Chng 13: H THNG H CNH

13.1 Gii thiu

Chuyn bay thnh cng khng th khng nhc n giai on h cnh. Mc d phn ln cc
landings c thc hin duy nht bng s quan st bng th gic ca con ngi, my bay thng
xuyn phi h cnh trong thi tit i hi phi s h tr ca cc thit b k thut cc phi cng
c th kim sot hoc cho h cnh t ng. Chng ny m t k thut h cnh v cc h thng
k thut cung cp hng dn ngang v dc cc my bay tng i so vi ng bng c
chn h cnh.
Mt chuyn bay bnh thng bao gm cc giai on t ct cnh, bay cao v bay n cc vng
tip cn ca im n v sau l giai on cnh. , my bay xc nh trung tm ng
bng d nh tip t, sau lm mt phng php cui cng v h cnh vi sai s v tr ca mt
vi feet mi trc khi tip t (Mc 1.5). Cc phng php tip cn v h cnh l giai on ri ro
nht ca chuyn bay; khong mt na s v tai nn thm khc xy ra trong cc giai on bay
trong hai phn ba l do sai st ca phi hnh on chuyn bay (Bng 13.1).
13.2 Hot ng km trong tm nhn hn ch:
C nh hng ln trong dn s v qun s v kh nng nhn thy km trong giai on cui.
Chng hn nh, hnh 13.1 cho thy rng kh nng nhn thy ti Gatwick Phi trng ca Lun
n i hi theo tiu chun II c kh nng hot ng sut 115 ting ng h mi nm v tiu
chun III sut 73 ting ng h mi nm trong gi hot ng chnh [ 2 ]. Trong nm 1992-1993,
c tnh tit kim ca KLM 10.300.000 $ (USD) bng vic c th t n 500 chuyn bay
Amsterdam (Schiphol) sn bay mc tiu chun III. Trong giai on 1996-2009, KLM c tnh
chi ph $ 53.000.000 (US $) khi h cnh thnh cng my bay ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc,
chng hn nh Crosswinds v hot ng bo ,nh hng ca thi tit s chi phi ln n cc
hot ng h cnh c bit l hn ch tm nhn [4c].
Bng 13.1
Primary

Tot Takeoff

Crui

Descen Final

Loa

Causal

al

se

and

Factor (% Hul Climb

All causes
440 145
Flightcrew 276 68 (25)
Unknown 72
29 (40)
Airplane 40
26 (64)

(60)
20
5 (2)
5 (7)
3 (8)

andApproch

Initial and
88 (20) 178 (40)
68 (25) 133 (47)
10 (14) 26 (36)
3 (8) 6 (15)

and
9 (2)
2(1
2 (3)
2 (5)

iu kin kh tng bay bng thit b (IMC) l cc iu kin th hin di dng tm nhn,
khong cch ti my, trn my v nhng tr s ny thp hn tiu chun ti thiu qui nh cho
iu kin kh tng bay bng mt . Trong mt cuc h cnh, chiu cao quyt nh (DH) l chiu
cao trn ng bng ti h cnh phi c hy b nu cc ng bng khng phi l trong
tm nhn. Thng thng, tt hn cc h tr cc thit b k thut, thp hn l DH. T chc hang
khng dn s quc t (ICAO) nh ngha ba loi kh nng hin th cho my bay h cnh dn s
vi s tr gip ca mt h thng cng c h cnh [4c]:

Hnh 13.1 Cc giai on tm nhn thp ti cc sn bay ln Vng quc Anh(1972-1982)

Tiu chun I: Quy nh chiu cao khng thp hn 200 ft; kh nng hin th khng t hn 2600
ft, hoc Runway trc quan Range (RVR) khng t hn 1.800 ft vi nh sng ng bng tip cn.
Cc phi cng phi c ti liu tham kho trc quan cho cc ng bng ti DH 200-ft trn ng
bng hoc hy b vic h cnh. My bay i hi ILS v thu marker n hiu vt qu yu cu
khc i vi chuyn bay IFR di.
Tiu chun II:DH khng thp hn 100 ft v RVR khng t hn 1.200 ft (350 m). Cc phi cng
phi nhn thy ng bng trn DH hoc hy b vic h cnh. Thit b b sung tu bay phi thc
hin bao gm thu ILS kp, hoc l mt my o cao radar (Phn 10.2) hoc mt my thu ni
marker (mc 13.5.5) o chiu cao quyt nh, thit b ma xa (cn gt nc hoc ha cht).
Mt h thng t ng iu tit cng c th c yu cu.
Tiu chun III. c chia thnh:
IIIA. DH thp hn 100 ft v RVR khng t hn 700 ft (200 m) c gi l-i khi nhn thy
lin vi t; n i hi mt phi cng linh hot hoc mt mn hnh hin th head-up.

 IIIB. DH thp hn 50 ft v RVR khng t hn 150 ft (50 m) n i hi mt my li t ng v

trin khai mt s t ng vi tc cao.
IIIC. Khng nhn thy c. Khng DH hoc RVR gii hn.Tiu chun IIIC khng chp
thun bt c ni no trn th gii vo nm 1996.
13.3 CC MY CA LANDING
13.3.1 TIP CN
Ngy v m h cnh c cho php theo quy tc bay bng mt (VFR) khi trn vt qu 1.000 ft
v kh nng hin th ngang vt qu 3 mi, c nh gi bi cc thp kim sot sn bay. Trong
thi tit gim, hot ng phi c conducted di Quy tc bay (IFR) [5e], An th tc tip cn
IFR hoc l nonprecision (hng dn bn ch) hoc chnh xc (c hai bn v dc cc tn hiu
hng dn). Danh mc I, hot ng II, v III l nhng th tc chnh xc, tip cn.
H cnh tu bay theo IFR phi chuyn i t bay ng bay n tip cn cui cng dc theo
ng trung tm ng bng m rng bng cch s dng cc th tc tip cn tiu chun c
cng b cho tng sn bay [6], cao tip cn c measured barometrically, v cc chuyn bay
ng chuyn tip c xc nh bi ban u v cui cng sa tip cn (IAF v FAF) s dng
VOR, VOR / DME, TACAN (Chng 4), v cc cnh bo nh du (Phn 13.5.5). Ngoi ra
vect radar c th c trao cho cc phi hnh on ca kim sot tip cn (Chng 14).
T khong 1500 ft trn ng bng, mt tip cn chnh xc c hng dn bi cc chm i
pht thanh c to ra bi cc ILS. My bay ln duy tr mt tc t 100 n 150 hi l trong
gc dc theo ng ln bt u t FAF (nh du bn ngoi). Cc gc ln con ng c
thit lp bi nhng cn nhc tr ngi-gii phng mt bng v ting n gim vi 3 nh l tiu
chun dn dng quc t. T l bn ra l 6-16 ft / giy, ty thuc vo tc ca my bay v trn
nhng cn gi ngc. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] xc nh rng cc ng ln s vt qua
ngng ng bng cao t 50 n 60 ft. Nh vy, cc ng ln d chn cc b mt
ng bng khong 1000 ft trc ngng ca, nh th hin trong hnh 13.3 [7] ,
Khi my bay t cao ra quyt nh y quyn, lut php yu cu thy th on hy b vic h
cnh tr khi n thy ng bng hoc n ca n. Lu rng mt DH khng c nh ngha
cho mc IIIC. Hnh 13.2 cho thy cc tiu chun ICAO loi II v III m hnh chiu sng cho sn
bay dn dng [4b], Cc thanh nh sng cung cp tn hiu phng v, roll-v-pitch cc phi
cng. ng trung tm v cnh n tn hiu cung cp trin khai. Cc ng bng thng thng
y nhim cho phng php tip cn chnh xc l 150 ft, rng di 8,0 n 12.000 ft.

i vi mt tip cn khng chnh xc, mt cao gc ti thiu (MDA, 250-1.000 ft trn ng

bng) c nh ngha di y m my bay c th khng h xung m khng tip xc trc
quan vi cc ng bng. S la chn ca mt MDA ph thuc vo cc vt cn a phng, loi
my bay, tr gip nh hng sn, v nh sng ca ng bng [5d].

13.3.2 The Flare Maneuver

My bay trn t lin khng c thit k chm xung thng xuyn ti
6-16 ft/giy tc tn tn ti dc theo ng ln. Nh vy, mt c ng bng phi c thc
hin gim t l ngi gc t hn 3 ft / sec khi tip t.
Trong tip cn, cc gc ca vic ct cnh c duy tr mt gi tr m gy ra mt lc nng
bng trng lng ca my bay, v tc c iu chnh mt l gian hng quy nh, thng 1,3
ln tc gian hng cng vi mt bin da vo tc gi bo co v ct . Ngn la i hi
mt s lch thang my tng gc tn Aa to ra mt gia tc tr ln.

~= Ac^_ pV^ m 2
Vi Cia l o hm ca h s nng i vi gc ca cuc tn cng vi PV / 2 l p sut ng
(Chng 8)
A l din tch cnh
m l khi lng ca my bay
S tng tc ln lm cho vn tc dng mu gim.
Vic gim tc ca mt chic my bay phn lc tiu biu trong qu trnh bng pht l 5% n
10% [7], tham kho [7] cho thy rng ngn la bt u cao bnh xe ca 30 ft cho my bay
phn lc, theo yu cu cc phi cng li t ng hoc p dng cc lnh iu khin 2 giy trc
(v lag do pitch trc qun tnh) v cc im quyt nh bng pht l 1 hoc 2 giy trc
vn cn. Nh vy, t thi im cue bnh thng, ngn la c ko di trn mt khong cch
2500-ft ngang v 75-ft dc, nh th hin trong hnh 13.3
13.3.3 The Decrab Maneuver and Touchdown
Trong mt VCW gi ngc, s tip cn vi mt gc cua b, nh vy vector mt t tc ca n
nm dc theo ng trung tm ca ng bng. mt tip cn tc bay Va v mt headwind
VHW, ti li b = VCW / (Va - VF, w) \ b thng l t hn 5 DEG v lun lun thp hn 15 .
Gn touchdown, my bay c th decrab, trt, hoc thc hin mt kt hp decrab trt c ng,
nh c gii thch trong Section 13.4.3. Sau khi decrab, gi gy ra my bay bt u tri
trn ng bng. i vi my bay ln, decrab thng xy ra 2-3 secprior chm xung. N phi
xy ra tr gi yaw v cun ph c nulled, nhng khng qu mun dn n tc
bn-drift ng hoc di di. Phiu bao gm: (1) h cnh ngc chiu gi b p cho yu t
trt v (2) gi bnh li ngc li ngn chn my bay t bin v gi cho n bay vo
cng nhm vi cc ng bng; trt c bt u t 200 n 400 ft trn ng bng. Ti liu
tham kho [8] Bo co m phng cho thy rng cc phi cng s chu ng gc cun ln nh 3
di 100-ft cao nu tm nhn ny l t hn 700 ft, v ln n 5 nu kh nng hin th ln
hn 1.200 ft. Nhiu tu vn ti ln c th khng cun hn 10 m khng ni bt mt u cnh
hoc ng c trn ng bng. Ti liu tham kho [8a] tho lun v kh ng hc ca decrab chi
tit. Phn 13.4.2 v 13.4.3 tho lun bng li t ng kp v decrab ngay trc khi bn thng.
Cc kh khn c hi lng cho h cnh c th chp nhn c th hin trong Bng 13.2 [9].

13.3.4 Rollout and Taxi

Khong 600 ft sau khi bnh chnh_ h cnh [7], mt chic my bay phn lc ln lm gim bnh
mi ca n v sau hot ng nh mt phng tin mt t. N phi complete trin khai n
trong ranh gii ca ng bng, tm mt li ra, v lm theo cc ng ln vo tp d. L kh
nng hin th hot ng gim, cc yu cu movement mt t tr nn nghim trng hn. Mt s
phng php hng dn my bay trn ng ln bao gm nhng iu sau y:
tifying my bay v xe l mt vn , bi v cc radar khng c ch transponder.
4. H thng Transponder da trn ly c v tr trn sn bay t transponder tr li ca my bay
thm vn v tr vi n ng ln. Cc d liu gim st c chuyn n b iu khin.
5. i pht thanh pht sng trn tu c ngun gc v tr v vn tc (v d, t GPS). Nu tt c cc
xe c trang b nh vy, b iu khin mt t hiu qu hn c th ngn chn s xm nhp ca
ng bng v va chm trn mt t.
6. truyn miliwatt marker n hiu t ti tt c cc ngng ng bng s a ra mt bo
ng bnh thng v m thanh trn boong bay ca bt k my bay m taxied vo mt ng
bng hot ng. iu ny s lm gim kh nng ca mt phi cng b mt gy ra mt v va chm
thm khc.
l bt buc m chy v cu h xe c kh nng xc nh v tr my bay v hiu ha trn cc
lnh vc trong tm nhn thp. Tu bay phi c chuyn n dc, nh cha my bay, cc khu vc
bo tr, v ni tip nhin liu trong cc thi k-tm nhn thp h cnh. Ngoi tr trong cc hot
ng qun s, mt gii hn kh nng hin th di y tn ti m hot ng my bay khng cn
thc t v khng c kh nng di chuyn hnh khch v hng ha t cc phi trng. S cn thit
cho mc III (c bit l IIIC) h cnh ca cc hng hng khng dn s c gn lin vi nhng
kh nng h tr.

13.4 H thng h cnh t ng

cho php my bay ca hng hng khng tip cn chnh xc xung di, loi II phi c h
thng h cnh t ng. Thit b m rng tm nhn nh dng c ch bo knh trc bung li
my bay ci thin kh nng ca phi cng gim st cc phng php tip cn v c th thay
th cho tip t t ng, t nht n loi IIIA. Trong nhng nm 1990 nhiu my bay- tu sn
bay nh l MD-80, MD-11, A-300 Series, Boeing 757, 767, 111 c trang b h thng t ng
tip t c chng nhn loi IIIA hoc IIIB [5b], Di DH, cho php khng phi l tip
t bng tay cng khng phi l chy xung quanh t ng bi v cc nguy c tip xc mt t; h
cnh phi tip tc.
Nm 1967, cuc b hon ton t ng u tin c thc hin trong dch v hng khng
hnh khch [10]. n v BLEU ca B Quc phng Vng quc Anh rt tch cc trong v
sau Th chin II. Cc bin php khuyn khch kinh t m rng hot ng thng mi hng khng
sau khi chin tranh cung cp ng lc cho pht trin h thng t ng tip t. Ngay c vi vic
xc nhn my bay hng hng khng cho b t ng, DHS khng h xung di 100ft cho
n khi tin cy v kh nng tht bi pht hin (tnh ton vn) ca my bay (v d, ng c
y, iu hnh bay, t ng h cnh ) v hng dn mt t c chng minh v cc tiu
chun thng nht.
Trong thp nin 1970, Trident ca Anh v cc my bay M L-JOJJ (bao gm c cc h thng t
ng h cnh ca h) c chng nhn cho loi Ilia trong doanh thu dch v s dng thng
tin hng dn t ILS v t cc cm bin khc trn tu [11]. Nhiu my bay sau c
chng nhn. Nm 1996, mc III hot ng l "t ng " da trn vic s dng cc h thng t
ng tip t m khng cn can thip th im [5b]. Nhng loi c pht trin, c xc
nh, v thng nht quc t mt cch chung chung cho php s i mi trong vic p ng
cc yu cu.
13.4.1 Hng dn v kim sot yu cu
Cc quy nh ca FAA cho mc II chnh [5a] i hi rng c ghp my li t ng hoc phi
hnh on gi my bay trong khong ln hn 12 ft hoc 35 / amps (o bng ILS ng
tm) ca cc ng ln t 700 ft xung DH 100-ft. iu ny tng ng vi mt li dc 38 ft
(2-sigma) cao 700 ft v 12 ft (2-sigma) cao 100-ft trn mt ng ln 3 . i vi
chng nhn loi III, cho php s phn tn cng c quy nh. Cc s phn tn chng
minh nn c gii hn n 1500 ft chiu dc v chiu ngang 27 ft trn c s 2-sigma [5c].

Song song vi vic ci thin chnh xc c s pht trin ca cc phng php c h thng
tin hnh phn tch nguy him. Nh vy, ngoi cc khi nim hot ng, mc chp nhn
ri ro cn phi c xc nh nh l im khi u cho mt phn tch ri ro ca h thng iu
hng my bay v mt t. Ti n gin nht ca n, xc sut ca mt s kin thm khc trong
mt cuc b loi III phi khng c ln hn l cho mt cch tip cn trc quan v h cnh
[12]. T l tai nn lch s v c im ca my bay phn lc hin i cho thy t hn mt tai nn
cht ngi xy ra trong chuyn bay 107 gi, do tt c cc h thng, mt s thng tho thun
ca cc nh thit k ca tu vn ti dn dng. Do xc sut ca mt s kin thm khc do mt
h thng con ring (v d, t ng h cnh) l gn gi hn vi mt s kin 109 chuyn baygi, mt khong thi gian m c th vt qu tui th hm i tch ly ca bt k m hnh giao
thng vn ti.
Thit b sn bay mc II, IIIA v IIIB, ch khc nhau mc pht hin li v s ti cu
hnh t ng sau khi tht bi.
13. Bo hiu dn hng
Trong cch tip cn cui cng tng ln dc trong h thng t ng tip t c gim trong
mt kiu nh theo chng trnh (gi l quy trnh khuch i ). Cm bin b sung phi cung cp
nhng hng dn di y dc 100 ft.
Trong nhng nm 1990, h thng h cnh t ng s dng chiu cao v chiu cao-tc
d liu t ra-da o cao d tha (Phn 10.2), thng xuyn b sung vi cc d liu cm bin
qun tnh, hon thnh din tp bo hiu ny. My o cao bng ra-da tm thp th c
chnh xc danh ngha 1,5 ft (2 sigma) di 100 ft cao v 2% ca ton thang o cao cao
hn (Phn 10.2.4). H c mt u ra ting n thp cho php cc ngun gc ca thng tin t l
theo chiu dc. Cc ILS khng th pht trin thng tin tng t, k t khi nhn ln dc cung
cp sai lch so vi ng ln zero-DDM m khng phi l mt cao khng i theo chiu
rng ca cc nh v ng i / ng bng (Phn 13.5). Do , tnh chnh xc ca chiu cao
my bay s dng cc lch ln ng v thng tin khong cch t mt DME im dng
(Mc 4.4.6) l khng thc t. Cc lnh c bt u bng pht ti mt chiu cao bnh xe khong
75 ft, trc ngng ca ng bng. Tuy nhin, cc my o cao ra-da c th khng s dng
c trc ngng do a hnh khng bng phng hoc bin thy triu. Thng thng, h thng
t ng tip t b vo khong trng gia bt u ta sng v s khi u ca bo him o

cao trn ng bng tri nha (chiu cao 50 ft) vi d liu t cc h thng qun tnh-chuyn
hng trn tu (Chng 7).
Vic bng pht l mt con ng tip tuyn hm m vi mt mt phng nm ngang mt
vi feet di ng bng, m bo s tip t tch cc. Cc mong mun chiu cao-tc tip
t c bao gm trong tnh ton ca cc tn hiu ch o, do im tip t v vn tc thng
ng ti tip t l lp li. Mt lnh tc thng ng in hnh l (h / r + h + 2 ft / sec), ni h v h
c o cao tc thi v tc cao [8b].
13.4.3 S dn hng bn
Nm 1996, my nh v ILS p ng yu cu thc hin mc III h cnh v hng dn
trin khai ti nhiu a im. Theo di ca my nh v c h tr bi hng bay (hoc ton b
bnh li) bnh li, bnh li -t l tn hiu cung cp cho cc my li t ng (mc 2.7.3) v bng
tc v tng tc d liu t cc h thng qun tnh trn tu. Trong hu ht cc phng php tip
cn trong gi ngc, cnh my bay v cc im bay vo trong gi (hay gt) vector vn tc ca
n theo di my nh v. Vic t c my nh v phi c ln k hoch gim khi ng bng
c tip cn v b mt ca DDM khng i (Phn 13.5) hi t lm cho cc tn hiu bo li
hn v nhy cm hn vi khong cch di di.
Chic my bay nn chm xung vi trc dc ng trung tm ca ng bng trnh
cc lc lng pha trn b phn h cnh. lm iu ny trong iu kin loi II v I, cc phi
hnh on c th b trt hoc cua bng tay trc khi tip t. Trong tm nhn thp, khi h
cnh hot ng c th c t ng tip t, trt v cua c c gii ha bng cch cho
thang my v bnh li thch hp lnh cho li t ng khong 200 ft trn ng bang. iu ny
thit lp nhiu li l cn thit, nhng khng nhiu hn khong 5 bnh li cho mt my bay
thng mi in hnh, do lm gim cc gc cua c thnh lp trn phng php tip cn.
Nu gi ngc l rt cao (trn khong 10 hi l) m gc bnh li vt qu khong 5 , mt c
ng cua li c chn khong 15 ft trn ng bng ch trc tu bay trn ng bang. Cc
vector vn tc phi nm trong 3 DEG ca trc ng bng khi tip t gi my bay trn
ng bang. V d, mt 40-ft li tip t bn (FAA yu cu 3-sigma) v 3 mc li bn bay
con ng c th gy ra mt my bay vi mt 20-ft h cnh- bnh rng ly lan li mt ng
bng rng 150-ft trong khong 2,5 sec
13.5 H thng thit b h cnh

