkGg
ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu s[lif ljefu, kz';]jf ljefu / ljleGg
lgb{]zgfnox? ;d]tsf ;xeflutfdf :ynut k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu
vl6 /fv]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] nIo eg]sf] kmfu'g !% ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ :ynut
k|dfl0fs/0f ;Sg] xf] .
w]/} 7fpFsf Joj;foLx?n] sd{rf/Lx? cem} cfPsf 5}gg\ eg]/ u'gf;f]
u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] :ynut lg/LIf0fsf nflu sd{rf/L yf]/} 5f}+ .
cfof]hgfsf] dfq geP/ xfdLn] cGo sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ klg kl/rfng
u/L /fv]sf 5f}+ . t}klg xfd|f l6d ;j} 7fpFdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g Ps}rf]6L
;j} 7fpFdf k'Ug klg ;Dej 5}g . t/ klg xfdL o'4:t/df :ynut
cjnf]sgsf nflu nflu k/]sf 5f}+ . ;s];Dd l56f] l56f] ;Sg] k|of;df
5f}+ . %) k|ltzt dfq cg'udg ePsf]n] hxfF cgu'dg tyf lg/LIf0f ug{
xfdL k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gf} ToxfFsf ls;fgx?n] u'gf;f] ug{' :jefljs} xf] .
ls;fgx?n] cfjZos sfuhft tof/ gkf/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ck'u
sfuhkqsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L lbP/ xfdLn] k7fpg] u/]sf 5f}+ .
ls;fgnfO{ em0em6 lbg] s'/f cfpFb} cfpFb}g . xfdL s[lif If]qsf JolQmx?sf]
d]?b08 eg]sf] g} ls;fgx? g} xf] . xfdLn] ls;fgx?nfO{ cg'bfg pknAw
u/fpg] ePsfn] cg'bfgsf nflu lglZrt k|lqmof / dfkb08 k'ofpg'
kb{5 . sfhukq l7s x'g' kb{5 . k|:tfj k]z ug{] ;+:yfn] ;fFRr}sf] sfd
u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf s'/fx? vf]Hg' eg]sf] ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . ;fdfGo
s'/f / dfkb08 k'ofpg' eGg] s'/fnfO{ em0em6 lbof] eGg] ;f]Rg' x'Fb}g . of]
cfof]hgfsf] cg'bfg k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;+:yfsf] klg nufgL x'g'kb{5 .
%) k|ltzt nufgL ePsf] x'g' kg{] k|fjwfg cg'?k g} xfdLn] cg'bfg lbg]
xf] . To;sf nflu cflwsfl/s k|df0fkq jf nufgL 7fpF / cfjZos
sfuhft vf]Hg'nfO{ cGoyf a'g' x'Fb}g .
pkcfof]hgf kfpg]x? a9L /fhgLlt1x? g} 5g\ eGg] u'gf;f] 5 t/ d}n]
To:tf] s'g} g]tfx? b]v]sf] 5}g . xfd|f] cfof]hgf dfkm{t pkcfof]hgf
kfpg]x? ;j} Joj;flos s[ifsx? g} 5g\ . Joj;flos ?kdf s[lif ul//x]sf
JolQmx?nfO{ /fhgLlt1 eg]/ kl/eflift s;/L ul/G5 yfxf 5}g . t/, xfdL
hxfF hxfF :ynut cjnf]sgdf k'u]sf 5f}+ ls;fgx? g} 5g\ . s'g} klg

pkcfof]hgfx? /fhgLlt1x?;Fu hf]l8Psf b]v]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlt1x? s}

cfof]hgf d}n] b]v]sf] 5}g . e|d0fdf g} cfof]hgfsf] /sd ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/f ;To x'Fb} xf]Og . lsgeg] s'g} klg cfof]hgfn] :ynut cjnf]sg
jf k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu sd{rf/L k7fpFbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod
cg';f/ eGbf km/s 9+un] vr{ ug{ kfO{Fb}g . lhNnfdf hfg] sd{rf/Lx?n]
;/sf/n] tfs] cg';f/sf] b}lgs eQf kfpg' eg]sf] :jefljs} xf] . Tof]
/sd eg]sf] cToGt} sd vr{ ljlgof]lht ul/Psf] x'G5 . cg'bfgu|fxLsf
nflu 5'6\ofPsf] /sd l;Fw} cg'bfgu|fxLs} vftfdf hfG5 .
xfdLn] ls;fg;Dd cfof]hgfsf af/]df hfgsf/L xf];\ eg]/ ljleGg
;~rf/ dfWodx? dfkm{t ;"rgf k|jfx ul//x]sf 5f}+ . lhNnfdf lhNnf
s[lif ljsf; sfo{fon, kz' ;]jf sfo{fno dfkm{t klg ls;fgsf ;"rgf
k|jfx / cfof]hgfsf] hfgsf/L u/fO{/x]sf 5f}+ . lhNnfdf /x]sf s[lif
tyf kz' sfof{nox?n] ;]jf s]G;Dd ;"rgf k'ofpg' ePsf] 5 . oltv]/
g]kfnsf] s'g} klg ls;fg sxfF uP/ s[lif cfof]hgfsf af/]df ;f]Wof] eg]
KofS6 s} gfd lng] ub{5g\ . o;n] klg cfof]hgf ls;fg;Dd k'u]sf] 5
eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
-s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_

/fli6o jfl0fHo a}+sn] :j0f{ hoGtLsf] cj;/ kf/]/ ls;fgnfO{ kfFr

k|ltzt Aofhb/d} C0f lbg] ePsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df ;/sf/n] ls;fgnfO{ 5 k|ltzt
Aofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fpg] gLlt agfPsf] lyof] . /fli6o jfl0fHo
a}+sn] ;/sf/n] tf]s]eGbf Ps k|ltzt sd b/d} s[lif shf{ lbg] 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] xf] .
a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t s[i0fk|;fb zdf{n] ls;fgnfO{ kfFr

k|ltzt Aofhb/d} C0f pknAw u/fpg] hfgsf/L lbPsf x'g\ . o; cl3

a}+sn] gf} k|ltztdf s[lif shf{ k|jfx ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] rf/
k|ltzt Aofh cg'bfg lbg] cf:jf;g lbPklg ls;fgnfO{ kfFr k|ltztd}
C0f pknAw u/fpg nfu]sf] zdf{n] hfgsf/L lbP . /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb{]zg
cg';f/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]o/ hf/L ug{ ;/sf/;Fu cg'/f]w u/]sf] zdf{n]
atfP . xfn a}+ssf] r'Qmf k'FhL cf7ca{ %* s/f]8 ?k}ofFnfO{ &) k|ltzt
dfg]/ #) k|ltzt ;]o/ hf/L ug{ nfu]sf] xf] .

af;'b]j zdf{, k|d'v

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u ;d'x -lk|:6_

kmfu'g@)&!

10

/sf/n] rfn' cfly{s aif{b]lv ;' u/]sf] kmfd{ xfp; tyf kz'
kfngdf lbPsf] cg'bfg sfo{qmddf o'jfsf] cfsif{0f lj:tf/} a9\g
yfn]sf] 5 . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] rfn' cfly{s aif{ @)&!)&@ df
t/sf/L, df}l/kfng, Rofp, kz' pTkfbg, kz' kfng, 8]/L, afv|f, dT:o tyf
a+u'/ kfng tkm{ cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 . dGqfnosfcg';f/
klxnf] cfly{s aif{d} o:tf If]qut laifodf lgwf{l/t sf]6feGbf w]/} a9L
k|:tfj k/]sfn] klg o'jfx? s[lif Joj;fo tkm{ pT;flxt /x]sf] b]vfPsf]
5.
b]ze/Lsf lhNnfl:yt s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; sfof{noaf6 #@ xhf/
kfFr;o %* hgf o'jfn] cfj]bg lbPsf lyP . dGqfnon] rfn' cfly{s
aif{sf nflu s"n * xhf/ Ps ;o %$ cf]6f k|:tfjnfO{ cg'bfg lbg
lgw{f/0f u/]sf] 5 . cg'bfgsf nflu dGqfnon] &! s/f]8 &* nfv
k}ofF lalgof]hg u/]sf] 5 .
dGqfnosf cg';f/ o'jf nlIft t/sf/L sfo{qmdcGtu{t clxn];Dd !^
j6f lhNnfaf6 !( xhf/ cf7;o %( hgf o'jfn] k|:tfj xfn]sf 5g\
. h;dWo] gf}+ ;o @) hgfsf] k|:tfj 5gf}6 ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] rfn'
cfly{s jif{df s"n rf/xhf/ Ps ;o *) hgf o'jfnfO{ cg'bfg lbg]
sf]6f lgw{f/0f u/]sf] 5 .
lxdfnL / kxf8L lhNnfsf] xsdf ls;fgn] tof/ kf/]/ k|lt k|:tfjsf
nflu s"n ah]6dWo] $) xhf/ tyf t/fO{sf] xsdf ^) xhf/;Dd
cg'bfg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ls;fgn] o;sf nflu lxpFb] / aif{] t/sf/L
pTkfbg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;sf nflu o'jf ls;fgn] t/fO{df Ps ljufxf /
kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf kfFr /f]kgLdf b'O{ df};d t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{'kg{]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] / kms{]sfnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf

l;h{gf ug{ gd"gfsf] kdf yf]/} ah]6 pknAw u/fP/ ;' ul/Psf] o:tf
sfo{qmddf ;f]r]eGbf a9L o'jfxsf] cfs{if0f b]lvof] . dGqfnosf
;xk|jQmf z+s/ ;fksf]6fn] eg], lgw{fl/t sf]6feGb} em08} bf]Aa/eGbf
a9L o'jfn] cfj]bg a'emfPsf 5g\ . lgwf{l/t sf]6feGbf a9L cfj]bg
cfPsf] cfwf/df cfufdL cfly{s aif{b]lv dGqfnon] sf]6f a9fpg]
of]hgf u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L Rofp v]tLtkm{ b]ze/af6 kfFr xhf/ rf/ ;o %) hgf o'jfn]
cfj]bg a'emfPsf 5g \. Rofpv]tL tkm{ ;/sf/n] b'O{ xhf/ sf]6f lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . Rofpsf] cg'bfg lng o'jf ls;fgn] slDtdf *) j6f
Knfl:6s 3/df tfhf Rofp tyf Rofpsf] aLp pTkfbg ug{'kg{] k|fjwfg
/flvPsf] 5 . Pp6f k|:tfjsf] s"n nfutsf] !) k|ltzt dfq} ls;fgn]
Joxf]g{] Joj:yf 5 .
o:t} s"n b'O{ ;o sf]6f 5'ofPsf] dT:o sfo{qmdtkm{ xfn;Dd Ps
xhf/ Ps ;o hgf o'jfn] cfa]bg bt{f u/fPsf 5g\ . dT:otkm{ cg'bfg
k|fKt ug{] o'jfn] t/fO{df rf/ s6\xf / kxf8df !=% /f]kgLdf vfg] df5f
pTkfbgsf nflu kf]v/L lgd{f0f u/]/ qmdzM %) xhf/ tyf tLg nfv
e'/f df5f pTkfbg u/]kl5 ;/sf/n] k|lt k|:tfjsf nflu %) xhf/ k}ofF
cg'bfgdf pknAw u/fpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 .
Ps ;o ^) afv|f kfng sf]6fsf nflu Ps xhf/ tLg ;o #* j6f
cfj]bg k/]sf 5g\ . o;cGtu{t gLlhtkm{ %) cf]6f dfp kfNg]nfO{ %)
xhf/b]lv b'O{ nfv;Dd, ;d"xtkm{ kfFrb]lv !) cf]6f dfp kfNg]nfO{ Ps
nfv %) xhf/ tyf ;xsf/Ldfkm{t b'O{ ;o %) dfp afv|f kfNg]nfO{ b'O{
nfv;Dd cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf 5 . s[lif dGqfnon] ut cfly{s jif{b]lv
o'jf nlIft sfo{qmdnfO{ ljif]z k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] xf] . rfn" cfjdf
dGqfnon] @# ca{ @* s/f]8 #! nfv ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5 .

;'g;/Ldf]/\sf

o'jfnfO{ klg cg'bfg

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, ;'g;/L n] cf=j=)&!)&@
sf] :jLs[t aflif{s sfo{qmd cg';f/ ljb]zaf6 kms{]sf, ljb]z hfg
nfu]sf tyf :yfgLo a]/f]huf/ o'jf / o'jtLx?nfO{ Joj;flos v]tL
tkm{ cfsif{0f ug{ lhNnfsf ljleGg If]qaf6 Ps;o !) hgfnfO{ 5gf}6
u/L cg'bfg lbg] ePsf] 5 .
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] a}7sn] o'jf nlIft Joj;flos t/sf/L
pTkfbgsf nflu &) hgf / o'jf nlIft Joj;flos Rofp pTkfbg
sfo{qmd tk{m $) hgf o'jf -dlxnf / k'?if_ s[ifsx?nfO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf]
5 . 5gf}6 ePsf pQm o'jf s[ifsx? dWo] o'jf nlIft Joj;flos t/sf/L
pTkfbgsf nfuL k|lt o'jf ^) xhf/ / Joj;flos Rofp pTkfbgsf
nfuL k|lt o'jf $) xhf/ cg'bfg pknAw u/fOg] s'/f lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; sfo{fno, ;'g;/Lsf k|d'v 8f=/jLGgfy rf}a]n] atfPsf 5g\
. 8f=rf}a]sf cg';f/ Joj;foLs t/sf/L / Rofp v]tL ;d]t ul/ ^$
nfv ?k}ofF ah]6 cg'bfg lbOg] 5 . 5gf}6 ePsf ls;fgx?nfO{ clxn]
Joj;foLs tflnd lbg] sfd eO /x]sf] 5 . tflnd ;lsPkl5 ;+emf}tf

u/]/ cg'bfg x:tfGt/0f ul/g] 5 .

;fy} ;f] j}7sn] ;xsf/L v]tLdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO{sf nflu Ps, ;xsf/L
v]tL :sLdsf nfuL b'O, s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf ;fgf l;+rfO{ ljz]if
sfo{qmdsf nfuL $* cf]6f s[ifs ;d"xx? klg 5flgPsf 5g\ . ;fgf
l;+rfO sfo{qmdsf nflu $% nfv ?k}ofF ah]6 /x]sf] lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 .
To;}ul/ df]/\ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] lhNnfsf $) hgf
o'jfnfO{ Rofp v]tL / ^) hgfnfO{ Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu
cg'bfg lbPsf] 5 . Rofp tkm{ k|lt ls;fg $) xhf/ / t/sf/L tkm{
^) xhf/ cg'bfg lbOPsf] xf] . df]/\df Rofp / t/sf/L v]tL;Fu}
cleofgd'vL ds}, Joj;flos ls6 ljsf;, cleofg d'vL e6df;
pTkfbg, cleof g d ' vL d T : o ljs f ; e s f / L ;' wf / , ;f g f
l;+r f O nu f ots f s f o{q m d s f nf lu s'n Ps s/f]8 &$
nfv #) xhf/ ?k}ofF cg'bfg ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] ;f] sfof{non]
hgfPsf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

11

cg'bfg lng
;/sf/n] s[lif pBd ug]{x?nfO{
ljleGg cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/]kl5
lhNnf lhNnfdf s[lif pBd btf{ ug]{
nx/ rNg yfn]sf] 5 .
s[lif C0fdf ;d]t Jofh ;x'lnotsf]
3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;/sf/n] s[lif
Joj;fonfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfodf btf{
u/]/ j}wflgstf lbPkl5 dfq cg'bfg
/ C0f kfOg] lglt cl3 ;f/]kl5
lhNnfl:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]
u sfof{nox?df s[lifhGo pBf]u
btf{sf] qmd XjfQ} a9]sf] xf] .
b'Ojif{ cl3;Dd kmf6\6 k'm6\6dfq s[lif
Joj;fo btf{ x'g] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]
u sfof{no Pj+ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf sfof{nox?sf]
clxn] d'Vo sfd h:t} ePsf] 5 s[lif Joj;fo btf{sf] sfd .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no emfkfsf k|d'v uf]kL l3dL/] ut c;f/
d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsf s[lif Joj;fosf] t'ngfdf ;fpg otf k';
d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsfsf] ;+Vof em08} bf]Aa/ /x]sf] atfpF5g\ .
To:t} ;'g;/Ldf Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf ^) cf]6f s[lif Joj;fo btf{

cfj/0f

ePsf 5g\ oxfF k';d;fGt;Dd btf{

ePsf s[lifhGo pBf]usf] s'n
;+Vof Ps;o $! 5 . eg] df]/\
df rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] 5 dlxgfsf]
cjlwdf btf{ ePsf rf/;o $*
pBf]u dWo] ^) k|ltzt eGbf jl9
s[lif pBf]u /x]sf] sfof{no k|d'v
pd]z kf08]n] hfgsf/L lbPsf
5g\ . l;/xfdf ;fpg otfdfq $*
cf]6f s[lif Joj;fo pBf]usf] ?kdf
btf{ ePsf 5g\ . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u sfof{no l;/xfsf cg';f/
ut c;f/ d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsf
s[lif pBf]u tyf Joj;fosf] ;+Vof

Ps;o %) lyof] .
s[lifhGo pBf]usf] btf{ ;Kt/L lhNnfdf klg lgs} 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
pBf]u sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf gfoj ;'Aaf b]jrGb| rf}w/Lsf cg';f/
lhNnfx?df w]/} h;f] kz'kfng ufO{, e}+;L, j+u'/ tyf jfv|fsf kmd{ btf{
ePsf 5g\ eg] s'v'/f, dfx'/L kfng, Rofp v]tL, t/sf/L v]tL, 8]/L pBf]
u btf{ ePsf 5g\ .

kmfu'g@)&!

12

slgsf h;/L ah]6

5l/Fbf ;f]r]hlt k|ltkmn
gcfPkl5 s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] cfof]hgfnfO{
s]GLs[t u/]/ n}hfg] tof/L
yfn]sf] 5 . dGqfnon]
cfly{s jif{ @)&@)&#
sf] ah]6 agfpg] qmddf
sfo{qmdsf] ?k kl/jt{g
ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . yf]/}
sfo{qmdnfO{ s]Gdf /fv]/
ah]6 agfpg] / To;}nfO{
dfq} nufgL ug{] u/L ah]6
agfpg yfn]sf] dGqfnon]
hgfPsf] 5 .
dGqfnosf]
of]hgf dxfzfvf k|d'v
of]u]Gs'df/ sfsL{n] ;Dj4
lgsfosf] 5nkmnkl5
of]hgf agfP/ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fOg] atfPsf 5g\ .
;a} If]qdf ah]6 5bf{ sfo{qmdsf] k|ltkmn gcfPsfn] Pp6} sfo{qmddf
tLg jif{;Dd nufgL ug{], ljleGg sfo{qmddf ah]6 g5g{] u/L of]hgf
agfpg yflnPsf] xf] . dxfzfvf k|d'v sfsL{sf cg';f/ s[lif If]qdf
ePsf] nufgL a/fa/sf] k|ltkmn gcfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ljleGg If]qdf
ah]6 5l/g' xf] .

s'g afnL tyf s'g If]qdf

kmf]s; ug{] eGg]df /fli6o
of]hgf cfof]u, s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno, s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf
ljefu nufot;Fu 5nkmn
hf/L 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf
nflu @# ca{ #* s/f]8
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf]
5 . sfo{qmd eg] ;a}
k'/fgf 5 . s[lif dGqfnosf
clwsf/LnfO{ gofF sfo{qmd
agfpg'eGbf k'/fg} sfo{qmddf
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ ;lhnf]
x'g ePsfn] gofF sfo{qmd
tyf To;sf] k|ltkmn;d]t
cfpg g;s]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef
s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltsf
;efklt uug yfkfsf] egfO
5 . s'n ljlgof]lht ah]6dWo] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L cg'bfgsf nflu
5'6\ofPsf]5 . cg'bfgsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6dWo] &) k|ltzteGbf
a9L cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu /sd 5'\ofpFbf k|ltkmn cfpg
g;s]sf] pgL atfpF5g\ .
dGqfnoaLr ;dGjo cefjn] s[lif If]q km:6fpg g;s]sf] pgsf] egfO
5.

