GII THIU V I DN NG.

1. i NDB.
- c vit tt t Non Directional Beacon.
- i ny pht ng hng mt tn hiu v tuyn, gip cho my bay khi c trang b my bay thch
hp, s nh c hng n i pht.
- Khi s dng kt hp 2 i NDB ngi ta xc nh c hng bay(ng bay) gia 2 v tr trn
mt t.
- Trong trng hp 1 i gn v 1 i xa, ngi ta c gip cho my bay c nhiu kh nng h cnh
xung sn bay trong iu kin thi tit khng tt.
2. i VOR.
- C nhim v cung cp cho my bay thng tin v phng v so vi cc bc t.
- So vi NDB, VOR ngoi kh nng gip my bay nh v hng n i, n cn gip my bay xc
nh r phng hng v chnh xc cng cao hn 2%., so vi i NDB l t 50-100.
3. i ILS.
- Tn y l Instrument Landing System.
- L h thng gip cho my bay h cnh tht chnh xc xung ng bang, d thi tit nng hay ma,
tri trong hay sng m, d ngy hay m.
- H thng ILS c thit k gm i Localizer v Glide Path.
- i Localizer gip cho my bay xc nh v tr ca tim ng h ct cnh.
- i Glide Path cho php my bay iu chnh cao cn thit h cnh xung ng bang.
- Ngoi ra, trong h thng ILS ngi ta cn s dng thm cc thit b tr gip xc nh v tr ca
my bay n i , tc l n im h cnh trn ng h ct cnh l cc thit b nh du (cc i
Marker) hoc i DME.
- 1 vi trng hp khc, i NDB cn c s dng thay cho i Marker. Khi i NDB c tn gi
l i Locator.
4. i DME.
- DME l Distance Measuring Equipment.
- Thit b gip cho my bay xc nh c khong cch n i.
- Khong cch n i c o vi thit b DME l khong cch xin, m khng phi l khong cch
theo phng ngang.
I.
II.
III.
-

i Vor:
Chc nng i vor.
i vor l thit b dn ng c s dng rng ri trong hng khng dn dng, c nhim v cung
cp cho my bay thng tin v phng v so vi cc Bc t.
Nguyn l hot ng.
i VOR hot ng da trn nguyn l c s lch pha gia 2 tn hiu.
i VOR pht ra 2 tn hiu, 1 tn hiu gi l tn hiu pha chun v 1 tn hiu pha bin thin.
Tn hiu pha chun l tn hiu c pha khng thay i trong sut 360 0 trong mt phng ngang xung
quanh i.
Tn hiu pha bin thin c pha thay i ty theo gc phng v xung quanh i.
S lch pha gia 2 tn hiu ny chnh l gc phng v ca my bay so vi cc Bc t.
c tn hiu pha khng thay i, ngi ta pht ng hng 1 tn hiu ra ngoi khng gian. Tn
hiu pht ng hng s c gin bc x l hnh trn, v mt cng sut xem nh l ng u
trong khng gian.
c tn hiu pha bin thin, ngi ta s dng gin bc x hnh s 8.
Anten trm pht i VOR.
Gin bc x hnh s 8 quay trn phi c to ra nh th no ti bt k gc phng v ca
im thu cng u nhn c tn hiu hnh sin ca ng bao iu ch. Anten khe l gii php tt
nht cho trng hp ny.
Tn hiu pha chun s dng anten loop l tt nht.
Anten phi c phn cc ngang, hn ch ti a thnh phn phn cc ng ca anten.

IV.