Cc h thng cng c h cnh (ILS) l mt b su tp ca cc i pht thanh truyn dng

hng dn my bay n mt ng bng sn bay c th, c bit l trong thi gian b hn ch
tm nhn. Sn bay mt cao c th c trang b trn nhiu hn mt ng bang- Sn bay
O'Hare ca Chicago c mt ILS ci t trn ng bng 12 nm 1996.
Thng mi u tin c s dng trong nm 1939, ILS c s dng cho dn s tng
ng hng I b t nm 1947 [13] v c chng nhn cho loi II (nm 1960) v loi III
(nm 1970) hot ng ti nhiu sn bay ln. Khong 1500 ILSs ang s dng ti cc sn bay
trn ton th gii vi cc sn bay M, chim hn 1.000 trong s ny. Nm 1996, gn 100 sn bay
trn ton th gii c t nht mt ng bng chng nhn loi III. c khong 117.000
chic my bay trn ton th gii vi mt hoc nhiu ILS thu.
S pht trin ILS trn ton th gii c h tr bi cc cng b tiu chun tn hiu ca T
chc Hng khng dn dng quc t (ICAO, to ra vo nm 1944). Cc tiu chun ICAO v thc
tin ngh (SARPs) [4a] cho ILS, ng k bi 180 cc quc gia thnh vin, chun ha cc tn
hiu trong khng gian ca mt t thit b pht ILS, khng c vn m h ang sn xut,
m bo tnh tng thch trn cc chuyn bay quc t. FAA v RTCA xut bn hng dn s
dng cho cc thit b trong h thng ILS khng phn ca nc M m bo s ph hp vi
tiu chun ICAO [18]. Ti chu u, C quan Hng khng Lin (JAA) v EUROCAE lm nh
vy [31]. M thu c chun ha bng hng khng Radio, Inc. [32].
Thng thng, mt ILS gm:

ng-ten nh v l trung tm trn ng bng ngoi cui ngng cung cp dn hng

bn

dc ln, nm bn cnh ng bng gn ngng cung cp dn hng dc

Du hiu cnh bo cch tip cn t ti cc v tr ri rc dc theo con ng; cnh bo

cho phi cng ca s tin b ca h dc theo ng ln.

gim st bc x , trong trng hp tht bi ILS bo i kim sot, c th ng xung

mt loi I hoc II ILS, hoc chuyn sang mt loi III ILS my pht d phng (Hnh
13.2).
Cng ngy, cc thit b o khong cch (DME) (Chng 4) nm vi ILS, v hin th
khong cch trong bung li c s dng thay cho n hiu nh du.

13.5.1. ILS tn hiu hng dn

Cc localizer, ln dc, v cc cnh bo du hiu lin tc ta sng, phn cc ngang, nng lng
tn s v tuyn in. Cc di tn s hot ng l: localizer, 40 knh 108-112 MHz; trt dc, 40
knh 329-335 MHz; v cc cnh bo du hiu, tt c trn mt tn s duy nht l 75 MHz. Mt tn
hiu nhn dng m Morse m thanh c truyn ti trn cc tn s localizer; mt knh thoi t
thp iu khin cng c th c cung cp. Cc localizer, ln dc, v tn s DME c ghp
ni nh vy , v d, mt ILS vi mt tn s 109,5 MHz ca localizer c dc tn s ln ca
332,6 MHz v c knh 32x cho DME, nu c ci t. Cp cng ny lm gim khi lng
cng vic ca phi cng, v ch c tn s localizer cn c nhp vo iu chnh cc ILS v
DME lin quan.
Cc localizer thit lp mt m hnh bc x trong khng gian cung cp mt tn hiu deviation
trong my bay khi my bay c di di sang hai bn t mt phng thng ng cha cc ng
trung tm ng bng [18d]. Tn hiu sai lch ny s khin kim tri-phi ca mn hnh ngangcon tr (hoc iu hnh bay) ca phi cng v c th c ni vi h thng li t ng / my bay
iu khin cho "kt hp" phng php tip cn.
hnh thnh qu trnh localizer, mt sng mang RF c to ra trong cc my pht v iu
ch bin vi ring bit 90 Hz v cc m bo 150-Hz to ra di bin bin equal- t 90
Hz v 150 Hz trn v di tn s sng mang. Ny "di bin sng mang vi-" (CSB) tn hiu
c pht ra t cc mng localizer trong mt broadside "sum" m hnh cung cp bo him chung
ca khu vc Tt nhin phng php. ng thi, mt s nng lng bin c tch ra t cc sng
mang v chuyn giai on cung cp mt "di bin-only" (SBO) tn hiu. Cc tn hiu SBO
c bc x t cng mt mng trong mt "s khc bit" m hnh, v v sc, c trng ca cc
m hnh khc nhau, c lin kt vi cc ng trung tm ng bng. Cc thy ca cc m
hnh khc bit (v do 90 Hz v 150 Hz-di bin) ang i din trong giai on hai bn ca
ng trung tm null (Hnh 13.4).
Kt qu cui cng l, trn ng trung tm, ni cc tn hiu SBO c nulled, ch bng cc di
bin ca tn hiu CSB c pht hin v thu cung cp mt u ra "on-nhin". Hai bn ng
trung tm, cc SBO bin tn hiu tng nhanh v unbalances cc di bin CSB nh vy m mt
di bin 90-Hz s chi phi bn tri ca kha hc v mt 150-Hz bin bn phi. Tng iu ch tn
hiu M c nh ngha l M = (A + B) / C, trong A v B l amplitudes ca trng t 150- v
90-Hz tn hiu tng ng, v C l bin ca cc tu sn bay [14], s khc bit v su iu
ch (DDM) l (A - B) / C. Cc bin php ILS nhn tm quan trng ca DDM ny v u ra mt

"deviation- t kha" tn hiu. Nh vy, qua con tr nhin lch (CDI) kim hoc Gim c
chuyn bay lm "bay ngay" khi tone 90-Hz thng tr v "bay tri" khi tone 150-Hz chim u th.
Cc tn hiu sai lch t l vi gc phng v thng ra 5 hoc hn hai bn ca ng trung
tm. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] yu cu mt DDM ca 0,155 nguyn nhn y quy m
lch kim v c gi tr DDM ny xy ra 350 ft hai bn ca ng trung tm ngng tip
cn. Nh vy, vi chiu di ng bng khc nhau, chiu rng nhin gc t localizer s l 3 n
6 , nh thit lp bng cch iu chnh in bin bc x.Kt qu cui cng l, trn ng trung
tm, ni cc tn hiu SBO c nulled, ch bng cc di bin ca tn hiu CSB c pht hin
v thu cung cp mt u ra "on-nhin". Hai bn ng trung tm, cc SBO bin tn hiu tng
nhanh v unbalances cc di CSB nh vy m mt di bin 90-Hz s thng tr bn tri ca kha
hc v mt 150-Hz bin bn phi. Tng iu ch tn hiu M c nh ngha l M = (A + B) / C,
trong A v B l amplitudes ca trng t 150- v 90-Hz tn hiu tng ng, v C l bin
ca cc tu sn bay [14], s khc bit v su iu ch (DDM) l (A - B) / C. Cc bin php
ILS nhn tm quan trng ca DDM ny v u ra mt "deviation- t kha" tn hiu. Nh vy,
qua con tr nhin lch (CDI) kim hoc Gim c chuyn bay lm "bay ngay" khi tone 90-Hz
thng tr v "bay tri" khi tone 150-Hz chim u th.
Cc tn hiu sai lch t l vi gc phng v thng ra 5 hoc hn hai bn ca ng trung
tm. Cc tiu chun ICAO [4a] yu cu mt DDM ca 0,155 nguyn nhn y quy m
lch kim v c gi tr DDM ny xy ra 350 ft hai bn ca ng trung tm ngng tip
cn. Nh vy, vi chiu di ng bng khc nhau, chiu rng nhin gc t localizer s l 3 n
6 , nh thit lp bng cch iu chnh in bin bc x.

NOTE:

The

phase

angles

f \ Sum pattern: fc 90 Hz (ref) fc 150

(^180) are relative to / the CSB Hz (ref)

signals
Difference pattern ~ (right):

\ Difference pattern

- fc 90 Z180 Hz fc 150 zDHz \ (left):

fc + 90 Z0 Hz fc 150 Z180 Hz
^j\\

: \ Clearance ; V patterns

...i,. ...i \

V .J...

Hnh 13.4 Tng hp v bc x khc bit m hnh cho cc qu trnh (CRS) v gii phng mt
bng (CLR) tn hiu ca mt mng localizer hng.
Cc tiu chun ca ICAO l tn hiu sai lch ton din c cung cp n 35 hai bn ng
dy trung tm h tr thu hi ca qu trnh zero-DDM. Nu m hnh CSB localizer hp (v
d, 5 n 10 ), gim s phn x t cc ta nh v cc my bay khc, h thng ny i hi
cn c "gii phng" tn hiu cung cp vng ph sng 35 . Nhng tn hiu gii phng mt
bng c b sung bng cch cung cp mt b th hai ca CSB v SBO tn hiu pht ra t mt
mng ngn vi mt m hnh rng vng ph sng. Mt hai tn s phng php "nm bt nguyn
tc" c th c s dng lm gim cc hiu ng nhiu trn tn hiu qa trnh do phn x tn
hiu gii phng mt bng t, v d, nh cha my bay ln gc rng.
Cc tn s ca hai hng RF c t cch nhau mt nh danh 8 kHz v c b p i xng
v tn s trung tm knh. Hai b tn hiu (qu trnh CSB v SBO v gii phng mt bng v CSB
SBO) nm trong 25- kFIz di thng ca ngi nhn v c pht hin. Mt c im c bn ca
AM d tuyn tnh l, vi hai hng iu ch hin nay, cc thng tin qu trnh gii iu ch rt ng
h (nh chp) cc tn hiu sng mang thm ch mnh hn. Ngi nhn khng kh, khi gn
ng trung tm, nhn c hai tn s sng mang mi vi 90 v 150-fiz iu ch. Cc tn hiu
gii phng mt bng yu phn nh vo cc khu vc nhin c nhn cng vi cc tn hiu tt
nhin mnh hn v do c t nh hng n u ra my pht hin. bi v y "nm bt Nguyn
tc " c th lm gim qu trnh g gh do phn x tn hiu gii phng mt bng theo h s 3-10,
h thng hai tn s l cn thit hu ht cc sn bay ni h cnh ti thiu-ngch cao c mong
mun. i vi loi IIIB v IIIC hot ng, tn hiu localizer c s dng dc theo ng bng

 c hng dn trin khai. Thit b mt t ILS c mua bi cc FAA vo gia thp nin
1990 l thit k ca hai tn s c th h tr mc II v III hot ng. chnh xc localizer yu
cu h tr ba ILS loi hiu sut c th hin trong Bng 13.3 [4a]
i vi cc tn hiu hng dn dc vi, dc ln trong hu ht cc kha cnh c th c coi
nh mt localizer trn mt ca n. Phm vi bo him ti thiu ko di khong 10 hi l t
ngng, 8 DEG hai bn ng trung tm, v ln n 5000 ft cho gc ng 3 danh ngha.
Cho mt danh ngha Bng 13.3. ILS li hng dn cho php theo tiu chun ICAO (ft) Cng
im dng tm tip cn .

Point Along
Approach

Category I
ILS

Bias

Category II

Bends Bias

Category III

Bends Bias

Bends

Center line Element (Max) (95%) (Max) (95%) (Max) (95%)

Outer
GS
122
77
121
77
65
77
Marker
(5
nmi)
Middle

Loc.
GS

136
15

249
10

93
15

249
6

41
8

249
6

Markerft)
(3000

Loc.

48

43

33

14

15

14

Inner

GS

Markerft)
(1000

Loc.

42

37

29

12

13

12

Threshold* GS

NS '

NS

(0)

NS

NS

26

11

12

11

Main-Gear GS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

Touchdown' Loc.

NS

NS

NS

NS

10

10

Loc.

^
Lu : Cc gi tr c lit k bao gm tt c cc dung sai ng k cho cc tn hiu trong khng
gian v cho ngi nhn trong khng kh, trong p dng vo qu trnh ng trung tm v trn
cc ng ln 3 . Ngng khong cch localizer-to- c thc hin nh l 12.000 ft. Tt c
cc gi tr c lm trn n s nguyn gn nht. "Trong cc hot ng ILS in hnh, s thin
v c duy tr mt gi tr nh. * chnh xc c quy nh ngng cho tin o nhng
khng c ngha hot ng. RNS = khng chun. Gi touchdown 2000 ft vt qu ngng. gc

v chiu cao ngng ng bng, m rng tuyn ng ln chn b mt ng bng khong

1000 ft bn trong ngng (Hnh 13.2) [18E],
Vic b tr bin l cho tn hiu 90-fiz chim u th trn cc ng ct h cnh v cc tn hiu
150-fiz thng tr di y (Hnh 13.5) [16]. Bin tn hiu tng i l nh vy m quy m
ton lch kim v mt DDM = 0,175 tn ti 0/4 ( 0,75 cho ng ln 0 = 3 ) [4a]. cc
gc cao Lnh vc th mnh tng i (phn trm) Hnh 13.5 m hnh chm dc ca mng
ln dc null-tham kho. Ch s lch dc (VDI) kim c y quy m "bay ln" cho tt c
cc chuyn khi hnh i xung vt qu 0/4 v y quy m "bay xung" khi hnh i ln
vt qu 0/4 tng cao nh 30. ln dc chnh xc cn thit h tr ba loi hiu sut ILS
c th hin trong Bng 13.3 [4a].

13.5.2 i Localizer

i Localizer in hnh l 1 dy anten c c nh 600 n 1000 ft pha cui ng bng. Dy

anten c t vung gc vi ng trung tm ca ng bng v tm ca localizer-DDM tt
nhin l c sp xp vi ng trung tm ca ng bng m rng v 2 bn ( theo hiu)
( hnh 13.2). Localizer chiu di rng 40 n 130 ft v c gn 6 n 20 anten. Mt s
Localizer nh hng v cung cp tn hiu iu khin cho c tip cn trn v tip cn di
hng i din.
Mc d c 3 th loi anten khc nhau c s dng, hu ht cc anten mi v hin i c cung
cp bi U.S.FAA l anten log-periodic-dipole ( LPD ) n cung cp pht x n hng ( Unidirectional ??) ( Hnh 13.6 ). N di 9 ft, c th lp t vi dy cp chng (guy-cable) v c c
tnh bng rng tt. Mi dipole c iu khin bi mt ng truyn cn bng bn trong khung
nm ngang ( horizontal supporting structure which), ni cch khc c cung cp t mng
li ph hp ti forward end ??. Hn na bn trong cu trc ny, ng truyn song song ly
mu tn hiu t 7 dipole.

clearance signals (Tn hiu khe h) , ni i hi ( Chia ct 13.5.2 ), c th cung cp bi gin

anten chia tch hoc, trong bn v phc no , c course and clearance signals ( tin trnh ln
khe h tn hiu ) l pht x t vi phn t ca mt gin. Trm dn hng h cnh loi III vi
thnh phn LPD c trnh by trong Hnh 13.7.
13.5.3 The Glide Slope
C nm loi gin Glide Slope khc nhau thng dng: ba trong s l h thng nh v hai cn
li l khng phi. Gin Image ph thuc vo phn x t mt t theo hng tip cn my bay
to thnh cc m hnh bc x. Ba h thng Image l cc h thng null-reference vi hai anten
c chng ( gn ) trn ct thng ng cch 14 v 28 ft trn mt t, h thng sidebandreference vi 2 anten cao 7 v 22 ft so vi mt t; v h thng capture- effect vi 3 anten cao
14, 28, v 42 ft so vi mt t.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mi gin Image l nh nhau. Mt gin 2 phn t (A two-element
array) c hnh thnh bi CSB anten v hnh nh ca n bn di mt t. Chiu cao ca ng
ten CSB c chn sao cho cc tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu hnh nh s thm v to thnh mt
"tng hp" mu bc x. Tng t nh vy, cc anten SBO c t trn ct gin hnh thnh

vi hnh nh ca n cung cp mt "s khc bit" m hnh bc x vi null gc glide-path mong

mun.
Bi v mi anten v Image ca n hnh thnh 2 phn t giao thoa k (interferometer). Nhiu
bp sng c sinh ra trong gin bc x nm ngang. Do , lch khng (false null) tn ti 2
,3 ,4