Oh/fondf

kfFr xhf/ o'jfnfO{ s[lif tflnd

g]kfnLx?sf] /f]huf/sf] e/kbf]{ uGtJodf
k/]sf] Oh/fonn] kfFrxhf/ g]kfnL
o'jfx?nfO{ s[lif tflnd lbg] ePsf] 5
. g]kfnsf nflu Oh/fonsf /fhb"t
of/f]g d]o/n] kfFr xhf/ g]kfnLnfO{
Oh/fondf s[lif tflnd Pj+ /f]huf/L
k|bfg ul/g] hfgsf/L lbPsf x'g\ .
tflnd;Fu} k|lzIffy{Ln] dfl;s Psnfv
?k}ofFeGbf a9L dfl;s kfl/>lds
;d]t kfpg]5g\ . Oh/fonn] ;fgf ls;fg
ljsf; a}+s;Fusf] ;xsfo{df o:tf]
k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . hf/L
s[lif k|lzIffyL{ sfo{qmd cGtu{t !)
dlxg] s[lif tflnd sfo{qmddf ;xefuL

u/fpg g]kfnL o'jfnfO{ Oh/fon nfg yfn]sf] xf] . ut jif{ b'O;o kfFr
hgfnfO{ tflnd lbg Oh/fon nluPsf] lyof] . pgLx?n] ;kmntf k"j{s
tflnd lnP/ kmls{Pkl5 o; jif{ k|lzIffy{Lsf] ;+Vof a9fP/ % xhf/
!% hgfnfO{ n}hfg nfluPsf] /fhb"t d]o/n] hfgsf/L lbP . pgn]
b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu s[lifsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg kg]{ / To;sf nflu
Joj;flos bIf hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ ePsfn] Oh/fonn] ;xof]u ul/
/x]sf] atfP .
ljutdf s[lif k|lzIffy{L{sf kdf Oh/fon uPsf g]kfnL ljBfy{Lxn]
k|bz{g u/]sf] sfdk|ltsf] ;dk{0f, d]xgt / sf}zntfsf sf/0f cfgf]
b]zsf] ;/sf/n] g]kfnL k|lzIffy{L{sf nflu of] jif{ tflnd sf]6f a9fPsf]
pgn] hfgsf/L lbP .
Oh/fondf ut jif{ tflnd k|fKt u/L kmls{Psf @ ;o o'jfnfO{ Joj;foLs
kmd{ ;+rfngsf nflu ;/sf/n] o; jif{ !! nfv ?k}ofF cg'bfg 5'6\
ofPsf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

13

ahf/

oftfoftn] ;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ j9\of]

ls;fgnfO{ kmfObf
nId0f e/fO{
k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfdf oftfoft ;]jfsf] kx'Fr j9];Fu} w/fgl:yt s[lif
pkh jhf/ :yndf ;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ jiff}{gL j9\g yfn]sf] 5 .
tLgjif{ cl3;Dd wg's6f lhNnfaf6 dfq ;'Gtnf cfpg] s[lif ahf/df
xfn t]x|y'd, ef]hk'/, ;+v'jf;ef / vf]6f\ lhNnfaf6 ;d]t ;'Gtnf
cfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
ahf/:ynsf] tYof\s cg';f/ o;jif{ df3 bf];|f] ;ftf;Dd cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ #@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . utjif{ df3
bf];|f] ;ftf;Dd ahf/ :yndf @! s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf rf/xhf/ @# d]l6|s
6g ;'Gtnf vl/b ljlqm ePsf]df o;jif{ ;f] cjlw;Dd #@ s/f]8 d"No
a/fa/sf kfFrxhf/ tLg;o @! d]l6s 6g ;'Gtnf vl/b ljlqm ePsf] 5 .
utjif{ e/Ldf @( s/f]8 ?k}ofF d"Nosf kfFrxhf/ kfFr;o ^% d]l6|s 6g
;'Gtnf sf/f]jf/ ePsf]df o; jif{sf] xfn;Ddsf] tYof\sn] jif{e/Ldf
;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ ;ft xhf/ tLg;o d]l6|s 6g eGbf jl9 x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 .
;8s oftfoftsf] kx'Fr j9]sf sf/0f kxf8L u|fld0f If]qdf ;'Gtnfsf]
gofF au}+rf nufpg] / au}+rfsf] :ofxf/ ;+ef/df ;d]t ls;fgn] /fd|f]
Wofg lbg yfn]sf pTkfbg klg a9]sf] Jofkf/Lx? atfpF5g\ . w/fgdf
;+slnt ;'Gtnf k"jf{Grnsf ;j} lhNnfsf] ;fy} ef/tsf] ljxf/ /
klZrd a+ufn;Dd lgof{t x'Fb} cfPsf]df s]xL jif{b]vL ef/t lgof{t eg]
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
kxf8L If]qdf oftfoftsf] kx'Fr a9]sf sf/0f ls;fgx?n] ;'Gtnfaf6
/fd|f] cfDbfgL lng yfn]sf 5g\ . ;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ j9]klg d"No eg]
utjif{ eGbf sd ePsf] 5}g utjif{ %@ ?k}ofF s]hL cf};t yf]s d"No
/x]sf] ;'Gtnf o; jif{ ^) ?k}ofF s]hL cf};t yf]s d"Nodf ljlqm eO
/x]sf] 5 .
;8s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf j9]/ ;'Gtnfsf] jhf/Ls/0fdf ;xhtf ePkl5
kxf8L If]qdf ;'Gtnf v]tL nufpg] ls;fgsf] ;+Vof a9\g yfn]sf] 5
. ls;fgx?n] ePsf k'/fgf ju}+rfsf] :ofxf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ eg] gofF
lj?jf /f]Kg] klg pT;flxt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . ;'Gtnfsf] sf/]fjf/ a9];Fu}
ls;fgsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t j9]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f ls;fgsf] hLjg
:t/ psf:g klg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

o;jif{ df3 bf];|f] ;ftf;Dd cl3Nnf] jif{sf]

t'ngfdf ;'Gtnfsf] sf/f]jf/ #@ k|ltztn]
a9]sf] 5 . utjif{ df3 bf];|f] ;ftf;Dd ahf/
:yndf @! s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf rf/xhf/ @# d]l6|s
6g ;'Gtnf vl/b ljlqm ePsf]df o;jif{ ;f]
cjlw;Dd #@ s/f]8 d"No a/fa/sf kfFrxhf/
tLg;o @! d]l6s 6g ;'Gtnf vl/b ljlqm
ePsf] 5 .
w/fgdf ;'Gtnf sflt{saf6 z'? eO r}q;Dd cfpg] u5{ . d'Vo l;hg
d+;L/b]vL df3;Dd jl9 cfpg] u5{ . pQm l;hgdf b}lgs @) b]lv #)

d]l6|s 6g;Dd sf/f]af/ x'g] ub{5 . ut jif{ eGbf o;aif{ ef]hk'/,vf]6f\

sf] ;'Gtnf rf8} cfPsf] 5 .
w/fgdf ;+slnt ;'Gtnf dWo] :yfgLo ahf/ -w/fgdf_ s'n sf/f]af/sf]
%) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd vkt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
w/fgsf] s[lif ahf/df slxn]sflx :of\hf tyf sf:sLb]lv klg ;'Gtnf
cfpg] ub{5 . t/ ;'Gtnfsf] nflu wgs'6f g} nf]slk|o 5 . Plzofs}
;j}eGbf :jflbnf] dflgPsf] wgs'6fsf] vf]s'sf] ;'Gtnfn] /fli6o VoftL
sdfPsf] sf/0f oxfFsf] ;'Gtnfsf] dfu /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ a|fl08\
ul/ ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;s] cem ahf/ a9\g] ;+efjgf 5 .

-n]vs s[lif pkh ahf/:yn w/fgsf k|jGws x'g\ _

kmfu'g@)&!

14

;jf/L b'3{6gf
sf/0f / Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo
oftfoft

;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf ;jf/L u'8\g]

;8s ck]lIft ?kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOb}g . ljut
s]xL jif{b]vL g]kfndf ;jf/L b'3{6gf cTolws
j9]sf] kfOG5 . 6flkms k|}x/L dxfzfvfsf] /]s8{
cg';f/ utjif{ ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf b}lgs ;/b/ %
hgf dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] 5 .

s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

ftfoft Joj:yf ljefusf] utjif{;Ddsf] tYofs cg';f/

g]kfndf ;fgf, 7"nf, lglh, Jofkfl/s, ;+:yfg, ;/sf/L,
df]6/;fOsn ;d]t ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof !& nfv 5 .

;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf ;jf/L u'8\g] ;8s
ck]lIft ?kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOb}g . ljut s]xL jif{b]vL g]kfndf ;jf/L
b'3{6gf cTolws j9]sf] kfOG5 . 6flkms k|}x/L dxfzfvfsf] /]s8{ cg';f/
utjif{ ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf b}lgs ;/b/ % hgf dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] 5
. t/ k"jf{Grnsf]
xsdf
b}lgs
;/b/ Ps hgfsf]
d[To' ePsf] /]s8{
5.
xfd|f] b]zdf ;jf/L
b'3{6gfsf d"Vo
sf/0f s] s] x'g
< s'g b'3{6gf
s'g s'g sdhf]/L
jf nfk{jfxLaf6
ePsf] xf] tYo
kQf gnufO{ ;j}
b'3{6gfsf sf/0f
;jf/L rfnsdfq x'g elg bf]if hlt rfnssf] 6fpsf]df xfnL cGo
;/f]sf/jfnf kIf kfgL d'lgsf] cf]efgf] x'g] k|rng cToGt lgGblgo
/ cGofok"0f{ 5 . ;jf/L b'3{6gfsf] sf/0f dWo] w]/} k|ltzt rfnssf]
nfkjf{xL ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . lsgeg] b'3{6gf ug]{ ;jf/L ;f]xL rfnsn]

rnfPsf] sf/0f . t/ ;j} b'3{6gfdf rfnsdfq sf/s xf] eGg' tYout

xf]Og . ;jf/L b'3{6gf cGo ljleGg sf/0faf6 klg ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

;jf/L b'3{6gf Go"lgs/0fsf nflu xfn /fHosf] tkm{af6
ljleGg pkfox? cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ;jf/L ;fwgdf sfd ug]{
rfns, kl/rfns, ;jf/L wgLnfo{ dfq sfjf{xL / hl/jfgf u/]/ b'3{6gf
lgoGq0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/n] ug'{ kg]{ bfloTj;d]t ;Fu;Fu} ug'{kb{5 .

tTsfn ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx?

g]kfndf ;jf/L u'8\g pknAw ;8ssf] juL{s/0f ul/ s:tf] ;jf/LnfO{

s:tf] ?6df rNg lbg] :ki6 gLlt agfpg' k5{ . h'g;'s} ;8sdf h:tf];'s}
;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ rNg cg'dlt lbg] k|yf aGb ug'{ k5{ .
;jf/L - 6flkms _ 1fg ;j{;fwf/0f ;j}nfO{ lbg Jofkfs k|rf/ k|;f/
ug'{k5{ . ;fy} ljBfno :t/af6} 6flkms lzIff lbg kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ul/
sIff !) ;Dd clgjfo{ ug'{ plrt x'G5 .
;8sdf rf}kfo 5f8f 5f]8\g], lj:s'g ;'sfpg], xf6 ahf/ nufpg] /
;8s cltqmd0f u/]/ 3/ 6x/f agfpg] k|yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy /f]Sg'
kb{5 .
rfns cg'dltkq lng' k"j{ ;DjlGwt JolQmnfO{ 6flkms 1fg,
cg'zf;g ;DjlGw sf]if{ lgwf{/0f ul/ sDtLdf tLg dlxg] tflnd
clgjfo{ ul/g' k5{ / ;f] tflnd lnPsfnfO{ dfq cGo cfjZos
k|lqmof k'/f ul/ ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq lbg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ .
To;sf nflu ;/sf/n] l;6LOle6L dfkm{t tflndsf] k|jGw ldnfpg' k5{
. To:tf tflnd s]Gb| 6flkms k|x/Ln] g} cfjZostf cg';f/sf :yfgdf
;Grfng ug{ ;s] cem} k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 .
;jf/L b'3{6gfsf] lgikIf 5fgljgsf nflu Ps 5''6\6} OsfO jf ;ldltsf]
Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . h'g sDtLdf lhNnf :t/;Dd x'g' kb{5 . Tof] ;ldlt
dfkm{t cg';Gwfg ul/ bf]iffL b]lvPsfnfO{ sfjf{xL ug]{ lgikIf Joj:yf
ug'{ kb{5 .

-n]vs oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6o dxf;+3sf

k"jf{Grn ;+of]hs x'g ._
kmfu'g@)&!

15

a}+ls

a}+sx?
clxn]sf] a}+ls If]qn] tL ju{nfO{
;d]6\g ;s]g eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] <

clxn]sf] a}+ls If]q ;x/ s]lGt ePsf] 5 .

s]xL ;x/sf 7"nf tyf wgf9\o ju{n] dfq a}+ls
;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . w]/} hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6\g] /
pgLxsf cfjZostf k"lt{ x'g] vfnsf] a}+ls ;]jf
k'u]sf] 5}g . dWod / lgDg ju{nfO{ ldNg]vfnsf]
cfly{s gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . of] clxn]sf] cfjZostf
xf] .

<

lan a}+saf6 a}+ls If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf ;f]egb]j kGt gf} jif{b]lv
n'lDagL a}+ssf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t 5g\ . sl/a tLg bzs
a}+ls If]qsf] cg'ej xfl;n ul/;s]sf kGtn] n'lDagL a}+snfO{
gofF prfOdf k'ofPsf 5g\ . clxn] a}+s 6k6]g leq /x]sf] bfaL
kGtsf] 5 . ;du| a}+ls If]qsf] ;Defjgf, ljlQo kx'Fr, a}+ls If]qsf
;d:ofnufot ljifodf kGt;Fu g]kfnL >d 86 sd sf nflu lji0f'
a]Njf;]n] u/]sf] s'/fsfgL ;fGble{s nfu]/ s]xL ;Dkfbg;lxt k|sflzt
u/]sf 5f}+ .

g]kfnL a}+ls If]qsf] klxnf] k|fyldstf s] x'g'k5{ <

s]xL JolQmsf] dfq pTyfg x'g] a}+ls If]qn] b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] a}+lsn] Pp6f ;d"xsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g;S5
t/ ;dfli6ut kdf ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . a}+sxn] dWod / lgDg ju{sf
cfjZostfnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{'k5{ . dWod / lgDg juL{o kl/jf/sf]
cfly{s pTyfg x'g] vfnsf sfo{qmd Nofpg'k5{ . tL b'O{ ju{df w]/}
hg;+Vof 5g\ . pgLxsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

clxn]sf] a}+ls k|0ffnL k|lt:kw{L{ 5 t

;/;tL{ x]b{f k|lt:kwL{ 5 . a}+s, kmfOgfG; sDkgL,

;xsf/Lx oqtq b]lvG5g\ . a}+s, ljsf; a}+s,
;xsf/LaLr c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ klg b]lvG5 .
o:tf] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{df a}+sljQLo ;+:yfn]
gLlteGbf aflx/ uP/ klg sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
t/, of] k|lt:kwf{n] s]xL ;Lldt JolQmnfO{ dfq
kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 . dWodju{ / lgDg ju{df klg o:t}
k|lt:kwf{ x'g'kg{] xf] . Tof] tx;Dd klg hfg'k5{ .
t/, clxn]sf] k|lt:kwf{sf] k|efj Tof] If]qdf uPsf]
5}g . a}+sljQLo ;+:yfaLr x'g] k|lt:kwf{n] l;h{gfTds sfd ug{
;Sg'kb{Yof] . of] k|lt:kwf{n] 7"nf] hg;+VofnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] cj:yf
klg 5}g . ;/;tL{ x]bf{ k|lt:kwf{ b]lvG5 . t/, b]zleqsf] ;a} kl/j]znfO{
lnP/ x]g{] xf] eg] k|lt:kwf{sf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvFb}g . s[ifs, dWodju{sf
cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{] vfnsf] a}+ls k|0ffnL ljsf; x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu a}+ls If]qn] vf;} pNn]vgLo sfd ug{
;s]sf 5}gg\ . k|lt:kwf{n] u'0ffTds kl/0ffd Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

ufpF;Dd a}+ls kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g, xf] <

xf] . clxn]sf] a}+ls If]qn] w]/} hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf]
5}g . a}+ls k|lt:kwf{n] lgDg cfo x'g]xsf] cfly{s pTyfg ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf s]xL ;x/ s]lGt 7"nf Jofkf/Lsf] xftdf 5g\
. pgLxdf dfq} a}+ssf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . pgLxsf] aLrdf dfq} k|lt:kwf{
xf] ls h:tf] nfU5 .

;+VofTds kdf ljQLo If]q km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 . o;n]

t ;a}nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug'kg{] xf]Og / <

;+Vofdf dfq} a9\bf ;a}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 eGg] 5}g . a}+s /
pBf]u Joj;fo ;Fu;Fu} lxF8\g' kg{] xf], t/ To;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Pp6f
uf8Lsf kf+u|fh:t} ljQLo If]q pTkfbgd"ns ;+:yf;Fu} lxF8\g' kg]{ xf] .
uf8Lsf rf/j6} kf+u|f u'8\g ;s]gg\ eg] uf8L bf}l8g ;Sb}g . xfdLsxfF
ljQLo ;+:yfxsf] j[l4cg';f/ pTkfbgd"ns If]qsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g
kmfu'g@)&!

16

. lxhf] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf dflg; pBf]uwGbfdf gnfu]/ a}+sljQLo

If]q vf]Nglt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . a}+sljQLo ;+:yf / pBf]uwGbfaLr tfnd]n
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljQLo If]qsf] dfq} j[l4 eof] / pTkfbgd"ns If]qsf]
ljsf; x'g ;s]g eg] ;d:of cfpF5 . ljQLo / pTkfbg If]qaLr g /
df;'h:t} ;DaGw 5 . Psn] csf{nfO{ ;3fpg] u/L cufl8 a9\g'k5{ .
;dfgfGt/ kdf cufl8 hfg g;s]sf sf/0f cfly{s j[l4 jf pGglt x'g
g;s]sf] xf] . pTkfbg If]qsf] ljsf; ePg eg] ljQLo If]qsf] ljsf; x'g
;Sb}g / o;n] ljQLo ljj/0fdf klg c;/ k'ofpF5 . cf}Bf]uLs/0f jf
j:t'sf] pTkfbg x'g ;s]g eg] o;sf] c;/ rf}tkm{L kdf b]lvG5 .

t/ntf a9\g'sf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] <

t/ntf a9L 5 t/ pTkfbg If]qdf hfg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n]
lgIf]ksf] Aofhb/ / C0fsf] Aofhb/df ;d]t k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 .