I.
II.
III.

Anten phi l loi c bang thng rng, t nhy cm vi s thay i tr khng trong my pht.
Anten phi c li cao nht gn ng chn tri.
Anten thng dng nht s dng trong thit b VOR l anten khung v anten khe.
u, nhc im i VOR.
u im ca H thng Dn ng VOR:
chnh xc ca thng tin v tr (Phng v hay Hng v i) cao.
Cho php thit lp mng i VOR trn cc ng bay c nh.
Cung cp 360 tuyn phng v vi chnh xc l 20 cho mt tuyn.
t b nhiu bi thi tit v dng sng VHF.
Nu c kt hp vi DME th VOR + DME l mt h dn ng l tng gip cho my bay
thng xuyn xc nh c v tr bay ca mnh chnh xc.
Nhc im ca H thng Dn ng VOR:
Chu nh hng ca hiu ng a ng (multipath): sai s xc nh v tr tng khi my bay nhn
c ng thi tn hiu trc tip t i VOR v tn hiu ca i VOR phn x t a vt nh nh
ca, ni i
D b tc ng ca tn hiu nhiu.
C ly hot ng ph thuc vo tm nhn thy trc tip (line of sight) v cng sut pht x ca i.
Khng thun tin cho phi cng khi iu khin my bay theo ng bay t do (free routes)
chnh xc gim khi khong cch t my bay ti im t i tng.
V hot ng trong bang tn VHF nn tm hot ng ph thuc vo cao ca my bay, bay
cng cao tm hot ng cng xa.

_ i hi phi c kim tra nh k bng my bay c trang thit b my mc o lng chnh

xc, trung bnh 3 thng bay th 1 ln, ti thiu 6 thng bay th 1 ln.
i NDB
Chc nng, nhim v.
L i dn ng mt t, c thit k tr gip trong cc hot ng bay tip cn h ct cnh
(kt hp i gn v i xa), cng nh bay ng di (c lp t ti cc v tr bo co, thng
thng l giao im ca cc tuyn khng l).
NDB cung cp cho my bay mt kh nng bay thng trn khng trung. iu ny c ngha i NDB
cung cp cho my bay thng tin v gc hng mi ca my bay tm n i.
Mc ch ca i NDB.
Xc nh tia phng v v tuyn khng l.
Phc v tip cn v h ct cnh.
Lm i im xc nh v tr.
Nguyn l hot ng ca i NDB.
i dn ng v tuyn v hng NDB (Non Directional Radio Beacon) l h thng thit b c
lp t ti mi sn bay v mt s a im c nh gip my bay xc nh hng bay v hng
sn bay cn n. Cc i NDB s pht mt tn hiu c iu ch AM mang m Morse (cha t 2
n 3 k t) trong bng tn t 190 KHz 535 KHz (mc d bng tn c phn b l t 190 KHz
1750 KHz). My bay c trang b mt h thng ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) s xc nh
hng ca i NDB v hin th trn b ch th hng tng i RBI (Relative Bearing Indicator),
ng thi phi cng s gii m tn hiu Morse thu c xc nh i NDB cn n nh ng
bay ph hp.
i dn ng v tuyn v hng NDB l mt phn khng th thiu trong hot ng hng khng.
Vit Nam, cc i dn ng NDB lm nhim v i im phi c bn knh trung bnh ca tm
ph sng danh nh t 25 n 125 hi l v t 10 n 25 hi l cho cc i ph tr tip cn h cnh.
Gi tr cng trng ti thiu trung bnh trong vng ph sng danh nh l 70 dBV/m. Cng
sut bc x khng vt qu 2dB so vi gi tr cn thit to ra mt vng ph sng danh nh

theo yu cu [2]. Bc x v tuyn ti u ra anten s c pht v hng ln tc trong khng gian

nhm gip my bay nhn din i pht khng b gin on (khi my bay bay qua i NDB hng
ch th s thay i 1800). Thng thng lun lun c hai my pht c lp t trong cng mt i
NDB v s dng nhiu ngun in khc nhau m bo hot ng khng gin on ca h thng.
Anten ca NDB.
C nhiu loi anten khc nhau c thit lp ti cc i pht NDB. Cc anten ny u l cc anten
phn cc ng (vertical). Hin nay, Vit Nam ta thng thy cc anten dng 6-spoke c lp t
ti cc sn bay dn s trn khp c nc.
Cc loi anten: lattice tower, lattice with screen counter poise, 4-wire cage around wood pole, 6spoke umbrella, 6-spoke skirted umbrella, 8-spoke.