Nhng li li (steering error) hin th fly down 2 bn 2

"fly

away ti 3 v "fly up 2 bn 4 (hiu g cht lin). n nh u tin l 5 (the

first stable null), ni tn hiu li li ng ( steering signals ). Dc ng ca ng bay l n nh
( 15 deg cho 3 deg ng trt ) gip cho d phn bit t ng bay ng. ng trt ct h
cnh tin cy nht, l capture-effect array (hnh 13.8) c thit k hy b cc tn hiu CSB
di khong 1.5 gim nng lng phn x t cc a hnh cao di ng tip cn h cnh
(approach course). cung cp mt tn hiu fly-up mnh, 1 tn hiu 150Hz c bc x di
ng glide-path. B p tn s, v s dng to bng cc " capture principle " (Phn 13.5.2)
gim nhiu do phn x ca tn hiu phn x t cc a hnh.
Nh th hin trong hnh 13.9, b mt zero-DDM ca Image array l hyperboloid trn xoay c
trc i xng l ct anten glide slope. Lu rng, do vic s dng cc anten Image, b
mt zero-DDM ny khng m rng n mt t, mc d ngun gc ca nn tim cn
ca n l gn di cng ca ct. Na gc ca hnh nn tim cn l 87

ca 3 glide path. Mt mt phng thng ng cha ng tm ca ng bng ct

zero-DDM hyperboloid trong mt hyperbol c tim cn l ng glide path l tng. Bi v
gin anten glide slope c b p (offset ??) t ng trung tm, zero-DDM ng ng mc
l 1 : 3 ft bn trn ( ng thng ) tim cn glide path ti inner marker, 2 n 6 ft bn trn
ngng ca 150ft ng bng v 15 n 23 ft trn ng bng i din ct glide slope
13.5.4 ILS Marker Beacons
Mi i chiu mt chm dc hnh qut l khong +- 40 rng dc theo ng ln
ca +- 85 vung gc vi ng dn (im na cng sut) rng. im nh du bn ngoi
(OM) c t di Tt nhin phng php neaar im glide-path nh chn (khong cch nhau
4-7 hi l t ngng ca). n c iu ch vi hai tn s 400 hz m morse du gch ngang mi

giy. im nh du gia (MM) c t gn cc im m mt quyt nh nh-cch tip cn s

cn phi c thc hin cho mt loi tip cn th tc (trn 3000 ft ngng). im nh du
gia c iu ch vi mt tn s 1300 hz cp dash-dot mi giy. im nh du bn trong (IM)
c th yu cu mt ng bng chng nhn cho catrgory II v III hot ng v c t gn cc
im m cc ng ln cao 100 ft trn ng bng (trn danh ngha 1.000 ft trc ngng
ca). im nh du bn trong c su im sn bay chm cao 2-10 ft v khng gim st.
13.5.5 My Thu
- Cc h thng my thu trn my bay in hnh thng l : my thu chuyn i i, my thu siu
ngoi sai c thit k bng hnh thc iu ch AM. Lc ra sau khi d ra 2 knh tn s khc
nhau l 90 v 150 Mhz 2 tn s m trong hu ht cc mch in c bn c chnh lu v
a vo micro ampe k mt chiu. Mt DDM ca 0,175, vi mt iu ch 90hz ln (tri tt
nhin), cung cp 150 uA ca hin ti v lm lch kim vi gii hn quy m trn bn phi (ch
o phi). bn phi thn my, iu ch 150-Hz chim u th vi mt lch kim tng ng
bn tri. Vic b tr cho cc ng ln kim dc l tng t. Knh hin th kim emu-mun. Khi
tip cn theo hng ngc li v pha sau Tt nhin, vng nhin kim c o ngc (nng
t ng ngha l "ch o tri"),. Khng ln - tn hiu ng c mt pha sau kha hc. Cc
my to - thu beacon l mt ming pha l tinh luyn nhn kim sot, c nh - iu chnh n
75Mhz. Hu ht u c b lc m thanh iu khin nh sng mu trong mt ch th bung li.
Tus, ngoi cc nhc m thanh, cc du hiu bn ngoi dc hin th mu tm trn bng iu khin;
im nh du gia bngmt n mu h phch; v nh du bn trong bng mt n trng.
Cht ch hi ha cc tiu chun thit b trong khng kh v thng s k thut c sn xut bi
RTCA v ARINC M v bi EUROCAE.
13.5.6 ILS Limitations
Cc hn ch ln ca ILS l s nhy cm ca n vi mi trng. Ti cc tn s ILS hot
ng, rng chm tia rt hp, cn thit trnh nh sng ng k ca mi trng xung quanh
qu trnh tip cn, i hi cc cu trc mng l qu ln c thc t. S gim st chnh
xc (chm un cong) do phn x t cc ta nh, a hnh, my bay trn khng, my baych, v
cc phng tin mt t Vn ny c bit cng thng i vi cc mng nghing, ni gc
ngng nng ca ng ln i hi m ng knh ln gim s phn x mt t p
ng cc gii hn nghim ngt li ng gn ngng ng bng. Nhng phn x (a ng ) tn

hiu trn vi tn hiu trc tip vo my bay v gy ra nhng khc cua trong ng ln (cc tn
hiu nhn c l tng ca tt c cc nng lng tc thi khi n ng ten ca my bay, trong
c phn nh, Hnh 13.12). Vic s dng cc mng hnh nh gip tiu gim kch thc vt l
dc ln nhng i hi mt khu vc rng ln ca a hnh theo hng tip cn c cn h
trong vng 1/4 bc sng. t c mc II v III hot ng, cc ng ln phi c t do
un cong sc nt (mc d khng nht thit phi thng) xung n cao 50 ft (ngng), ni cho
php 95% sai s + -4 ft c chia u gia thin v v cc thnh phn un cong (Bng 13.3).
- Khu thng ng nh cc nguyn t localizer ng ten in hnh to ra mt omni - m hnh
thng ng hng. Phn x t my bay ct cnh (hoc thc hin mt cch tip cn b l) c th

gy ra nhng khc cua ca + -20 UA, m vn tn ti cho ti chng 10 giy. un cong nh kt

hp vi cc c tnh li ca localizer + - 22ft ngng ca ca mt ng bng di. C th di
chuyn cc nhin ngoi gii hn ng bang .li bay ngoi c kim sot trong qu trnh hot
ng cth bng cch tng khong cch gia cc my bay tip cn v vng

khi hnh.

-My bay v xe trn b mt sn bay, c bit l trn cc ng ln gn ng ten, c th phn nh

tn hiu ILS v gy ra li ng k cng cc phng php tip cn ng dn. Kinh nghim cho
thy rng cc li phn nh mt c th c loi b ch bi giao thng pro-hibiting cc vng
nhy cm ca sn bay trong thi gian hot ng, tm nhn thp. Kch hot ca nhng "khu vc
quan trng v nhy cm '' lm gim cng sut sn bay [5g]. Cc localizer l b nhiu sng t cc

trm FM mnh m. y l mt vn c bit trong tc nghn Bc u, ICAO ban hnh stantiu cho ILS thu vi ci tin c FM sejection, sffective vo nm 1998.
13.6 H thng h cnh bng song viba
-Trong thi gian cui nm 1960, cc yu cu ca hng khng dn dng c d bo s vt qu
kh nng ca ILS, cc dch v qun s M, trong hn mt thp k, pht trin h thng hng
dn cch tip cn song vi ba h tr dep chin thut v hot ng tu sn bay (phn 13,8).
trong nm 1974, ICAO g prooposals t cc nc thnh vin cho mt h thng hng dn mi
replece ILS nh l tiu chun quc t v hng khng dn dng [4d].
Thit k tm cch m gi li cc tnh nng mong mun ca ILS trong khi gim thiu nhng
im yu ca n. Cc kin trc ng bng thng tr ca ILS c chuyn sang MLS, bi
v nh cc phng php tip cn my bay h cnh trn ng bng, hiu s tuyn tnh (do sai st
trong cc hng dn gc) lin tc gim, trong khi t l tn hiu-to-noise thng tng. My thu,
trong giai on i hi kht khe nht ca cc chuyn bay gn mt t, chnh xc v tr lin tc
minh imp v ni dung ting n thng c decreasting.
im yu chnh ca ILS, n l s nhy cm vi mi trng (mc 13.5.6), v c bn s c loi
b bi cc anten chm hp chiu rng m c th cht nh tn s microwace. Kt qu l, mt
tiu chun duy nht, chnh xc, tng ng vi loi III ILS, c la chn cho MLS. Ngoi
ra, tn s vi sng, thiu cc knh c sn, lm hn ch nhiu trin khai ILS trong khu vc th,
s khng cn l mt vn .
Nm 1978 ICAO ngh cc tia qut thi gian tham kho MLS pro-ro do autralia v cc quc
gia thng. Nm 1985, ICAO adopled MLS tiu chun v thng qua mt qu trnh chuyn i t
ILS n MLS bt u t nm 1998. Tuy nhin, vo ma xun nm 1995, nhn ra cc ng dng
nh v v tinh h cnh chnh xc, ICAO ngh rng cc tiu chun cho c hai ILS v MLS
nn ng v 15 n 20 nm ti, theo tiu chun M d on cho cc h thng h cnh da vo
v tinh. Nm 1987, ARINC ban hnh mt c im k thut cho mt com bined ILS-MLS nhn
[31].
13.6.1 Format tn hiu.
- Mt MLS c bn bao gm cc gc phng v v cc trm mt t c cao v mt DME thng
thng nh v 3D v cc kha hc tip cn n 40 hai bn ng trung tm v 15
cao trn ng bng. mt MLS m rng c th bao gm mt back - trm azimuth cho i / nh -

tip cn hng dn bn phi + - 40 ca ng trung tm, bo him tip cn cng thm + 60 deg ca ng trung tm, v mt DME chnh xc hn.
- Cc trm mt t MLS truyn c hai gc v chc nng d liu (tin nhn) vo mt trong 200
tn s trong khong t 5031,7 Mhz v 5190.7MHz. Mi chc nng truyn bt u vi mt on
u nh phn c m ha theo kiu khc, c iu ch bng 2 pha. Thit lp cc giai on vn
chuyn trong vic thu airbone gii m thng ip li ni u, cung cp mt m s tng quan
5-bit nh l mt tham chiu thi gian, v xc nh cc chc nng c truyn i. Li ni u
c bc x t thp - t c, c nh - m hnh n ten gc phng v (Az) v cao (El)
Trm m in vo cc khi bo him tip cn. V vy, t l bit li chp nhn c ca cc giai
on khc bit - phm shift (DPSK) truyn ti 20 hi l gii hn xc nh cng sut my pht
(khong 20W) cn thit trong cc trm mt t.
13.6.2 The Angle Functions
Cc yu cu cho vic m ha gc t l ph sng rng khp cc lnh vc c thc hin bng
cch qut mt m hnh ng-ten thu hp. i vi Az anten, chiu rng chm tia ng-ten c th
c la chn nh vy , khi my bay gn ng trung tm m rng, khng mong mun
(multipath) phn x t nh cha my bay rng ln dc theo ng bng s n ng-ten trn
khng sm hn hoc mun hn mong mun (trc tip-path) tn hiu. Tng t nh vy, i vi
cc ng ten cao chc nng qut theo chiu dc, cc beamwidth ng-ten c la chn trnh
nhiu t cc tn hiu phn x t mt t khi qut vi gc cao yu cu thp nht, Hnh 13.14.
Lu rng phn nh nng lng c th n trc nng lng trc tip nu chm tia qut soi
sng mt i tng gn trc khi n chiu sng cc my bay h cnh.
MLS qun u vi ng-ten qut c hc s dng mt giai iu khc nhau m thanh (hoc mt
chui xung) m ha cc gc tr trn m hnh qut chm tia. Cc c m tn (hoc m xung)
iu ch trn cc tu sn bay RF, m i din cc gc tr tc thi, c pht hin khi cc m
hnh chiu sng qut ca my bay MLS ng-ten (Phn 13.8.3). FAA thng qua khong thi
gian gia cc on k tip ca tia khng iu ch nh l mt phng php hiu qu ca m ha
gc. iu ny lm gim yu cu bng tn v tng thch vi cc cao (in t) gi qut. Trong h
thng ny, cc gc m ha l mt hm tuyn tnh ca thi gian, nh sau:
Q V(7o - t)
9=

ni 9 l phng v hoc cao theo hng dn gc , V l vn tc qut (thng thng l 20 /

msec), T0 l gi tr ca s khc bit thi gian ti mt phng ng trung tm dc (chc nng Az)
hoc ti mt phng ngang qua trung tm giai on (El chc nng) trong mili giy, v t l khong
thi gian trong mil-liseconds gia TO, v on FRO ca trng tm ca chm tia ti my bay.
Mt nh dng gc truyn hon chnh c th hin trong hnh 13.15 [4a].
Tc qut cao (20.000 / sec) cung cp khong 40 mu mi second ca d liu gc, mt t l
cao hn mi ln so vi cn thit kim sot my bay. Lc t l cao ny ti u ra my thu c
th lm gim ng k cc li gc do s can thip a ng v "ting n" cc ngun khc.
Mt ng ten qut mng in t l mt mng ca bc x phn t vi mt mng li thc n kt
hp chm tr tuyn truyn bin (v d, mt "phased array"). Nhng mng gy ra cc m hnh
ng-ten xoay bi "giai on chuyn dch" (tr hon) cc tn hiu RF c cung cp cho mi phn
t ta ra theo mt nh trc
trnh t c lu tr trong b nh my tnh v c s liu ti thi im thch hp trong cc nh
dng tn hiu, Hnh 13.16 [9] .Elevation chc nng cht lng theo hng dn dc l kh khn
nht cung cp, do s phn x tn hiu lun hin din t mt t. Mt dc-pattern chiu rng
chm tia ng-ten ca 2 hoc t hn l cn thit, trong trng hp khng tng a hnh di con
ng tip cn, trnh s can thip t cc phn nh mt t t cc thy ln gc glidepath
thp hn (v d, 2,5 ), hnh 13.14 b. Cc ng-ten cao MLS h tr mc II v III hot ng c
rng chm tia theo chiu dc t 1,5 n 1,0 , to ra ti 5 GHz ca mng theo tng giai on 812 ft cao. Bi v thy bn m hnh thng ng c phn nh t mt t pha trc ca mng
cao, cc ng-ten c thit k ngn chn thy bn 30 dB hoc nhiu hn di mc nh
chnh-thy gc phn nh quan trng. Cc m hnh bn trong cc mng cao l mt fan hm
m c nh hnh gim bt nh hng ca phn x t my bay ch ct cnh hoc t cc ta
nh.
Sau khi truyn li ni u, cc mng cao c qut t mc thp nht n cao nht gc. iu ny
"TO-SCAN" bt u hi thp ngang v c th kt thc cao nh 32 DEG, mc d gii hn trn 15
DEG l in hnh ca nm 1996 thit k thit b. Vic qut tm dng mt thi gian ngn trc
khi bt u "SCAN FRO-", tr li vi gii hn gc ngng thp [4a].
Chc nng Azimuth Mt chc nng phng v cung cp hng dn bn trong cch tip cn
ngnh (forward), v mt chc nng back-azimuth cung cp guidance bn trong khu vc khi
hnh / nh-tip cn. Trong khi cc nh dng tn hiu trong hai lnh vc khc nhau, h l tng

ng v mt nguyn tc v c truyn bi trm mt t tng t. Nhng thch thc theo

hng dn phng v chnh xc l bao ph thp hn yu cu ng bng v s n p ca nhiu
phn x t cc cu trc bn (v d, nh cha my bay ln). Mt chiu rng chm ngang-m hnh
ca 2 DEG l thng tha ng cho ng bng di hn 8.000 ft; ng bng di hn thng
i hi mt thy chnh 1-DEG, Hnh 13.14a. Cc mi quan h kch thc in v vt l ca khu
l ging nh cc mng cao v tn s truyn dn l nh nhau. Bi v thy bn pattern bn
c phn nh t cc cu trc gc rng, n p cc thy bn l t nghim ngt hn i vi cc
mng cao. Nh vy, thy pha in hnh gn thy ln b suy gim 25 dB hoc nhiu hn so vi
cc thy ln. Cc m hnh theo chiu dc ca mng gc phng v l mt fan hm m, hnh
gc thp hn gim bin ca cc phn x t mt t v gc cao hn ngn chn
cc phn x t overflying my bay.
Sau khi truyn ti mt cch tip cn phng v hoc li ni u back-azimuth, cc mng
azimuth-giai on c qut chiu kim ng h (nhn t pha trn) t ti thiu n ti a gc tr
(v d, t "40 qua zero (trn ng trung tm) vi 40 deg ). Ngnh 80 y l TO-SCAN hn
back-azimuth, mc d mt phin bn ca phng v tip cn c th cung cp mt khu vc 120
[4a]. Vic qut tm dng mt thi gian ngn trc khi bt u FRO-SCAN tr li vi gc
phng v ti thiu.
13.6.3 Cc chc nng d liu
Ging nh truyn gc hm, truyn d liu t bt u vi mt on u c cha mt m nhn
dng cho mt "c bn" hoc "ph tr" d liu t. Sau phn m u, cc mc c xc nh trc
cc d liu c truyn t cc anten li m u trong khong thi gian cho php, s dng cng
mt DPSK m ha chng trnh, li ni u. Cc m ha khc bit cung cp sc khng tt
can thip a, k t gii m hoc cc tn hiu trc tip hoc phn nh sn lng cc thng tin
tng t, (tc l, thay i = 1, khng thay i = 0).
Basic-Data Words Tm t c bn d liu cha thng tin v cc trm mt t MLS l cn thit
cho hot ng ca MLS nhn [4a]. Mi t c cha 26 bit thng tin cng vi 2 bit chn l. Bao
gm nhn dng c s, gii hn t l-theo hng dn, gc ln con ng ti thiu, di ng
bng, v nh vy trong nhng li ny. Tt c MLS ci t phi truyn ti tt c tm ch c bn
d liu.
Auxiliary-Data Words Ngc li, s lng t ph tr d liu c m rng ph hp vi nhu
cu a phng, v s lng d liu truyn c gii hn bi thi gian d tha c sn trong nh

dng tn hiu [4a]. Mi t c cha 57 bit thng tin cng vi 7 bit chn l. Nhng li ph tr d
liu c gii iu ch trong MLS thu v sn lng trc tip cho mt n v avionic (v d, mt
mn hnh) hoc mt bus d liu. Nu a ch ca h thng in t trn tu hp c chun
ha, tm bit thng tin u tin ca t c th l a ch ca cc h thng in t nhn c. Cc
bit cn li c th bao gm thng tin t d liu thi tit waypoint ta cho mt (RNAV) th
tc hi khu vc c th lin quan n ng bng ny [18b].
13.6.4 Aircraft Anten v Receivers
Mt chic my bay ln (v d nh, B-747) c th c mt ng-ten trn khu vc bung li cho bo
him v pha trc v mt thn di ui cho bo him v pha sau. Cc nh dng tn hiu
phng v cung cp mt khong thi gian cho ngi nhn chn cc ng-ten vi cc tn hiu
mnh hn. Ngoi ra, sng l vi sng c cung cp pha sau mi che radar mi trong mt s ci
t (v d, trn USAF C-130) cho cc tip cn thc. My bay nh hn c th t c cc yu
cu bo him bn pha trc 70 DEG ch vi mt ng ten n thng trn bung li. Cc ngten gn trn c th l cung khong 0.6-in. cao hoc trn my bay hiu sut cao, mt khe cm
tun ra gn kt. Ni chung, cc MLS nhn khng c RF amplification; tn hiu vo my trn
thng qua mt b lc c nh bao gm cc ban nhc MLS. Sau IF, cc preambles v t d liu
c gii iu ch trong mt vng kha pha c ng lc la chn trong vic xem xt thi gian t
l bit li v tn hiu thu mong mun. Ngi nhn gii m cc t c bn d liu s dng ni b
v chuyn cc t ph tr d liu thng qua cc h thng in t xe but d liu. Cc phong b
video to ra t ng TO-FRO cc chm tia qut c x l theo con ng khc o thi
gian tri qua gia on dm v xc nhn chiu rng phong b v bin . S thng nht ca
cc kim tra xc nhn s gia continuous mt quy t tin ngi nhn c th duy tr theo di
s hin din ca gai ting n tm thi hoc cc tn hiu a ng.
Tuy nhin, mt tn hiu lin tc ca bin ln hn so vi tn hiu c theo di s gim cc
truy cp t tin v gy ra cc nhn th cc track cur thu v c c cc tn hiu ln hn sau
khi s t tin l s khng. Nhn chung, thit k nhn MLS ang tp trung vo mt b vi x l. i
vi loi II, III hot ng, ci t nhn kp hoc triplicated c yu cu (Mc 13.2).
13.6.5 Mobile MLS
Qun i M devloped MLS di ng (MMLS) c vn chuyn bi mt nhm ba ngi n
ng v c ci t trong mi 30 pht cho DME / P hoc cao trm azimuth- trn ng bng

ln n 12.000 ft di [19]. Kt qu kim tra hot ng ban u thun li t c trong nm

1993, v h thng sn xut c th nghim vo nm 1995 (Hnh 13.17).
Cc thng s k thut chnh xc cho cc MMLS c da trn Danh mc yu cu I v II ILS
hn l trn (tc l, mc III) chun MLS chnh xc; Tuy nhin, cc tn hiu bc x ph hp vi
cc nh dng tn hiu MLS. Nhng yu cu v chnh xc thoi mi c la chn cho
php anten qut nh hn (vi rng chm tia rng hn) hn s l in hnh ca ci t vnh
vin. Mc d khu ng ten c gim trng lng nh hn, hiu sut MMLS p ng cc
tiu chun MLS tr cao di 100 ft.
13.6.6 chnh xc DME (DME / P)
Mt thit b o khong cch L-band chnh xc (DME) ( 100 ft ti ngng ng bng, 95%)
c pht trin song song vi MLS tng chnh xc khi s dng phm vi MLS tnh ton
v tr ba chiu ca my bay i vi ng bng (ch RNAV) [4a], (i vi mt m t ca
DME thng thng, xem Phn 4.4.6.) cc transponder v thm vn thit k cho DME / P l hon
ton tng thch vi DME thng thng (DME / N) nh vy m tip nhn ca DME tn hiu / P
vi mt my thu DME / N ci thin chnh xc nhng khng nhn ra thc hin y .
Ly ci thin chnh xc iu ny i hi mt xung nhanh hn tng thi gian tng chnh
xc gy ra mt bng thng rng hn. N lm gim sc mnh transponder bc x v sc mnh
c gii thiu trong cc knh L-band lin k [4a], Nhng cn dn cch xc nh hai phng
thc hot ng, mt cch tip cn ban u (IA) ch s dng cc dng xung Gaussian ca
DME / N v mt in thp hn li thc tip cn (FA) ch s dng mt xung composite vi
mt risetime ngn hn, im ngng trc , v cc tiu chun Gaussian thi gian phn r [20],
Nh vy, DME / P hot ng ch IA t ranh gii ngoi vng ph sng MLS 8 hi l tnh t
anten DME / P, ni thm vn bt u thay i m xung khong cch hon thnh qu trnh
chuyn i sang ch FA bng im 7 hi l.
Thng thng, cc DME / P transponder nm vi trm tip cn phng v MLS nhng hot ng
c lp trn cc tn s kt hp cng c s dng vi cc ILS (Phn 13.5.2). Dn DME thu
c tiu chun ha bi ARINC [32a],
13,7 V TINH LANDING H THNG
Ngay c trc khi h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) (Chng 5) c tuyn b hot ng ca
Hoa K trong nm 1993, nhng n lc c thc hin s dng n tip cn v h cnh.
Nhng n lc sau ny tham gia cc GLONASS ca Nga (Phn