C0fdf Aofhb/ #% k|ltztn] 36\bf klg pBf]uwGbf

lsg km:6fpg ;s]gg\ / sxfFg]/ s] tfnd]n ldn]g <

klxn]sf] eGbf Aofhb/df #% k|ltzt lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 .
sd Aofhb/ kfpFbf klg pTkfbg j[l4 / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f x'g ;s]g . of]
ljifo cToGt ;+j]bgzLn 5 . c b]zdf Aofhb/ )=% k|ltzt 36\bf
pTkfbg If]q w]/} t+lu|G5 . ef/td} )=% k|ltzt Aofhb/ 36fpg dlxgf}+b]lv
gLltlgdf{tfaLr 5nkmn eO/fv]sf] x'G5 . )=% k|ltzt 36fP olt
pTkfbg a9fpF5f}+ eg]/ bafa l;h{gf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ pBf]ukltx . o;n]
cGttM pBf]uwGbfnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 klg . t/, xfdLsxfF #% k|ltzt;Dd
36\bf klg pTkfbg If]qdf nufgL a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff,
jftfj/0f, cfTdljZjf; dxTjk"0f{ s'/f /x]5g\ . w]/} Aofhb/ 36\bf C0f
nufgL a9\g'kg{] xf], t/ To;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . C0fsf] dfu ePsf] 5}g .
pBf]uwGbf v'n]sf 5}gg\ . !@ jif{sf] aLrdf oltw]/} Aofhb/ 36\bf klg
pTkfbg If]qdf C0f nufgL gx'g' b'vb\ s'/f xf] .

of] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ s;n] s] ug{'k5{ <

cfly{s ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd gNofpg] xf] eg] Aofhb/ 36fP/
dfq} shf{sf] dfu a9\bf] /x]g5 . pBf]uwGbf :yfkgf ePsf 5}gg\ eGg]
s'/f C0fsf] dfun] klg b]vfpF5 . pTkfbgd"ns If]qsf] ljsf; gx'g'df
Aofhb/dfq} xf]Og, cGo s'/fn] klg k|efj kfl//x]sf 5g\ eGg] k'li6 x'G5
. nufgLsf nflu cfTdljZjf; a9\g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f klg vf]lhg'k5{ .

clt ul/a ju{df hfg] Aofhsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 lg <

/fi6 a}+sn] jfl0fHo a}+snfO{ ljkGgju{df lglZrt k|ltzt
nufgL ug{ lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 . a}+sx cfkm+} hfg g;s]sf] v08df n3'
ljsf; a}+sdfkm{t klg Tof] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .
klxn] ^& k|ltzt Aofhb/df a}+sn] Tof] If]qdf C0f nufgL u/]sf lyP
. t/, /fi6 a}+ssf] lgb{]zgnfO{ k"/f ug{ pgLxn] #$ k|ltzt Aofhb/d}
nufgL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . n3'ljQ ljsf; a}+sn] ToxL /sd !%@%
k|ltztsf] Aofhb/df nufgL ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/, pgLxn] ljkGg ju{df
u/]sf] sh{f nufgLsf] Aofhb/ 36fPsf 5}gg\ . a}+sn] Aofhb/ 36fpFbf
klg n3'ljQsf] Aofhb/df sdL cfPsf] 5}g . To;n] n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{
g} kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 . n3'ljQdf nufgL ug{]n] d'gfkmf w]/} vfPsf 5g\
. pgLxn] nfef+z /fd|} ljt/0f u/]sf 5g\ . t/, ljkGg ju{n] 36\bf]
Aofhb/sf] kmfObf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . pgLxn] $)%) k|ltzt;Dd
nfef+z ljt/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . # k|ltzt Aofhb/df C0f lbPsf a}+sn]
!@!% k|ltzt nfef+z lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . afWofTds kdf a}+sxn]
#$ k|ltztdf Aofhdf lbPsf] C0fsf] gfkmf ljkGg If]qdf hfg'kg{] xf]
t/ uO/x]sf] 5}g . ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfgsf nflu NofOPsf] ;f] sfo{qmdsf]
kmfObf cnfO{ g} ePsf] 5 . jf:tljs hgtfn] kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

/fi6 a}+sn] s[lif / hnljB't\ If]qdf !@ k|ltzt nufgL

ug{'kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] a}+ls If]qdf
s:tf] k|efj kfnf{ <

s]GLo a}+sn] NofPsf] lgb{]zg /fd|f] xf] . hnljB't\ If]qsf]
ljsf; clxn]sf] cfjZostf klg xf] . ;fy} nufgLsf] ;Defjgf ePsf]
If]q klg xf] . Ps d]ufjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu !%!& s/f]8
nufgL nufpg'k5{ . a}+sljQLo ;+:yfn] ;fgf] cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf
nflu klg 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug{'k5{ . ;fgf] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g
eg] klg a}+sxsf] 7"nf] /sd km:5 . o;n] a}+sxnfO{ g} w/fzfoL
agfpg ;S5 . hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf nufgL ug{' a}+sxsf nflu 7"nf]
hf]lvdsf] ljifo klg xf] .
hnljB't\ cfof]hgf / ljB't\ k|flws/0faLr ljB't\ vl/b laqmL ;Demf}tf
-kLkLP_ x'Fb}df cfof]hgf lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] 5}g . clxn] lgd{f0ffwLg
cfof]hgf klg la/fdLsf] cj:yfdf 5g\ . vf]nfsf] kfgL / 6jf{Og afx]s
lwtf] /fVg] j:t' x'Fb}g . hnljB't\ b]zsf] cfjZostf eP klg a}+sxsf
nflu hf]lvdsf] If]q xf] .

art stf{n] Go"g -@% k|ltztdfq_ Aofh kfpg] cj:yf

5 gL <

xf], artst{fn] Hofb} Go"g Aofhb/ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . Aofhb/
a9L kfpgsf nflu a}+sn] nufgLsf If]q klxrfg u/L nufgL a9fpg' k5{
. t/, clxn]sf] cj:yfdf Tof] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5}g\ . artstf{n]
Aofhb/ /fd|f] kfpg ;s]gg\ eg] k'FhL knfog x'g ;S5 . To;}}n] art;Fu}
nufgL klg a9fpg' kg{] x'G5 . o;sf nflu /fHon] :ki6 gLlt Nofpg'k5{
.

;g\ @))& sf] ljQLo ;d:ofkl5 g]kfndf s:tf

;'wf/sf sfd ePsf 5g\ <

a}+ls If]qsf] dfGotfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . a}+sx cGt{/fli6o
dfGotfcg';f/ cufl8 a9\g] k|of;df nfu]sf 5g\ . cGt{/fli6o :t/df
)=% k|ltzt Aofhb/ 36fpg klg dlxgf};Dd 5nkmn x'G5 t/ g]kfndf
Ps8]9 jif{sf] aLrdf #% k|ltzt Aofhb/ 36\bf klg 5nkmn} x'Fb}g .
o;sf nflu :ki6 gLlt agfpg''k5{ .

g]kfnsf] a}+ls If]qsf] C0fsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 <

g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+s, s[lif ljsf;
a}+snufotsf a}+s v/fa C0fsf sf/0f la/fdLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|]sf
5g\ . k'FhL kof{Kttf eP klg v/fa C0fsf sf/0f pgLxsf] ljQLo
cj:yf /fd|f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a}+ssf] C0fsf] u'0f:t/df ;w}+ k|Zg
lrXg p7\g] u5{ . C0fsf nflu :ki6 gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . 7"nf 3/fgfsf
Jofkf/LaLr C0f lng] c:j:Yo k|lt:kw{fn] b'3{6gf lgDtg klg ;S5
. C0f lbg' cufl8 ;f]Rg'k5{ / lgodgsf/L lgsfon] klg o;tkm{ Wofg
lbP/ ToxLcg';f/sf] gLlt agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfndf a}+ls If]qn] s:tfs:tf r'gf}tL v]lk/x]sf 5g\ <

ljQLo :yfloTjsf nflu :ki6 kdf df}ls gLlt cfpg'
cfjZos 5 . :ki6 gLlt gePsf sf/0f a]nfa]nfdf ;d:of cfpg]
u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ a]n}df ;Daf]wg ug{ :ki6 gLlt cfjZos 5 .

n'lDagL a}+ssf] ;du| cj:yf s:tf] 5 clxn] <

l j Q L o c j : y f ;jn 5 . a}+s clxn] 6k 6]g leq 5 . ;d:ofu|:t

cj:yfdf k'u]sf] a}+s of] cj:yfdf cfpg' ;sf/fTds ljifo xf] . ut
jif{ gjb'u{f kmfOgfG;;Fu dh{/ ePsf] 5 . cGo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu
klg dh{/df hfg ;DefJotf vf]hL eO/x]sf] 5 . alnof] a}+s agfpg
dh{/ cfjZos 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

17

a}+sx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]

aflif{s k|ltj]bg x]g]{ xf] eg]
;~rfngdf /x]sf #) afl0fHo
a}+sdWo] ;a}eGbf j9L tnj
;'ljwf PgcfO;L Pl;of a}+ssf
;lzg hf]zLn] kfPsf]
b]lvG5 .

s/f]8 tnj
yfKg] a}+s/x?

;'bz{g ;fksf]6f

af

l0fHo a}+sdf ;a}eGbf j9L tnj tyf ;'ljwf s;sf]

xf]nf < of] lh1f;f w]/}nfO{ x'g ;S5 . ut cfly{s
jif{sf] k|ult tyf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] of]hgf kfl/t
ug{ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef ;s]sf a}+sx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] aflif{s
k|ltj]bg x]g]{ xf] eg] ;~rfngdf /x]sf #) afl0fHo a}+sdWo]
;a}eGbf j9L tnj ;'ljwf PgcfO;L Pl;of a}+ssf ;lzg
hf]zLn] kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
a}+sx?n] k|d'v sfo{sf/Lx?nfO{ tnjsf ;fy}, k|f]T;fxg eQf,
sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if Joj:yf / cGo ;'ljwf u/]/ aflif{s tnj
;'ljwf ljt/0f u5{g\ . o; jfx]s pgLx?nfO{ rfns ;lxtsf]
;jf/L ;'ljwf, OGwg, 6]lnkmf]g, cfjf; nufotsf cGo ;'ljwf
klg pknAw x'G5g\ .
ut cfly{s aif{df pgn] emG8} b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF tnj ;'ljwf k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\ . hf]zLn] Ps s/f]8 cf7 nfv tna / *@ nfv &#
xhf/ ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . b'j} u/]/ pgsf] tnj ;'ljwf Ps
s/f]8 () nfv &$ xhf/ ?k}ofF k'U5 .

k|d'v sfo{sf/Lx?n] kfPsf] of] s'n tnj ;'ljwf eg]
l;w} 3/ lnP/ hfg kfpFb}gg\ . k|d'v sfo{sf/Lsf] tnjaf6 #%
k|ltzt;Dd s/ -cfo_ ;/sf/n] lnG5 .
a}+sx?sf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/, !) a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/Lx?sf]
tnj ;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofFeGbf dfly 5 . s/f]8dfly tnj
;'ljwf x'g] a}+sx?df PgcfO;L Pl;of / d]uf a}+ssf ;fy} g]kfn

OGe]i6d]G6 a}+s,
nIdL
a}+s,
PgPdaL a}+s,
:6\ofG88{ rf6{8{
a}+s, l;len
a}+s, k|e' a}+s,
k|fOd sdl;{on
a}+s, glan a}+s,
n'lDagL a}+s,
hgtf a}+ssf
k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[t 5g\ .
tLg
j6f afl0fHo
a}+sx?sf]
aflif{s tnj
;'ljwf
eg]
Ps
aif{
k'/fgf] tYof+ssf]
cfwf/df 5 .
k|e' a}+s, a}+s
ckm sf7df08" / nIdL a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] kfPsf]
tnj ;'ljwf Ps aif{ k'/fgf] xf] .

;lzg hf]zLkl5 j9L tnj ;'ljwf a'g]df d]uf a}+s
g]kfndf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t clgns]z/L zfx x'g\ . pgsf]
aflif{s tnj ;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 &% nfv @% xhf/ ?k}ofF 5 .
o;dWo] @* nfv @% xhf/ eQf dfq} xf] .

g]kfn OGe]i6d]G6 a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t
Hof]ltk|sfz kf08]n] *^ nfv $) xhf/ tnj a'5g\ eg] &!
nfv ## xhf/ eQf a'5g\ . l;len a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[t lszf]/ dxh{gsf] tnj ;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 %^ nfv
?k}ofF 5, h;dWo] !@ nfv ?k}ofF eQf xf] .

l;lenkl5 j9L tnj ;'ljwf a'g]df :6\ofG88{ rf6{8{
a}+s g]kfnsf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t 5g\ . pgn] aflif{s Ps
s/f]8 $# nfv ?k}ofF tnj ;'ljwf kfpF5g o;dWo] #& nfv
!( xhf/ eQf xf] .
PgPdaL a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t pk]G kf}8]nsf] tnj
kmfu'g@)&!

18

;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 $! nfv ?k}ofF 5 . n'lDagL a}+ssf k|d'v

sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] s'n tnj tyf ;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 !^ nfv
?k}ofF 5 . o;dWo] eQf @& nfv ?k}ofF xf] .

k|fOd a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L gf/fo0fbf; dfgGw/sf]
tnj ;'ljwf Ps s/f]8 ^ nfv ?k}ofF 5 . pgn] eQf jfkt yk
$* nfv (^ xhf/ ?k}ofF a'5g\ . k|fOdkl5 j9L tnj ;'ljwf

a'g]df hgtf a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t 8f= /d]zs'df/

e/fO{ 5g\ . pgsf] &$ nfv (# xhf/ tnj / @* nfv $^
xhf/ eQf 5 .

7"nf] a}+s ePklg cGo a}+ssf] t'ngfdf glan a}+ssf
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] tnj ;'ljwf clnslt sd 5 . pgn]
aflif{s Ps s/f]8 b'O{ nfv ?k}ofF tnj a'5g\ .

Ps s/f]8b]lv sd / *) nfv ?k}ofFeGbf dfly tnj
;'ljwf a'g]df Unf]an cfOPdOsf /Tg/fh ah|frfo{, l;4fy{sf
;'/]G eG8f/L, lxdfnogsf czf]s /f0ff, ;flgdfsf e'jgs'df/
bfxfn / ;]~r'/L
sdl;{on a}+ssf
cg'hdl0f
ltldlN;gf 5g\ .
&) b]lv *)
nfvsf] lardf
tnj
;'ljwf
l;l6hG;\ a}+s
OG6/g]zgnsf
/fhgl;+x eG8f/L,
df5fk'R5]sf
t'n;L/fd uf}td /
Pe/]i6 a}+ssf Ps]
cfxn'jflnof 5g\
. %) nfvb]lv
dfly tnj a'g]df
PgaL a}+ssf 1fg]G 9'fgf, s'df/L a}+ssf pbos[i0f pkfWofo,
;g/fOh a}+ssf k"j{ k|d'v sfo{sf/L ;'/]Gdfg k|wfgsf] 5 .

%) nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd tnj ;'ljwf x'g]df ;/sf/L
:jfldTjsf tLg j6} a}+ssf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t 5g\ . g]kfn
a}+ssf k"j{ k|d'v sfo{sf/L dx]Zj/nfn >]i7, /fli6o afl0fHo
a}+ssf s[i0fk|;fb zd{f, s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf lnnfk|sf; l;6f}nf,
g]kfn P;lacfO a}+ssf cfnf]s s'df/, Pgl;;L a}+ssf cd[tr/0f
>]i7sf] tnj ;'ljwf %) nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd 5 .

k"jf{Grn If]qdf gofF n3'ljQ a}+s yk ePsf] 5 . O6x/Ldf
k|wfg sfof{no ePsf] :jb]zL n3'ljQ ljsf; a}+s df3 clGtd ;ftfb]vL
;Grfngdf cfPsf] xf] .

;ft s/f]8 ?k]ofF r'Qmfk"FhL /x]sf] :jb]zL n3'ljQ a}+sn]
xfn ;'g;/L / df]/\df Ps Ps zfvf 5g\ eg] lgs6 elj:od} %) cf]6f
zfvf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf] a}+ssf cWoIf nfnd0fL hf];Ln] atfP .
a}+ssf] pb\3f6g ub}{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf ue{g/ 8f o'j/fh vltj8fn]
;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj k"/f gu/L a9L gfkmf sdfpg] ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{
dfkb08 agfP/ s8f sf/afxL ul/g] atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] ;dfhnfO{
kfRo gx'g] u/L ljQLo ;+:yfn] gfkmf sdfpg] u/]sfn] ;fdflhs

pQ/bfloTjnfO{ lal;{P/ gfkmf sdfpg]nfO{ dfkb08 agfP/ lgodg ul/g]

atfP .

ljQLo ;]jf gk'u]sf] 7fpFdf ;+:yf vf]Ng'ko, ;'uddf dfq
;+:yf vf]Nbf 9f]sf aGb ug{;Sg] cj:yf klg cfpg ;Sg] atfpFb} ue{g/
vltj8fn] dfkb08 k"/f gug{]nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgodg ug{] / ;'ud
If]qdf dfq ljQLo ;+:yf gvf]nL b'u{d If]qdf vf]Ng ;'emfj lbP .

pgn] ;r]t ubf{ klg c6]/ u/] jfl0fHo a}+sxnfO{ h:t} 5'}
dfkb08 agfP/ n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yfsf] klg lgodg ul/g] bf]xf]ofP .
pgn] n3'ljQ ;+:yfn] $) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd gfkmf sdfPsf] atfpFb}
n3'ljQ ;+:yf c;fwf/0f gfkmf sdfpgsf nflu gePsf] k|:6 kf/] .
kmfu'g@)&!

19

c?0f kmfOgfG;
;d:ofu|:t
shf{ nufgL / lgIf]k ;+sngdf k|ltjGw
;'g;/Lsf] w/fgl:yt c?0f kmfOgfG; lnld6]8 ;d:ofu|:t ePsf]
5 . @)&! sflt{s d;fGtsf] ljQLo ljj/0f cg';f/ ^@ k|ltzt
lgl:qmo shf{, C0ffTds k"FhLsf]if /x]sfn] kmfOgfG;nfO{ g]kfn
/fi6 a}+sn] ;d:ofu|:t 3f]lift u/]sf] xf] .
;d:ofu|:t 3f]if0f ul/P;Fu} /fi6 a}+sn] ;+:yfnfO{ gofF lgIf]k
;+sng ug{ / C0f nufgL ug{ k|ltjGw nufPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf cg';f/ kmfOgfG;nfO{ k6s k6s ;'wf/sf]
nflu ;'emfj lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf] k6s @)&) k';sf]
ckl/is[t ljQLo ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] :ynut lg/LIf0faf6
;'kl/j]IfsLo
;dfof]hg kl5
klg
k'FhLsf]if
!(=!) k|ltztn]
C 0 f f T d s
/x]sf], lgis[o shf{
*)=)^ k|ltzt
/x]sf],
shf{
s]Gb|Ls/0f
eO
hf]lvd pRr /x]sf]
tyf /fi6 a}+saf6
tf]lsP adf]lhd
Go"gtd r'Qmf k'FhL
?= @) s/f]8
gk'u]sf]
h:tf
uDeL/ k|s[ltsf
s}lkmotx?
b]lvPsf sf/0f
;+:yfnfO{
;d:ofu\:t 3f]lift
ul/Psf] xf] .
u
t
c;f] h d;fGtsf]
ljlQo
ljj/0f
cfpFbf
;d]t
;+:yfsf] l:ytLdf
;'wf/ gcfPkl5
;d:ofu|:t ljQLo
;+:yf 3f]if0ff lsg

gug]{ egL :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ /fi6 a}+sn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/
;+:yfaf6 k]z x'g cfPsf] :ki6Ls/0fdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug]{ s'g}
7f]; of]hgf Pjd\ /0fgLlt k]z gu/]sf] tyf @)&! sflt{s
d;fGtsf] ljQLo ljj/0f cg';f/ klg k'FhLsf]if C0ffTds g} /x]/
lgis[o shf{sf] cg'kft pRr x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfn] k]z
u/]sf] :ki6Ls/0faf6 ;+:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{tk{m ljZj;gLo cfwf/
gb]lvPsf] / xfn pQm ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yf lgs} sdhf]/
/x]sf]n] ;+:yf, lgIf]kstf{, ;j{;fwf/0f nufgLstf{ Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu pQm ;+:yfnfO{ a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] zL3| ;'wf/fTds sf/jfxL ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL,
@)^$ sf] ljlgod # sf] v08 -_ sf] -c_ cg';f/ sf/jfxL
ug{ tyf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf *^ v=adf]lhd
;+:yfnfO{ ;d:ofu|:t ljQLo ;+:yf 3f]if0ff u/LPsf] /fi6 a}+ssf]
egfO 5 .
ut df3 !@ ut] /fi6 a}+sn] Ps ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/ ;+:yfnfO{
;d:ofu|:t 3f]if0ff u/];Fu} ^ dlxgfleq !@ a'Fb] lgb]{zg kfng ul/
;+:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] xf] .
kmfu'g@)&!