IV.

thi: So snh anten ca NDB v VOR.

Ly 2 phn trn trong anten VOR+anten NDB so snh.
Thm phn yu cu i vi anten:
1. Anten i NDB.
Thng thng cc i NDB s dng cc dng ng-ten sau :
- ng-ten ch Ti xng.
- ng-ten tr.
- ng-ten c h s phm cht cao - Polestar.

Di tn lm vic: Ph hp vi di tn lm vic ca i dn ng v hng;

Phi c h thng t ng iu hng (ATU Automatic Tuning Unit);
Tr khng vo ca ATU: 50 ;
Cng sut u vo: Ph hp vi thit b;
Gin hng: v hng.

2. Anten i VOR.
ngten s dng cho i dn ng a hng sng cc ngn bao gm mt ngten v hng t
tm, c t nht 48 ngten bin tn t xung quanh v t nht mt ngten gim st trng.
H thng ngten phi c mt phn x (Counterpoise) c ng knh ph hp, h thng v che
ngten khng gy nh hng n vic bc x sng in t.
Khi ngten ca thit b o c ly c t ng trc vi ngten ca i dn ng a hng sng
cc ngn th khng c bt k s gy nhiu ln nhau no gia hai h thng.
Cc yu cu k thut ti thiu:
a) Di tn lm vic: Ph hp vi di tn lm vic ca i;
b) Tr khng vo : 50 ;
c) Cng sut u vo: Ph hp vi i;
d) Phn cc: ngang;
e) Chuyn mch ngten: chuyn mch in t.

H thng ILS.
1. CNG DNG
VOR v NDB l cc phng tin dn ng trong khng gian hai chiu( Lateralnavigation ). Do t
hiu kh nng cung cp thng tin v v tr trong mtphngngnnvicsdngchng dn ng c
ho my bay tip cn sn bay v h cnh c nhiu hn ch. V l , chng c phn loi l cc
phng tin dn tip cn khng chnh xc.
H thng Hng dn H cnh ILS b sung thm thng tin v v tr ca my bay
so vi ng gim cao (hay gc h cnh) nh. Thng c gi chung l
ILS,h thng ny l phng tin hng dn cho cho my bay xc nh qu o h
cnh xung ng bng vi chnh xc cao. Khi s dng ILS, phi cng xc nh
v tr v iu khin my bay h cnh ch yu da vo ch th ca cc ng h dn

ng. ILS c th dn my bay h cnh chnh xc xung ng bng vi cao

quyt nh DH (Decision Height) v tm nhn bng 0.
-

Thnh phn ca ILS trn m t t gm c:

i pht Hng h cnh Localizer (LLZ);

i pht Gc h cnh Glide Slope (GS)
Cc i Ch chun Outer Marker (OM) v Inner Marker (IM)
H thng n tip cn, n ng bng, n ng ln

2. PHN LOI
H thng Hng dn H cnh ILS c phn loi theo cc Category tng ng
vi kh nng ca thit b trn mt t cho php hng dn my bay h cnh ti cao (DH) no
trn ng bng, trong iu kin tm nhn ti thiu (RVR) l bao nhiu.
DH Decision Height: cao quyt nh - l cao ti thiu m ti phi cng phi quyt nh:
tip tc h cnh xung ng bng hay bay (tip cn) li.
RVR Runway Visible Range: Tm nhn trn ng bng.

3. THNH PHN H THNG ILS

H thng ILS c hai i c bn cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh qy o h cnh xung
ng Ct, H cnh (CHC) mt cch chnh xc, l Localizer (LLZ) v Glidepath (GP).
Glidepath, cn gi l i xc nh tm, dng xc nh chnh xc ng trt h cnh (glidepath)
ca qy o h cnh v gip tu bay h cnh chnh xc vo vng h cnh ca ng CHC (touch

