Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pengertian Etimologis
Budaya dan Kebudayaan
Budaya = Daya dari budi yang berupa cipta,
karsa dan rasa.
Kebudayaan = Hasil dari cipta, rasa dan karsa
Geertz (1973:89),
kebudayaan adalah pola dari pengertianpengertian atau makna yang terjalin secara
menyeluruh dalam simbol-simbol yang
ditransmisikan secara historis, suatu sistem
mengenai konsepsi-konsepsi yang diwariskan
dalam bentuk-bentuk simbolik yang dengan cara
tersebut manusia berkomunikasi, melestarikan,
dan mengembangkan pengetahuan dan sikap
mereka terhadap kehidupan.
Attitudes
beliefs, values,
general knowledge,
opinion, stereotypes
Behaviors
norms, rules,
customs, traditions,
habits, practices,
fashions
Symbols
color, sound, slogan,
building
SOSIALISASI
Sosialisasi adalah keseluruhan proses dimana
individu yang lahir dengan seluruh potensinya
dikembangkan dalam perilaku nyata yang
sesuai dengan suatu rentang (batasan)yang
lebih sempit, yaitu rentang yang disetujui dan
diterima menurut standard kelompoknya Child,
1954)
Agen sosialisasi : orang tua, guru, orang yang
lebih tua lain yang memiliki pengetahuan lebih
dalam cara hidup di masyarakat
ENKULTURASI
Kategori Budaya
(Berry et.al., 1992)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
General characteristic
Food & clothing
Housing & technology
Economy & transportation
Individual & family activities
Community & government
Welfare, religion, and science
Sex & the life style
Universal biological
needs & function
Adaptation
Universal social
motives
Context
Culture
Faktor yg Mempengaruhi
Budaya:
Ecological Factor
Geografis, iklim, sumber daya alam
Social Factor
Kepadatan polulasi, kemakmuran, teknologi,
tipe pemerintahan, institusi, media,
sociocultural history, agama
Biological Factor
Temperamen, kepribadian
Race
-- Group of people distinguished by certain
similar and genetically transmitted physical
characteristics.
A social category reflecting particular
experiences shared by many people
belonging to a category called race (Goulf,
1994, 1997; Brace, 1995)
Categories: white, black, Native American,
Asian, Hispanic/Latino
Ethnicity
Cultural heritage
Experience shared by people who have a
common ancestral origin, language,
traditions, and often religion and
geographic territory
Nation
People who share common geographical
origin, history, and language, and are
unified as a political entity
KERANGKA PENGKAJIAN
PLB
1. Sociobiological Approach
Social Darwinism i.e., natural selection,
survival of the fittest
Certain biological combinations enhance
survival
Certain cultural practices facilitate survival
Competition
2. Sociological Approach
Focuses on broad social structures that
influence society as a whole & therefore, its
individuals
Imply that society exists objectively apart from our
individual experiences
3. Ecocultural Approach
Harkness (1992) individual interacts and
changes the environment
Bronfenbrenner (1979)
Microsystem- involves family, school teachers,
friends, & others they have contact with
Mesosystem- links 2 or more settings
Exosystem- media, extended family, legal & social
organizations
Macrosystem- customs & beliefs of a society
The
Ecological
Approach
Berry (1971)
Factors influencing individual psychology
Ecological i.e., economic activity of the
population like food, quality of nutrition,
temperature & population density
Sociopolitical settings i.e., extent to which
individuals participate in global & local
decisions; people adjust through genetic
transmission, cultural transmission &
acculturation that allow them to adjust