20

nufgL a9\bf]
lgIf]k 36\bf]

lgIf]k a[l4
b/ 36\of]

ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo

;+:yfx?sf] lgIf]k ^=) k|ltzt -?=
*# ca{ &^ s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3NNff] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf lgIf]k *=)
k|ltzt -?= (% ca{ $! s/f]8_ n] a9]sf]
lyof] . jflif{s ljGb'ut cfwf/df @)&! k';
d;fGtdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] lgIf]k
!^=! k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . ;dLIff cjlwdf
jfl0fHo a}+s / ljQ sDkgLx?sf] lgIf]k qmdzM
&=@ k|ltzt / @=# k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 eg]
ljsf; a}+sx?sf] lgIf]k !=! k|ltztn] 36]sf]
5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf jfl0fHo
a}+s, ljsf; a}+s / ljQ sDkgLx?sf] lgIf]k
qmdzM &=@ k|ltzt, !#=( k|ltzt / *=$
k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . s]xL ljsf; a}+sx?
Jffl0fHo a}+sx?df dh{ ePsf]n] ;dLIff
cjlwdf ljsf; a}+sx?sf] lgIf]k 36]sf] /fi6
a}+sn] hgfPsf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&!)&@ sf] 5 dlxgfsf] cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf] shf{ tyf nufgL b/ a9]sf] 5 eg] lgIf]ksf] j[l4 b/ 36]sf] 5 .

g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf cg';f/ rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] k'; d;fGt;Dd a}+s tyf
ljlQo ;+:yfx?sf] shf{ nufgL (=% k|ltzt -?= !@% ca{ #( s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] 5 .
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ tyf nufgL &=# k|ltzt -?= *# ca{ ^^
s/f]8_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?af6 gLlh If]qdf
k|jflxt s'n shf{ !!=^ k|ltzt - !@( ca{ @* s/f]8_n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ ( k|ltzt - *$ ca{ *# s/f]8_n] a9]sf] lyof] . jflif{s
ljGb'ut cfwf/df a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yfx?af6 gLlh
If]qdf k|jflxt shf{
@!=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] g]kfn /fi6| a}+sn] hgfPsf] 5 .
;dLIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfxaf6 lghL If]qdf k|jflxt shf{dWo] cf}Bf]lus
pTkfbg If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= #$ ca{ !@ s/f]8 -!%=# k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= @@ ca{ #^ s/f]8 -!!=& k|ltzt_ n]
a9]sf] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/tkm{sf] shf{ ?= #@ ca{ &$ s/f]8
-!#=$ k|ltzt_ n], lgdf{0f If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= !^ ca{ $^ s/f]8 -!#=* k|ltzt_ n]
/ oftfoft, ;~rf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= % ca{ (* s/f]8 -!@=^
k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/tkm{sf]
shf{ ?= @^ ca{ #* s/f]8 -!#=# k|ltzt_ n], lgdf{0f If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= ( ca{ ^@
s/f]8 -!)=) k|ltzt_ n] / oftfoft, ;~rf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= !
ca{ ^& s/f]8 -#=* k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L, cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
s[lif If]qtkm{sf] shf{ ?= $ ca{ !! s/f]8 -!)=# k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] t'ngfdf ;dLIff
cjlwdf ?= ^ ca{ $# s/f]8 -!@=^ k|ltzt_ n] a9]sf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

21

7'nf Joj;foLsf] k|j]z

w/fgsf] ljsf;df
dxTjk"0f{

cGt{jftf{
xfdLn] sdfOsf] s]xL c+z ;d'bfod} ;xof]u
ug'{ k5{ eg]/ z'? b]vL g} ;fdflhs sfddf
vr{ ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . wfld{s If]qsf] ljsf;,
z}lIfs If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / lk5l8Psf
;'s'Djf;L tyf blnt j:tLdf vfg]kfgL
;'ljwf nufotdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+
. To;sf] ;fy} ul/j lj/fdLnfO{ lgMz'Ns
PDj'n]G; ;]jf ;d]t lbb} cfPsf 5f}+ .

a/fx Hj]n/L k|fln cGt{ut sxfF sxfF s] s] Joj;fo ;Grflnt 5g\ <

of] sDkgL cGt{ut w/fgdf a/fx Hj]n/L, z'esfdgf l8kf6{d]G6 :6f]/, l8:Sjfo/ Sofkm],
afn ;+;f/ / s]xL lbgb]vL lrlgofF ;+;f/ ;d]t ;Grflnt 5 . To;sf] ;fy} w/fg sf7df8f}+ tyf w/fg
lj/f6gu/ ;'ljwf ;DkGg ofq' j; ;]jf, ;j{ z'ne PDj'n]G;, vfg]kfgL ;]jf ;Grflnt 5 eg] /]ld6fG;
e'QmfgL ;]jf / ;xsf/L ;]jf ;d]t pknAw 5 .

To:t} sf7df8f}df klg tLg 7fpFdf Hj]n/L ;]jf 5 . kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]qdf dlxnfx?nfO{
uxgf agfpg] tflnd lbP/ uxgf pBf]u ;Grfng ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF Ps;o hgf dlxnf sfl/u/n] sfd
ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . x\s\ / l;+ufk'/df klg a/fxsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf Hj]n/L ;~rflnt 5g\ . a/fx Hj]n/L k|fln
cGt{ut # ;o %) hgf eGbf jl9n] k|ToIf /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . To:t} s[kf l8lh6n :6'l8of]sf] gfdaf6
;'ljwf ;DkGg cGt{/fli6o :t/sf] /]sl8{\ :6'l8of] ;d]t ;Grflnt 5 .

efjL of]hgf rfFxL s] s:tf 5g\ <

ev{}/} rfOlgh ;+:ff/ ;Grfngdf cfPsf] 5 . sf/f]jf/ lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf sf/f]jf/ :yn ;fF3'/f]
x'g] ;d:of 5 . To;nfO{ xn ug{ glhs}sf] Pp6f 3/ / hUuf vl/b u/]sf 5f}+ . ca ToxfF Hj]/Lsf] ;f] ?d
;f/]/ lkf6{d]G6nfO{ s]xL km/flsnf] kfg]{ tof/Ldf 5f}+ . To;kl5 qmdfut ?kdf gofF hUufdf ejg yk u/]/
Ifdtf klg j9fpg] of]hgf 5 . sf7df8f}sf] lkknaf]6df Hj]n;{sf] ;f]?d yk ug]{, ToxfF ;'grfFbLsf kTy/
hl8t uxgf ljlqm ljt/0f ;]jf ;Grfng x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} xfn cGo Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ tkm{ xfd|f]
;f]r ag]sf] 5}g . a? xfdL clxn] eO /x]sf ;]jfnfO{ s;/L jl9 eGbf jl9 u|fxsd'vL agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] lrGtgdf 5f}+ . eO/x]sf ;]jfnfO{ u|fxssf] ;'emfj cg';f/ Jojl:yt ub}{ nfg] ;f]r /x]sf] 5 .

xfn yk ePsf of]hgfdf slt nufgL a9]sf] 5 <

ev{/} ;Grfngdf NofOPsf] rfOlgh ;+;f/df Ps s/f]8 %) nfv nufgL ePsf] 5 . gofF ejg lgdf{0f
x'Fbf !) s/f]8 nufgL ylkg] cg'dfg 5 . a; ;]jfdf sl/j tLg s/f]8 nufgL ePsf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

22

w/fg
sf7df8f}+
;'ljwfo'Qm
j; ;]jf
t rnfpg'
eof] t/ a;
;]jf cg';f/
af6fdf
ofq'sf] nflu
vfgf vfg]
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To; tkm{ s]
;f]Rg' ePsf]
5<

of] ;'emfj
w]/} z'elrGtsaf6 cfPsf] 5 . o; ljifodf xfdL klg ulDe/ 5f}+ t/
u|fxssf] dfu cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf lbg xfdL;Fu cg'ejL hgzlQmsf]
cefj 5 . t/ o; s'/fdf xfdL u+le/ 5f}+ . To:t} xfd|f] j; ;]jf c?
eGbf km/s x'g'k5{ eg]/ xfdLn] gofF ;f]r cuf8L ;f/]sf 5f}+ . j;df
ofqf ug]{ of' dxfg'efjnfO{ w/fgb]vL sf7df8f{} hfFbf cfpFbf aLrdf kg]{
dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s :yn tyf ko{6lso s]Gb|x?sf] hfgsf/Lb} cjnf]sg
;d]t u/fpg] of]hgf agfO /x]sf 5f}+ .

a/fx Hj]n/L ;dfh ;]jfdf klg lgSs} ;lqmo 5 gL x}g <

a/fxdf
rfOlgh ;+;f/

a/fx Hj]n/L OG8li6h k|flnn] w/fgdf rfOlgh
;dfgx?sf] k;n rfOlgh ;+;f/ ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
Ps s/f]8 nufgLdf w/fg % l:yt a/fx l8kf6{d]G6sf] bf];|f] tNnfdf
df3 clGtd ;ftfb]vL rfOlgh ;fdfgx?sf] ahf/ ;Grfngdf
cfPsf] xf] .
afnaflnsfsf v]nf}gf, df]afO{n, 3/fo;L cfO{6d, rfh{/, /fO{;
s's/ nufotsf Ps xhf/eGbf a9L cfO{6d /flvPsf] a/fxsf
zfvf k|d'v dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{n] atfP .

cfFkm"x?n] rfOgfaf6} ;dfg NofP/ pkef]QmfnfO{ a]Rg]
ePsfn] cGo ahf/eGbf #) k|ltzt ;:tf] kg{] pgn] bfaL u/] .
w/fg pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t l6sfbQ /fO{n]
rfO{gLh ;+;f/sf] pb\3f6g ub{} o;n] w/fgjf;LnfO{ nfe k'ofpg]
atfP .
sfo{qmddf ;'g;/L pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf ;/f]h >]i7n] a/
fxaf6 cGo Jofkf/Ln] klg kf7 l;Sg' kg{] pNn]v u/] .

xfdLn] sdfOsf] s]xL c+z ;d'bfod} ;xof]u ug'{ k5{ eg]/
z'? b]vL g} ;fdflhs sfddf vr{ ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . wfld{s If]qsf]
ljsf;, z}lIfs If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / lk5l8Psf ;'s'Djf;L tyf
blnt j:tLdf vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf nufotdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ .
To;sf] ;fy} ul/j lj/fdLnfO{ lgMz'Ns PDj'n]G; ;]jf ;d]t lbb} cfPsf
5f}+ . ;Grf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{ kqsf/x?sf] ;femf ejg g]kfn
kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] ejg lgdf{0f ug{ Ps d'i7 !) nfv ?k}ofF k|bfg
u/]sf 5f}+ eg] ;fgf ltgf w]/} ;dfh pkof]lu sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf 5f}+
eGg] nfUb5 . /Qmbfg hLjgbfg eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg x/]s jif{
jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/ kf/]/ /Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ .

w/fgdf ef6e6]gL, uf]vf{ l8kf6{d]G6 h:tf sDkgLx?n]

Jofkfl/s ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ tof/L ul/ /x]sf 5g\ o;n]
tkfOFx?nfO{ c;/ gunf{ <

w/fgdf ef6e6]gL, uf]vf{ h:tf sDkgLsf 7"nf Jofkfl/s
sDKn]S;x? ;Grfngdf cfpg' eg]sf] w/fgsf] ljsf;sf] nflu xf] tL
;+:yfx? oxfF cfPeg] xfdLn] lbg g;s]sf ;]jfx? klg w/fgjf;Ln] k|fKt
ug{ kfpg' x'G5 . To;n] ubf{ w/fgdf clxn] gkfOg] ;fdfg h;/L jflx/
lsGg hfg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 To;sf] cGTo x'G5 . o:tf] x'g' eg]sf] cfk\
mgf] 7fpFsf] ljsf; x'g' xf] . 7"nf sDkgL cfpFbf a/fxnfO{ gs/fTds x}g
;sf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . pxfFx?af6 xfdLn] l;Sg] cj;/ kfpF5f}+ sfd ug]{
z}nL cfcfk\mg} x'G5g\ . ;du|df eGg' kbf{ w/fgdf 7"nf Jofkfl/s dn
v'Ng' eg]sf] xfd|f] w/fg / xfdL w/fg]jf;Lsf] ljsf; x'g' xf] .

s]xL ;do cl3 k'/:s[t x'g' eof] s:tf] nflu /x]5 <

ef/tLo blnt ;flxTo Ps]8]dLaf6 d}n] 8f= cDa]8s/
km]nf]l;k ;Ddfg @)!$ af6 ;Ddlgt x'g] cj;/ kfPF . of] ;Ddfg eg]sf]
o'jf cj:yfd} u/]sf] joj;fo / ;fdflhs sfd jfktsf] xf] eGg] dnfO
nfu]sf] 5 . pQm ;+:yfnfo{ dnfO blnt / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf of]ubfg
u/]sf] eg]/ ;Ddfg lbPsf] xf] .

/fd|f] sfd / ldlxg]t u/]kl5 To;sf] k|ltkmn ldNg] /x]5 eGg]
s'/fsf] jf]w ePsf] 5 . ;Ddfgn] dnfO{ yk lhDd]jf/ x'g' kg]{ dx;'z
u/fPsf] 5 . ;Ddfgn] xfn ub}{ cfPsf sfdnfO{ cem} w]/} ;lqmotfsf
;fy dfgljo lxtdf ;dk{0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] k|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

23

kmfu'g@)&!

24

cfn]v

s]GLo tYof ljefusf] ;g\ @)!! sf] cfly{s ;j{]If0fdf
;g\ !((^ df g]kfnsf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg ePsf $! k|ltzt hgtf ;g\
@))$ df #! k|ltztdf / ;g\ @)!! df @% k|ltztdf em/]sf] b]lvof] .
o;/L ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg x'g] hgtfsf] ;+Vof PsfPs s'g} hfb'sf] 58Ln]
cf]ln{Psf] eg] kSs} xf]Og . To;sf w]/} sf0fx? dWo] jflif{s # nfvsf]
;+Vofdf ljb]lzPsf pj{/ g]kfnL >ldsn] ljb]zdf a]r]sf] >daf6 k|fKt
ljk|]if0f Ps k|d'v xf] . t/ o;/L /ftlbg gegL s'g} eo / hf]lvd;Fu klg
g8/fO sfddf le8]sf tL tdfd g]kfnLsf] >daf6 cfPsf] cfh{g eg] s]
df k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 t < cWoogn] lg/fzfhgs pQ/ lbg] u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnLx? v'g kl;gf aufP/ ljb]zdf >d a]R5g\ t/ To;/L sdfPsf]
cfDbfgLsf] &( k|ltzt lx:;f b}lgs pkef]u d} vr{ u5{g\ . bL3{sfn;Dd
l6Sg] k"FhLut nuflgdf t s]jn @ k|ltzt dfq vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5
. ;g\ @)!! df g]kfn lelqPsf] ljk|]if0fsf] k|of]uaf/] s]GLo tYof
ljefun] u/]sf] ;j{]If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

x'g t ljk|]if0faf6 cfpg] k};fnfO{ s] df jf s;/L vr{ ug{]
eg]/ c? s;}n] l6Kk0fL ug{] ljifo klg xf]Og . Tof] ljNs'n sdfpg]
JolQm jf kl/jf/sf] :j]R5fdf e/kg{] s'/f xf] < t/ /fli6o b[li6sf]0faf6
x]l/Fbf eg] b]zdf lelqPsf] Toqf] wg/fzLn] k"FhL lgdf{0f gul//x]sf] /
vfglkg tyf cfxf/ljxf/ d} ;j} k};f vlr{Psf] b]Vbf tTsfnsf] hLjg
ofkgdf tL kl/jf/nfO{ ;'ljwf ePsf] b]lvP klg bL3{sfn;Dd To;
wgn] lgoldt pkfh{g ug{;Sg] ;+efjgf a'lRrPsf] b]lvG5 . a? pN6}
d'fsf] ahf/df k|jfx cTolws ePsf sf/0fn] d'fl:kmtL a9\g] jf
dx+uL a9\g] ;+efjgf eg] ljk|]if0fsf sf/0f ;Fw} ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;x/df a:g] xf];\ jf ufpFdf, ljk|]if0faf6 cfDbfgL ug{]x?sf] hLjg k4lt
g} kl/jt{g x'g] / vr{ ug{] afgL Joxf]/fdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L j}lbzs /f]huf/Laf6 sdfPsf] k};f kmh'n vr{df
a9L aUg] u/]sf] tYo cfly{s ;j{]If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

jf:tjdf t];|f] ljZjsf k|fo ;a} b]zsf] d'Vo cfo;|f]tsf
?kdf ljk|]if0f /xg] u/]sf] 5 . dfgj ljsf; kl/;"rsn] klg o;/L
ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgL s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #) k|ltzt;Dd
x'g] u/]sf] tYo k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . t];|f] ljZjsf dhb'/x?sf] ultzLntf

/fd|f /fd|f cj;/x?sf] vf]hLsf nflu ;+;f/e/ x'b} cfPsf] Oltxf; 5 .

/f]h -!((&_ eG5g\ cGt/fli6o >d ahf/df cNk ljsl;t d'n'ssf
>ldsx? ljsl;t d'n'sdf /fd|f] Hofnfsfnflu hfg' ;fwf/0f s'/f xf] .
;g\ @))*)( sf] ljZj dGbLsf sf/0f k"/} ljZjsf] ljk|]if0f cf};tdf ^
k|ltztn] 36]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fdf s'g}jif{ klg lu/fj6
gcfPsf] tYof ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))*)( df @)( ca{
ljk|]if0f lelqPsf] g]kfndf To;kl5 of] cfo a9\g] qmd hf/L /xFb} @))
(!) df @#! ca{ / @)!)!! df a9]/ @%# ca{ k'Uof] . ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{] dGbLn] g]kfnnfO{ eg] g5f]Psf] s'/f cy{zf:qLx?
atfpF5g\ . o; qmddf ;g\ !((* b]lv xfn;Dd g} o;sf] a9\g] qmd
oyfjt} 5 . ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] r/d cj:yfdf t emg\ g]kfn cfpg]
ljk|]if0f j[l4b/ (=% k|ltzt / !* k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))
( df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] c+zsf ?kdf u0fgf ubf{ ljk|]if0f lelqg]
kfFrf} 7"nf] b]zsf ?kdf g]kfn ulgPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] o; cjlwdf s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @$=* k|ltzt c+z a/fa/sf] ljk|]if0f g]kfn lelqPsf]
5.
ljk|]if0f leq\
ofpg] ;+ul7t
Pjd\ JolQmut
k|ltzt
; + : y f x ? s f ] pkof]u lzif{s
k|of]u g]kfndf b}lgs pkef]u
&(
Jofks dfqfdf
&
ePsf] 5 . C0f e'QmfgL
j]:6g{ o'lgog, 3/]n' ;fdfg
%
cfOPdO,
l x d f n lzIff
$
/]ld6, k|e' dlg
@
6fG;km/ h:tf k'FhLut vr{
s}og ;+:yfx? cGo
#
j}wflgs 9+un]
!))
ljk|]if0f g]kfn hDdf
leq\ofpg] sfd
ul//x]sf 5g\
eg] cj}wflgs
x'08Lx?;~rfng
u/]/ klg Jofkf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx? ljk|]if0fsf] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\
. g]kfn lelqg] k};f b]v]/ h'g pT;fx ;/sf/L tYof jf cy{zf:qLn]
b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ o;sf] cj}w g]kfn k|j]zdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;s] ;/sf/L
kmfu'g@)&!

25

/fh:jdf ;d]t jl4 x'g] s'/f kSsf 5 .