down zone)
4. HOT NG CA ILS V THIT B TRN MY BAY
H thng ngten Localizer to ra gin trng hn hp c iu ch bin
bi hai tn hiu m tn 90Hz v 150Hz. Gin bc x ny c mt tn 78 hiu m tn iu ch
vt tri trn mt bn ca ng hng (Course line) trong mt phng ngang v tn hiu m tn
cn li vt tri trn pha bn kia.
Khi quan st i mt vi i hng t u tip cn ca ng CHC, su iu ch ca sng mang
tn s lm vic do tn hiu m tn 150Hz gy ra phi vt tri pha bn phi v su iu ch
do tn hiu m tn 90Hz gy ra phi vt tri pha bn tri.
H thng ngten Glidepath cng to ra gin trng hn hp c iu ch bin bi hai tn
hiu m tn 90Hz v 150Hz. Gin bc x ny cung cp mt ng trt h cnh nm trong mt
phng ng cha trc (tim) ca ng CHC, vi tn hiu m tn 150Hz vt tri pha di ng
trt h cnh v tn hiu m tn 90Hz vt tri pha trn ng trt h cnh.
My thu ILS trn my bay tch cc tn hiu m tn iu ch 90Hz, 150Hz t
tn hiu nhn c ri so snh bin hay su iu ch DM (Depth of Modulation) ca chng.
S khc bi su iu ch DDM (Differential DM) ca cc tn hiu m tn ph thuc vo v tr
my bay so vi qu o h cch do h thng ILS trn mt t to ra.

Khi my bay nm bn phi hng h cnh(hay bn di ng trt h cnh) su iu ch ca

tn hiu 150 vt tri: DDM#0, m90<m150
Khi my bay nm bn tri hng h cnh(hay bn trn ng trt h cnh)
su iu ch ca tn hiu 90 vt tri: DDM#0, m90>m150
Nu my bay nm ng trn qu o h cnh DDM=0
Hnh 6.1 : s khi my thu ILS v ch th ca ng h trn my bay.

Hnh 6.2 : S trin khai h thng ILS trn my bay.

5. NGUYN L TO CC THNH PHN TN HIU V GIN HNG PHT X CA

ILS

Hnh 6.3: Cc dng sng ca tn hiu iu ch bin v ph tn s tng ng

to ra gin bc x in t trong khng gian theo nguyn l chung ca h thng ILS nu
trn, ngi ta s dng tn hiu 90Hz v 150Hz iu ch sng mang ri tch ra cc thnh phn
CSB(90+150) v SBO (90-150) cp cho anten pht x vo khng gian.
Du +, - v chiu ca cc vector trong ph tn s th hin quan h pha ca cc thnh phn tn hiu.

Ngoi ra, tn hiu CSB v SBO ca ILS cn c th c to ra bng cch:

Tin hnh cng v tr cc tn hiu m tn to ra tn hiu (90+150)Hz v (90- 150)Hz;
Dng tn hiu (90+150)Hz iu ch bin sng mang to ra thnh phn CSB.
Dng tn hiu (90-150)Hz iu ch bin sng mang ri tch ra thnh phn SBO.
Sau tn hiu CSB v SBO c a ti h thng anten pht x theo dng gin hng ring
ca tng tn hiu. Trong khng gian hai tn hiu ny c tng hp theo bin v pha, hay cn gi
l c iu ch khng gian (SpaceModulation), to ra gin trng tng hp nh mong
mun.

Gin hng pht x do h thng anten to ra i vi mi tn hiu CSB v SBO (du +, - th hin
quan h pha ca thnh phn cao tn trong cc cnh sng).
Hnh 6.4 Gin hng tng hp trong khng gian

6. VNG PH SNG:
Theo quy nh ca ICAO, vng ph sng ca h thng ILS nh sau:
6.1. i Hng LLZ
Hnh 6.5: i hng LLZ

6.2.