5.6) v c th dn n s kt hp ca GPS Glonass, v cc v tinh khc vo mt Navigation H

thng v tinh ton cu (GNSS, mc 5.7).
Mt khi nim gi l hot ng c bit Th loi I hot ng tip cn chnh xc S dng DGPS,
da trn GPS khc bit (DGPS) k thut (chng 5.5.9), c pht trin, th nghim v chng
nhn cho cc sn bay c th (mc
5.5.9 v 5.5.10, v Bng 5.7). Cc kt qu th nghim ca DGPS rt c trin vng (Refs. [6668] Chng 5). Tuy nhin, yu cu duy nht ca tip cn v h cnh cc giai on lin quan n
tnh chnh xc, tnh ton vn v tnh sn sng (Mc 5.7.1) vi dn n s pht trin ca cc
phng php GPS augmentation b sung, c tho lun trong phn tip theo.
13.7.1 Augmentation Concepts
GPS c bn, m khng sa cha khc bit, khng th l phng tin ch yu ca iu hng cho
tip cn chnh xc v h cnh hot ng do cc hn ch sau y:
1. chnh xc. Cc li ng danh ngha l 150 mt, so vi requirements khong 8 mt cho loi I, 4 mt cho mc II, v 1.3 mt cho mc III (phn 13.5.2,
Bng 13.3).
2. Integrity. Cc thit k GPS thiu mt h thng gim st c th cung cp nhng cnh bo kp
thi ca cc t gy theo hng dn d liu trong vng 10 giy cho loi I, hoc t hn 2 giy cho
loi III.
3. C. S lng cc v tinh trong xem trong khong thi gian nht nh c th khng y .
i vi phng php tip cn chnh xc khng chnh xc v loi I, cc hn ch nu trn d kin
s c gim nh bng cch Wide Area H thng ca FAA Augmentation (WAAS, mc 5.7.3),
m c pht trin vo nm 1996. WAAS c th c b sung bng GPS khc bit a
phng (LDGPS) trm nm gn ng bng. C th, cc WAAS s gii quyt ba hn ch nu
trn bng cch cung cp (1) GPS khc bit gia khu vc rng (WADGPS) sa li, (2) pht sng
ton vn t (GIB), v (3) mt chc nng GPS khc nhau, t ba hoc bn a tnh v tinh cung
cp sn c b sung hoc tin cy (Ref. [69] Chng 5 v [5F] Chng 13]. cc chi tit ca
WAAS c m t trong Chng 5.7.3.
h tr mc II v III h cnh hot ng, cc yu cu b sung i vi tnh chnh xc v theo di
phn ng ln c th t c vi mt trm tham chiu GPS khc bit v mt cao tnh ton vn
t-i-khng lin kt d liu nm gn ng bng h cnh, to thnh mt a phng khc bit
GPS (LDGPS) cu hnh (chng 5.5.9). Hot ng LDGPS dn n hy gn nh hon ton li

do lch thin vn v tinh, ng h b p, sn c chn lc, v i lu / tuyn truyn tng in ly,

li ch yu l nhng li do s can thip a tn hiu v ting n ngi nhn. Cc trm tham
chiu ng bng (c gim st thch hp) c th cung cp nhng cnh bo ton vn trong thi
gian p ng yu cu ca 1-2 giy. Thm kh augmentation c th c cung cp bi cc
WAAS, bi mt tiu chun thi gian chnh xc trn my bay, v bi pseudolites (Chng 5.7.1)
nm dc theo con ng cui cng, tip cn hoc trn sn bay. Nm 1996, FAA M ang iu
tra tnh kh thi ca mc II v Hot ng III DGPS [5F].
13.7.2. Nghin cu vn :
- tr thi gian ch d liu l 2s th khng th chp nhn c trong qu trnh h cnh ca
loi 111. S cn thit cho vic hiu chnh chnh lch thng tin c truyn i bng sng v
tuyn t trm mt t v qu trnh x l trn tu bay c th chm i so vi v tr gii quyt vi
giy trc khi n c th sn sng cho phi cng v h thng iu khin chuyn bay; Delays c th
c gim trong cc tnh ton mt t. tnh ton trn tu bay, trn thit k my thu( nh
dch Doppler ca sng mang c th o vecto vn tc ca my bay trong khong thi gian ch)
hoc bi vic trn gia d liu v tinh v qun tnh. Mt nh c lng( nh Kalman filter) c
th kt hp d liu nh v lu vi lch s vn tc ca tu bay cung cp mt c tnh chnh
xc v v tr hin ti ca tu bay.
- Giao thoa sng v tuyn RF- Mc cng sut thp t tu v tr lm cho h thng h cnh da
trn v tinh d b nh hng bi giao thoa sng RF v nhiu my thu nhiu hn qu trnh h
cnh bng ILS v MLS. Nm 1996, nhng nh hng ny c nghin cu chuyn su.
- Hiu ng a ng- Tn hiu v tinh phn x t a vt hoc nhng i tng mt t ti anten
ca tu bay l nh, cho ng dn sng mang ca tu bay, nhng tn hiu phn x ti cc trm khc
nhau l nh hn. Thit lp v tr tiu chun, tng t nh nhng khu vc gii hn pht trin
sn bay nh ILS v MLS, c kh nng c yu cu m bm tnh ton vn
13.6.

CARRIER-LANDING SYSTEMS( h thng h cnh tu sn bay)

13.8.1 Description of the Problem( M t vn )

- Tu bay hot ng tuwg cc tu sn bay ln, trong c khong 20 tu sn bay trn ton th
gii, Mi kho d tr tu sn bay c t hn 100 tu bay v my bay trc thng. Nhng my bay
ln thng v tu bay ct v h cnh ngang (VTOL) th c hot ng ti tu sn bay nh hn,
c khong 300 trn ton th gii, C Xp x 1000 tu sn bay tng thch trn th gii, khong
2000 my bay trc thng hi qun v khong 250 tu bay VTOL (nm 1996, AV8 jump-jets).

- M hnh boong tu( pha trn ca tu) h cnh ca tu sn bay di 600 ft rng 100 ft ( Hnh
13.18). im tip t chnh l 180 ft pha trc mc ngng ca ng bng ti trung tm ca
khu vc thit b dy cp, ni ny di 120 ft v rng 75 ft. Hai hoc ba dy cp c ko ngang
qua boong tu pha trc im ny v hai hoc ba ci ui tu ; nhng im ny cch nhau
khong 40 ft . ng phun ca tu bay tip cn boong tu ca tu sn bay ti vn tc khng kh ln
n 125 dm; Vn tc tng i ca ng phun vi boong tu l thp hn do gi qua boong tu
bnh thng khong 30 dm
- Phn tip cn , thng c gi l trt dc, nm trong mt phng thng ng cha ng
bng trung tm v nghing dc 3.50 so vi im tip cn trn bin ( 4 0 so vi s di chuyn
ca boong tu bay).My bay vt ngng ti mt on hook to ramp thng thong ti 11 ft v h
cnh khong 1s sau khng cn phi chiu sng. Khitrt dc tc ca n t 10-13 ft/sec.
Mt my bay c th c h cnh mi pht bi h thng h cnh t ng. Nhiu nh hai ln mi
pht l thit b h cnh trong thi tit VFR. Boong tu nng ln mt cch thng ng vi tiu
chun lch khong 4-5 ft., vi bnh tiu chun lch trung bnh l 2,30-50 , dc vi
tiu chun lch trung bnh l 10, s chch hng( lch ng bng) vi mt tiu chun
lch l 1,80 trong qu trnh my bay tip cn. Ph tn s ca s chuyn ng my bay ang c
bn lun v mi lin h pha ca chng th hin qua hnh di. s nng ln 1 ft l nguyn nhn
thay i 1 ft ngng thng thong v thay i 14 ft im tip t.
- dc l nguyn nhn thay i 9 ft trong ngng thng thong v thay i 80 ft trong im
tip t . nh hng ca s dch chuyn tu bay tc ng ti vn tc ti tip t. H cnh ban
m trn boong tu ca tu sn bay l kh khn nht v nhim v nguy him trong ngnh hng
khng
- Gi mnh v gy ra chuyn ng v pha trc l nguyn nhn gy ra gi trn boong tu gia
20-40 dm; Tu c li ti ni c gi tng i lu lm nghing bung iu khin trn my bay
. S dch chuyn pha trc ca tu h tr cho phi hnh on bi lm gim tc h cnh tng
i ca boong tu, nhng n l nguyn nhn lm tri dy nhiu lon khng kh gy tr ngi cho
vic h cnh. Vic di khng kh c th c phn chia thnh nhng thnh phn di y:
+Di trng thi c nh nguyn nhn bi lin quan gi qua boong tu v tng trn xung
quanh( island), gy ra ting di ti ngng v s trt h cnh. Thnh phn ngang v dc
ca Di trng thi c nh cho mt sn tu bay Forrestal-class th hin hnh

+ Di nhiu, do chuyn ng gc v s nng ln ca tu, trng hp thay i bt thng vi tiu

chun dch chuyn trung bnh 2ft/s( chiu ngang) v 4ft/s( chiu dc) v di trng thi c
nh. Nhng trng hp ny c th b qua mc ngng ui tu l 2000 ft
-

Tu bay c ln vng ch h cnh trong khi ang mang theo nhng mu hng (chim)
8 n 12 hi l pha sau ti cao 4000 n 40000ft
Theo s iu khin ca kim sot vin khng lu qua i pht thanh radar, chng c li
vo qu o h cao t t cho n khi nm trong vng ph sng ca SPN-41 v SPN-46
(h thng cng c h cnh)
Phi cng c tch ra khi vic phi gi nhng mu hng khi n qu o ny v c th
bay theo kim hin th trn mn hnh bung li.

Figure 13.18 Canted-deck aircraft carrier showing installation of SPN-46/42, SPN-41, and
FLOLS (courtesy of U.S. Naval Air Engineering Center).- nghing boong tu ca tu sn bay
th hin qua c s SPN-46/42, SPN-41, v FLOLS ( tc phong ca trung tm k s hi qun hng
khng US )

hoc c th th chuyn qua ch t ng cho h thng ACLS. Ngoi ra, phi cng cng c th
c cung cp tn hiu t mt h thng ng knh quang hc c tn l "meatball," Hnh 13.19.
Mt chic my bay thc hin tip cn tht bi t cao thp c gi l mt boiler . Bolters
bay n mt im gi TACAN xc nh n th chuyn vi cc tu sn bay . Cc ACLS c kh
nng h cnh mt my bay"Hands off," mang n cho Hi qun Hoa K kh nng hot ng
trong iu kin tm nhn l 0-0. Nm 1996, ACLS c th h cnh mt chic F-18 xung ng
h chnh xc hn so vi trung bnh 1 phi cng F-18 lm.Tuy nhin, trong iu kin bnh
thng cc hot ng hng khng khng th tip tc khi tm nhn gim xung di \ to |.hi l
hoc cao gim xung di 200 ftNgi iu khin khng sn lng ph thuc vo ACLS khi
iu kin tm nhn ch cn 0-0, ngoi tr trng hp khn cp hay c chin tranh
13.8.2

Optical Landing Aids:( h thng n quang hc h h cnh)

Trong nhng ngy u ca cc tu sn bay, tin ngi ra tn hiu hng dn phi cng h cnh
bng cch mi tay s dng mt ci paddle. Tn hiu t LSO gm cc nh n mu v m
thanh thoi . cc gng c c nh vo boong c s dng trong nhng nm 1950 h

tr phi cng vo ng ct h cnh bng cch chiu mt hnh nh nh sng dc theo con
ng.
V s xoay vng ca bong nn, cc h tr l cc my con quay hi chuyn n nh. Nm 1968,
cc tm gng bt u c thay th bng mt mng dc nm ng knh Fresnel (Hnh 13.19)
cho cc phi cng thy mt im vng ("meatball") l ci di chuyn theo chiu dc tng i
vi mt thanh ngang chiu sng mu xanh l cy. Cc mng c gi l " h thng h cnh
ng knh quang Fresnel (FLOLS) [29]. rng chum tia ca mi ng knh l khong 5 mrad.
Bi v nm ng knh c t cch nhau khong hn 3 ft, cc chum nh sng st nhau chng
cho vt hn 1.000 ft, nn phi cng khng th d dng c tnh s d chuyn ca h trn
hoc di cc ng h cnh t 2000-4000 ft. cc im mu vng ch a ra cc tn hiu dc.
trc quang chnh ca h thng c servoed cun v di chuyn sn tu nhng khng nng
ln, mc d phng php "b v tr tn hiu vng " c xut n l th m s chnh xc
cho c 3 [25]. Gc ch ca ng knh s c iu chnh theo mt hm bc hai ca s nng ln
theo cch tng t nh cc d liu t cc gc ACLS radar kim sot c b vo (Phn
13.8.3). s b sung ny ny khng c thc hin v "v tr tn hiu vng" thng c chia
s bi hai my bay trn tip cn h cnh ng thi.
13.8.3 Electronic Landing Aids (ch Aids ko bit dch nn c tiu l vy )
Hai h thng h cnh in t c tm thy trn tt c cc hng my bay ln ca M. Cc ACLS
lin quan n hai Radar Ka-band c qut theo hnh nn ging ht nhau (SPN-46 hoc SPN42) t pha sau ca o khong 125 v 135 ft trn dng nc. H c th theo di hai my bay
cng mt lc, v nu mun, c th tn hiu ng ln hng dn my bay li t ng . Mt
cm bin c lp (SPN-41)s gim st cc phng php tip cn. SPN-41 bao gm mt my pht
Ku-band v mt my thu khng kh / b x l. Cc my thu o chuyn v gc t ng trt.
H thng t ng Carrier Landing C SPN-42 v k tha ca n, SPN- 46, l nhng h thng
theo di radar khc nhau ch yu trong cc ng-ten. Hnh 13.20 cho thy mt trong nhng anten
tn s kp SPN-46. SPN-42 c trang b thm vi mt parabol X-band nh khi cc cnh bo
my bay c thm vo hn ch cc li gy ra bi "s chch hng" khng gian ca hiu
ng da. C hai h thng radar pht ra cc xung ngn / a-band v nhn c tr li t mt n
hiu X-band (APN-202 hoc APN-154) cng nh / TFL-band hiu ng da. Xung Radar, c
iu ch bi cc chm tia hnh nn-qut, c pht hin bi b thu my bay v cc d liu c
tr v cho cc radar trong cc hnh thc ca thi gian n v ngun ca mt xung t n

magnetron X-band ca ngn hi ng. c tnh phm vi v gc c hnh thnh trn tu bng
cch x l thng thng ca cc tn hiu X-band. chinha xc gc cnh ch yu l mt chc
nng ca cc m hnh chm hnh nn qut / Ta-band (X-band nhn chm l tng i rng). Sai
st trong chuyn xung chiu cao ca ng ln n ngn hi ng X-band c xu hng hy b
trong b x l theo di radar.
D liu c o bng h thng radar / n hiu c s ha v gi n mt my tnh ACLS
trung tm ci m iu khin bng lnh dnh cho cc ch t li ca my bay trong ng rnh
ph hp cho my bay bay xung ng trt. Cc d liu c truyn n my bay qua mt
knh d liu UHF "Link 4"

Hnh 13.20 antenna SPN-46

[26]. Cc phi cng c cc ty chn ca vic kt ni my li t ng n cc ACLS, bay my bay
t '' needles (dch l ci kim hoc hnh thp nhn)" c iu khin bng d liu ACLS, hoc l"

talked down (ni chuyn xung) "bi mt b iu khin tu. Mt hng dn h cnh vi ACLS
ging nh mt cch tip cn mt t iu khin trn mt t.
[27] SPN-41 gim st h cnh c lp .H thng ny bao gm mt my pht Klc n c iu
khin ring bit phng v v cao anten .Mc d hng ng b, cc anten chm tia hnh qut
qut theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc l n v ring bit .Mt phn x parabol nh, cung cp
mt chm tia hnh qut ng m qut cc khu vc gc phng v 20 ; cui ca qut cc
my pht c chuyn sang chc nng qut theo chiu dc ,chum tia hnh qut c hnh thnh
bi mt ng-ten in t c hc dao ng phn cui ca mt thanh xon ngn .Ngi nhn my
bay chuyn i cp xung pht AVband ngn IF v video. Khong cch gia cc cp xc nh
phng v hoc cao chum tia, v khong cch gia cc cp gc ch nh ca mnh. D ch
bin s dng thng tin trong bin c tnh gc phng v v cao my bay gc so vi
ng trt mong mun, ci m sau li my nh v v kim ng lt h cnh trong my
bay. Trn t lin SPN-41 c s dng cho khong cch chuyn ng qua li lc h cnh trong
nhng nm 1980 v 1990.
Hnh 13.18 cho thy v tr ca cc SPN-41 phng v v cao antennas trn tu. SPN-41 c
chia s bi tt c chui h cnh cc my bay. ng-ten c n nh trong ln v mt sn nhng
khng c b cho vic nng ln. K t khi n truyn ti nhng thng tin khng c nhiu v
khng c lin kt d liu, cc SPN-41 khng th c s dng nh mt ACLS. Thc t ph bin
l s dng SPN-41 tn hiu khong cch tng i di (20-30 hi l) cho s hng dn thu
c ACLS. N cng phc v nh l mt mn hnh ca SPN-42/46 thng tin gc cho n khi tu
bay ang trong vng 12 giy ca vic tip t.
SPN-35 phng php Radar (PAR)chnh xc. Mt vi hng my bay c cnh c nh mang SPN35 nh mt bn sao lu cho SPN-46 hoc SPN-42. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong hng
khngthng mi, Pars t khi c s dng bi v chng ph thuc vo mt nh iu hnh c
o to.
Trong nm 1996, c hn 20 LHA, LHD, v LPH tu tn cng m ch mang SPN-43 (phng
php gim st) v SPN-35 ci cch hnh chnh cho vic h cnh tm nhn thp ca my bay trc
thng v my bay VTOL nh AV-8Harrier. Tm nhn thp khng chnh xc c th c thc hin
vi TACAN (Chng 4).
13,9 XU HNG TNG LAI

