16-QAM Transmitter,

Bandwidth, and Receiver

16-QAM Block Diagram

16-QAM

The input data are divided into four channels: I, I, Q, and

Q. The bit rate in each channel is equal to one-fourth of the
input bit rate (fb/4)
The I and Q bits determine the polarity at the output of the
2-4 level converters ( logic 1=+ and logic 0= - )
The I and Q determines the magnitude (logic 1=0.821V
and logic 0=0.22V)
For the I product modulator they are 0.821 sin wct, and
0.22 sin wct
For the Q product modulator they are 0.821 cos wct, and
0.22 cos wct

16-QAM
Truth table for the I and Q channel 2-4
level converters

16-QAM
Example:
For a quadbit input of I=0, I=0, Q=0,
and Q=0 , determine the output
amplitude and phase for the 16-QAM
modulator.

16-QAM

16-QAM Bandwidth
Considerations

The bit rate for a 16-QAM channel

is equal to one-fourth of the
binary input bit rate (fb/4)
As shown in the figure. the bit
timing relationship between the
binary input data; the I, I, Q, and
Q channel data; and the I PAM
signal. It can be seen that the
highest frequency in the I, I Q, or
Q channel is equal to one-eighth
of the bit rate of the binary input
data. Also, the highest
fundamental frequency of either
PAM signal is equal to one-eighth
of the binary input rate. With 16QAM modulator, there is one
change in the output signal for
every four input data bits.
Consequently, the Baud is equal
to (fb/4), the same as the
minimum bandwidth.

16-QAM
Example:
For a 16-QAM modulator with an input
bit data rate (fb) equal to 10 Mbps
and a carrier frequency of 70Mhz,
determine the minimum double-sided
Nyquist frequency (fn) and the Baud.