i Tm GP
Hnh 6.6 i tm GP
Vng ph sng ca LLZ v GP cn c phn thnh Course Sector- Vng hng h cnh (hay
Glidepath Sector- Vng ng trt h cnh) v Clearance Sector-Vng bo lch.
Course line (ng hng): Qu tch ca nhng im nm gn tm ng CHC nht trn mt
mt phng ngang bt k v ti DDM=0.
Course sector: Vng hnh qut trong mt phng ngang cha Course line, c gii hn bi qu tch
ca cc im nm gn tm ng CHC nht v c DDM=0.155.
ILS Glide path (ng trt ca ILS): Qu tch ca nhng im nm trong mt phng ng cha
tm ng CHC m ti DDM=0, ng thi n l qu tch nm gn mt phng ngang nht trong
s cc qu tch nh vy.
ILS Glide path sector: Vng hnh qut trong mt phng ng cha ILS Glidepath, c gii hn
bi qu tch ca cc im nm gn ILS Glidepath nht v c DM=0.175.
Clearance sector: Vng c su iu ch ca mt tn hiu m tn vt tri so vi tn hiu kia
(DDM > 0.155 hay 0.175).
DDM (Difference in Depth of Modulation): T l phn trm su iu ch ca tn hiu ln hn
tr i t l phn trm su iu ch ca tn hiu nh hn ri chia cho 100.
i vi LLZ v GP thng thng (hay cn gi l LLZ v GP n tn) c Course sector v
Clearance sector ch do mt sng mang vi hai thnh phn tn hiu CSB v SBO to ra.
7. ILS HAI TN S
Tiu chun ICAO quy nh mi s x dch (hay cn gi l s un cong) ca LLZ Course line v GP
Glide path trong h thng ILS so vi tm ng CHC v gc H cnh nh phi c kim sot
mt cch nghim ngt (ICAO Annex 10, Volume 1). Thng thng s x dch ny gy ra bi hin
tng phn x tn hiu ILS t cc chng ngi vt (b mt a hnh, cng trnh xy dng ), ch

yu nm trong phm vi Clearance sector. C th khc phc iu ny bng cch s dng cc i LLZ
v GP pht x hai tn hiu ring bit (LLZ v GP hai tn s). Tn hiu th nht, c gi l tn hiu
Course, pht x vng ln cn tm ng CHC (hay gc h cnh nh) to ra Course
sector (hay Glide path sector). Tn hiu th hai, tn hiu Clearance, pht x cc phn cn li ca
vng ph sng.
Vic lm gim s x dch hay un cong ca ILS Course line v Glide path da trn hiu ng
Capture ca my thu (Capture effect hiu ng bt tn hiu), tc l khi cng mt lc c hai tn
hiu nm trong di thng nhng c tn s v bin khc nhau th my thu s loi b tn hiu yu
hn. Mc loi b ph thuc vo s khc nhau v bin gia hai tn hiu v c tnh b tch
sng ca my thu. Nh vy, bin un cong ca ILS Course line v Glide path do s phn x tn
hiu t vng Clearance s ph thuc vo mc cn st li ca tn hiu Clearance trong vng ln
cn tm ng CHC (hay gc h cnh nh) v tnh nng Capture ca my thu.
Thc ra hiu ng Capture th hin r nht khi thu tn hiu FM (Frequency Modulated). Do mch
Hn bin (Limiter) nm trong t hp Hn bin Phn bit tn s (Discriminator) ca b Gii iu
ch FM khng khuch i m lm suy gim tn hiu yu hn nn trong my thu FM ch c tn hiu
mnh hn trong hai tn hiu c cng tns, hoc tn s gn nhau, c gii iu ch. B Gii iu
ch AM n gin trong cc my thu dn ng khng th t c hiu ng Capture vi mc
nh ca my thu FM.
hiu ng Capture c hiu lc, cc tn hiu AM cn tho mn iu kin v khong cch tn s v
quan h mc tn hiu (t l ny khng nh hn 10dB).
i vi i LLZ hai tn s, sai s tn s cho php l 0,002% v di tn danh nh b chim bi
cc sng mang phi i xng qua tn s hot ng chn. Khong phn cch tn s gia cc sng
mang ca LLZ hai tn s khng nh hn 5 kHz v khng ln hn 14 kHz. V d vi i LLZ 25L
ti sn bay TSN tn s hot ng danh nh l 108.3MHz th tn s sng mang th nht (sng mang
Course) l 108.305 MHz v tn s sng mang th hai (sng mang Clearance) l 108.295 MHz. Lc
ny khong phn cch tn s gia cc sng mang l 10 KHz.
i vi i GP hai tn s, sai s tn s cho php l 0,002% v di tn danh nh b chim bi cc
sng mang phi i xng qua tn s hot ng chn. Khong phn cch tn s gia cc sng
mang ca GP hai tn s khng nh hn 4 kHz v khng ln hn 32 kHz. V d vi i GP 25L ti
sn bay TSN tn s hot ng danh nh l 334.1MHz th tn s sng mang th nht (sng mang
Course) l 334.1075 MHz v tn s sng mang th hai (sng mang Clearance) l 334.0925 MHz.
Lc ny khong phn cch tn s gia cc sng mang l 15 KHz.
Lu rng h thng ILS hai tn s khng lm tng cp chnh xc ca h thng (c h thng ILS
mt tn s hay hai tn s u c ba cp chnh xc l CAT I, II v III).