/yf -@))%_ n] eg]sf 5g\ ls ;/sf/L :jLs[t dfu{af6
hlt ljk|]if0f g]kfn lelqG5 To:sf] %) k|ltzt hlt /sd cj}w ?kdf
x'08Lx?af6 klg cfpg] u/]sf] 5 h;sf] tYof ;/sf/ jf s'g} a}s;Fu
klg x'b}g .

lsg cj}w af6f] ;dfTg afWo 5g\ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]
g]kfnLx? < o;sf] pQ/ ;/n 5 . Psflt/ a}+s rfh{ ltg{'kg{] csf{lt/
ljlgdodf klg vf]h]h:tf] b/ gkfOg] . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 ls cj}w ?kdf
dlg 6f:km/ ug{]x?n] ;6xLb/ klg a}+ssf] eGbf a9L lbg] u/]sf /x]5g\
. htf w]/} nfe x'G5 pt} hfg' :jefljs xf] . t/ a}+s dfkm{t k7fpFbf
hf]lvd /lxt x'g] s'/f eg] ;a} sfdbf/ hfGb5g\ . a9L hf]lvd lnP/ klg
x'08Lsf] af6f] ;dfT5g\ pgLx? yf]/}k};fsf] nfnrdf . o;/L nfnrdf
k/]sf dWo] em08} ^=# k|ltzt t jif{]lg 7lug] klg u5{g\ . g]kfndf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L eP nuQ} j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^# klg
nfu' eof] . To;kl5 ljb]z a;]/ sdfPsf] k};fsf] ;'/Iff / sfdbf/sf]
xs lxtsf] ;'/Iff klg k|Tofe"t eof] . ljb]z nu]/ cnkq kfl/g] tyf
ljb]zdf >d :jLs[lt a]u/ n}hfg] To;kl5 pt} aGws eP/ a:g'kg{]
cj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfof] .

k|j]z ePsf] @)) cf}+ jif{ xf] cfh ko{Gt uf]vf{nLsf] jL/tf g]kfnsf]
>Lj[l4df sfod 5 . ljk|]if0fsf] gbL g]kfn tkm{ aUg] qmd cBflk sfod
dfq xf]Og o;sf] j[l4 klg lg/Gt/ 5 . cfh g]kfnL >d ;}lgs hflu/sf
nflu dfq xf]Og ljb]zdf h'g;'s} sfd / /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg] ult emg}
tLj| ePsf] 5 .

clxn] ljb]z uP/ sfd ug{ OR5's g]kfnLn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6
/f]huf/ cg'dlt kq lng'kg{] jfWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / ;+;f/sf
Ps;o ;ft d'n'snfO{ sfd ug{ hfg kfpg] ;"rLdf ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] 5
. t/ axfb'/ uf]v{fnLx? n'sLl5lk ef/tsf] af6f] u/]/ cj}w ?kd} ePklg
;"rL aflx/sf d'n'sdf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf sfdsf] vf]hLdf uO/x]sf
5g\ / jif{]lg 7lug] n'l6g] / Hofg u'dfpg];Ddsf 36gfdf kFml;/x]sf 5g\ .
clxn] g]kfnaf6 b}lgs cf};t kfFr;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnLx?
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z pl8/x]sf 5g\ . of] tYofdf ef/t
hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof ;dfj]z 5}g . >ldssf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Zg t Psflt/
5Fb}5 To; cltl/Qm b]zsf] >d b]zleq} k|of]u x'g] jftfj/0fsf] vf]hL
ug{' g]kfnsf of]hgfljbx? ;fd'Gg] 7"nf] r'gf}ltsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf ?kdf kl/lrt of] b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{
bLuf] agfpg klg j}slNks ;|f]tsf] vf]hL cfjZos / ckl/xfo{ 5 .

ljk|]if0f cfosf] ;'?jft

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg

g]kfndf d'\nfg uP/ k};f sdfpg], cf;fd efl;g],
3/]n' >ldssf ?kdf ef/t hfg] / df};dL sfdbf/ eP/ >d a]Rg] xfd|f]
d'n'ssf gful/sx?sf] k/Dk/fut j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] k|f/lDes :j?k
xf] . c;+ul7t Pjd\ :j]R5fsf] >d ahf/sf] vf]hL g]kfnL >dn] ljb]zL
>d ahf/df /fv]sf] klxnf] kfOnfsf] :j?k xf] . 8]le8 cS6/nf]gLn]
;g\ !*!% df %))) uf]vf{nL ;]gfnfO{ la|l6; ;]gfsf] csf ?kdf etL{
ug{] k|:tfj kl5 dxf;]gfgL nfjtLsf] sdf08df klxnf] g]kfnL 6's8L
uf]vf{nL ;}lgssf ?kdf a]nfotL ;/sf/sf] hflu/] ePsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL
5 . To;} ldltb]lv g]kfndf ;+ul7t ljk|]if0fsf] cfudg k|f/De ePsf]
dfGg' kb{5 . of] ;g\ @)!$ cyf{t jL/ uf]vf{nLsf] a]nfotL ;]gfdf

cy{ dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!! df k|sflzt u/]sf] Pp6f
k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 ls @))( df g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
(=#* k|ltzt, @)!) df !!=)# k|ltzt / @)!! df !@=)# k|ltzt
c+z ljk|]if0fsf] /x]sf] 5 . dflysf] tflnsfaf6 k|i6 x'G5 ;g !((( b]lv
@)!! ;Ddsf] ljk|]if0f cfo qmdzM al9/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn lelqg] ljk|]if0fsf] emns

;g\ @)!)!! sf] cfly{s ;j{]If0fn] b]vfPsf] tYof
cg';f/ @))# sf] #!.( k|ltzt kl/jf/n] k|fKt ug{] u/]sf] ljk|]if0f cfo
a9]/ @)!)!! df %*=* k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] ljk|]if0fsf] sdfO{ leq\ofO
kmfu'g@)&!

26

k|ltJolQm cfo / ljk|]if0f

g]kfnsf] ;/b/ k|ltJolQm cfo *)) 8n/ -cy{ dGqfno,
@)!@!#_ eGbf tn 5 t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x?n] slDtdf
tLg xhf/ 8n/ b]lv !$ xhf/ 8n/;Dd cf};tdf sdfO/x]sf 5g\
eGg] Pp6f tYo cfgf] k|ldnf lg/f}nfn] ;g\ @)!$ df tof/ u/]sf]
:gfQsf]Q/sf] zf]wkqdf pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . o;/L ljk|]if0faf6 cf};t
g]kfnLsf] cfoeGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L cfh{g x'g'n] klg g]kfn nufot t];|f]
ljZjsf] >d j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf cfslif{t ePsf] 5 . o;f] t cfkm"n]
sdfPsf] /sdsf] $) k|ltzt hlt /sd h'g b]zdf sfd ug{ hfg] xf]
ToxLF vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ ar]sf] ^) k|ltztn] klg g]kfnsf]
cy{tGqdf 7"n} dxTj /fv]sf] s'/f xfdLn] :jLsfg{' k5{ .
hlt /sd a]nfotL ;]gfaf6 lgj[Qx?n] g]kfn leq\ofO/x]sf lyP
pgLx? / pgsf kl/jf/hgn] a]nfot d} :yfoL a;f]af;sf] cg'dlt
kfPkl5 uf]vf{sf gfddf cfpg] k]G;gsf] /sd g]kfn cfpg sd ePsf]
5 . o;/L cfPsf] sldsf] osLg u0fgf geP klg w/fgdf ul/Psf]
Pp6f gd"gf ;j{]If0fn] o:tf] cfDbfgLsf] &! k|ltzt /sddf lu/fj6
cfPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

ljk|]if0fsf] pkof]u 9frf

/x]sf 5g\ . / tL kl/jf/n] cf};tdf jflif{s *) xhf/ ?k}ofeGbf a9Lsf

b/n] o:tf] /sd leq\ofPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;g @)!#!$ sf] k|f/lDes
;j{]If0fn] t emg of] /sd a9]/ cf};t ! nfv @% xhf/ ?k}of eGbf dfly
k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] >d ahf/

/f]hfOsf] >d ahf/df k|j]z ug{] OR5f x/]s g]kfnL j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] gful/sn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/ z}lIfs of]Uotf,
cfgf] zLk, cGo d'n'sn] k|bfg ug{] le;f, cfgf] cfjZostf / sfdsf]
cj;/ oL ;a} s'/fsf] tfnd]n gldn];Dd /f]hfO{sf] b]zdf sfdug{
hfg] cg's'ntf gldNg ;S5 . t;y{ xfd|f gful/sx? sf]l/of, hfkfg,
Oh/fon, dsfp, xs h:tf d'n'sdf hfg] tLj| OR5f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg c/a
/ dn]l;of h:tf ;:tf >d ahf/df k|j]z ug{ jfWo 5g\ . /f]hL/f]6Lsf
nflu hfg] >dn] 5gf}6sf] ahf/ kfpg jf:tj d} sl7g x'G5 . of] >d
ahf/ l;4fGtsf] ;dfGo lgod klg xf] . ;/;lt{ x]b{f !! k|ltzt o:tf
sfdbf/ nuftf/ !% jif{ eGbf dflysf] cjlw ljb]zdf a:g] u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 eg] $% k|ltzt eg] % jif{;Dd a:g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L >d
ahf/sf] vf]hLdf hfg] s'n sfdbf/ dWo] !@=# k|ltzt sfdbf/x? b]z
kl/jt{g u/]/ sfddf hfg] klg kfOPsf] 5 . t/ h;/L ahf/df k|j]z
u/]klg jif{]lg )=)$ k|ltzt sfdbf/ b'3{6gfdf k/]sf jf d[To' ePsf]
tYof kfOPsf] 5 .

;g !((( df a]nfotn] xsnfO{ :jflwgtf k|bfg u/]kl5
g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] x\s a;fO{sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . klxn]
hflu/]sf ?kdf /x]sf nfx'/] / ltgsf cfl>tx?df ljljwtf cfPsf]
/ cGo sfdbf/sf nflu klg xs Pp6f cfsif{s uGtJo ag]sf]
5 . pBf]u Jofkf/ tyf cGo ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf ;d]t g]kfnLx?sf]
afSnf] pkl:ylt ToxfF x'g] u/]sf] 5 . pt} 3/hd u/]/ a:g] ;'ljwf ;d]t
kfPsf s}og g]kfnL u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx? ;d]t xsdf hd]sf 5g\
. ljk|]if0fsf] rrf{ u/]sf a]nf eg] -Pg cf/Pg_sf] cfDbfgL vf;} ulGtdf
x'Fb}g t/ Tof] ;d'bfo klg g]kfndf nufgL ug{ OR5's b]lvPsf] jt{dfg
kl/k|]Ifdf pgLx?n] ug{] nufgLaf6 clwstd nfe klg g]kfnLn] g} kfpg]
s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .

8f u'? -@)!!!@_ n] u/]sf] Pp6f cWoogn] klg s'n
ljk|]if0fsf] pkof]u k|j[lQnfO{ k|:6\ofPsf] 5 .
w/fgdf ul/Psf] Ps o:t} ;j{]If0fdf klg o;sf] vr{ k|j[lQdf vf;}
tflTjs cGt/ kfOPg . ljk|]if0f cfosf] s'n *) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf
/sd vfgflkgf / dgf]/~hg d} vr{ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{
ljb]zdf b'Mv kfP/ cfh{g u/]sf] /sd v'g kl;gf aufP/ hf]ufPsf]
/sdnfO{ k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] Jofkf/,Joj;fo / pBf]u snsf/vfgfdf
k|of]u x'g'eGbf vr{ eP/ hfg] ;fdfgdf vr{ ul/g'n] k};fsf] ;b'kof]u
x'g'eGbf klg g]kfnLsf] vr{ ug{] afgLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] / kmh'n vr{df
j[l4 eO To;n] ahf/ efp ;d]t a9\g uPsf] gsf/fTds c;/ klg
g]kfnL cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

o;sf] lb3{sfnLg c;/

cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|efj Jofks dfqfdf 5 . Ps
lsl;dn] g]kfnL cy{tGq ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t kfOPsf] 5 t/ o;/L
ul/Psf] e/y]un] bL3{sfndf ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ljsf;sf k"j{fwf/
lgdf{0f h:tf If]qdf nufgLsf] k|r'/ ;+s6 b]vf kg{] vt/f pTkGg x'G5
. Tolta]nf b]zg} cfly{s ?kdf w/fzfoL aGg ;S5 . ljk|]if0f alnof]
cfwf/ xf] JolQmut jf kfl/jfl/s hLjg lgjf{xsf] t/ /fi6n] o;df
lge{/ /xg] cj:yf Pp6f /fi6sf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}lt jf ;+s6 g} xf] .
u/La d'n'sx? cfhklg ljk|]if0fdf lge{/ 5g\ . xfd|f] d'n'ssf] em08} @%
k|ltzt cfDbflg a/fa/ t xfdLsxfF ljk|]if0f dfq lelqG5 . r/d dGbLsf]
cj:yf pTkGg x'g] xf] eg] ;a} eGbfklxnf a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:ofn] lylrg]
/ 7"nf] e'd/Ldf km:g] ;+efjgf klg t];|f] ljZjsf d'n'sx? s} xf] .

cGTodf

ljk|]if0f clxn]sf] ;fdlos cfjZostf o; cy{df xf] ls
xfdL kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb}gf} xfdL cNk /f]huf/Lsf]
kL8faf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5f}F . o;af6 rn]sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] ljsNk
tTsfndf xfdL lbg ;Sb}gf} . b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug{] Nofst clxn]
xfdL;Fu 5}g . a? s]xL ;dosf nflu ;'/lIft uGtJosf] tf/tDo /fHon]
g} k|Tofe"t ug{'kg{] 68\sf/f] cfjZotf 5 . bL3{sfndf ljk|]if0fsf] ljsNk
:j/f]huf/ cyjf /fi6leq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{'
h?/L 5 . cfO/x]sf] cDbfgLnfO{ 36\g glbg] tTsfnsf s]xL ;sf/fTds
sfo{ s'6gLlts 9+uaf6 ug{' cfjZos 5 . rf]/ af6f]af6 lelqg] u/]sf]
ljk|]if0fnfO{ klg ;]tf] dfu{sf] Joj:yf ug{] pkfo ;/sf/n] vf]Hg' k5{ .
t/, cGttf]uTjf ljk|]if0fsf] k/lge{/tfaf6 d'lQm clgjfo{ 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

27

;dfrf/

la/f6rf]sdf
s~rgh+uf
z+v/ Hj]n;{
OG6/k|fO{h]h

df]/sf] sf]]zLx/}Frf gu/kflnsf l:yt lj/f6rf]sdf
z+v/ Hj]n;{ OG6/g];gn k|f=ln=n] zfvf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 .

s]xL jif{b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] z+v/ Hj]n;{ OG6/
g];gn k|f=ln=n] bds, ky/L kl5 t];|f] zfvfsf] ?kdf lj/f6rf}sdf
;'grfFbLsf] ;f]?d vf]n]sf] xf] . /fd|f] nufgL u/L dfkb08 cg';f/sf
u'0f:t/Lo / cfs{ifs l8hfOgdf hf]8 lbb}F cfPsf] Hj]n;{n] hgfPsf]
5.

:yfgLosf] dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{
Joj;flos ;kmntf xft kfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fydf ;+rfngdf cfPsf]
z+v/ Hj]n;{ OG6/g];gn k|f=ln=df ;'grfFbLsf ;Dk"0f{ u/uxgf,
/f;Lcg';f/sf kTy/ / lwtf] aGbsLsf] ;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

z+v/ Hj]n;{n] s]xL dlxgf kl5 O6x/L / ljtf{df]8df ;d]t
cfufdL jif{df O6x/L tyf ljtf{df]8df ;d]t zfvf lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf
/x]sf] atfpFb} ;'grfFbLsf] sf/f]af/ /fd|f] /x]sf] Hj]]n;{sf ;~rfns
czf]s z+v/n] atfP .

lj/f6rf}sdf P;6L;L k|flnsf] clws[t ljqm]tf sGrgh+uf
OG6/k|fO{h]h ;Grfngdf cfPsf] 5 .

P;l6;L k|flnsf cWoIf ef]n]Zj/ b'nfn tyf sDkgLsf
h]g]/n d]g]h/ ;'/ts'df/n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf pb\3f6g u/]sf lyP .
OG6/k|fO{h]hdf P;l6;L sDkgLsf ljleGg ;jf/L ;fwgsf 6fo/x?
kfOg] ;+rfns dWo]sf Ps uf]ljGbk|;fb clwsf/L t]x|y'd]n] atfP .
u|fxsx?sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dWogu/ ub}{ :yfgLo 7fpFd} Joj;flos ;kmntf
xfl;n ug{ OG6/k|fOh]h ;+rfngdf NofOPsf] xf] .

OG6/k|fOh]hdf ljleGg n'la|s]G6\;\, df]6/jfOs,e]g,6|s,6\
ofS6/,j;,hLk nufot ;a} k|sf/sf ;jf/L;fwgsf 6fo/ kfOg] ;+rfns
/fh]Gb|k|;fb 9sfnn] atfP . %) nfv nufgL /x]sf] ;f] ?ddf ;ft hgf
dhb'/x?n] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf qmlds ?kn] ljsf; ub}{
dd{t s]Gb| ;d]t :yflkt ug]{ atfOPsf] 5 .

kmfu'g@)&!

28

ljZjsf] ;Dks{ efiff aGb}5

P:k]/fGtf]
(Esperanto)

>Lk|;fb kf]v|]n

shree_pokharel@yahoo.com

cfh ;+;f/sf dflg; Ps csf]{ b]zdf k'u]sf 5g\ . /f]huf/Lsf nfuL

uPsf x'g\ jf cWoogsf nfuL, e|d0fsf nfuL uPsf x'g\ jf Joj;fo
ug{ uPsf x'g\ . ;+;f/sf s'g} g s'g} b]z;Fu s'g} g s'g} lx;fjn] xfdL
klg ;DjlGwt eO ;s]sf 5f}+ .
ljb]z ofqf ug{sf nfuL ;j}eGbf klxnf efiffsf] cfjZostf kb{5
. s] xfdLn] ;j} b]zsf] efiff l;ls/fVg] t < o:tf] klg ;Dej ePg
. xfd|f w]/} bfh' efO,lbbL alxgL ljb]z ofqf ubf{ efiffsf sf/0fn]
;d:ofdf k/]sf 5g\ . cfhsf] o'u eg]sf] OG6/g]6sf] o'u xf] ;fy}
hLjg ofkgsf nfuL ;+;f/nfO{ jNnf] kNnf] ufpF h:tf] agfpg] o'u
xf] . g]kfnaf6 dn]lzof hfg' l5d]sLsf] 3/ hfg' h:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 .

;+;f/sf dflg; gk'u]sf] s'g} b]z 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;j} b]]zsf
dflg;n] ;j} b]zsf] efiff l;s]/ klg ;fWo gx'g] . tkfO{+
eGg' xf]nf c+u|]hL efiff l;s] eOxfNof] lg . xfd|f]
h:tf] ;fgf] b]zdf t ;o eGbf al9 efiff af]lnG5
eg] s] ;+;f/ el/ c+u|]hL efiff af]lnG5 xf]nf <
cx+ la|l6; k|folkx? afx]ssf b]zdf c+u|]hL
efiff d'l:snn] dfq af]lnG5 .
dflg;n] ;+;f/sf laleGg efiffefifLaLr
cfkm\gf rfxgf / cfjZostfn] ljrf/sf]
cfbfg k|bfg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ca xfdLnfO{
Pp6f o:tf] ;Dks{ efiff rflxPsf] 5 ls h;n]
;+;f/nfO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lhnf]xf];\ . o;f] elg /xFbf s'g}
7"nf] b]zsf] efiffnfO{ cGt{/fli6o ;Dks{ efiff agfcf}+ eGg]
cfpnf . ^)! ;ef;b ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+;bdf t !# efiffdf ;ky
vfG5g\ eg] s'g b]zsf] efiffnfO{ ljZj ;Dks{ efiff agfpg] <
olb s'g} b]zsf] efiffnfO{ ljZj ;Dks{ efiff agfpg] xf] eg] csf{sf]
efiff l;Sg]n] dft[efifLn] h:tf] af]Ng ;Sb}g . h;/L c+u|]hn] g]kfnL
efiff af]Nbf xfdL xfF:b5f}+ To;/L g} pgLx?sf] efiff l;s]/ xfdLn]
af]Nbf pgLx? klg xfF:g]5g\ . km]/L efiffsf sf/0fn] xfd|f] df}lns /xg
;xg,;+:s[ltdf klg cfs|d0f x'g yfNb5 . h:sf] sf/0fn] dft[efiffdf
cfFr k'Ub5 / cfdfa'af x/fP/ dld 8]8L lelqG5 . la:tf/} xfdL
pklgj]zL aGg k'Ub5f}+ .
ca k|Zg p7\5,To;f]eP s'g efiff ljZjsf] ;femf efiff aGg ;S5 t
< h'g efiffn] /xg ;xg / ;+:s[tLdf k|efj kfb}{g / l;Sg klg ;lhnf]
x'G5 .
;g\ !**& df P:k]/fGtf] cfzfjfbL eGg] efiffsf] pbo eof] h'g efiff
8f=hfd]gxf]km eGg] ljfgn] tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ . of] efiff ;+;f/sf ;a}
efiff eGbf l;Sg ;lhnf] / ;'qa 5 . of] efiffn] g /fhgLlts k|efj
kfb{5 g ;f+:s[lts . g s'g} cf}klgj]lzstfsf] 8/ .
of] efiff ;+;f/sf !)) eGbf al9 b]zdf /fli6o ;+u7gsf] ?kdf
ljsl;t e};s]sf] 5 . ;+o'fm /fi6;+3 tyf o"g]:sf]n] ;d]t of] efiffnfO{
:yfg k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/ el/sf P:k]/flGt:tx? cfkm\gf] /fli6o
;+u7g x'b} ljZj P:k]/fGtf] ;+3df cfj 5g\ .
lxhf] cfh P:k]/fGtf] efiffn] /fhg}lts l;dfgfnfO{ lht]/,pd]/sf]
xbnfO{ lht]/ ;+;f/e/ Psn] csf{nfO{ ;fyL agfO /x]sf 5g\ . Ps
csf{nfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:o h:t} 7fg]/ ljZj e|d0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .
;+;f/sf k|rlnt efiffx?nfO{ 5f8]/ of] efiff lk|o x'g'sf k5f8L of]
efiff l;Sg c?efiff eGbf ;lhnf] 5 . of] efiffn] s'g} klg b]zsf]
k|ltlglwTj ub}{g / of] efiffn] s'g} wd{sf] klg em08f af]s]/ lx8\b}g
. a? of] efiffsf] ;+s]t lrGx xl/of] kf+rs'g] tf/fn] %j6f dxfb]zsf]
;+s]t ub{5 . ljZjsf w]/} ljfg AolfmTjx? of] efiff k|lt cfslif{t
x'g'df of] efiff l;Sg ;lhnf] x'g' / s'g} b]zsf] dft[efiff geP/ g} xf]
. of] efiffn] ax'efiffafb - dflg;n] cfkm\gf] dft[efiff af]Ng kfpg]
clwsf/_sf] kIfdf jsfnt ub{5 . of] efiff t6:y cGt{/fli6o
;DaGwnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg rfxG5 . of] efiffn] ;+;f/sf] s'g} efiffnfO{
lj:yflkt ug]{ jf To;sf] 7fFp cfFkm'n] lng] h:tf] p2]Zo af]s]sf] 5}g .
P:k]/fGtf] efiff cfGbf]ng ljZjel/ cfkm\g} lsl;dn] cl3 al9/x]sf]5
. of] efiffn] nf]stGq, ax'efiffjfb, eflifs clwsf/ tyf eflifs
ljljwtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo agfPsf] 5 .

