The Enlightenment and

Revolutions
Glorious Revolution
American Revolution (War for Independence)
French Revolution
Industrial Revolution

Background Glorious Revolution

Commonwealth:
1652:

Law passed exiling Catholics to Ireland

1653:

Cromwell takes title, Lord Protector and rules

through army to put down radical groups that pose threat

Puritan
1658

social revolution takes place

Cromwell dies as well as the Commonwealth

1660:

Monarchy is restored by inviting Charles II back to

England to rule

Many

puritan ideas that emerged would later play a role

in shaping of United States

Glorious Revolution

1685: James II inherits throne

Clashes

1688: Mary and William III of Orange (both Protestant) are

invited to rule
James

with parliament

II flees to France

Bloodless overthrow becomes known as Glorious Revolution

English
Created

Bill of Rights 1689 are passed by Parliament

new type of government known as limited

monarchy

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment: Political

The Philosophes and Society

Thinkers called philosophes believed that the use of reason could lead
to reforms of government, law, and society.

13 Colonies
By the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to diverse
religious and ethnic groups. The colonists felt entitled to
the rights of English citizens, and their colonial
assemblies exercised much control over local affairs.
Although the ways of life between the colonists of New
England and those in the south differed, the colonists
shared common values, respect for individual enterprise,
and an increasing sense of their own identity separate
from that of Britain.

Growing Discontent

1763: End of French and Indian War

King George III and Parliament impose taxes on colonists

No

taxation without representation

Parliament

1770: Boston Massacre

would repeal some taxes but not all of them

5 colonists are killed

1773: Boston Tea Party

Colonists protested by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor

in the Boston Tea Party.

Parliament passes harsh laws to punish Massachusetts

Rallies other colonies to unite against treatment of

Massachusetts

The American Revolution

Things didnt look good for Patriots, many British troops occupied
cities, the British also had professional soldiers, huge naval fleet,
money, also not all colonists were patriots, 1/3 of population were
Loyalists

1777: Battle of Saratoga convinces France to join the Americans

1781 Treaty of Paris ends the war:

Britain recognizes United States of America as independent nation

New frontier Mississippi River

A New Constitution
Articles

of Confederation too weak, after much debate

and compromise the U.S. Constitution was born in
1787

Constitution

based off enlightenment thinkers Locke,

Rousseau and Montesquieu
Social

Contract, minimal government, natural rights,

separation of powers

Created

federal republic, with power divided between

the federal, or national, government and the states

The French Revolution

Still had outdated social system consisting of 3 classes
o The First Estate: made up of clergy
Didnt have to pay taxes
o The Second Estate: made up of titled nobility of French
society
Didnt have to pay taxes
o The Third Estate: made up of the rest of the population
Contained 27 million people/98 percent of the population
Economic Troubles
o Years of deficit spending (governments spending more
money than it takes in) lead to financial trouble for France
o Debt from Seven Years War and American Revolution as
well as lavish court expenses
o Poor harvests sent food prices soaring and hunger crisis was
spreading, causing riots all over country

Radical Days
-

The Monarchy Abolished

o Outbreaks of Violence:
September Massacres : bloodshed throughout France: angry
mobs
o Death of the King and Queen
King on trial as a traitor, convicted by a single vote and sentenced
to death
King Louis and Marie Antoinette executed
o Robespierre
Leader in Committee of Public Safety
Battled counterrevolutionaries
Promoted religious toleration
Popular with working class
Though France could achieve Republic but only through strict
punishment and terror Reign of Terror last a year 40 thousand
killed

The Age of Napoleon Begins

-

Napoleons Rise to Power

o Early successes
Rose quickly in army
Overthrew Directory and set up Consulate
1802: Had himself named consul for life
o A self-made Emperor
Assumed title of Emperor of the French
Strongly supported by most French
France under Napoleon
o Reforms
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and
canals
Set up a system of public schools strictly controlled by government
Made peace with the Catholic church which recognized religious
freedom for Catholics
Won support over class lines
Recognized peasants right to land

Dawn of the Industrial Age

Started in Britain

Spread slow and unevenly

A New Agricultural Revolution

Enclosure Movement

Enclosure: the process of taking over and fencing off

land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Farm output increased

Small farmers were put out of business: villages shrank

Many moved from villages to big cities to find work

New Pacesetters

Germany, France, and the United States had abundant supplies

of coal, iron, and other resources

New countries often borrowed British experts or technology

Impact of Rapid Industrialization

Rapid Urbanization

Harsh working conditions

Factory system produced huge quantities of new goods at lower

prices

Population soared because the death rate fell

People ate better = better health
Medical advances and improvements in public sanitation

Germ Theory

Hospitals
-Anesthetics allowed doctors to experiment with operation
-Antiseptics