8. H THNG ANTEN

H thng anten Chun bin tn ch c hai anten pht, gi lanten cao A2 (upper antenna) v anten
thp A1 (lower antenna), cc thnh phn cn li tng t nh anten M-array. H thng anten Chun
bin tn ch dng cho i GP mt tn s.
cao ca anten thp l H/2 v ca anten cao l 3H/2, trong H c xc nh theo cng thc
xc nh H ca anten M-array.
Anten cao c cp nng lng SBO, cn anten thp c cp nng lng CSB v SBO nhng
ngc pha so vi anten cao

I.
1.
-

2.
a.
b.
c.
d.

i DME.
Gii thiu v mt s khi nim c bn
Gii thiu chung
Thit b to mc, o khong cch- DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) l mt h thng hot
ng theo nguyn tc ca radar xung th cp, ti di tn 962-1213 MHz.
Thit b ny ra i sau h thng Rebecca Eureka c pht trin Anh trong chin tranh th gii
ln th hai.
Thit b c s dng cung cp cho my bay thng tin v khong cch nghing t n cho n
my bay.
N thng c kt hp vi i VOR hoc ILS gip cho my bay lun i ng tuyn bay ca
mnh
Ngoi ra n cng c dng kt hp vi h thng TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation). TACAN l
mt h thng dng trong qun i, n cng cung cp c thng tin v hng v khong cch dn
ng cho my bay.
Tuy nhin khi kt hp vi DME, TACAN ch s dng knh thng tin cung cp v gc phng v.
Thnh phn khong cch ca TACAN v DME c cc c tnh nh nhau. V c rt nhiu knh tn
s cho TACAN c th s dng trong di tn 962-1213 MHz. Do vy cc t chc hng khng dn
dng vn c th o c khong cch t cc i mc TACAN.
Cc khi nim c bn
DME/N (DME/Narrow) l thit b o c ly hot ng ch En-route v Landing, N k hiu thit
b c c tnh ph hp ( phn bit vi W).
DME/W (DME/Wide) l thit b o c ly hot ng ch En-route v Landing, W k hiu thit
b c c tnh ph rng ( phn bit vi N).
DME/P (DME/Precise) l thit b o c ly hot ng ch Landing, P k hiu thit b c c
tnh ph hp v c tnh chnh xc cao.
Kiu W,X,Y,Z l phng php m ha qu trnh pht xung ca DME da vo s khc nhau v
khong cch gia hai xung ca cp xung c th s dng nhiu ln i vi mt tn s lm vic,
xem bng 5.1.

Bng 5_1: cc kiu m ha xung ca DME

3. Chc nng, nhim v v c im ca i DME
2.1. Chc nng:
Thit b o c ly (DME Distance Measuring Equipment) cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v c ly
xin t tu bay n v tr t thit b trn mt t.
My bay pht xung hi nh b hi t trn n v trm mt t (cn gi l b pht pTransponder) nhn c cc xung hi ny t my bay v tr li t ng bng cc xung tr li c tn
s sng mang cc tn s sng mang xung hi 63 MHz. Thng tin khong cch o c nh o c
khong cch thi gian gia im pht xung hi v thi im nhn xung tr li.