-n]vs g]kfn P:k]/fGtf] ;+3sf

s]lGb|o pkfWoIf x'g\ . _
kmfu'g@)&!

29

:jf:Yo

cfvf pkrf/df cfw'lgs ;'ljwf

tfkl8of cfO
s]o/df

lj/f6gu/l:yt tfkl8of cfO s]o/ -cfFvf
c:ktfn_n] cfFvfsf] pkrf/df ;'ne,cfw'lgs / ljZj;lgo
;]jf lbb} cfPsf] 5 .
lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=@ df @)^( ;fn ;fpg

!% ut]b]vL ;Grfngdf cfPsf] cfO s]o/df cfFvf ;DjlGw

;j} k|sf/sf ;d:ofsf] lrlsT;lso k/dz{sf ;fy} pkrf/
;'ljwf pknAw 5 .
c:ktfnsf k|zf;g k|d'v k"0f{k|;fb kf]v|]nsf cg';f/
lj/fdLx?nfO{ jlx/+u pkrf/ ;]jfsf] ;fy} km08f]; kmf]6f]
- cfFvfsf] PS;/] _, n]h/ ;]jf,/]l6gf hfFr, Un'sf]df- sfnf]
df]ltljGb' _ hfFr tyf ;Nolqmof ;]jf pknAw 5 .

n]G; :6f/ P :Sofg / n]G; PS;/] - la :Sofg_
;'ljwfsf] ;fy} df]tL ljGb' nufot ;j} k|sf/sf ;Nolqmof
;]jf pknAw /x]sf] c:ktfnn] cfFvfsf] b[li6 sd ePsf
lj/fdLx?sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf n]G; ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 .

c:ktfnsL ;Grfns 8f= :j]tf tfkl/ofn] ;Dk"0f{
pkrf/ ;]jf lbb}
cfPsf] tfkl8of cfFvf c:ktfndf
b}lgs Ps;o hgf;Dd lj/fdLnfO{ pkrf/ ;]jf lbg] ul/Psf]
k|zf;g k|d' kf]v|]n atfpF5g\ . c:ktfndf g]kfn / ef/tsf
ljleGg lhNnfsf lj/fdLx? ;]jf lng cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

df]tLof ljGb'sf] pkrf/nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf
lbb} cfPsf] !% z}ofsf] c:ktfndf z}of ;+Vof a/fa/sf
lj/fdLsf] dfq b}lgs ;Nolqmof ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;Nolqmof
u/]sf lj/fdLsf] cj:yf cg';f/ Ps /ft;Dd c:ktfndf
/fv]/ l8:rfh{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
c:ktfnn] cfFvf pkrf/ If]qdf ePsf gofF / cfw'lgs
k|ljlw k|of]u ul/ ljZj;lgo pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf lbg] nIo /fv]/
sfd ul//x]sf] k|zf;g k|d'v kf]v|]n atfpF5g\ .

ef/tLo e"k"sf] 8f= sfsL{nfO{

lgMz'Ns pkrf/ x'g] o'/f]lkog

f/tLo ;}lgs ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q eP/ g]kfndf a;f]jf; ul/ /x]sf

e"k" ;}lgs tyf ltgsf cfl>t kl/jf/n] ca w/fgl:yt jLkL
sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgaf6 ;fdfGob]vL hl6n k|sf/sf]
pkrf/ ;]jf ;d]t lgMz'Ns kfpg] ePsf 5g\ .

ef/tLo b'tfjf;sf sg]{n dg/fh dfg tyf k|lti7fgsf
pks'nklt k|f=8f= ljkL bf; k'; b]f;|f] ;ftf ;f] ;DjlGw ;+emf}tf ePsf] xf] .

ef/tsf e'k' ;}lgsx?n] h'g ?kdf ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg] u/]sf
lyP . ;f]xL ;]jf ;'ljwf g]kfnsf ef/tLo e"k"x?nfO{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg]
pb]Zon] pQm ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] ef/tLo b'tfjf;sf sg]{n dg/fhn] atfP .
o; cl3 e'k' ;}lgsx? Hfl6n pkrf/sf nflu ef/t g} hfg' kg]{ jfWotf
lyof] . k|lti7fg / b'tfjf; aLr ePsf] ;+emf}tfaf6 k'jf{~rndf j;f]jf; ug]{
sl/j #) xhf/ e'k' / pgLx?sf cfl>t kl/jf/ ;d]t u/L Ps nfv eGbf
a9L nfeflGjt x'g] atfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf Psnfv %) xhf/ ;]jf lgj[t
ef/tLo ;]gf / 5 nfv eGbf jl9 pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf] j;f]jf; /x]sf]5 .
jLkL k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt x'g] pQm pkrf/ ;]jf g]kfn e/L j;f]jf; ug]{ ;j}
ef/tLo e"k" ;}lgs / pgLx?sf kl/jf/n] lng ;Sg] ul/ ;+emf}tf ul/Psf]
k|lti7fgsf pks'nklt 8f= jLkL bf;n] atfP . pgsf cg';f/ e"k" ;}lgs /
tLgsf kl/jf/sf] pkrf/df nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ef/t ;/sf/n] k|lti7fgnfO{
;f]wegf{ lbg] ul/ ;+emf}tf ePsf] xf] .

;Ddfg

aLkL sf]
O/fnf
:jf:Yo
lj1fg k|lti7fg
w/fgsf d]l8l;g
ljefu k|d'v tyf
d'6'/f]u
ljz]if1
k|fWofks 8f= k|Nxfb sfsL{ o'/f]lkog ;f];fO6L ckm sfl8{of]nf]hLaf6
;Ddflgt x'g] ePsf 5g\ .

d'6'/f]usf] cg';Gwfg / pkrf/df k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/
:j?k 8f= sfsL{nfO{ ;f];fOl6n] km]nf]l;k ckm o'/f]lkog sfl8{of]nf]hL
;f];fO6L -PkmOP;;L_ sf] pkflwn] ;Ddfg ug{ nfu\sf] xf] . ;g\ @)!%
sf] cu:t @( df n08gdf x'g] o'/f]lkog ;f];fO6L ckm sfl8{of]nf]hL
- OP;;L_sf] lbIffGt ;df/f]xdf pgnfO{ pQm ;Ddfg k|fKt x'g] atfOPsf]
5.

jLkL k|lti7fgsf] dfWodaf6 d'6'/f]usf] cg';Gwfg / pkrf/
df k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ 8f= sfsL{n] o; cl3 ef/t tyf cd]
l/sfaf6 o:t} k|sf/sf] ;Ddfg k|fKt ul/ ;s]sf 5g\ .
kmfu'g@)&!

30

k"j{sf !$ 7fpdf cfw'lgs

;"rgf s]Gb|

u|fld0f If]qsf o'jfx?nfO{

cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
;xof]u k'ofpFb} ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr a9fpg
;/sf/n] o; jif{
k"jf{Grnsf !$ :yfgdf
cfw'lgs ;"rgf s]Gb|
:yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .
;Grf/ dGqfnon] ;fs{
ljsf; sf]ifsf] sl/j tLg
s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}ofFsf]
cfly{s ;xof]udf ;"rgf s]Gb| ;Grfngdf NofPsf] xf] .
;Grf/ dGqfnon] k"j{sf df]/+usf] la/f6rf}s / sl;{of,
emfkfsf] tf]kuf5L / ;'?+uf, Onfdsf]bfgfjf/L / uf]bs,
ef]hk'/sf] 3f]/]6f/ / KofpnL tyf vf]6f\sf] vfkf{ / vf]6f\
ahf/df ;]G6/ /fvLPsf] 5 . To;}ul/ ;Kt/Lsf] /fdgu/,
pbok'/sf] ;'Gb/k'/, kfFry/sf] uf]bfs / ;+v'jf;efsf]
hnhnfdf klg ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf ;fd'bflos cWoog
s]Gb|sf] ;xsfo{df ;Grfng ul/Psf ;"rgf s]Gb|x?sf] /]vb]v / cg'udg
k"jf{Grn If]qLo x'nfs lgb]{zgfnon] ug]{ atfOPsf] 5 .

Dff]/+usf] lj/f6rf}sdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;"rgf s]Gb|sf]
pb\3f6g ub}{ k"j{ If]qLo x'nfs lgb]{zs 8u]Gb|k|;fb k/fh'nLn] u|fld0f
o'jf tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;xof]u ug{ ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf
ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbP .
;]jf lgj[t sd{rf/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkgdf
;Grfng ePsf] ;"rgf s]Gb|df tLg dlxg] sDKo'6/ tflnd, sDKo'6/ lk|G6,
kmf]6f]skL, Od]n, OG6/g]6 tyf n]ldg]zg ;]jf ;x'lnot z'Nsdf pknAw

u/fOg] ;xsf/Lsf cWoIf /fh]Gb| kf}8]nn] hfgsf/L lbP .

;xsf/Lsf ;Grfns v]dd0fL sfk\mn]n] ;"rgf s]Gb|df pRr
Ifdtfsf] ;f]nf/ kfj/ ;d]t h8fg ePsfn] ljh'nL nfOg gePsf]
;dodf klg ;]jf lbg ;lsg] atfP . pgsf cg';f/ s]Gb|af6 ;xsf/L
;+:yfx?, ckf\, blnt tyf ;]jf lgj[t sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if 5'6df ;]jf
pknAw u/fOg] 5 .
;Grf/ dGqfnon] ;fs{ ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf x/]s ;"rgf s]Gb|nfO{
sl/j @% nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf sDKo'6/, lk|G6/, kmf]6f]skL, n]ldg]zg
d]l;g tyf kmlg{r/x? pknAw u/fPsf] hgfPsf] 5 .

sf]zLx/}rf gu/kflnsfsf] cg'/f]w

wgs'6f lh=lj=;= sf] cg'/f]w

Ps 3/ Ps rkL{ cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kf/f}+ . cfkm\gf] ufpF,

6f]n, ;dfhnfO{ :jR5, ;kmf / x/fe/f agfcf}+ . k|To]s
3/n] lj?jf /f]kf}+ . v'nf lb;fd'Qm sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn kf/f}+
/ ;dod} JolQmut 36gf btf{ u/f}+ . rf}kfo ;8s jl/k/L
5f8f g5f8f}+, b'3{6gfaf6 arf}+ . 3/, kfvf{n nufotsf
s'g}klg lgdf{0fsf sfdx? ubf{ gu/kflnsfaf6 gS;f kf;
u/]/ dfq ug]{ u/f}+ .

hGd, d[To", ljjfx, a;fO{;/fO{, ;DaGw ljR5]

b h:tf JolQmut 36gf ePsf] #% leq} cfkm'
a;]sf] gu/kflnsf jf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{nodf uO{ btf{ u/fcf}+ . ;8sdf rf}kfo
5f8f g5f8f}+, b'3{6gfaf6 arf}+ .

sf]zLx/}rf gu/kflnsf sfof{no

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

lj/f6rf}s, df]/

wgs'6f

kmfu'g@)&!

31

g]kfn ;/sf/

;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f dGqfno

;xsf/L ljefu

;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{no, ;'g;/Lsf] ;"rgf

!= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] cfgf] sfo{ If]qleq / cfgf ;b:ox?;+u dfq sf/f]af/ ug{ kfpg]
x'Fbf cfgf] sfo{If]q leqsf ;b:ox?;+u dfq sf/f]jf/ u/f}+ / ;j{;fwf/0fn] klg cfk"m
;b:o g/x]sf] tyf cfk"m a;f]af; u/]sf] If]qeGbf aflx/sf ;+:yfx?;+u sf/f]jf/ gu/f}+ .
@= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;xsf/L P]g @)$*, ;xsf/L lgodfjnL @)$( / ;xsf/L ;+3
;+:yf btf{, ;+rfng, n]vf k/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf lgodg ;DaGwL dfkb08, @)^*
cg';f/ ;+rflnt ;+:yf x'g . ;xsf/L ;+:Yffx? a}+s h:tf ljQLo lgsfo xf]Ogg\ . a}+s
h:tf] dfg]/ cfk'm ;b:o gePsf] ;+:Yffdf art hDdf u/]sf] v08df cfgf] art
hf]lvddf ;d]t kg{ ;S5, o; tkm{ ;r]t agf} .
#= ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:Yffx?n] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o ;lxt n]vfkl/If0f k|ltj]bg o; sfof{nodf
k]z ug{ afsL eP oyflz3| k]z ug{ x'g tyf cfjlws k|ult k|ltj]bgx? lgoldt?kdf
o; sfof{nodf k7fpg x'g hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
$= ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;xsf/L ;xsf/LaLr c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{ x'g] vfnsf] sfd gug{ /
;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{] tyf e|d ;[hgf ug]{ vfnsf lj1fkgx? k|sfzg
k|;f/0f ug]{ xf]l8{ af]8{x? /fVg] h:tf sfo{x? gug{ hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
%= ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;b:ox?af6 lgolGqt x'g], k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] cg';/0f ug'{kg]{, kf/bzL{
;+:Yff ePsf] x'Fbf cfgf] ;+:Yff k|rlnt P]g, lgodfjnL, dfkb08 / ;xsf/Lsf] :yflkt
d"No / l;4fGt cg';f/ ;+rfng u/f} .
^= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?n] cfgf] ;+:yfsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef, ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg,
n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg, ;+:yfsf] ljQLo cj:yf nufotsf ljifodf ;w} rf;f] /fv]/
;f]wvf]h u/f} .
&= ;xsf/L P]g @)$* adf]lhd btf{ ge} ;xsf/L zAb k|of]u ul/ Joa;fo ug'{ u}x| sfg"gL
sfo{ ePsf] xF'bf o:tf] k|sf/sf] Joa;fo ;+rfng e}/x]sf] hfgsf/L ePdf o; sfof{nodf
;'rgf ul/ ;xof]u ul/ lbgx'g ;a}df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
*= k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:Yffx?n] lhNnfsf] ljifout ;xsf/L ;+3 / lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3sf]
;b:otf lng ;xsf/L dfkb08df clgafo{ AoaZyf ePsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd ;DaGwLt
;+3df cfa4 x'g hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 .
(= ;xsf/Ltfsf] ;}4flGts / sfg"gL ljifodf a'e\mg' k/]df tyf ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfsf]
ljifodf s]xL ;d:of b]lvPdf o; sfof{nodf ;Dks{ u/f} .
!)= ;xsf/Lsf] cfbz{ cg';f/ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kfGt/0fdf ;xsf/LnfO{
kl/rfng u/f} .
kmfu'g@)&!

32

kf7\ok':tsdf k|sfzsn]
;f}bfafhL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\

nfdf] ;do KofA;g df]/\sf]

sfo{;ldltdf /x]/ cg'ej u/]kl5 cWoIf
x'g' ePsf] 5 ;+u7gnfO{ s;/L rnfpFb}
x'g'x'G5 <

ljutsf sfdx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb}
gofF sfo{qmd klg ug{ z'? u/]sf 5f}+ . gofF
sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf lk|lG;knx?nfO{ Joj:yfklso
bIftf tflnd ;Grfng ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf
5f}+ . To:t} n]vfkfnx?nfO{ n]vfkfng /
lzIfsx?nfO{ bIf lzIf0f snf ;DjlGw tflnd
;Grfng ug]{ tof/Ldf 5f}+ . oL sfddf ;/sf/L
;xof]u gkfPklg xfdL cfk\mg} k|of;df ug'{k5{
eg]/ nflu k/]sf 5f}+ .

To:t} :s'n a; b'3{6gf x'Fbf x]g]{
;+3 gePsfn] :s'n j; Joj:yfkg ;+3 u7g
u/]/ lhNnf e/Lsf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf a;x?
;+3df cfj4 ug]{ / b'3{6gf nufotsf ;d:of

cfOkbf{ kxn ug]{ 5'6\6} ;GoGq agfpFb} 5f}+ .

h;n] ubf{ clxn] h:tf] h'g ljBfnonfO{
;d:of eof] p;}n] ;dfwfgsfnflu bf}l8g
gkg]{ x'Fbf ljBfnosf] sfddf jfwf kb}{g
eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .

KofA;g sfof{nosf] nflu cfk\
mg} ejgnfO{ km/flsnf] :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f
ug]{, ljBfnosf k|ltefjfg ljBfyL{x?sf]
k|ltefsf] ljsf;sf] nflu nf]sg[To,
KofA;g :kf]{6\; nufotsf ljut b]vL rNb}
cfPsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} cfPsf
5f}+ .

tkfOFsf] sfo{sfndf ug{ vf]Hg'

ePsf gofF sfddf l6dsf] sltsf]
;xof]u xf]nf <

;fwf/0f ;efaf6} Ph]08f kfl/t ul/

pk;ldlt ;d]t u7g ul/ ;s]sfn] oL
kmfu'g@)&!

33

xfdLn] lzIfsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd z'? ug]{

of]hgf u/]sf 5f}+ . df]/\df ( cf]6f Onfsf 5g\ . tL dWo]
rf/cf]6fdf olx dlxgfb]vL tflnd z'? ub}{5f}+ . xfnnfO{
tflnd k|lzIfs jflx/af6} Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
cfufdL jif{b]vL k|lzIfs pTkfbg ;d]t ug]{5f}+ . dG6]Zj/L
ljlwsf] nflu k|lzIfssf] Joj:yf eO ;s]sf] 5 . KofA;gn]
g} lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbg nfu]sf] ;fob df]/\d} klxnf]
x'g;S5 . xfdLn] z'? u/]kl5 ;/sf/nfO{ klg ;xof]u ug{ s/
nfU5 . klxn] ;+:yfut ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ P;Pn;L
kl/Iffdf ;xeflu u/fpFb}gy] . xfn uf8{b]vL s]Gb|fWoIf;Dd
g} ;+:yfut ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . of]
;+:yfut ljBfnosf hgzlQmn] b]vfPsf] Ifdtf / s'zntf
xf] . df]/ lhNnfs} s'/f ubf{ 5 cf]6f ;+:yfut ljBfnodf
P;Pn;Lsf] s]Gb| ;d]t ;Grflnt 5g\ .

x/]s jif{ ljBfnosf kf7\o k':ts kl/jt{g

ul/g' / x/]s ljBfnodf kf7\o k':ts km/s kfg'{sf]
jfWotf rfFxL s] xf]nf <

sfddf ;j}sf] ;sf/fTds ;xof]u k|fKt eO /x]sf] 5 . klxn] klg

;j} ljBfnon] ;xof]u u/]/ KofA;g ejg lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . clxn]
lj:tf/ ug]{ ljifodf klg ;j} ;b:o /fhL 5g\ . ejg lj:tf/sf]nflu
xfn eO/x]sf] ejg ljlqmaf6} /sd k'Ug] cj:yf 5 . sDtLdf tLg s6\7f
hUuf vl/b ul/ Jojl:yt kfls{ tflnd, ;ef;Dd]ng xn;lxtsf]
pko'Qm ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf 5 .

df]/\sf ;+:yfut ljBfnox?n] KofA;gnfO{ ltg'{ kg]{

;b:otf z'Ns ;d]t ltb}{gg\ eGg] ;'lgG5 t/ tkfO{ ;j}
sfddf ;b:os} e/ kg]{ eGg' x'G5 gL <

;b:otf z'Ns @% nfv ?k}{ofF aSof}tf 5 . xfdLn] tfu]tf
u/]/ p7fpg g;s]sf] xf] . pxfFx?n] lbg gvf]h]sf] x}g . cj xfdL
;lqmotfsf ;fy aSof}tf p7fpg nfUg] 5f}+ .

sltcf]6f ljBfno 5g\ / jflif{s slt p7\5 <

df]/ lhNnfdf # ;o *& cf]6f ;+:yfut ljBfno 5g\
. ut jif{;Dd # ;o $& cf]6f lyP . tL dWo] @ ;o @^ cf]6f
KofA;gdf cfj4 5g\ . #@ cf]6f PgKofA;gdf cfj4 5g eg] afFsL
s'g}klg ;+u7gdf 5}gg\ . ;b:o ljBfnox?dWo] k|fljn] dfl;s b'O;o,
lgdfljn] # ;o / dfljn] $ ;o ?k}ofF ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfpg' kg]{
k|fjwfg 5 . Pp6} ;+u7g agfP/ hfg' k5{ eg]/ df]/af6} cleofg z'?
ePsf] xf] . c/lgsf], ljs]ljPd, efg' nufot w]/} ljBfnox? Pg
KofA;gaf6 KofA;gdf kmls{;s]sf 5g\ . of] qmd cGodf klg hf/L 5
. To;}n] ug{ rfx]df KofA;gaf6 w]/} sfd ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