13.9.1 Pilot Aids

Nm 1996, mt s cng ngh ang c theo ui lm gim khi lng cng vic th im
trong cch tip cn v h cnh hoc ci thin kh nng ca phi cng theo di mt h cnh
t ng.
H thng th gic nng cao, chng hn nh radar ch ng sng milimet (MMWR) v hng
ngoi (FLIR) d th ng hng ti tng lai, c th to ra mt hnh nh nhn to ca ng
bng v d kin n trn mt mn hnh hin th nhn ln . Pht trin MMWR tp trung vo 35
v 94 GHz ni truyn RF "windows" tn ti trong bu kh quyn. Cc tn s cao hn (3 mm
bc sng) cho phn gii tt hn, nhng tn s thp hn (9-mm bc sng) i hi t in
nng hn thm nhp vo ma. Ngay c nhng bc sng ngn, hn ch vt l hn ch
rng chm ln khong 0,25 , m khng cung cp phn gii y ng bng ti cc gc
ngng cn gp phi trong qu trnh c ng h cnh [4f]. H thng hng ngoi th ng vi
bc sng gn 10 nm (10-5 mm) c phn gii y v c im xm nhp sng m hp
l, nhng cc ngun nhit c th c yu cu dc theo ng bng ci thin tng phn
ca cc ng bng vi a hnh nn. Phm vi ti thiu ca mt radar laser (200 ft nm 1996) c
th t chi vic s dng n hng dn xe taxi.
Camera hng ngoi (FLIR) kt hp vi head-up hin th (HUD, Chng 15) c tm thy trong
mt s my bay hi qun. FLIRs c th nghim trn tu sn bay cho cc hot ng gim
st trong thi tit r rng vo ban m nhng IR nng lng b hp thu gn nh tng t nh
nh sng nhn thy trong sng m v ma.
Hnh 13.21 cho thy mt 4 x 4 yu t 94 GHz mng mt phng tiu c ca cc yu t ng-ten /
my d c ch to nh chp nh trn mnh ca GaAs (khong 1-in. Vung) [28]. Nu nhn
rng mt gch nh vy l phi chng, 94 my nh GHz th gic v mt phng tiu c mng radar
c th a vo phc v nh nhng h tr h cnh.
Cc HUD, c pht trin bi cc dch v qun s h tr mt phi cng trong chuyn sang tn
hiu th gic, c tm kim cc ng dng trn my bay my vn chuyn (Chng 15.3). N d
n thng tin cm bin (dn ng,thi , v cm bin khc) v d liu c lu tr ng bng
ln knh chn gi tp trung v hn, v vy m cc phi cng c th xem d liu v hnh nh
chng ln nhn qua knh chn gi. Nm 1996, c quan chc chu u v M xc nhn nhiu
my bay cho mc III hot ng A v hu ht cc mu knh bung li ca my bay Boeing,

Douglas, v Airbus cho mc IIIB hot ng. Cc nh chc trch cho php mt HUD v mt
my li t ng khng th ng thay th cho mt my li t ng khng hot ng.

Hnh 13.21 A 4 x 4 yu t tiu c 94 GHz mng my bay (lch s, Phng th nghim Nghin cu
Hi qun M v Tng cng ty Westinghouse).
13.9.2 Satellite Landing Aids
C mt nhu cu cho chi ph thp, khng chnh xc v th tc ti sn bay hng I mt thp cc
nc cng nghip pht trin v cc nc km pht trin trong c h thng ng cao tc v
ng st v do ph thuc vo du lch hng khng. H thng v tinh nh v-c th s l gii
php. Tng t nh vy nhu cu qun s cho chin thut h thng hng dn cch tip cn (bao
gm h cnh trn tu) c th s c hi lng bi khc bit hoc k thut v tinh tng i (Mc
13.7). i vi h cnh tm nhn thp, mt mn hnh c lp l cn thit.
Trong thi gian chuyn tip t trn mt t hng d da trn v tinhn, my thu trn khng a
chc nng, kh nng x l ILS, MLS, v tn hiu dn ng GPS, s c s dng trong ngnh
hng khng dn dng v qun s. Mt c tnh ARINC cho my thu a chc nng nh th l s
chun b vo nm 1996. Hai cng ngh s h tr cc ng dng ca nh v v tinh cho cc hot
ng tip cn chnh xc l cc thit b qun tnh chi ph thp hn v chi ph thp hn chnh
xc (nguyn t) ng h.
13.9.3. DN DNG TRN B MT SN BAY.
Vic s dng cc h thng v tinh khc bit hng dn v gim st ln, khi hnh di iu
kin tm nhn km s c p dng v ph bin rng ri m rng ti cc loi phng tin trong

sn bay khc ch khng phi ch c tu bay ( v d: xe xng du, xe cnh st, hay cc phng
tin khn nguy nh xe cu thng, cha chy). S kt hp ca LDGPS (Mc 5.5.9) v
pseudolites (Mc 5.7.5) c kh nng cung cp mt gii php cho dn ng trn b mt sn bay
v vn gim st.
13.9.4. H CNH TU SN BAY
Vn thch thc ca vic p my bay ln (nng n 65.000Ib) trn nn tu ni nh hn
1000ft trong mi thi tit dn n h thng hng dn mi. S phi hp ca GPS tng i
(chng 5), ng truyn d liu, v b cm bin trng thi gia my bay v tu c th cung cp
c s cho h thng ACLS mi. Trong mi trng kh khn ca h cnh tu sn bay, cn mt
mn hnh c lp, c th l phin bng k tip ca SPN-41 hoc SPN-46.
VN :
13.1. Mt chic my bay c th no c th i chch 85ft ngang t tim ng bng m
khng ra b mt ca ng bng. Gi s cc li c trit tiu, tnh ton lch sang bn cho php
(1-sigma) nu hiu sut lch cho h thng h cnh t ng yu cu nguy c (xc sut) im
chm bnh xung ng bng khng vt qu (3.10^-8)

13.1: s phn b chnh xc

13.2. Tho lun v cc yu t lin quan n vic nng cao hot ng h cnh trn mt ng
bng c th.?
13.3.S chnh xc no trong iu kin tuyn tnh l cn thit cho vic nh v mt chic my bay
vn ti ln ngng tip cn cho h cnh thnh cng vi tm nhn 1200 ft = 363m?
13.4. Nhng yu t c th lm gim cht lng hng dn ca mt tn hiu ILS?
13.5. iu g s ngn chn mt DME, kt hp vi mt ILS phc v mt ng bng c th,
c s dng cho tip cn n mt ng bng khc?
13.6. So snh cc gi tr ca phng php tip cn bng nh sng so vi n chiu sng ng
bng cho mt phi cng c thc hin tip cn mc II trong thi tit ti thiu.
13.7. Hy bin minh cho k vng sau nm 1997 cc i im ILS s dn t c s dng?
13.8. gii thch v vic mt ta nh c kch thc cho trc nht nh s phn x hiu qu hiu
qu hn (ton phn ) ca ln dc hoc tn hiu localizer.
13.9. Gi s rng mt sn bay thm mt ng bng mi s c gn xng sa cha hn
ng bng hin c. Gi nh rng tt c cc tiu ch tc nghn vt l s c p ng. i vi
tn hiu radio hng dn, xc nh cc yu t phi c xem xt khi nh gi s ph hp ca cc
ng bng mi?
13.10. Xem xt tt c cc ngun li GPS, cc vn quan trng trong vic chn a im tham
chiu mt t v cc trm gim st cho mt khu vc a phng (pseudorange) da trn h thng
tip cn v h cnh DGPS l g?
13.11. Mt ng-ten GPS c gn trn ct 2 mt so vi mt t. Tn hiu nhn c t cc v
tinh mt gc thp. Cc ng-ten GPS s nhn c c cc tn hiu trc tip v mt tn hiu
a ng t mt t bn di cc ng-ten. Gi s mt t phng nm hon ton di ng ten.
tn s ca tn hiu GPS l 1.575,42 MHz. Hnh 13.11 cho thy gc ngng (thc t) v tinh trong
mt khong thi gian quan st 10 sec.
(a) Tnh (bng m/s) tc thay i ca s khc bit gia cc tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu a
ng.
(b) Tnh khong thi gian ca fading tn s
p n: 3,18104 m/s ; 503 (s)
Chng 14
14. gii thiu

Mc ch ca vic qun l khng lu (ATM) l an ton. hiu qu. v chuyn ng nhanh

chng ca my bay trong vng tri. N bao gm hai qu trnh chnh: kim sot khng lu v
qun l lu lng giao thng. Kim sot c nhn Air (ATC) l dch v an ton tch chin
thut c chc nng l ngn chn va chm gia my bay v gia my bay, a hnh v
chng ngi vt. Qun l Giao thng thp (TFM) l qu trnh phn b lung giao thng cc
ngun lc khan him nng lc (v d, n mt n cng sut sn bay hn ch). Cc yu t ch yu
ca qu trnh ATM l khng phn. thit b dn ng, thit b. v dch v, sn bay v cc khu
vc h cnh, biu hng khng, thng tin, dch v v cc quy tc, quy nh v th tc: thng
tin thiu k thut v lc lng lao ng, bao gm c t bay. kim sot khng lu. qun l giao
thng. v k thut vin c s 137. 18]. Chng ny m t nhng yu t ca qu trnh ATM v
gii thch cch chng tng tc thc hin mc ch ca mnh.
14.1.1 Dch v cung cp khai thc tu bay Mt dch v chnh c cung cp bi ATM l
m bo tch bit phng nga va chm gia my bay v ngn chn va chm my bay vi
a hnh v chng ngi vt. Dch v qun l lu lng giao thng c thit k lu lng
truy cp n cc ti nguyn cng sut o nh thu, va m bo rng mc khng an ton
ca n tc giao thng khng pht trin v phn phi cc s chm tr chuyn ng lin quan cng
bng gia ngi dng h thng.

Tin tc hng khng c lin quan c cung cp c trong hnh thc biu v cc n phm v
nh hin ti thi gian thc) thng tin truyn t cho ngi dng trc v trong sut chuyn bay.
Cc thng tin thi gian thc cung cp bao gm cc quan st thi tit v d bo, iu kin tc
nghn giao thng v s chm tr, tnh trng ca thit b dn ng v sn bay, v cc v tr v
nh chuyn ng ca my bay khc trong vng ln cn. Cc dch v chnh thc l tm kim v
cu h, l. thng bo ca cc t chc thch hp lin quan n my bay c nhu cu tm kim
v cu h gip v h tr ca cc t chc ny trong cc hot ng tip theo
Dn ng l trch nhim ca ngi vn hnh my bay. Tuy nhin. kim sot khng lu gip
my bay b mt v au kh trong vic xc nh v tr ca h v iu hng n ch
63.999 flight
14.1.2 Trch nhim Chnh ph Trong nc M.
Cc Hng khng Lin bang (FAA l trch nhim thit lp cc quy tc v quy nh tnh khng
phn s dng khc nhau v iu chnh nhng mc ch s dng; cho vic thit lp v vn
hnh thit b dn ng; m bo vic cng b cc bng xp hng hng khng v thng tin cn
thit cho s chuyn ng an ton v hiu qu ca my bay. v thit lp cc quy tc, quy nh. v
th tc qun l kim sot khng lu v qun l lu lng giao thng. c quan ny cng chu
trch nhim cho vic thit lp cc tiu chun ti thiu v thit k, xy dng, cp giy chng
nhn. v duy tr ngh khng, sn bay cng nh xc nhn t bay [4]. Hoa K c mt h thng
chung ATM trong ngha rng cc hot ng tng t p dng cho ngi s dng dn s v
qun s v c FAA v B Quc phng (B Quc phng cung cp dch v ATM cho c ngi s
dng dn s v qun s. trong nhiu lnh vc th gii, hu ht cc vng tri c dnh cho cc
hot ng qun s m cc c quan qun s c thm quyn: authonties hng khng dn dng
cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng dn s trong hnh lang hn ch SC dnh cho mc ch .
Tiu chun thc hnh qun l giao thng hng khng quc t l trch nhim ca T chc Hng
khng dn dng quc t (ICAO, m lin kt vi Lin Hp Quc v nm Montreal. Quebec,
Canada Th tc khai thc tu bay v cung cp cc dch v ATM ae chun ha n mc cn
thit m bo u n trn ton th gii. Ngoi ra. cc tiu chun k thut ph hp cho my
bay. thit b dn ng. tin tc hng khng v cc bng xp hng, v cc sn bay c thit lp.
ICAO khng cung cp dch v ATM trc tip n cc nh khai thc
Nc sp xp cc th tc v cc thit b ca h vi tiu chun ICAO c bn v hot ng hiu
qu ca my bay quc t trong phm vi bin gii ca h. Kt qu l, thc hnh v th tc trn

ton th gii ATM c vi s khc bit. Mt s khu vc c c s h tng c s mt t km pht

trin hn so vi nhng ngi khc v hiu qu ca cc hot ng my bay au kh nh l mt
kt qu (Phn 1.7). Tng cng s dng cc dch v da trn v tinh lin lc, dn ng,
gim st s thc y cc dch v ATM tt hn trn ton th gii
14,2 QUY TC BAY V T CHC VNG TRI
14.2.1 Hnh nh va quy tc
Quy tc bay trong chuyn bay hot ng theo mt trong hai b quy tc. quy tc chin u trc
quan hoc cc quy tc c m. Quy tc chin Visual (VFR) khai thc c trch nhim trnh va
chm vi nhng tr ngi, a hnh ANC my bay khc bng cch quan st trc quan cc mi
nguy him v duy tr s phn ly trong hnh nh. V vy, iu kin tm nhn phi p ng ti thiu
theo quy nh v my bay vn phi r rng v nhng m my. nhiu ca M khng phn, khai
thc VFR khng cn phi lin h vi c quan chc nng ATM v khng ph thuc vo hng
dn ca h. Chuyn bay VFR thng lin quan n my bay nh hot ng cho mc ch c
nhn hoc doanh nghip.
Navigation c th bng cch tham kho trc quan hn cho mt t v my bay iu khin thi
ch c th da trn nhng chn tri t nhin c th nhn thy qua knh chn gi ca my bay
T bay theo quy tc c chin u (IFR) phi c kh nng nh hng v kim sot my bay m
khng cn tham chiu n mt cnh th gic bn ngoi kim sot khng phn Trong, cc phi
hnh on phi hot ng ph hp vi hng dn nhn c t c quan chc ATV1, v cc c
quan chc nng c trch nhim tch my bay t tt c cc my bay IFR khc. My bay IFR hnh
phi c trang b vi cc ch s thi thch hp v thit b nh v khc khng cn thit trn
my bay VFR. Hn na, cc phi hnh on chin u i hi phi o to v kinh nghim thm
iu kin cho tt c cc cng c cn thit rating nh khai thc my bay Air Carrier gi
Giy chng nhn hot ng phi tun theo quy tc bay c l6
14.2.2 Altimetry
hiu c t chc khng phn v hi hnh trong cng ng ATM, n l cn thit bit lm
th no o lng thi c thc hin bng my bay 171. Cc my o cao kh p (Chng
8) o pres khng kh tnh chc chn bn ngoi my bay v chuyn i p lc ny n mt
cao, chn, da trn mt m hnh chun ca kh quyn thng qua ICAO [60]. Theo m hnh.
nhit khng kh kh cn p mc nc bin trung bnh l 29,92 trong. thy ngn (IC13.2

hectopascals) v 15,0 C. tng ng. T l sai st nhit trong m hnh l 2,04 C trn 1000 mt
t mc nc bin n 35.000 ft trn mcan SCA lcvcl. sau nhit khng i - 56,5 C
Cc my o cao kh p my bay cho php cc phi hnh on chuyn bay t p tham chiu
p sut kh quyn bn ngoi o. Nu p sut tham chiu c iu chnh p lc thc
t mc nc bin trung bnh, v t l nhit tri i ph hp vi m hnh chun ICAO, cc
my o cao s cho thy cao ng ngha trn mc nc bin. Tht khng may. do c im
v cc phong tro ca masse kh khc nhau c gy p lc mc nc bin trung bnh khc nhau
trn ton th gii, v nhng p lc ny c th khng phi l i din ca khi khng kh trn cc
vng t. Do . Dng c o cao c ci t trong cc trm mt t (v d nh cc sn bay
v trm dch v bay) v ti Hoa K, thit lp c iu chnh o cao cho thy cao ng
trn mc nc bin trung bnh ca trm A, phi hnh on cht ch hot ng di mc 18.000 ft
s dng mc trung bnh trn bin thit lp c cung cp bi mt nh ga nm dc theo cc tuyn
ng bay trong vng 100 hi l v v tr ca n. Cc kt qu o cao c c hin th cho
phi hnh on c gi l cao c nu v l mt c lng tt v cao my bay trn mc
nc bin mcan. Do . cao ch nh c th hin trong feet so vi mc nc bin trung
bnh. c vit tt MSL. "Trn 18.000 ft MSL, t bay t my o cao ca h 29,92. thy
ngn. Cc kt qu o cao c c gi l cao p. cao p c th hin nh mc git
(FLS) trong hng trm feet s dng ba ch s. Do . F 1290 i din cho mt cao p ca
29.000 ft.
14.2.3 Kim sot khng phn
Mt cu trc c bn ca h thng ATM l vic t chc khng phn thnh cc loi khc nhau v
buc thnh lp 5 my bay hot ng qun trong mi th loi. Mc tiu l cung cp s t do ti a
trong s dng cng cng trong vng tri ng thi m bo s an ton v hiu qu ca hot
ng bay m khng phn c s dng nhiu hoc c yu cu h tr cc mc ch c bit
nh hun luyn qun s.
Trong vng khng phn c phn loi nh kim sot, iu hnh my bay IFR c yu cu
nhn c s phn cng v cc dch v khc t chnh quyn ATM. Khai thc VFR c yu cu
phi chp nhn dch v tch ATM trong mt s loi kim sot khng phn. Thng tin lin lc
Ground to - air v h tr chuyn hng h tr cc dch v ny. Cc phn di y m t mt
vi v d v kim sot khng phn. Cc chi tit khc c a ra trong thng tin ca Airman