2.2.

Nhim v:

a) Trong ch En-route: Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR lm nhim v dn ng, th DME cung
cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc
DME s dng l DME v hng.
b) Trong ch Landing
Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly
xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc DME s dng l DME v hng.
Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS (khi m i im xa ca ILS khng c lp) th DME cung
cp cho tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr ngng ng CHC. Lc DME s
dng l DME nh hng hay v hng.
Khi DME kt hp vi h thng MLS, th DME phi l DME chnh xc (DME/P).
2.3. c im ca i DME
i DME c th ng thi ti a tr li cho 100 my bay. Do i DME cng s dng tn sng VHF
nn khng chu nh hng ca nhiu kh quyn v thi tit. Thm vo cng do dng tn sng
VHF nn knh DME c khong ph sng theo tm nhn thng LOS.
Khi lp ng trc hai anten VOR/ DME th ch cn tho mn cc iu kin ngoi vi ca VOR. Khi
lp bn cnh th cn ch n cc to nh, thp bng thp t gn anten DME s phn x sng gy
li ln.
Khi lp cng vi ILS th cn ch lm sao cho anten pht glide path khng gy cn tr ti tm nhn
ca DME. Cn lp t anten DME cao hn khu nh cha my pht trnh nh hng ca sng phn
x.
4. Nguyn l lm vic
Nguyn l lm vic ca DME da trn tr thi gian lan truyn ca sng in t trong khng
gian.
- My thu trn my bay cng nh my thu ti trm mt t c thit k sao cho ch thc hin vic
gii m cc i xung c khong cch gia cc xung c nh. u tin my pht ca my bay pht ra
cc i xung hi trong khng gian. i xung hi ny c my thu ca trm mt t thu li v kim
tra xem c hp l hay khng, sau thc hin vic gii m.
- B x l ti trm mt t cn c vo tn hiu thu c s pht tr li bng mt i xung khc
ln khng gian trn 1 tn s khc.
- My thu t trn my bay nhn c cc xung pht p ny a vo b gii m. Cn c vo cc tin
tc thu c, b x l trn my bay s tnh c khong thi gian tr gia cp xung pht v cp
xung thu c: ttr.

 tr thi gian x l ti trm mt t thng c thit k c nh (theo tiu chun ca ICAO l

50 s), nn ta hon ton c th tnh c thi gian sng truyn lan trong khng gian.
- Mt khc vn tc lan truyn ca sng in t trong khng gian c tnh gn ng bng vn tc nh
sng c=300 000 km/s.
- Nh vy tnh c tr lan truyn ca sng trong khng gian, ta c th tnh c qung ng m
sng lan truyn trong khng gian. Nhng cp xung thc hin vic lan truyn lp li hai ln, t my
bay ti trm mt t v t trm mt t n my bay.
- Vy khong cch t my bay ti trm mt t c th c tnh theo cng thc:

ct D
2

Trong : D l khong cch tc thi t my bay ti trm mt t.