;+:yfut ljBfnosf lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd 5}g eGg]

u'gf;f] 5 o;nfO{ s;/L ;+jf]wg ub}{ x'g'x'G5 <

;+:yfut ljBfnon] b]zsf] lzIffsf] nflu 7"nf] of]ubfg
lbPsf] 5 . To;}n] tflndsf nflu ;/sf/n] klg ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5
t/ xfn;Dd ;/sf/n] s'g} ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g . klxn] cfFkm}n] s]xL
sfd u/]/ b]vfpg] xf] eg] ;/sf/;Fu dfu ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 eg]/

kf7\o k':tssf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ x/]s jif{ cleefjsx?

lkl8t 5g\ . bfh' lbbLn] k9]sf k':ts efO alxgLn] k9\g
kfPsf 5}gg\ . kf7\o k':ts k|sfzssf] sf/0fn] cleefjs
lkl8t ePsf x'g . k|sfzsn] % jif{;Dd kf7\ok':ts
kl/jt{g ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ eg]/ xfdLn] dfu u/]sf
5f}+ . c?sf] eGbf /fd|f] eGg] gfddf x/]s jif{ kf7\o k':ts
kl/jt{g ug]{ k|j[lt 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu xfdLn] Ol\n;
l/8/ eGg] lstfj kl/jt{g u/]sf 5}gf}+ t/ k|sfzss} sf/0fn] x/]s jif{
ljBfyL{x?n] goff k':ts lsGg' kl//x]sf] 5 . k|sfzg u[xx?n] x/]s jif{
kf7\o k':ts kl/jt{g u/]/ Joj;fonfO{ jl9 gfkmf d'vL agfO /x]sf 5g\
. k':ts dxuf klg 5g\ . /fHon] k|lt k]hsf] d"No klg tf]s]sf] 5 t/
To;sf] lgodgdf /fHo:t/af6 s'g} sfd ePsf] 5}g .

t/ o;df ljBfno ;Grfnsx?s} sldzg df]xsf] sf/0f

xf] eGg] cf/f]k 5 gL <

lghL ljBfnox?n] kf7\o k':tssf] sldzg n]gb]g ug'{
km6\ofOF xf] . k|sfzgx?n] cfk\mgf kf7\o k':ts nfu' ug{ ;f}bfjfhL ug]{
u/]sf 5g\ . lrl6\7df k};f xfn]/ k7fpg] u/]sf] eGg] u'gf;f] klg cfpg]
u/]sf 5g\ . xfdL ;DjlGwt ljBfyL{n] g} /fxt kfpg' k5{ eGg] kIfdf
5f}+ . xfd|f] ljBfnodf rfFxL To;/L ;f}bfjfhL u/]/ cfpg]n] csf]{ k6s
k|j]z ug{ kfpFb}g . KofA;g lhNnf sfo{;ldltn] ;j} ljBfnonfO{
;s'{n]zg u/]/ ljs[lt x6fpg cfu|x ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg kfng rfFxL
eO /x]sf] cj:yf 5}g\ .

gLlh ljBfnox?n] lzIfsx?sf] >d zf]if0f ug]{ u/]sf]

eGg] cf/f]k klg t 5 lg <

lzIfsx?sf] ;jfndf Pp6f ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . dfl;s
k9fO z'Nssf] ^) k|ltzt ljBfnox?n] lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] tnjsf]
nflu vr{ ug'{ kg]{ ;+emf}tf 5 . ;+emf}tf clgjfo{ kfng x'g' k5{ eg]/
KofA;gaf6 lhNnfe/Lsf ljBfnox?nfO{ ;s'{n]zg ul/Psf] 5 .
sfo{Gjog clgjfo{ x'g' k5{ eg]/ xfdL nfu]sf 5f}+ . sltko ;+:yfut
ljBfnon] ;/sf/L :s]n eGbf jl9 klg lbPsf 5g\ t/ ;j} ljBfnon]
lbg ;Sg] cj:yf rfFxL 5}g . cfo;|f]tsf] cfwf/df ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf
lbOg' kb{5 . of] ;j}lt/ nfu' x'g' k5{ .
lzIfsx?df klg :yfoLTj 5}g . z}lIfs ;qsf] z'?cftdf lgo'lQm
ePsf] lzIfsn] # $ dlxgfd} 5f]8\g] k/Dk/f h:t} ag]sf] 5 .
lhDd]jf/L k"j{s ;RrLg' kg]{ cfjZostf b'j} kIfdf 5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

34

hg ljrf/

gof gu/sf
Joj;foLsf] ck]Iff

;/sf/n] cf7
dlxgf cl3 df]/\sf] OGb|k'/,
x/}+rf / d[uf}{lnof uflj;nfO{
;d]6]/
sf]zL
x/}+rf
gu/kflnsf u7g u/]sf] 5
.
;nsk'/, la/f6rf}s, vf];f{g]
/ x/}+rf ul/ rf/cf]6f d'Vo
ahf/ /x]sf] sf]zL x/}+rfsf]
d'Vo s]Gb| eg] lj/f6rf}s
/x]sf] 5 .
To:t} s;]gL / a]njf/L
uflj;nfO{ ;d]6]/ a]njf/L gu/kflnsf agfOPsf] 5 .

gu/kflnsf ePkl5 Joj;fodf s] s:tf ;xhtf
jf sl7gfO ePsf 5g\ < / Joj;foLsf] gofF gu/ k|ltsf]
ck]Iff s] 5 eGg] ljifodf ;+sng ul/Psf] sf]zL x/}+rf /
a]nfjf/L gu/ If]qsf Joj;foLx?sf] hg cfjfhnfO{ oxfF
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;Gtf]if jfGtjf
cWoIf, lj/f6rf}s Jofkf/ ;+3

s f ] z L
x/}rf gu/kflnsf
jg]kl5
o;
If]qsf
jhf/
leqsf ;d:ofx?sf]
k l x r f g
u/L
To;sf]
Joj:yfkgsf nfuL
s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
ljifodf /fhg}lts
bn
k|ltlgwL,
;+3;+:yfsf
k|ltlgwL
/
gu/kflnsf
ljr cGt/lqmof ePsf] 5 . To; af6 cfPsf lgisif{df
s]xL ;d:of b]vLPsf 5g\ . h:t} jhf/ ;/;kmfO{ . l/d
/fVg'kg]{ df;' k;n Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ . vfg]kfgL,;fj{hlgs
;f}rfno, 9n Jo:yfkgsf nfuL r/0fj4 sfdsf] ;dfkg
ug]{ . To;sf] g]t[Tj cu'jfO{ gu/kfnLs / OGb|k'/ Jofkf/
;+3n] ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . zx/Ls/0fsf] ult x]bf{ g}
of] gu/kflnsfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;+ejt of] g]kfns}
w]/} ejg lgdf0f{ ePsf] :yfgsf] ?kdf kb{5 . ;x/L
s/0fnfO{ Joj:yLt ug{ klg gu/kflnsfn] cGt/Ld ?kdf
sfo{of]hgf jgfpg cfjZos 5 . To;sfnflu :yflgo
:t/df /fhg}lts bn,;+3,;+:yf ;j}n] ;r]tgf d"ns e'ldsf
v]Ng' kb{5 .

wd]Gb| s]=;L=
;LgL sDo"lgs]zg ;]G6/, lj/f6rf}s

gu/kflnsfn] lgdf0f{sf] sfdnfO{

cuf8L j9fpg] sf]zL; ul//x]sf]
5 . t/ kmf]x/ hyfefjL gkmfNg
uf8L kfsL{ klg hyfefjL
gug{sf]sfnfuL dfOls u/] klg
To;sf] cg'udg u/]sf] kfOPg
jhf/ Jofj:yfkg lj:tf/}
/fd|f] x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . Jofkf/
Joj;fo klg j9\g] qmddf 5 .
gu/kflnsf ePkl5 rxnkxn
j9\g] tLgcf]6f uflj;sf] Ps}7fFpaf6 sfd x'g] ePsf]n]
dflg;x?sf] cfsif{0f klg j9\bf] 5 .

gu/kflnsf
ePkl5
leGgtf t x'g] g} ef]
j]njf/L gu/kflnsfn]
Psn dlxnf,ckf tyf
lk58f ju{x?nfO{ ;Ifd
jgfpgsf] nfuL ljleGg
cfocfh{g x'g] l;kd'ns
tfnLdx? klg u/fPsf]
5 . jf6f] 3f6f]sf] klg
kl/If0f u/Lb}5 cj
l56\6} g} jf6f]3f6f]x?nfO{
klg dd{t ug]{ of]hgfdf
nfuL k/]sf] b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfn] sltko sl7gfOnfO{
Go'lgs/0f ub}{ gu/jf;Lsf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbb} cuf8L
j8\g vf]hL/x]sf] dx;'; d}n] u/Lx]sf] 5' .

x/L jxfb'/ ljZjsdf{

k|f]= Go' j'9f;'Jjf Hj]n;{,j]njf/L@ df]/

;+rfns, 1fg' l6=eL=

j]njf/L @ l;g]df xn nfOg
kmfu'g@)&!

35

gu/kflnsf x'g' cl3 /

clxn]df leGgtf vf;}
5}g . t/ jf6f]3f6f]
j9fpg] of]hgfdf 5
. kfls{sf] ;'ljwf
clxn];Dd
ldnfO
;s]sf]
5}g
.
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf
eg] ;'ljwf ldn]sf] 5
gu/kfnLsf jg]kl5
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf
eg] lgSs} /fd|f] ePsf]
5 . klxnf eGbf clxn] s]xL g s]xL t leGgtf ePs} 5
cf;f u/f} cfpg] lbgx?df /fd|f] x'b} hfg] 5 .

a]njf/L
gu/kflnsf
ePkl5 ;/;kmfOdf eg]
lgs} ;'ljwf ldn]sf] 5 .
gu/kflnsfaf6 kmf]xf]/
p7fpg 3/ 3/df cfpg]
u/]sfn] j]njf/L ;kmf
/ ;'Gb/ alg/x]sf] 5
. klxnfsf] t'nfgfdf
Jofkf/ klg /fd|f] x'g
yfn]sf] 5 lsgsL cGo
7fFpsf dflg;x? klg oxL
7fFpdf cfpg yfn]kl5 /
cfpg] lbgx?df cem w]/} g} /fd|f] x'G5 h:tf] nfuL /x]sf] 5 .

lgzf lnDj'
k|f]= df]gfnL;f Jo'l6 kfn{/, a]njf/L

d+un dxtf]
cf/s] kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/L k;n j]njf/L

kmfu'g@)&!

36

o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/ agfpg]

l;ksf cleoGtf s[i0f
hLjg ;+3if{

Jofkf/Ls sd{sf nflu hgsk'/af6 df]/+usf] dw'dNnf x'Fb}
@)!% ;fndf Onfd k'u]sf alb| ;fx To;j]nf ahf/df vl6of - vf6_
/fv]/ ls/fgf k;nsf] Jofkf/ uy]{ . pgL Jofkf/df ;f}lvg ePklg cfk\
mgf 5f]/fx? l;ksf kf/vL ePsf] x]g{ rfxfGy] .

l;k eg]sf] zlQm xf], of] eof] eg] dfG5] slxNo} ef]sf] / l/Qf]
x'g' kb}{g . pgL 5f]/fx?nfO{ o:t} clt{ lbGy] . :s'nsf] k9fO gljuf/L
l;k l;S5f}+ eg] d vr{ lbG5' alb| 5f]/fx?nfO{ xf}:ofpFy] . geGb} pgsf]
Tolx rfxfgf k'/f ug{ sfG5f 5f]/f s[i0f ;fxn] % sIff k9\bf k9\b} 38L
dd{tsf] l;k l;ls;s]sf lyP . pgL ToxL a]nf cfbz{ dfljdf pgsf
a'jfn] rnfPsf] SoflG6gdf ;d]t sfd ;3fpFy] . pg} s[i0f ;fx clxn]
a]/f]huf/ o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ bIf l;k lbP/ /f]huf/ / :j/f]huf/ agfpg]
cleofgdf ;lqmo 5g\ .

s[i0fsf] ;+3if{

sIff ^ k9\g yfn]b]vL g} cfk\mg} l;ksf] sdfOn] cfk\mgf]
k9fO vr{ / ljBfno kf]zfs dfq x}g kl/jf/sf] vr{df ;d]t y]ue/ ug{

yfln;s]sf pgn] :s'n k9\bf k9\b} kmf]6f]u|fkmL ;DjlGw csf]{ l;k klg
l;s] .

:s'n] hLjgd} 38L dd{t;Fu} kmf]6f]u|fkmL l;s]sf pgn] :s"n
k9\bf k9\b} Onfd ahf/df ;fx kmf]6f] :6'l8of] vf]n] . pgsf] sfd ug]{
z}nL / ldlxg]tsf sf/0f s]xL ;dod} :6'l8of] nf]slk|o eof] . :6'l8of]d}
cfP/ kmf]6f] lvrfpg] dfq x}g .
ljleGg ;ef ;df/f]xsf] kmf]6f] lvRg pgnfO{ lgDtf] ;d]t cfpg yfNof]
. pgL P;Pn;L kl/Iff lbg] tof/L ul/ /x]s} jif{ @)$% ;fndf Onfdsf
ufpF ufpFdf gful/stf 6f]nL kl/rfng ePsf] lyof] . 6f]nLdf kmf]6f]
lvRg bIf pg} b]lvP ;j}sf] dfu ePkl5 pgL To;}df Jo:t eP .
lsgsL of] pgsf] nflu ;'gf}nf] cj;/ klg lyof] . To;a]nf pgn]
/fd|} sdfO u/] t/ P;Pn;L kl/Iff eg] ljlu|of] .
kmf]6f] :6'l8of]sf sf/0f P;Pn;L kl/Iffdf /fd|f] ug{ g;Sbf
sDkf6{ kfPsf pgn] csf]{ jif{ sDkf6{sf ljifodfq kf; u/] x'g]
lyof] t/ pgsf] dg dfg]g bf]xf]ofP/ ;j} ljifosf] kl/Iff lbP
/ plt0f{ klg eP .
P;Pn;L kl5 sn]h k9\b} pgL Onfdsf] ;'gufef Snjdf
:jo+;]jssf] sfd ug{ yfn] . ;'gufefaf6 ljleGg of]hgf
th'{df u/]sf pgnfO{ e'6fgL z/f0ffyL{sf] nflu sfd ug]{
n'y/g jN8{ ;le{;n] hflu/ lbof] . n'y/gn] dfl;s rf/
xhf/ b'O ;o tnj lbg] ul/ lgo'lQm u/]sf] lyof] . Tolx
a]nf ;'gufefnfO{ klg ljb]zL bft[;+:yfaf6 ;xof]u cfpg]
eof] . t/ bft[ ;+:yfn] zt{ /fv] of]hgf agfpg] JolQm
ePdfq of]hgf sfo{Gjog /fd|f] x'g;S5 . ;fk g]kfnsf]
;xof]udf ;+:yfn] kfFrjif{sf nflu lr;fkfgL Plss[t ;fd'bflos
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] $@ nfv ?k}ofF cg'bfgsf] sfo{qmd cfpFb} lyof]
. To;j]nf pgnfO{ nfUof] d}n] hflu/ vfFP eg] d]/f] nflu dfq xf] t/
Snjsf] sfo{qmd ;Grfng ul/of] eg] ;dfhsf] nflu xf] . hflu/ t km]/L
klg vfg kfOG5 t/ aNn aNn Snjn] kfPsf] ;'ljwf u'dfpg x'Fb}g eg]/
pgn] Ps xKtfd} n'y/gsf] hflu/ xfkLlbP / ;'gufef Snjdf dfl;s b'O
xhf/ b'O;o %) ?k}ofFdf sfd ug{ kmls{P .

;kmntfsf] cleofg

c+u|]hL ljifo lnP/ @)%# ;fndf dx]Gb| /Tg SofDk;
Onfdaf6 :gfts u/]sf pgL a]nfotsf] ofG:6]6 o'lgel;{6L - v'Nnf
ljZj ljBfno_ af6 ;dfh zf:qdf :gfQsf]t/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
sl/j Ps bzs g]b/Nof08 ljsf; lgof]u, o'lg;]km, :jL; ljsf;
lgof]u,;fk g]kfn nufotsf ;+:yfdf sfd u/]sf pgn] :jL; ljsf;
lgof]usf] /f]huf/sf nflu tflnd - l6PkmO_ k|f]h]S6df kfFr jif{
eGbfjl9 ;do sfd u/] . l6PkmOdf sfd ubf{sf] cg'ejn] pgnfO{ cfFkm}
kmfu'g@)&!

37

;+:yf vf]n]/ sfd ug{ pTk|]/0ff

hfUof] . To; a]nf;Dd pgn]
a+unfb]z, ef/t, dn];Lof,
yfOn}08, stf/ nufotsf
b]zdf uP/ cfFk'mn] ug{
rfx]sf]
sfdsf]
/fd|f]
cjnf]sg ul/;s]sf lyP .

Tolx
cg';f/
pgn] g]kfnd} gofF 9+usf]
Joj;flos tflnd sfo{qmd
;Grfng ug{ yfn]sf x'g\
. pgn] ;Grfng u/]sf]
O6x/Ll:yt kfyLe/f lxdfnog kf]ln6]lSgsn OlG:6Ro"6n] sl/j %
jif{b]vL o:t} sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
o'jfx?n] cfkFm' a;]s} :yfgdf >d / l;k vr]{/ sdfpg' k5{ . /f]huf/sf]
nflu ljb]z x}g cfk\mg} b]zsf ;+efjgf klxNofpg' k5{ eGg] p2]Zon] xfdL
Jojxfl/s 1fg lbG5f}+ . pgL eG5g\ .

/f]huf/ bftf;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ pgsf] ;+:yfn] >d jhf/ ;e]{
ub{5 . j]/f]huf/ o'jfx?sf] ?rLsf] klxrfg ub{5 clg o'jfx?nfO{ l;k
l;sfpg rfxfg] / l;k kl5 Joj;fosf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ nufgL stf{sf]
klg vf]hL u5{ . To;kl5 ?rL cg';f/sf] l;k ljsf; tflnd k|jfx
ub{5 . / Joj;fo ug{ rfxfg]x?sf nflu klg cfjZos ;dGjo ul/
lbG5 . tflnd lng] o'jf cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf] eGg] uflj; jf
gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df lgMz'Ns l;k klg lbb} cfPsf] 5
.
;fxn] ;Grfng u/]sf] kf]ln6]lSgsn OlG:6Ro'6 dfkm{t cf7 xhf/

eGbfjl9 dlxnf tyf k'?if o'jfn] ljleGg Joj;flos / l;kd'ns tflnd

lnPsf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 tflnd lnPsf k|lzIffyL{ dWo] $! k|ltztn]
;DjlGwt ljifod} /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ eg] #) k|ltztn] cfFkm} Joj;fo
u/]/ :j/f]huf/ ePsf] ;fxsf] bfjL 5 .

la|s d];g, :6f]g d];g - uf/f] nufpg]_, 6fon dfj{n lkm6/
- lkmS;/_, xfp; k]lG6\, sfk]{G6/ - ;6l/, h]g]/n_, kmlg{r/ d]s/,
d]sflgsn - j]lN8\, cfNd'lgod km]la|s]zg, df]6/ ;fOsn ;le{;,

xn'sf ;jf/L rfns, s's, xf]6n Sofl;o/ P08 l/;]k;lgi6, sDko'6/

xf8{j]o/ 6]lSgl;og, uf8]{g/, a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL, ;fd'bflos kz' ;]jf
sfo{stf{, l;nfO s6fO, dfOqmf] xfO8f] 6]lSgl;og, ;f]nf/ 6]lSgl;og,
O08li6on On]lS6l;og, xfp; jfol/\, KnDa/, k|f/lDes afn ljsf;
;xh stf{, Ao'l6l;og, 9fsf 6f]kL a'gfO, s'v'/f kfng nufot @% eGbf
jl9 ljifodf tflnd lbb} cfPsf] 5 .