Manual Class A - Tch cc kim sot khu vc Hu nh tt c cc vng tri trn 50 bang ca M
t 18.000 n 60.000 ft MSL c ch lp A.
Tt c my bay trong Class A khng phn phi tun theo quy tc bay bng thit b, l, phi
np k hoch bay IFR v hot ng theo khe h. Mt gii phng mt bng l y quyn cho mt
my bay tin hnh di iu kin quy nh b thm quyn chu trch nhim ATM. Mc ch
ca lp A l bo m tch bit cho tt c cc my bay hot ng ch ny trong tc
my bay cao v VFR xem-v-trnh ues khng hiu qu khng phn cng ngh Class B-Terminal
vc kim sot Class B tn ti xung quanh cc sn bay bn rn nht ca quc gia.
Cc hnh dng chung ca lp B khng phn ging nh mt i ln - xung bnh ci trung vo
cc sn bay chnh. S gia tng bn knh vi cao nh vy m my bay vn nm trong vng tri
khi h ri vo hoc tro ra khi sn bay. Tt c my bay. cho d hot ng ca IFR hoc VFR,
phi nhn c gii phng mt bng nhp khng phn v c quan lin quan chu trch nhim
ATM tch tt c cc my bay bay cao tng t c lu gi t nht l 3 hi l ngoi.
My bay trong vng 3 hi l ca nhau c tch ra theo chiu dc ca t nht 1.000 ft nu my
bay boli l IFR, hoc t nht 500 ft nu mt my bay l FR v khc l VFR. My bay VFR c
yu cu hot ng theo quy tc bay bng mt bao gm duy tr khong cch quy nh t cc m
my. Khai thc IFR c u tin hn my bay VFR, v truy cp bi cc nh khai thc VFR c
th b t chi nu nh c quan ATM tin hot ng VFR s tha hip an ton
14.2.4 Khng kim sot c khng phn
Khng kim sot c khng phn l khng phn m khng c ch nh l kim sot. Ti Hoa
K. nht l khng kim sot c khng phn trong 1.200 ft ca mt t trong khu vc tha tht
i. Chnh quyn ATM s khng cung cp cc dch v tch trong khng phn khng kim sot
c. Khai thc IFR khng cn phi np k hoch bay v c th hot ng trong bt k iu kin
tm nhn. Khai thc VFR di 10.000 ft MSL phi c mt tm nhn ti thiu ca mt o lut
dm.
14.2.5 c dng khng phn
c bit s dng khng phn c dnh cho mc ch duy nht, c bit l cc hot ng an
ninh quc gia. Mt khu vc cm l th e khng phn xung quanh Nh Trng c ng ca
hot ng my bay ti mi thi im. Khu vc b hn ch nh qun dy tn la h quang
ng ca giao thng dn khi hot ng v m rng vo cc thi im khc. Lnh vc hot

ng qun s (v d nh o to) wi chp nhn giao IFR nu nh c quan chu trch nhim ATM
c th an ton cung cp dch v chia ly. My bay V phi c bit thn trng khi hot ng trong
cc lnh vc hot ng hot ng qun s.
14,3 NG HNG KHNG V TH TC
14.3.1 Victor Airways v ng bay phn lc
Mt h thng ng hng khng lin bang (ng cao tc trn bu tri) c nh ngha bi
phn 71 v 93 ca Quy ch lin bang M Aviation. Nh c minh ha trong hnh 14.1. hu ht
cc ng hng khng c ngun gc v kt thc ti trm VOR (Mc 4.4.4). Mt vi ng h
hp da vo cc cnh bo nondirectional (Mc 4.4.2) vn ang c s dng
T nm 1200 ft trn b mt 18.000 t MSL, VOR - da trn ng dn kh c gi l chin
thng ng h hp v s dng "v" nh mt tin t trong nh danh ca h (v d: V51) T
18.000 ft MSL n 45.000 ft MSL. tt c cc ng dn kh lin bang da trn Vrs arc und
rcfcrrcd l vutes my bay phn lc. Cc tin t ca nh danh thc s "J" (c.g. J64).
im chuyn i (COP) c xc nh theo ng hng khng cho bit ni cc phi cng phi
iu chnh my thu chuyn hng c c hng dn kha hc t c s (v d nh VOR)
trc thay cho mt pha sau. COP l bnh thng ti trung im gia cc c s nhng c th
c ni khc nu cn thit do nhiu tn s v tuyn in, hn ch c s xc nh a im.
hoc cc hiu ng khc. Nu mt cuc bo ng COP ti im gia ca ng th, v tr ca n
c hin th trn bng xp hng hng khng
Mi VOR c ch nh hoc nh l mt thit b u cui VOR hoc nh l mt cao thp hay
cao enroute VOR ga VOR c d nh s dng trong cc khu vc a phng, v d. h
tr phng php c v th tc khi hnh. H c th s dng ch phm vi nh hn 25 hi l v
c th khng c s dng iu hng trn ng i. Low-en- cao tuyn ng VOR c
khi lng dch v m rng ln n 40 hi l t c s v c s dng ti v di 18.000 ft
MSL cho gation navi trn victor ng h hp. Cao tude chuyn hng h tr VOR trn cc
tuyn bay: khi lng dch v ca h c th ko di 200 imirumthe Tacility. Scryice khi lng
ca VOR c kim sot nh m t trn hn ch hiu ng nhiu tn s gia cc trm mt
t lin k
rng ng th c xc nh bi hiu sut h thng nh v, tnh n li ti khon trong cc
thit b trm mt t. sai st trong nhn my bay

Hnh 14.1. Biu hng khng cho thy chin thng ng h hp. v h thng hin th v li
k thut bay.
Li k thut trn my bay c cc li dch chuyn ngang ca my bay t cc ca khc dnh cho
cc tn hiu sai lch nhin c to ra bi h thng nh v. i vi cc my bay t li. n th
hin kh nng ca phi cng vo kha hc da trn hoc cc li hin th theo di cho. Ph cp
2 tiu chun lch tiu biu cho VOR / DME trong mi trng en-ng 19 DEG cho cc thit
b mt t VOR v 3.0 deg cho ngi nhn khng kh DME ph cp li trm mt t l 0,1 hi l
vi h thng in t cho php 0,5 hi l hoc 3R ca dy , gi tr ln hn. Theo gi nh rng
chic my bay c iu khin bng tay. cc thnh phn xuyn theo di nhng tr cp chm sc
k thut my bay l 2,0 hi l. Tng s li trong vic nh v my bay trn cc tuyn ng d
nh c ngun gc ca s tin gc bnh phng cc li ny, coi nh l c lp 191.
Nh c minh ha bng cc v d trong hnh 14.2A.
VOR ng hng khng c chia thnh cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v
ph. Cc khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh l 4 hi l hai bn ca tuyn ng
Centrelink ngoi tr khu vc m rng dc theo cc ng chnh xc h thng rt ra mt gc
4,5 hai bn ca ng trung tm khi COP l hn 51 hi l t mt trong nhng c s I10 ).
H nhn thy khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi th 2 hi l ko di hai bn ca khu vc
chnh, tr trng hp cc COP l hn 51 hi l t c s, trong c trng hp din tch th cp
c bao bc bi mt gc 6,7 rt ra hai bn ca ng trung tm
Cng mi on ng hng khng gia cc c s, cao ti thiu en-l mt MEA c thnh
lp m bo gii phng mt bng cc chng ngi vt v a hnh trong c khu vc gii
phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph. Ti cc khu vc min ni, gii phng mt bng tr ngi
trong khu vc tiu hc phi c t nht mt nm 1000 lt. Khu vc th cp c nng ln trn v
dc ln trn v ra ngoi t khu vc chnh. nh th hin trong hnh 14.2B. Nu tr ngi c th nh
ra aTube khu vc ph. Cc MEAN c thit lp cao m bo tip nhn tn hiu iu
hng y v bo him hng khng-i-t truyn thng. iu hnh bay IFR c phn cng
cc cao bng hoc cao hn MEA.
14.3.2 Cc tuyn ng ngu nhin
Nhiu my bay c navigation (RNAV) kh nng khu vc, cn c gi l chuyn hng tuyn
ng ngu nhin. H thng dn ng trn tu xc nh v tr ca my bay v mt my tnh
chuyn hng, thng c nhng trong h thng qun l bay (xem phn 14.5.7). thc hin cc

tnh ton cn thit cho qu trnh t n im tip theo cch theo cc nguyn tc c m t
trong Chng 2. (A waypoints ch n gin l mt v tr a l c nh c xc nh bi kinh
lat tude v ca n). My bay c kh nng RNAV khng hn ch i du lch trc tip hng v
hoc i t mt t da Vrs nh l my bay bay theo ng h hp. Xc nh v tr c th da
trn iu hng trm tham kho 15 tn hiu nh VOR, DME, Loran-C, Omega, v GNSS
(Chng 4 v 5) hoc mt kh nng t kim ch. nh mt n v quy chiu qun tnh (Chng
7).
Tuyn ng ngu nhin thng lm gim khong cch gia cc gc bay v cc im n so vi
hot ng dc theo ng hng khng victor lin quan v cc tuyn ng bay phn lc. Trong
phc v phn tn v mt a l giao thng, do lm gim lu lng Ngoi ra, h n tc v
tng cng nng lc giao thng ca th tc khng phn xy dng MOULES ngu nhin yu
cu gii phng mt bng gp tr ngi cho cc hot ng nat FR c cung cp trong FAA
Advisory Thng t 90-45 19]. Cc tuyn ng c xc nh da trn cc im cch iu l,
c giao nm th tn pht m c. Khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph c
thit lp xung quanh ng trung tm ng. Sau ti thiu en-ng cao (MEAs) c
thnh lp bng cch s dng cc tiu ch gii phng mt bng tr ngi p dng cho ng h hp
Cc kch thc bn trong nhng khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi ph thuc vo chnh
xc ca h thng nh v s dng. Trong trng hp ca VOR / DME, kch thc ph thuc vo
khong cch vung gc ca cc c s t ng trung tm ng v khong cch dc theo tuyn
ng t thi im tip xc (xem hnh 14.3)
Tiu chun 14.3.3 Tch C ba kch thc ca tch bn, dc v theo chiu dc v ba b quy tc
m bo rng tch tn ti radar th tc, v th gic. Th tc tch da trn my bay sau qu
o bay ln k hoch trc sao cho tt c cc my bay trong khu vc s c tch ra y .
Tin b trn my bay v tun th k hoch bay c theo di bi cc iu khin da trn cc bo
co v tr nhn c t t bay
Hnh 14.3. Khu vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi chnh v ph cho mt tuyn ng RNAV.
Trong tng lai. cc bo co v tr c th c cung cp bi cc chc nng gim st ph thuc t
ng (mc 14.5.3). Tiu chun tch bn v theo chiu dc (ti thiu) c da trn chnh xc
ca h thng nh v trong my bay. Cc ti thiu thp dc theo cc tuyn da trn VOR / DME
hn trn cc i dng, ni cc n v km chnh xc quy chiu qun tnh (IRUS) v Omega
l phng tin duy nht iu hng n s ra i ca GPS (Phn 5.5) trn mt s my bay. V

d. my bay procedurally tch ra cng cao v tc dc theo ng hng khng hoc

ng RNAV cng s dng VOR DME phi t cch nhau t nht 20 hi l ngoi II 1 (Chng
o)]. Trong khng phn ca i dng. my bay cng cao trn cng mt tuyn ng thng
c ngn cch bi khong thi gian 10 pht, tng ng vi khong 80 hi l i vi my bay
i du lch M10.85 ti FL350
Dng nh l kt qu p dng tch ti thiu i vi tu bay qua qu o bay v tch bn cc
tuyn ng v qu o bay chun tch Radar ph thuc vo chnh xc ca cc bo co v tr
radar hin th cho cc b iu khin v do khong cch ca my bay t cc trm mt t radar
. Ti Hoa K, cc radar tch tiu chun 3 hi l ti khu vc nh ga khi giao thng l trong vng
40 hi l ca cc trm radar v 5 hi l cho giao thng vt qu 40 hi l. Trong mi trng dc
ng. l 5 nm bn di FL500 v 10 hi l trn [11, Chng 5
Tch dc c p dng theo cc quy tc c nh cho my bay IFR hot ng trong khng phn
c kim sot v cho my bay VFR 18. Chng 31. V d, my bay VFR bay v cc kha hc
t gia khng v 179 . morc hn 3000 tt trn b mt, nhng di 18.000 ft MSL. bay ti hng
ngn l (MSL) cng vi 500 ft c.g. cao 3500 ft. 5500 ft, v 7500 ft MSL). i din du lch
trn bin giao thng hng VFR 1000 ft i (v d ut. 4500 ft. 6500 ft. V 8500 ft MSL). Giao
thng IFR trong kim sot khng phn hot ng cao hoc bay bng ATM c giao
nhng cao hng ngn nguyn feet (v d: 4000 f 12.000 ft, F1310) vi khong cch ti thiu
1000-ft ln n v bao gm FL290 v 2000 ft tch tiu chun nu trn FL. 290. Trong nm 1988
kt lun rng mt 1000-ft chun tch tical c th c thnh lp trn ton th gii gia FL290
v FI 410 t p t cc yu cu k thut khng hp l trn my bay.
K hoch c bt u ti thi im thc hin cc tiu chun 1000-1 trong khng phn
nng n i qua Bc i Ty Dng n nm 1996 21 th gic tch c th c p dng cho my
bay 1FR bi mt b iu khin ngi l trong giao tip vi t nht mt trong nhng chic my
bay v nhng ngi c th nhn thy c my bay v duy tr hnh nh tch hoc t nht l c vn
bi mt trong nhng phi cng m c c th nhn thy cc my bay khc v chp nhn trch
nhim cho vic duy tr th gic sepa khu phn. Bi v th tc trc quan c hiu qu gim tiu
chun tch h c th y nhanh dng chy ca lu lng truy cp v tng c nng lc v khng
gian v s linh hot ca hot ng bay. Chng thng c s dng trong khng phn ca thit
b u cui cho v d, trong trnh t v khong cch gia cc lt. H c t ng dng trong mi
trng en-tuyn ng ni chic my bay tc tng i cao.

14.3.4 Th tc thiet b u cui

Khi iu kin cho php hot ng kh tng VFR (i Meteora visual iu kin logic, VMC. u
tin p dng), t bay c th lm cho qu trnh chuyn i cho en-tuyn ng n cc khu vc
khng phn thit b u cui v ng bng bng mt. Ngoi ra, mt phi hnh on c th tin
hnh th tc tip cn c hng dn my bay vo ng bng trong khi mi trng m bo
an ton thanh thi trn a hnh v chng ngi vt. Cc mi trng ng bng gm cc
ngng ng bng v tr nh sng c ph duyt v cc du nhn din vi ng bng
(Chng 13). Tng t nh vy. khi hnh trong VMC c th c thc hin trc quan khi iu
kin kh tng khng cho php kh nng hin th cn thit cho VFR. c iu kin kh tng
(IMC) p dng. Trong IMC, hoc khi c bu bi cc phi hnh on chuyn bay, gi khi hnh
c thc hin theo th tc khi hnh c quy nh.
Th tc c c thit k c bit cho cc ng bng cui lin quan. v sau xp v phn phi
cho cc cng ng ngi dng 5, 12, 28, 36]. Cc tiu chun thit k cc th tc c c cung
cp bi TERPS khng.
Mt cch tip cn th tc c m t con ng my bay nn theo (gio trnh th tc) v cao
c bay. Cc tuyn ng v cao c tham chiu n cc cng trnh, trang h tr cc th
tc. trong c th bao gm VOR. VOR / DME. TACAN. VORTAC. NDB, Loran-C. VIRUS.
ILS, cc localizer ch phn ILS. MLS. GNSS. radar tip cn chnh xc, v radar gim st sn bay.
Radar phc v nh l mt tr gip iu hng khi mt b iu khin s dng h thng theo
di v tr ca mt my bay tng i so vi cc chng ngi vt. termin, v cc ng bng v
cc vn thuc nhm. tc . v / hoc hng dn cao hng dn my bay n mi
trng ng bng. Th tc cch tip cn c cng nu ch ti thiu. trong c hai b phn-
cao ti thiu m my bay c th h xung m khng nhn thy cc yu t ca mi trng ng
bng v kh nng hin th ti thiu trn b mt ng bng c php khi tin hnh cc th tc,
v d nh, kh nng hin th yu cu phi c t nht l hi l (Chng 13)
Cc m t sau y ca mt th tc php c n gin minh ha nhng cn nhc quan trng trong
xy dng ca h [5, 281. Nh th hin trong hnh 14.4 v 14.5. cc th tc c bn phn on.
Hnh 14.4. gii phng mt bng tr ngi b mt cho mt th tc chnh xc phng php c
Hnh 14.5. Phng php cui cng v cch tip cn khu vc b b l. Cc on tip cn ban u
bt u ti fix tip cn ban u (IAF). Trong hnh 14.4. ny SEG gp xut pht hng dn hc
tch cc t mt trm mt t VOR. Khng chnh xc h thng VOR. bao gm c li k thut bay,

i hi mt tr ngi khu vc bo r rng chnh m rng 4 hi l v mi bn ca kha hc mt

th mt khu vc gii phng mt bng m rng sang hai bn tr ngi th 2 hi l v mi pha ca
khu vc chnh.
Nu bt k phn no ca phn khc ny l hn 51 hi l t VOR. cc khu vc gii phng mt
bng tr ngi phi c m rng ph hp vi cc tiu ch en-ng VOR ng hng khng
c m t trc y (Hnh 14.2). Cng phn khc cch tip cn ban u. gii phng mt bng
tr ngi trong khu vc tiu hc phi c t nht 1.000 ft. Trong khu vc th cp. gii phng mt
bng phi c t nht 500 ft ut trong cnh thon thng nht khng cnh bn ngoi. Cc phn
khc trung cp bt u ti trung gian cho (F) v ko di n ina! cch tip cn ph hp (FAF).
i vi mt th tc php ILS, IF c xc nh bi giao im ca qu trnh tip cn ban u v
qu trnh localizer
Cng phn khc cch tip cn trung gian. my bay lm cho tc v thay i cu hnh chun
b cho cc phng php tip cn thc. Chiu di ca on thng s gia 5 v 15 hi l, v cc khu
vc gii phng mt bng tr ngi c rng cng ca cc khu vc ca cc on lin k. Vic
gii phng mt bng ti thiu tr ngi trong khu vc chnh l 500 ft. Trong khu vc th cp. 500
ft gii phng mt bng UF phi l video pop cnh bn gim dn s khng cnh bn ngoi
Cc phng php tip cn phn khc thc th hin trong hnh 14.4 v 14.5 gi nh mt loi I
ILS ci t gm localizer v lt trm dc hng cht lng, ti v cc cnh bo du hiu bn
ngoi v bn trong. Xem Chng 13 m t chi tit ca thit b ILS.) Cc du hiu bn ngoi
(OM) phc v nh l FAF nm im m mt chic my bay cao quy nh cui ca on
tip cn trung gian chn cc SOPC ln. Chiu di ca qu trnh tip cn cui cng c quyt
nh bi cao quy nh ti FAF v gc ln dc, m thng l 3 . Kha hc ni chung l
di 50.000 ft trn
Nh th hin trong hnh 14.5. chiu rng ca khu vc tip cn cui cng l 1000 ft ti mt
im 200 ft t ngng v m rng thng nht cho mt chiu rng ca 16.000 ti mt im
50.000 ft t u khu vc. Cc b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi cui cng l
mt mt phng nghing c ngun gc ti ng bng p la cao tui 975 ft xung ng bng
t im mt t ln dc ca nh chn v che chn khu vc tip cn cui cng. im mt t
ln dc ca nh chn l im trn ng trung tm ng bng m phn m rng ng
thng ca pe ln chn cc b mt ng bng. dc ca b mt gii phng mt bng phng
php tr ngi cui cng l mt chc nng ca cc b mt Transitional gc ln dc cho ILS th