c=3*108 m/s.
tD= ttr o c-ttr x l.
Sau khi tnh c D, my thu trn my bay s hin th gip phi cng c th iu khin my bay
mt cch an ton.
Cc vn lin quan:
H DME gm: 1 my pht/nhn UHF (b thm tra) trn my bay v 1 my nhn/pht UHF (b pht
p) trn mt t.
DME sn: c trin khai cng thit b ILS trn sn bay dn ng cho my bay tip cn v h
cnh. Thng tin do DME cung cp trong trng hp ny l khong cch t my bay n im u
ng bng hay im tip t.
DME trn ng bay: DME c trin khai cng i VOR dn ng trn ng bay.
Tnh ton khong cch: 1 xung v tuyn mt khong 12.36us i ht 1 hi l v phn x tr li.
M khong cch =vn tc x thi gian. Vn tc t l vi cc xung v tuyn. Vy thi gian tnh
ton=(tng thi gian-50s)/2.
VOR/DME: Vor dng VHF, DME dng UHF, c 2 tr gip nh hng c xc nh cng 1 m
MORSE.
Anten trong DME
Khi thit b o c ly bng v tuyn s dng kt hp vi VOR th ngten s dng phi l ngten v
hng t tm v t ng trc vi h thng ngten VOR.
Khi thit b o c ly bng v tuyn s dng kt hp vi ILS th ngten s dng phi l ngten nh
hng v t ti cng v tr vi h thng ngten i ch gc h cnh.
Trong c hai trng hp trn ngten ca thit b o c ly bng v tuyn phi khng c bt k s gy
nhiu ln nhau no gia cc h thng ny.

1 NDB:

Hnh 1: S khi nguyn tc hot ng ca NDB

2 DME:

Hnh 2.1: S khi ca mt trm mc DME di mt t.

- Gi s trm DME trn my bay pht cc tn hiu hi ti trm DME di mt
t.

- Sau khi anten ca trm DME di mt t thu c tn hiu ny, n c chuyn

ti b tin x l thng qua b chuyn mch anten (Circulator). Ti y chng c
kim tra xem c ph hp hay khng. Nu ph hp, chng c chuyn ti b trn
tn h tn xung tn s trung gian.
- Sau khi c khuch i trung tn v tch sng, tn hiu c a vo b gii m,
kim tra xem khong cch gia cc xung c ng khng. Nu ng n c kt
hp vi b to m tr li ti b iu khin m ho a ra cu tr li chnh xc.
- Tn hiu ra t b iu khin m ho c a ti b to dng xung, vi cc xung
c rng quy nh 3.5s v a ra my pht cao tn. Ti y chng c iu
ch, khuch i v a ra anten thng qua b circulator pht tr li cho my
bay.

Hnh 2.2: S khi h thng DME Knh - X c bn

Xem Hnh 2.2. H thng DME yu cu mt cp my thu-pht n knh (dn ng
pht p - transponder beacon) kt hp vi mt ng ten ng hng c bit, nh
trm mt t, mt cp my thu-pht a knh trn tu bay (tit b hi - interrogator).
Mt my thu-pht a knh trn tu bay (pht v thu thng tin dng xung c m
ha) cung cp c chc nng nh danh v khong cch.

H thng DME c 252 knh hot ng, vi cc knh k cn nhau cch 1 MHz. i
vi pht air-to-ground (hi), c 126 knh trong di tn 1025 MHz n 1150 MHz.
i vi pht ground-to-air (tr li), c 63 knh trong di tn 960 MHz n 1024
MHz, cng 63 knh trong di tn 1151 MHz n 1215 MHz.
H thng DME x dng k thut m ha xung hng pht. Tn hiu pht bao gm
cc nhm xung vi khong cch n nh trc gia cc xung trong nhm. Vi cc
Knh X, cc xung hi v tr li cch nhau 12 s. Vi cc Knh Y, cc xung hi v tr
li cch nhau 36 s.
C my thu ca interrogator v transponder s dng cc b gii m xung, c ci
t cho php qua ch cc cp xung ng khong cch n nh trc. Mc ch ca k
thut hai xung l tng t l tn hiu trn tp m, loi b cc nhiu xung, chng hn
c th c to ra bi radar hoc ngun nng lng RF ngoi khc cng tn s. Tn
tc c cung cp cho tu bay bi transponder DME l c thng tin nh danh v
khong cch. Thng tin nh danh l cn thit phi cng xc nh c trm
c la chn. Thng tin nh danh c cung cp cho tu bay xp x mi 30 giy.
Tuy nhin, thng tin khong cch ch c cung cp cho tu bay theo nhu cu. Mi
tu bay hi thit b mt t bng cc cp xung hi c m ha, trc khi
transponder c th to ra v pht thng tin khong cch.
3 VOR