OlG:6Ro'6n]] tLg ;o () 306] sf]if{ k'/f u/]sf sl/j % xhf/
& ;o hgf bIf hgzlQm tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . l;l6Ole6Laf6 cg'dlt k|fKt
ePklg kfyLe/fn] cfFk\mg} k|df0fkq lbb}g . l;l6Ole6Lsf] l;k kl/If0f
kf; u/]kl5 dfq k|lzIffyL{x?n] l;k l;s]sf] k|df0fkq kfpF5g\ .
k"jf{Grnsf !^ lhNnf / /f}tx6df tflnd rnfpFb} cfPsf] OlG:6Ro'6n]
s0ff{nL cGrnsf x'Dnf, h'Dnf / sfnLsf]6df klg
sfo{qmd ;Grfng ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 .
k"j{df go"gtd dfkb08 k'/f u/]/ l;k ljsf;
tflnd ;Grfng ug]{ Psdfq gLlh :t/sf] ;+:yfsf]
?kdf kl/ro agfPsf] pgsf] ;+:yfn] dn]l;of /
stf/df a}b]lzs /f]huf/ ul/ /x]sf g]kfnL >ldsx?sf]
;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ ul/ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x?sf
nflu klg Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd lbb} cfPsf] 5 .
^ jif{ cl3 ;/b/ g]kfnLn] a'em\g] tnj eGbf
w]/} jl9 dfl;s &) xhf/ ?k}ofFsf] hflu/ 5f]8]/ of]
Joj;fodf nfu]sf pgL k|fljlws lzIffdf g]kfnLsf]
kx'Fr a9fpg] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf gePsf sf/0f cfFkm'n]
o;df xft xfn]sf] atfpF5g\ . geGb} 5f]6f] cjlwd}
cfFk'mn] l7s sfd /f]lhP5 eGg] nfu]sf] pgL atfpF5g\
. 8]9 s/f]8 ?k}ofF k"jf{wf/df nufgL ePsf] pgsf]
OlG:6Ro'6df jflif{s Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5
. g]kfns} bf];|f] 7"nf] zx/ lj/f6gu/b]vL tfKn]h'\sf]
xf\b]jf, cf]vn9'+ufsf] k|fKrf / hGt/vfgL h:tf b'u{d
ufpFdf ;d]t 3'DtL tflnd lbP/ o'jfnfO{ bIf agfp nflu
k/]sf] kfyLe/f lxdfnog kf]ln6]lSgsndf clxn] @@
hgf lgoldt ;lxt sl/j Ps;o ^) hgfn] k|ToIf
/f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ .
:j/f]huf/ cleofgsf] Pp6f bl/nf] vDjfsf]
?kdf pgnfO{ hLjg;fyL k'gdn] k'ofPsf] ;xof]unfO{ pgL n'sfpg
rfxfb}gg\ . @)@^ ;fn kmfu'g @^ ut] ;f]djf/sf lbg ;'Gb/ xl/ofnL
lhNnf Onfddf hlGdPsf s[i0fsf] ;'Gb/ ;kgf 5 o'jf hgzlQmnfO{
ljb]z k7fpg] x}g :jb]zd} s]xL ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{ kfyLe/f kf]ln6]lSgsnsf]
cleofgnfO{ cem ;zSt agfO g]kfnd} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|;:t
/x]sf] k|dfl0ft u/fpg] .
kmfu'g@)&!

38

ko{6g/fhlglt;+u} Joj;fo

gof Joj;fosf]
r'gf}tLdf /dfpFb} 5'

dbg 9sfn

klxn] /fhgLlt uy]{ . clxn] /fhgLlt;Fu} / Joj;fodf klg ul/

/x]sf] 5' . w/fgdf w]/} k|sf/sf Joj;fo rln /x]sf 5g\ . gofF
Joj;foLn] c?n] u/] h:t} Joj;fo u/]/ c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ ug'{
x'Fb}g eGg] d]/f] dfGotf xf] . To;}n] d}n] k"jf{Grnd} s;}n] gu/]sf] km/s /
r'gf}ltk"0f{ Joj;fodf xft xfn]sf] x'F .
x'g t d}n] o;cl3 c?
Joj;fo klg gu/]sf] x}g . xf]d l6eL, Pg;]n l8n/, ;Kt/+uL uhn
/]i6'/]G6, a; Joj;fo, Joj;flos ufO kmfd{ nufot cfwf bh{g hlt
Joj;fodf d]/f] cg'ej 5 . t/ s'g}af6 klg d ;Gt'i6 x'g ;lsg . dflg;
cfFk'mn] u/]sf] sfdaf6 hj;Dd ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Sb}g . cyjf o;df ;Gt'li6
5 eg]/ cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sb}g tj;Dd p;n] cfFk'mn] u/]sf] sfddf lbnr:kL
lng ;Sb}g . lbnr:kL glnPkl5 sfddf ;kmntf ldNb}g eGg] d]/f]
cg'ej 5 . kl5Nnf] ( jif{b]vL tdf]/ l/e/ P8e]Gr/ gfds sDkgL dfkm{t

-hnofqf_oflk\m6\ Joj;fo ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . cl3Nnf Joj;fodf d]/f]

;do / nufgL b'j} jjf{b eP . t/ d clxn]sf] Joj;fodf /dfpg kfPsf]
5' .

of] Joj;fo klg kfFr jif{;Dd k'/} 3f6fdf rnfpg kof]{
lsgsL hf]lvd / r'gf}tL b'j} ePsf] Joj;fodf nlIft u|fxs kfpg ;do
nfUg' :jefljs xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do oflk\m6\ h:tf] ;fxl;s / /f]dfGrs
v]ndf cfsif{0f j9\g yfn]sfn] ;+efjgf b]v]/} d}n] 3f6fdf klg
Joj;fonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} cfPsf] x'F . lsgsL z'?sf lbgdf oflk\
m6\ eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] g} dflg;n] a'em]sf lyPgg\ . oflk\m6\ ug]{ eg]sf]
ljb]zLn] dfq} xf] eGg] lyof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] of] Joj;foaf6
gfkmfsf] ck]Iff /fVg' lgZro klg ;+ej lyPg t/ xfdLn] ldlxg]t uof}{
. oflk\m6\sf] ljifodf lh1f;'nfO{ a'emfpg ;Sof}+ / xfd|f u|fxs ;d]t
agfpg ;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf 5f}+ . s]xL jif{otfb]vL xfdL cfTd lge{/ x'g
;s]sf 5f}+ . klxn] oflk\m6\ x]b}{ 8/fpg]x? cfhsfn bf]xf]ofO t]x]ofO
kmfu'g@)&!

39

kf]v/fdf k"j]{nLsf]
xf]6n / Sna

6x/Lsf
czf]ss'df/
>]i7
/
pnf{jf/Lsf kbdk|;fb l;6f}nf ldn]/ kf]v/fsf]
n]s;fO8l:yt nfn'kft] dfu{df 5fAbL xf]6n
/ Snj Plzof /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/ ;Grfngdf
NofPsf 5g\ .

!% jif{;Dd stf/df j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf ljtfPsf >]i7 / l;6f}nfn] ;Grfng
u/]sf] 5fJbL xf]6ndf sl/j *% nfv ?k}ofF /
Snjdf Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF nufgL u/]sf 5g\ . Snj
Plzof /]i6'/]G6df b}lgs nfOe Jof08 ;Grfng
x'gfsf] ;fy} ljjfx, kf6L{, ;]ldgf/x?sf] nflu
;'ljwfo'Qm xnsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t /x]sf] ;Grfns
czf]sn] atfP .

5fAbL xf]6ndf !! cf]6f jftfg's'lnt
;'ljwfo'Qm sf]7fsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
ko{6s:t/Lo 5fAbL xf]6ndf g]kfnL, Ol08og,
lrlgofF nufot ;j} k|sf/sf vfgfsf kl/sf/
pknAw x'G5g\ . kf]v/f 3'Dg hfg] k"j]{nLx?nfO{
;x'lnotdf vfgf / jf;sf] ;'ljwf lbOg] ;d]t
czf]sn] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ .

oflk\m6 v]ndf ;xeflu eO /x]sf 5g\ . k"j{sf ljtf{df]8, bds, lj/f6gu/, O6x/Laf6
hnofqf ug]{x? ;xeflu x'g] ub{5g\ . o;df Ps} 7fpFsf sDtLdf 6 hgf ;d"x ag]/ cfPkl5
;xeflu u/fOG5 x'g t ;d"xdf cfpg g;Sg]nfo{ csf]{ ;d"xdf ;xeflu u/fpg klg
g;lsg] x}g . ljz]iful/ aLkL k|lti7fg w/fgsf lrlsT;s / lrlsT;f zf:q cWoog/tx?
hnofqfdf jl9 ;xeflu x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .

xfdLn] oflk\m6\ ;Grfng ug'{sf] p2]Zo cfGtl/s ko{6g k|j{4g ug'{ xf] .
ljb]zLnfO{ klg xfdL dgf]/Ghg lbg ;S5f}+ . t/ ;/sf/n] oflk\m6 klg Joj;fo xf] /
of] Joj;fodf sf7df8f}+ eGbf jflx/sf Joj;flo klg ;+nUg 5g\ eGg] ga'em]sf sf/0fn]
df]km;naf6 ljb]zLnfO{ oflk\m6\ u/fpg eg] kfPsf 5}gf}+ . olb xfdLn] cj;/ kfpg] xf]
eg] sf7df8f}+af6 oflk\m6\ pks/0f Nofpg ug'{ kg]{ j; jf 6s h:tf 7"nf ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
ef8f aRg] dfq x}g ToxfFsf sDkgLsf] eGbf w]/} sd z'Nsd} ;]jf lbg ;S5f}+ .

ko{6g dxf]T;jx?df klg oflk\m6nfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g . xfdL cfk\mg}
a'tfaf6 Joj;fo k|j{4g ul/ /x]sf 5f}+ . x/]s jif{ d+l;/b]vL a}zfv;Dd rNg] ePklg
oflk\m6\df kmfu'gb]vL a}zfv;Dd /fd|f] sf/f]jf/ x'G5 . jiff{df glbdf hn ;tx pRr x'g]
ePsfn] oflk\m6\df hfg' hf]lvd x'G5 . d+l;/b]vL df3;Dd w]/} 708L x'g] ePsfn] oflk\
m6\ ug{ Tolt ?lr x'b}g To;}n] kmfug'b]vL a}zfv;Ddsf] tLg dlxgfsf] sdfOn] aif{e/Lsf]
vr{ wfGg' kb{5 . / klg xfdL clxn] of] Joj;foaf6 ;Gt'i6 5f}+ lsgsL Joj;fo qmdz a9\
bf] cj:yfdf 5 .
xfdL;Fu tLgcf]6f oflk\m6 af]6 / b'Ocf]6f sfos- /]:So" ug]{ _ 6]i6 af]6 5g\ . /ft a:g
rfxfg] ofq'sf nflu :nLlk\ Jofux?, cfjfl;o ;'ljwfsf] nflu 6]06x? ;d]t 5g\ . oflk\
m6 ;]jf cGt{ut Ps lbg], b'O lbg], ;ftlbg], !) lbg] ul/ rf/ k|sf/sf Kofs]h 5g\ .
/fhgLltdfq} u/]/ b]zsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'Fb}g . /fhlglt ug]{n] cfk\mgf] ?rL / Ifdtf
cg';f/sf] sfd jf Joj;fo ug]{ xf] eg] dfq /fhgLlt :jR5 x'G5 eGg] nfu]/ d Joj;fodf
;lqmo ePsf] x'F . jf:tjdf c? g} Joj;fo c+ufn]/ cfly{s l:ytL ;'wfg{ ;s]dfq
/fhgLltdf ljs[lt cfpb}g eGg] d]/f] a'emfO 5 .
-s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_

kmfu'g@)&!

40

O6x/L km'6an
Ps]8]dL u7g

O6x/L pkdxfgu/klfnsf If]qsf km'6an v]nf8Lx?sf]
a'waf/sf] e]nfn] ljdn sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b;Lo
O6x/L km'6an Ps]8]dL u7g u/]sf] 5 .

km'6an v]nsf] Joj;foLs ljsf;sf nflu ul7t
Ps]8]dLsf] pkfWoIfdf Zofd dfgGw/ / cg'/f]w yfkf , dxf;lrjdf
wgaxfb'/ lnDa', ;lrjdf ljho s];L / sf]iffWoIf lgem{/ >]i7
5g\ .
gj ul7t Ps]8]dLsf] ;b:ox?df dfwj sfsL{, tLy{ ofS;f],/fs]z
cfn]du/, lgd{n lnDa', lbk]Gb| l/hfn, ;lGbk yfkf / g/axfb'/ /fO{
5flgPsf 5g\ .

Ps]8]dLn] cfufdL kmfu'gdf O6x/L pkdxfguleqsf
;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfno :t/Lo k'm6an k|ltof]lutf
cfof]hgf ug]{ / pQm k|ltof]lutfdf pTs[i6 7x/LPsf ljBfyL{

v]ns'b

v]nf8Lx? dWo] $)
hgfnfO{ a}zfv !
ut]b]vL Joj;foLs
k|lzIf0f lbg] of]hgf
agfPsf]
gjul7t
Ps]8]dLsf
;b:o
lbk]Gb| l/hfnn] atfP
. Ps]8]dLn] O6x/L
gu/If]qdf km'6an
v]nsf] ljsf; /
Joj;foLstfdf
of]ubfg
lbg]
JolQmTjnfO{ qmdz ;Ddfg ub}{ hfg] lglt agfpg] atfOPsf] 5 .

O6x/L pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]

/fdw'lgef;L gu/kflnsfsf]

O6x/L pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no

/fdw'gLef;L gu/kflnsf sfof{no

cg'/f]w

O6x/L, ;'g;/L

cg'/f]w

em'Dsf, ;'g;/L

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41

dflg; cfk\mgf] hLjgnfO{ ;'vdo,

cfgGbbfoL / j}ejo'St agfpg
k|oTgzLn x'G5 / log} cfsfIf k"0f{ ug{
slt dflg; 3f]l6P/ kl/>d u5{g\ . t/
cfk\mgf ;+3if{sf lbgx em]Nbf em]Nb}
hLjg cGTo ug{ k'U5g\ .
s]xL dfG5] eg] lgDg :t/af6 ;fdfGo
ldlxg]t u/]/ jf gu/L cfFkm'nfO{
u0fgf of]Uo wgf9\osf kdf :yflkt
u/fpg ;kmn x'G5g\ . Hof]ltif zf:qn]
hGd;dosf cfwf/df To:tf JolQmn]
s;/L ;kmntf k|fKt u5{g\ eGg] /x:onfO{
lr/kmf/ ub{5 . of] cfn]vdf To;}
/x:onfO{ phfu/ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
Hof]ltif zf:qsf cfwf/df wg, j}ej
/ ;'v k|flKtsf nflu hGds'08nL
/x]sf] wgbfos of]u jf nIdL of]usf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . JolQmsf] hGds'08nL Pj+ rGb| s'08nLdf olb
llto efj wg :yfgsf] dflns Psfbz efjdf / Psfbz]z /fHo:yfgsf]
dflns bf];|f] efjdf pkl:yt x'Fbf cyjf Pp6} /fzLdf /x]sf ltLo]z /
Psfbz]z b'a} u|xnfO{ gjd]if-efUo:yfgsf] dflns_ n] b]v]sf] cj:yfdf
dflg; wg ;Dklt / j}ejf/f o'St x'G5 . To:t} z'qm u|x ltLo efjdf
pkl:yt x'Fbf klg wg nfesf lgldQ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . z'qm ltLo efjdf,
b]ju'? a[x:klt ;ftf}+ 3/df / rt'y]{if -;'v:yfgsf] dflns_ cfk\mg} 3/df
-rf}yf] efjdf_ cjl:yt 5 eg] o:tf] of]udf hGd lng] JolQmn] zfxL
hLjg ef]Ug kfpF5 . o; lsl;dsf] of]udf lgw{g / t'R5 kl/jf/df hlGdPsf]
dflg; 5 eg] klg lgh cTolws ;+kQLsf] :jfdL aGg] ub{5 . o:tf] of]u
ljlzi6 ;+of]uaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5, t/ ljleGg nUgdf hlGdP/ klg lgDg
of]u s;}sf] hGd s'08nLdf b]lvG5 eg] klg ;fdfGo JolQmn]] wg ;Dklt /
j}ejsf If]qdf pRr l:ylt k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
d]if nUg
!_ nUg]z dun, sd]{z zlg / efUo]z b]ju'? k~rd efjdf x'Fbf
@_ ;"o{ k~rd efjdf / b]ju'? tyf rGb|dfsf] o'lSt Psfbz efjdf x'Fbf .
a[if nUg
!_ ldy'gdf z'qm, dLgdf a'w / b]ju'? s]Gb| -!,$,&,!)_df x'Fbf .
@_ zlg / a'wsf] o'lSt wg -bf]:f|f]_ efjdf x'Fbf .
ldy'g nUg
!_ gjd efjdf a'w / zlgsf] d]n x'Fbf .
@_afxf}+ 3/df pRr rGb|df x'Fbf j}ejo'St k}lqs ;Dkltsf] of]u aG5 .
ss{6 nUg
!_ z'qm bf]:f|f] jf afxf}+ efjdf /xFbf .
@_ b]ju' 5}7f}+ -zq'_ efjdf s]t';Fu o'lSt agfP/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf .
l;+x nUg
!_ gj df+zs s'08nLdf z'qm / rGb|dfsf] o'tL 5 jf s]lGb|o ;DaGw
5 eg]
@_ anzfnL z'qm dunsf ;fydf rf}yf] efjdf x'Fbf .
sGof nUg
!_ z'qm / s]t' bf];|f] efjdf ;Fu} 5g\ eg] .
@_ rGb|df sd{ efjdf a;]/ a'w nUgdf /xFbf .

#_ z'qm bf];|f] efjdf cjl:yt x'Fbf .

t'nf nUg
!_ z'qm / s]t' bf];|f] efjdf ;Fu} 5g\ eg] .
@_ d+un, z'qm, zlg / /fx'sf] rt'{u|x afxf}+ 3/df xF'bf .
j[lZrs nUg
!_ a'w / b]ju' kfFrf}+ efjdf /x]/ rGb|df Psfbz efjdf x'Fbf .
@_ rGb|df, u' / s]t'sf] b;f}+ 3/df Ps};fy pkl:ylt x'Fbf .
wg' nUg
!_ rGb|df cf7f}+ 3/df /x]/ ;"o{, z'qm / zlg ss{6 /flzdf a;]sf]
cj:yfdf .
@_nUgdf u' / a'wsf], wgefjdf ;"o{ / z'qmsf] Pj+ 5}7f}+ 3/df dun /

/fx'sf] Ps};fy o'lSt 5 eg] .

ds/ nUg
!_ rGb|df / d+unsf] s]Gb|df jf lqsf]0fdf o'lSt 5 eg] .
@_ bf];|f] efjdf zlg / a[x:kltsf] o'lSt 5 eg] .
s'De nUg
!_ sd{ efj -b;f}+_ efjdf rGb|df / zlgsf] o'lSt x'Fbf .
@_ zlg nUgdf 5 / dun 5}7f}+ efjdf 5 eg] .
dLg nUg
!_ bf];|f] efjdf rGb|df / kfFrf}+ efjdf dun u|xsf] pkl:ylt xF'bf .
@_ b]ju'? 5}7f}+ efjdf, z'qm cf7f}+ efjdf, zlg afxf}+ efjdf /x]sf ds/
/fzLsf hfts x'Fbf .
s]xL cGo wg k|bfos of]u
!_ d]if jf ss{6 /flzdf a;]sf] a'wn] h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ wgL agfpF5 .
@_ b]ju'? a[x:klt efUodf jf /fHodf a;]sf] s'08nLdf kfFrf}+ efjdf
;"o{ x'Fbf klg JolQm wgjfg x'G5 .
#_ rGb|df / u'?sf] o'lSt jf s]Gb|Lo ;DaGwnfO{ uhs]z/L of]u eGb5g\,
h;n] JolQmnfO{ cs't ;Dklt lbnfpF5 .
$_ To:t} rGb|df / z'qmsf] gjk~rs ;DaGw jf k~rdefjdf ;DaGw 5
eg] klg wg k|flKtsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
%_ ;"o{ s'g} s'08nLdf 5}7f}+ jf P3f/f}+ 3/df 5 eg] o;af6 JolQmn] ckf/
wg k|fKt ub{5 .
^_ ;ftf}+ 3/df dun jf zlg a;]sf 5g\ eg] jf P3f/f}+ 3/df a;]sf]
zlg, dun jf /fx'n] dflg;nfO{ wgjfg\ t'NofpF5 .
&_ d+un rf}yf] 3/df, ;"o{ kfFrf} 3/df / b]ju'? P3f/f}+ jf k~rdefjdf
a;]sf] 5 eg] JolQmsf] cyfx k}t[s ;Dklt x'G5 .
kmfu'g@)&!

42

kmfu'g@)&!

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kmfu'g@)&!

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