loi I l my bay nghing vi dc 1 m rng ra bn ngoi v i ln t b mt gii phng mt

bng phng php tr ngi thc. Cc tiu ch gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi thc
tng theo khong cch t ngng ng bng. (Chng 13 bao gm cc loi ll v III)
My bay tip cn ng bng s dng mt th tc ILS c th h xung anh chiu cao quyt
nh m khng trc tip thu cc mi trng ng bng. Nu khng t c cao quyt
nh, phi cng phi tin hnh mt cch tip cn ng bng 15 th tc b l. i vi loi I ILS
cch tip cn. chiu cao quyt nh c th khng thp hn 200 ft trn vng touchdown. Tr ngi
1f nh ra thng qua cc b mt gii phng mt bng phng php tr ngi cui cng, hoc l cc
im mt t ln dc ca nh chn phi c di chuyn xa hn xung ng bng cho n
khi cc ch li lm bin mt. lm gim di c th s dng cc ng bng IMC. hoc deci
chiu cao ior cn huy ng cho gii phng mt bng ph hp. Nng cao quyt nh lm gim
cng dng ca ng bng IMC
Phn cui cng ca quy trnh tip cn l cc phng php tip cn phn khc nh N bt u ti
thi im tip cn nh (MAP), l cc im trn Tt nhin phng php fina m chiu cao ca
dc ln trn cc lin lc xung vng bng vi chiu cao quyt nh. Cc du hiu bn trong
(IM) thng nm gn cc MAP Cc phng php tip cn phn khc nh ko di n mt im
hoc sa cha ni mt trong hai cch tip cn ban u hoc en-ng gii phng mt bng tr
ngi l t c. Mt kha hc phng php b thng l 15 nm di, v cc khu vc tip cn b
qua l 8 hi l rng ti cc tr ngi cui cng tiu ch gii phng mt bng m bo rng mt
chic my bay khu vc phng php b l leo vi mt gradient ca t nht 150 ft / hi l t
MAP s khng va chm vi mt vt cn. Ngoi ra. nhng tr ngi c th khng thm nhp vo
khu vc th m dc ln lc 12: 1 t khu vc tip cn b l 1
4.3.5 Tiu chun Departure v Arrivals
Khi hnh c chun SIDs) v cc tuyn ng n thit b u cui tiu chun (STARS) c
cng b th tc FR cho vng gia thit b u cui v cc im dc ng khng phn. Mc
ch ca h l m bo gii phng mt bng tr ngi cho i, n my bay. Cc bi ht quy
nh c th ko di t 100 n 200 hi l t sn bay. Mt SID in hnh s hin th theo di p
tip t sn bay tham chiu n cc c s pht thanh menu thch hp v cao ti thiu m ti
cc phn on khc nhau c th bay 1281. Cc on ng xa trung tm c th cung cp nhiu
hn mt con ng chuyn i sang cu trc ng hng khng enroute. Trong mt s trng
hp, STARS chm dt ti cc bn sa li cch tip cn ban u v phng php tip cn c th

c thc hin m khng vecturing. (A vector l mt hng dn tiu do mt b iu khin

cung cp iu hng c hng dn. E g. R phi cho nhm 90
14,4 GIAI ON BAY
Mt chic my bay chuyn tip qua mt s giai on bay khi n di chuyn t mt sn bay qua
khng phn thit b u cui cho mi trng dc ng v cui cng. khng phn thit b u
cui ch v sn bay. Thit b u cui khng phn l khi lng ca khng phn thng ko di
t mt t n 10.000 ft MSL khong cch 30 hay 40 nm t sn bay. Trch nhim qun l
khng lu trong khng phn ny c giao cho mt c s kim sot tip cn. C nm lnh vc
chnh ca trch nhim kim sot trong cc c s kim sot tip cn. B iu khin giao thng
quan cung cp cc gii phng mt bng khi hnh trc khi phi cng trc khi my bay ri
khi ca hoc bi u xe khu vc. B iu khin mt t m bo di chuyn an ton v nhanh
chng ca my bay t cng vo n ng bng ct cnh v ct cnh vi dm u tin ca
chuyn bay l thuc thm quyn ca cc b iu khin a phng. Sau b iu khin khi
hnh chu trch nhim cho phn cn li ca chuyn bay ri khi khu vc nh ga. Nh cc ngh
khng kh tip cn cc khu vc ga n, mt b iu khin phng chu trch nhim cho cc
chuyn bay. Vic giao gii phng mt bng. mt t. v b iu khin a phng trong xe taxi
thp t h theo di hnh ca phong tro trn my bay v gn sn bay. Ti cc sn bay chnh
phc v bi radar. s ra i v phng php iu khin c trong mt c s kim sot tip cn
rada (TRACON, trc y RAPCON). m thng nm bn trong ta thp bn di bung li.
Nm 1996 trong chuyn tu khu vc M c thnh lp phc v sn bay mary trch nhim
kim sot c phn cng v mt a l, v mi khu vc. hoc khu vc, c gn mt tn s
VHF duy nht cho b iu khin th im truyn thng thoi radio.
B iu khin mt t c trch nhim i vi ton b din tch chuyn ng ca cc sn bay,
ngoi tr cho cc ng bng tch cc trong s dng cho ct cnh v h cnh. Cc ng bng
hot ng l trch nhim, nhng ngi cng kim sot n v i khu vc nh ngoi u ca
ng bng hot ng thuc thm quyn ca mnh. Phn cn li ca cc thit b u cui khng
phn c chia thnh cc lnh vc i v n vi mt i ng iu khin hay b iu khin gn
cho mi. Lnh vc thit b u cui c nhng trong en-ng khng phn, cng chia nh
thnh cc ngnh. Trong mi trng trn ng, khu vc cao thp ko di t sn khng phn
kim sot 18.000 ft MSL, ngnh cao- cao ko di t FL180 FL350. v cc lnh vc siucao- cao c thnh lp t FL350 FL500 137 Trong khng phn xung quanh nh ga ln,

vng tri trn ng c th bao gm cc lnh vc n v i m giao din vi cc ngnh xut ter
minal v khi hnh tng ng. Ti Hoa K, trn ng i khng phn c qun l bi b iu
khin trung tm kim sot tuyn ng giao thng hng khng (Scctions 14.4.4 v 14.6.2)
14.4.1 Pre-K hoch bay
Trc khi khi hnh. phi hnh on yu cu mt cuc hp bo thi tit m t hin nay d bo
thi tit vin tr dc theo tuyn ng d kin ca chuyn bay cng nh ni xut pht, ni n
v sn bay d b. Thng tin thi tit ca li sut bao gm trn visibilities, gi b mt. gi trn
cao. bt n, iu kin ng bng v cn bo hot ng. Thng tin cng c yu cu lin quan
n dn ng hng khng lin quan mt thnh ph mt in. Tnh trng khng phn c lin
quan c bit s dng, v tc nghn giao thng d kin v chm tr. Phi cng t nhn v cc t
bay ca khng kh kinh doanh. ngh c c thng tin ny t cuc hp preflight FAA trm dch
v chin FSS) hoc t dch v k hoch chuyn bay thng mi. Hng hng khng ln bo cho
thuyn vin chuyn cc trung tm hot ng bay ti sn bay xut x.
Cc phi hnh on chuyn bay sau pht trin cc k hoch chin m ni cho d cc hot ng
s FR hoc VFR ard cung cp m s my bay (v d, N446L hoc Trung Airlines Flight 242);
make my bay v m hnh (v d nh Boeing 737-400.), d kin tc bay v bay tht cao ,
ngun gc, ni n, sn bay d b; thi gian d kin khi hnh v thi gian d kin trn ng:
cc tuyn ng quy hoch ca chuyn bay bao gm SIDs v cc ngi sao, cc nhin liu trn
tu (v d, 5 gi, 40 pht): s lng ngi trn tu, mu sc my bay; v tn Cc thit b dn
ng ca phi cng c ci t trn cc my bay v kh nng transponder (Phn 14.5.2) c
th hin l tt. Cc m s nhn vin phc v c s dng bi cc phi cng v iu khin nh
cc du hiu cuc gi trong thng tin lin lc v tuyn. Cc m t ca tuyn ng d nh ca
cuc chin phi y v r rang
IFR k hoch bay vng cung np FAA qua FSS. trung tm iu khin giao thng ng hng
khng, thp S. v cc nh cung cp dch v k hoch chuyn bay thng mi. FAA nh gi tng
k hoch bay. sa i n nu cn thit kt hp cc rng buc ATM (v d. nh tuyn cc
my bay trn khng phn s dng c bit). v cc ca hng sa i k hoch bay cho n 30
pht trc gi khi hnh d kin. Ti thi im . k hoch bay c sa i trong cc hnh
thc gii phng mt bng khi hnh trc khi gi n b iu khin giao thng quan trong thp
sn bay m t cc chuyn bay s xut pht. Trong khi k hoch bay cho cc chuyn bay
VFR khng cn chng c khuyn khch mnh m. Mc ch chnh ca h l thng bo cho

FAA ca chuyn bay lm th tc tm kim v cu h c th c bt u trong trng hp tu

bay ang qu hn ti thi im n ca n
14.4.2 Khi hnh
T bay hot ng ch FR gi b iu khin giao thng quan trn cc i pht thanh khong 10
pht trc khi thi gian taxi k hoch ca h. B iu khin hnh cc th tc khi hnh trc
bao gm cc th tc khi hnh hoc SID. cc tuyn ng ca nh sng v cao c giao. cc
tn s v tuyn lin lc vi cc b iu khin khi hnh. v m transponder my bay c
giao (Phn 14.5.2). Cc phi hnh on chuyn bay tip theo giai iu thu VHF cho t ng Dch
v thng tin Terminal (ATIS) tn s pht sng c c thng tin iu khin phi. bao gm c
trn v kh nng hin th. nhit . im sng. hng gi v tc . cc thit lp my o
cao, cc ng bng trong s dng, v bt k nh hng n hot ng ca c s cp sn bay.
Cc phi hnh on s lin h vi b iu khin mt t ph taxi iu khin a phng xa
cc chuyn bay trn ng bng khi hnh. xa th cng khng kh ct cnh. v. trc khi
my bay khi hnh i vo khng phn. ch th cc phi hnh on lin h vi b iu khin
khi hnh
FAA tm nhn ct cnh tiu chun l 1 hi l cho my bay c hai ng c hoc t hn v ti thiu
cho my bay c hn hai ng c. Th tc c khi hnh c th trang web v ti thiu trn / tm
nhn c thnh lp mt s sn bay h tr phi cng trong vic trnh a hnh ANC tr ngi
trong qu trnh leo ln n mc ti thiu en-ng cao (MEA). Nhng ti thiu v th tc
c cng b ti M ga Th tc 136l. Trong mt my bay khi hnh c c yu cu leo ln
vi tc t nht 200 ft / hi l qua s ra i cui ng bng t nht 35 ft so vi mt t. v leo
ln t nht 400 ft trn cao sn bay trc khi quay. Da trn hiu sut ny tr ngi c trn
phi di mt niane gii phng mt bng slor ing tr ln ti 152 ft / hi l khi u khng cao
hn 35 ft trn s ra i cui ng bng. iu ny m bo gii phng mt bng tr ngi khng t
hn 48 hi l cho cc chuyn bay u tr ngi p ng cc tiu ch trn. th tc IFR khi hnh
c th khng cn thit. Nu khng th. th tc trang web c th l pht trin v c th cch bao
gm cc yu cu tm nhn trn cho php nhng tr ngi c nhn thy v trnh. leo
gradients ln hn 200 ft / hi l. v / hoc quy nh chuyn v / hoc leo din tp. Trong trng
hp cc oan. ct cnh trong IMC c th khng c y quyn
Ti sn bay c t lu lng truy cp v khng c tr ngi, t c th c c th cho t bay ct
cnh. leo ln n 400 ft vo tiu ng bng. v sau chuyn sang cc tuyn ng sch

bay khi leo n cao giao en-ng. Trong khu vc nh ga bn rn. cc phn tch khng phn
thnh phn vi cc i iu khin ring bit gn cho mi v cy sy phn bit i v n cc
lung giao thng p t cc hn ch v ng bay c sn khi hnh my bay
14.4.3 En Route
Mt chic my bay l di s kim sot ca mt v ch mt iu khin bt k mt thi gian. Khi
my bay di chuyn t ngnh ny sang ngnh khc, kim sot c trch nhim bn giao t b
iu khin chuyn iu khin tip nhn. Mt ca qu trnh bao gm ba chc nng chnh, c
th l, xc nh cc my bay c bn giao, chuyn nhng hoc th im truyn thng v kim
sot trch nhim iu khin tip nhn v thm tra bo co cao p sut t ng ca my
bay.Transponder ca my bay cung cp cc bo co cao p ng vi cuc thm vn t cc
h thng radar gim st trn mt t (phn 14.5.2). v thng tin th c hin th cho cc b iu
khin (mc 14.5.6). Nu cao ca my bay hin th trn mn hnh iu khin tip nhn ca
khc vi cao bo co ca cc phi cng trn cc i pht thanh (da trn cc phi cng my o
cao c hn 300 ft, iu khin khng th s dng cc d liu kim sot s phn ly
thng ng so vi my bay v s hng dn th im tt kh nng bo co thi ca
transponder
Khi my bay tin hnh thng qua en-tuyn ng vng tri, iu khin chu trch nhim gim
st cc chuyn bay m bo tch t my bay khc v vic s dng khng phn c bit v
m bo rng cc chuyn bay ph hp vi k hoch bay ca n cng nh hng dn lu p
dng. Hng dn lu lng hn ch ra vo tc m lu lng truy cp c th nhp cc bn sa
li bo ha, lnh vc h lu v cc sn bay. Qun l giao thng pht hnh nhng hng dn
iu khin nhng ngi sau iu chnh qu o bay bng cch s dng cc vector v hng
dn tc , bng cch gi my bay v. trong mt s trng hp. bi chuyn hng (nh tuyn
li) my bay m bo rng cc hng dn c theo sau. Holding l mt th tc m gi mt
my bay trong mt vng tri xc nh chung trong mt m hnh c hnh dng nh mt ng
ua v tham chiu n mt sa cha) trong khi ch gii phng mt bng hn na t ATM
Pilot - truyn thng iu khin b hn ch cc vn lin quan n qun l pht v kim sot ca
my bay bao gm c hng dn iu khin (v d nh vect duy tr s phn ly.). yu cu th
im v ci tin ng bay a phng (v d nh khong thi tit khc nghit). v khuyn co
lu lng truy cp. T vn giao thng c cp cho t bay cnh bo h v loi my bay khc
trong vng ln cn ca h. Cc c vn bao gm cc hng m cc phi cng phi nhn xem cc

ngh hng khng khc. khong cch n my bay, hng m n ang bay. v cao my bay v
cc loi. Cc phi hnh on c trch nhim trc quan tm kim chic my bay. thng bo cho
ngi iu khin khi lu lng truy cp l trong tm nhn. v duy tr hnh nh tch
Chng trnh o Arrival c thit lp cho mt s sn bay ln Mc tiu l ph hp vi lu
lng giao thng n chp nhn t l ca sn bay. My bay phi tr hon, mc tiu l tr
hon chng trn ng vi tc gim. mt chin lc m l nhin liu hiu qu hn gi. o
lng s dng mt chng trnh phn mm d bo tc dng chy n v. khi li sut c
d on s vt qu mc chp nhn. gn sa cha o ln qua ti my bay c nhn gim t
l. o lng nh l cch khc inbound dc ng khng phn gn ranh gii khng phn thit
b u cui. Ln sa cha o qua c hin th ti trch nhim en-ng iu khin ngi sau
ban hnh hng dn iu chnh ng bay v spccds my bay c nhn mcct ln c
giao, thng l trong vng pht tl
14.4.4 Phng php tip cn v h cnh
Nm 1996 thit b u cui khng phn c t chc thng xuyn xung quanh n sa cha
bi vit (lnh). m c th phc v nh l cc bn sa li o sng. cc nh ca mt hnh vung
(ni chung, mt t gic) vi cc sn bay gn trung tm. Thng thng, cc bn sa li l 30 hi
l hoc hn t sn bay. n my bay FR nhp khng phn thit b u cui ti cc bi vit gc,
trong khi khi hnh c chuyn ra khi khu vc thng qua cc cnh ca t gic. n v i my
bay theo tuyn ng quy nh v h s cao v sn bay. Dillerini tuyn c thit lp cho
my bay phn lc cnh qut v v h hot ng nhu cu khc nhau ng k. S sp xp ny
procedurally phn cch giao thng. do lm gim kh nng xung t giao thng v n gin
ha nhim v ca b iu khin. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny khng nht thit phi cung cp cc
tuyn ng trc tip n v i t sn bay hoc tit kim nhin liu nhng
Nhim v ch yu cc phng php iu khin l trnh t, hp nht. v khng gian my bay
h cnh. Khi my bay hng u qua cc phng php tip cn cui ng bng, my bay sau y
phi c t cch nhau mt khong cch ti thiu theo quy nh sau. Cc tiu ly c thnh lp
bo v cc my bay sau y t kh chu do thc tnh bt n to ra bi cc my bay hng u
v ph thuc vo trng lng ct cnh ti a ca my bay tham gia Bng 14.1)
Nhim v ca vic thit lp trnh t h cnh cch nhau ng m khng ngn tr hot ng my
bay vi vect cn thit v iu chnh tc c yu cu trong iu kin giao thng ng c.
Trong mt vect my bay ra ng ca chuyn bay, mt b iu khin nhn trch nhim iu

hng ca n bao gm gii phng mt bng t chng ngi vt v a hnh. m bo khe h

. s dng ATTI vect ti thiu c thit lp trong lnh vc thit b u cui, v my bay ITR
c duy tr trn nhng cao khi h tip cn sn bay. Ting n my bay l cc yu t chnh hn
ch cng sut sn bay. Ti mt s sn bay. tuyn ng ting n gim c th c xc nh
(cg, ven sng) knh ting n c tng i t ngi s b nh hng. Nhng ng bay ny c th
phc tp (i hi phi c mt s vng trong khu vc a l hn ch v h c th khng c tnh
kh thi h tr iu hng trang web h tr h. Do . Mt s cc ng bay ang bay vi
tham chiu hnh nh t v cng b mt danh xp th tc trc quan!
BNG 14.1 Wake nhiu lon ly cho h cnh
b iu khin phng php tip cn chung bn tay ra lu lng truy cp ti b iu khin a
phng khi n c thnh lp vo kha hc tip cn cui cng. B iu khin tay a phng
ra iu khin mt t nh my bay taxi khi ng bng hot ng
Cc t bay trch nhim chnh trong qu trnh tip cn v h cnh khu vc iu hng cc
tuyn ng sch bay, p ng cc hng dn iu khin, duy tr tch hnh nh t cc my bay
khc. v qun l cc cu hnh my bay (cnh t v dng c), ng lc hc (tc . cao, v t
l ngi gc) h cnh nhp vo khu vc thit b u cui c th cng cc STAR yu cu trong
k hoch bay , v my bay sau c th c tr cho mt dng c, hnh nh. hoc xp tip
cn trc quan, c hoc khng vect cho qu trnh chuyn i. Trc khi bc vo khng phn
thit b u cui, cc phi hnh on nghe ATIS truyn thng cho cc thng tin cn thit v iu
kin sn bay v tr gip iu hng.
14.4.5 i dng
Cc qu trnh ATM c m t trong cc phn trc c da trn b iu khin c ng tin cy.
thng tin gim st radar chnh xc v thng tin lin lc bng ging ni gn nh tc thi vi t
bay. Vi mt s trng hp ngoi l. khng phi ca cc iu kin ph bin trong khng phn
ca i dng vo nm 1996. i bay to ra cc bo co v tr bng cch xc nh v tr ca h
bng cch s dng cc n v chiu qun tnh c t l trt 1-2 hi l / gi v c truyn t
cc bo co ny iu khin khi qua im bo co bt buc khong cch mi 500 hi l dc
cc tuyn ng ca chuyn bay. Giao tip Air-to-mt t bo co v tr v kim sot hng
dn nh k trong nm 1996 l ph thuc vo tn s cao (HF) lin kt bng ging ni tng i
khng ng tin cy vi cc lin h i khi i hi nhiu pht thit lp H qu ca nh hng
tng i chnh xc. b truyn thng, v t gim st thi gian thc l tiu chun tch ln m km

s dng vng tri c sn. By 1995. th nghim thnh cng c thc hin bng cch s dng
thng tin lin lc khng-i-t d liu qua a tnh lites Satel cho cc my bay truyn denved v
tr v vn tc d liu (hoc t h thng nh v qun tnh hoc my thu GPS) t c v tinh
gim st da trn ph thuc t ng (ADS) (Mc 14.5.3). Mt vi hng hng khng xuyn i
dng thc hin cc thit b cn thit (gi l FANS 1) s dng que chni ny trn mt
chuyn bay thng mi thng xuyn hasis nm 1996
T chc giao thng iu khin hiu qu c th bo m tch bit, h thng theo di c
thnh lp cc khu vc i dng nng n i (v d nh trn Bc i Ty Dng). Mt h
thng theo di l mt t ca cc tuyn ng song song u. tng tham gia cc cng i dng
sa cha) trn hai mt ca i dng. Mt s h thng theo di linh hot ch chng c iu
chnh hai ln mi ngy cung cp nhin liu hiu qu nh tuyn ph hp ph bin gi v
iu kin thi tit (chuyn hng m hnh p lc). ng b enroute ng hng khng mang
giao thng n v i t i dng kt ni vi cc tuyn ng bin cng. Cc on ng trn
mt t ang trong vng ph sng radar v c s dng sp xp. sp nhp. v khong cch
cc thng tin giao thng khng phn ca i dng. H thng theo di. ngay c vi cc bi ht
linh hot. khng hiu qu v hot ng bay. Mc tiu cui cng l t c RNAV nh
tuyn. vi mi my bay theo l trnh. tc cao v h s hest thch nghi vi yu cu hot ng
ca mnh. D kin GNSS (Phn 14.5.1 v Chng 5). gim st t ng ph thuc (Phn 14.5.3)
v truyn thng Lite satel- Mc 4.5.4) s to iu kin s dng rng ri RNAV nh tuyn trong
khng phn ca i dng.
14.5 h thng con
H thng ATM l mt kt ni phc tp ca thng tin lin lc, dn ng. gim st. thi tit hng
khng. v cc h thng t ng ha 13. 39]. H lin ng vi h thng con my bay tng ng.
trong mt s trng hp t ng thng qua cc lin kt d liu RF v nhng ngi khc trong
tay da vo thng tin lin lc bng ging ni phi cng iu khin v nhp d liu th. Trong
tng lai. thng tin lin lc lin kt d liu t ng s ngy cng c s dng lm gim khi
lng cng vic ARD tim nng cho cc li c hu trong truyn thng thoi. Mng li thng
tin lin lc bng ging ni v d liu kt ni gia trung tm iu khin giao thng M. radar. vv
1 iu hnh bi FAA c kch thc ln ch m iu hnh bi B Quc phng M. Cc mng
mang d liu thi tit. k hoch bay. Kim sot c s v duy tr thng tin. qun l lu lng giao
thng v hng dn iu khin. d liu gim st, v thng bo cho phi cng (NOTAMs) [13. 39.

Mt NOTAM cung cp thng tin cho cc nh khai thc chuyn bay hin ti lin quan n vic
thnh lp. iu kin. hoc thay i trong bt k thnh phn (c s. dch v. th tc. hoc nhng
nguy him) trong h thng. Cc thng tin lin lc interfacility giao din mng vi cc mng li
ATM quc t (v d nh trao i k hoch bay quc t) s dng giao thc c thit lp bi
ICAO. N lin kt ni vi cc c quan chnh ph khc ca M phi hp hot ng my bay
v trao i d (v d, thng tin thi tit)
14.5.1 Navigation
Trong nm 1996 ch VOR / DME v VORTAC c chp nhn nh l duy nht c ngha l h
thng hoc en-tuyn ng v nh v thit b u cui theo quy nh ca m nhc c. A duy
nht c ngha l h thng dn ng hng khng l mt h thng c ph duyt cho giai
on c th ca hot ng bay m khng cn bt k h thng nh v khc trong tu bay. Mt h
thng dn ng b sung c th c s dng nng cao hiu sut chuyn hng. nhng my
bay cng phi mang theo v s dng cc h thng phng tin duy nht c ph duyt cho giai
on c th ca chuyn bay. Trong IR 1996. Chng 7) v Omega (Chng 4) c quc t
chp nhn nh duy nht c ngha l h thng iu hng nh i dng v GPS
c chp nhn nh l mt duy nht c ngha l h thng nh v ca M. vng thng bo bay
ca i dng (Phn 14.6.6)
Trong nm 1996, hng dn cho cch tip cn chnh xc v b ch yu c cung cp bi LS
v MLS (Chng 13). NDBs, localizers. VOR / DME, GPS VORTAC, Loran-C (Chng 4), v
IRUs (Chng 7) c ph duyt cho khng chnh xc phng php ti thiu ph hp chnh
xc v th tc cch tip cn khng chnh xc radar c thnh lp. Trong radar tip cn my
bay hng dn hng dn ng c truyn cho cc phi cng ca b iu khin gim st cc v
tr my bay lin quan n ng dn phng php quy nh. Mt th tc tip cn chnh xc cung
cp cho phi cng c tuyn ng v hng dn chiu cao glidepath vi chiu cao quyt nh.
Mt th thut khng tip cn chnh xc cung cp ch dn ng theo: phi cng iu khin cao
ca my bay da trn vic c vn k v th tc xp. Quyt nh chiu cao thp hn cho
chnh xc phng php tip cn bi v chiu cao ca thn my bay n a hnh v chng ngi
vt c th iu khin chnh xc hn.
S pht trin ca h thng nh v p ng yu cu v dn s v qun s l mt i tng ca
quy hoch chuyn su gia cc ngi dng v cc nh cung cp dch v nh v. Ti Hoa K,
mt sn phm ch yu l K hoch Radionavigation Federal ton din (RFP) c xut bn nh

k su thng 159]. Nm 1996, hai n lc pht trin ln c tin hnh, mt tp trung vo vic
thit lp v thc hin cc khi nim v hiu sut chuyn hng yu cu RNP) v tp trung th
hai trn cc h thng v tinh nh v ton cu (GNSS). Ngc li cc phng php ph bin nht
c s dng ti thi im quy nh vic thc hin chuyn hng yu cu ti thiu ca my
bay hot ng trong mt vng tri a ra l yu cu ci t cc thit b c th.
Nhng yu cu ny thng chu tha thun quc t v do cng knh thay i. Tnh trng
ny c cha cc ng dng hiu qu cng ngh nh v mi v p lm vic nng nhc v t chc
tiu chun, c bit l Cng ty c gng theo kp vi nhng ci tin cng ngh. Ban u.
GNSS c i din bi cc h thng nh v ton cu ca M (GPS, phn 5.5). Trong tng lai,
h thng ton cu orbiting v tinh Nga (GLONASS, mc 5.6) c d kin s l mt phn ca
GNSS. S xut hin ca GNSS dn n cc phng php tip cn RNP.
RNP l mt tuyn b ca chnh xc nh v cn thit cho hot ng trong mt vng tri c
xc nh [22] chnh xc nh v theo quy nh l tng chnh xc h thng ISE (Mc 2.7).
bao gm c mt t-ga hoc li thit b khng gian trm, nhn my bay v cc li hin th, v cc
li k thut bay. Khi nim RNP s c p dng cho tt c cc giai on ca chuyn bay. bao
gm c phng php tip cn v h cnh. Cc nh cung cp dch v khng lu, hp tc vi
ngi s dng khng phn, s xc nh mc thc hin chuyn hng cn thit m bo s
an ton v hiu qu ca cc hot ng bay trong mt vng tri ca bn v s ch nh cc cor p
RP n gin ha qu trnh ny cho cc nh quy hoch khng phn. cc nh sn xut. v cc
nh khai thc, ICAO c tiu chun ha cc loi RNP. Vo nm 1996. Bn loi c
xut. RNP 1, RNP 4. RNP 12.6. v RNP 20. Cc con s trong mi loi RNP nh l chnh xc
cn thit trn c s xc sut 95%. V d, my bay trong RNP 4 khng phn c yu cu
c trong vng 4 hi l v d nh ca h
v tr trong mt phng ngang 95% thi gian. RNP ti s h tr cc hot ng trn cc tuyn m
cc v tr chnh xc nht ca my bay l cn thit trong qu trnh chuyn i khng kh t cc
sn bay v cc hot ng cng hiu s song song, hiu s song song l cc tuyn ng b p
ngang t ng trung tm tuyn ng quy hoch bi mt ngt kt ni quy nh. Hot ng
cng hiu s c th l thun li cho giao thng i chm hn, tng kh nng khng phn v /
hoc to iu kin cho tro khng b gin on v h xung ni c xung t giao thng trn cc
tuyn ng quy hoch. RNP 4 tng ng vi thc tin iu hng Vor (SCC tion 14.3.). v
RNP 12,6 tng ng vi kh nng danh ngha ca cc n v chiu qun tnh trn nht k

chuyn bay ca i dng. RNP 20 l kh nng ti thiu chp nhn c h tr cc hot ng

giao thng ng en. l trch nhim ca ngi vn hnh my bay v n c quan iu
kin bay quc gia lin quan FAA ti Hoa K) m bo rng mt my bay hot ng trong mt
RNP khng phn c th c trang b t c hiu sut chuyn hng yu cu. d on s
c nhng khi nim RNP s thc y cc ng dng ang hot ng hng hi ca cng ngh mi
khi chng tr nn c sn.
Nm 1996, cng ng hng khng dn s c nhanh chng di chuyn thit lp v khai thc
hai h thng v tinh nh v ton cu. c th l GPS v GLONASS. Sau khi t c kh nng
GPS hot ng ban u vo cui nm 1993. ngh khng kh ti Hoa K trang b cc h thng
in t c ph duyt L15l c php s dng GPS trn c s b sung cho mt s giai on
ca chuyn bay. Cc vn c bn trong ch da vo GPS nh v ng l s sn c ca h
thng (ic. T l phn trm ca thi gian GPS s cung cp cc dch v iu hng y chnh
xc) v tnh ton vn ca h thng cung cp nhng cnh bo kp thi cc v tinh hoc h
thng tht bi. Trong nm 1996 s pht trin ca h thng Wide Area Augmentation ca FAA
(WAAS) (Mc 5, 7,3) ang c tin hnh, vi mc ch cung cp s sn c yu cu. vn v
chnh xc cho hot ng bay nht nh. bao gm c khng chnh xc v loi I tip cn chnh xc
(Mc 13.8). Nm 1995, tng cng bi GPS GPS khc bit a phng (DGPS) sa cha p
ng cc yu cu cho nn gi l DGPS Spccial (s dng ring) Th loi ti tip cn (Phn 5.5.9).
Mt s vn lin quan n vic s dng cc GPs diferential cho mc II v phng php tip
cn. trong c tnh thc tin v hiu qu chi ph augmentations Tnh tnh chnh xc v
ntegrity (Mc 13.8) cn thit: tuy nhin, kt qu kim tra thc nghim thu c trong nm 1995
l rt ha hn.
Tiu chun Tiu chun Tch tch c xc nh bi mt v phc tp ca mt phong tro,
hiu sut h thng nh v ca my bay v cc thng tin lin lc. gim st v t ng ha cc kh
nng m cho php b iu khin can thip nhm thay i ng bay. Tiu chun tch ln lt,
xc nh lng khng phn phi c bo v cho tng tuyn v my bay. Hiu qu. s dng
linh hot ca khng phn c bi dng do tiu chun phn chia gim v kh nng ng dng
ca RNAV cho php cc nh khai thc bay im ti im nh tri ngc vi km hm hot
ng ca mnh n cc tuyn ng c nh v ng hng khng. GNSS c d kin s cung
cp chnh xc. ph bin Reap Kh nng yu cu. Cc cng ng hng khng quc t c tnh
rng mt GNSS thc hin y s lm gim chi ph ca h bng cch S5 t USD mi nm

14.5.2 RadAR gim st

Cc h thng ph gim st radar iu khin cung cp thng tin v v tr ba chiu ca my bay.
Trong ATM. hai loi h thng radar c s dng: radar s cp hay radar tm kim) xc nh
phm vi mc tiu. gc phng v, v trong mt s trng hp, cao t cc tn hiu rcflcctcd li
bng da my bay. Cc dm chnh ca t trm ng ten m hnh l rng v cao (v d nh 40
) v hp gc phng v (v d, 2 ). L xoay ng-ten (qut) quanh trc thng ng ca n,
xung tn s v tuyn (RF) nng lng c truyn i. v cc tn hiu phn tn tr li bi b mt
ca my bay c nhn. Cc phm vi mc tiu c xc nh bi thi gian i gia truyn dn v
nng lng tip nhn UHF vn tc nh sng) v gc phng v c xc nh bi gc tr ca
ng ten dm chnh (Hnh 14.6). cao mc tiu c th c xc nh bi mt ng ten th hai ch
dc gc phng v mc tiu ny c th qut cao (v d, qut xung quanh mt trc nm
ngang). Radar chiu cao pht hin vic khng thng c s dng cho mc ch hng khng
dn dng nhng khng tm thy ng dng trong qun s (v d, cc radar s dng kim sot
chnh xc phng php tip cn).
u im ca radar chnh l bo co v tr mc tiu chnh xc c th c to ra m khng cn bt
k s tham gia ca trn mt phn ca chic my bay mc tiu. Nhng kh khn c rng cc
thit b mt t-ga t tin. Bui biu din c gii hn bi kch thc mc tiu v phm vi. v
n lm gim khi cc tn hiu truyn c phn x tr li bi a hnh, thi tit ln xn), che
khut li nhun t my bay. v my bay khng th c xc nh duy nht (v d nh "Central
Airlines Flight 34"). Tuy nhin, radar chnh l mt cng ngh trng thnh s dng rng ri cho
cc ATM 157
Trong h thng Rader hoc n hiu radar th cp, tn hiu truyn t ng-ten mt t-ga (thng
c gn trn nh ca mt ng-ten radar chnh) khi to vic truyn ti mt bi tr li tn hiu
t my pht nhn transponder trong my bay. H thng ny v c bn cung cp cho hai chiu
truyn thng khng-i-t d liu v hot ng trong mt s ch 123. 38. 45. 561. Nh
trong hnh 14.7. Ch A v s dng n gin ba xung. v tr iu bin xung (PPM) vi PI v P3
c bin bng nhau. Khi khong P-P3 l 8 ASEC (Mode A thm vn). transponder tr li vi
vic xc nh my bay (ACID) Code: nu khong thi gian l 21 s dng ch cy. tr li s c
cc ude m ha ca my bay. phm vi ngn. cng tn hiu c th l thm vn cc b
thu qua cc thy bn ng ten. trnh tnh trng ny, chic my bay thy bn ng ten c
ngn chn t tr li thng qua mt k thut c gi l truyn bn thy n p. Xung P2 vic xt

hi (Hnh 14.7) c chuyn vo ng-ten a hng vi mt nng lng cao hn mt cht so

vi trnh duced bi cc thy bn ng ten. Transponders c thit k ch tr li nu xung P
nhn c ln hn cc xung nhn c. Tnh trng ny ti khng hi lng trong cc thy bn
ca cc ng-ten. N l iu cn thit ngn chn transponde trong vng pha thy v tr li ca
h s l sai lm hin th n l phng v tng ng vi ch o ca o dm chnh
Cc cu tr li cng l tn hiu PPM vi 13 xung d liu thng nht khong cch phn cch bng
20,3 psec. Nhng c sc gia 2 "ng khung xung cation SPI) xung, khi hin ti, sau nhng
xung khung cui cng trong ch A tr li duy nht. Trong ch A reponds. 12 trong s 13
cc xung d liu c s dng giao tip m ACID l mt trong 4096 c th m. m ny c
gn cho mi my bay IFR trong gii phng mt bng tuyn ng v c t vo cc
transponder ca phi hnh on chuyn bay (my bay VFR truyn m "1200" xc nh chic
my bay nh khng c kim sot ATM.) B iu khin vit ACID giao m vo cc k hoch
u tranh. thit b t ng ha t tng quan m ACID vi k hoch bay nh ch A tr li
nhn c t cc trang web gim st v xc nh vic xc nh my bay (v d nh Trung.
Airlines Flight 34) tng ng vi mi Qua qu trnh ny, vic xc nh my bay c th le hin th
trong th d liu lin quan n v tr my bay trn ca b iu khin mn hnh 14.12 v mc
14.5.6). lin h vi cc my bay trn VHF, b iu khin c th c cc nhn dng trc tip
t mn hnh
SPI xung c a vo mt ch A tr li nh mt kt qu ca cc th im nhn mt nt
IDENT trn bng iu khin transponder. Thit b hin th t ng trn mt t s nhp nhy cc
khi d liu ca mt chic my bay m t cc xung SPI ang c nhn. B iu khin s
yu cu phi cng IDENT trong Bn giao v vo nhng thi im khc khi n l cn thit
nhanh chng v r rng xc nh v tr my bay ca h hin th
Trong ch C tr li, 12 xung d liu cung cp p lc ca my bay 100-It gia s t 000 n
126.700 ft ft. Tt c cc bo co Ch thy triu c tham chiu n 29,92 trong ca ch
thy ngn s c thm bia gim hoc loi b mt s nhng hn ch hot ng ca ch A v
C. V d, vi ch A. ti mt s sn bay ln hai hoc my bay nhiu hn vi cc m ACID
tng t c th c hot ng trong khu vc cng mt lc v t ng ha mt t s khng th
xc nh cc my bay mt cch r rng. Ngoi ra. Khi hai khu vc tu bay trong cc chm tia
chnh ng ten ng thi v cht ch trong phm vi (v d, mt trn kia), tr li ca h s chng

ln nhau v che khut nhau. Ch s s dng phc tp hn lin l cu bng v tr li cc dng

sng iu ch (Hnh 14.8 v mc 14.5.4) cho php ri rc gii ca my bay.
Khi d liu c 56 bit trong cc nh dng ngn v 112 bit trong dng di. Pht hin li m ha
m bo t l li nhn khng b pht hin t hn 1 trong 107. Mt a ch ch 24-bit duy nht
c gn cho mi my bay my bay c th c xc nh v gii quyt mt cch r rng trn
ton th gii. Hin c hn 16 triu a ch c sn ch S vi cc khi c th c giao cho tt
c cc nc ca ICAO. Mt trm mt t c kh nng ch s nu r cc ch transponder
kh nng ca a ch duy nht ca mnh do to ra mt dch v truyn thng tin trc tuyn
Bng cch qun l ng thm vn trong thi gian. cc trm mt t c th m bo rng tr li
khng trng nhau. Kh nng tin trc tuyn ca ch s h tr kh nng thng tin lin lc lin kt
d liu ni chung mc ch hoc c mt s ng dng c pht trin vo nm 1996 Mc
14.5.4). Tt c cc trm mt t radar th cp v b my bay c kh nng hot ng ch A
v C u Ch S c thm vo. Ch A v chm sc gi li trong thit b m bo rng
cc thit b compatihly vi thit b ch c th hot ng ch A v C.
Vi mt lot cc bo co gim st t mt my bay mc tiu, thit b t ng ha mt t c tnh
vn tc mc tiu trn mt t bng cch theo di cc bo co. Trong hnh thc n gin nht. cc
vector vn tc c tnh l theo hng tham gia hai bo co gn y nht vi mt cng tng
ng vi khong cch gia cc bo co chia cho khong thi gian gia. Quy nh Hng khng
Lin bang M yu cu ci t b thu c kh nng quy nh trong ch khng phn khc nhau
h tr cc dch v ATM cung cp v m bo an ton.
14.5.3 Gim st ph thuc t ng
Nh trong hnh 14.9. t ng ha ph thuc vo gim st (ADS) l mt chc nng t ng
truyn, thng qua mt lin kt d liu, d liu v tr xut pht t h thng nh v trn tu 12.
461. Mc ch ca ADS l cung cp thi gian thc
thng tin cho cc c quan gim st ATM v cc c s cng vn khai thc tu bay. Gim st ph
thuc vo k thut ny v hot ng v cht lng ca n ph thuc vo hiu sut ca h thng
nh v ca my bay. Theo nh ngha ca ICAO 124. 30]. l mc ti thiu. cc d liu ADS bao
gm thi gian xc nh trong ngy, my bay. v thng tin v tr ba chiu. B sung thng tin bo
co c th bao gm tc my bay v hng. cc im cch lu tr trong h thng nh v v
cc d liu kh tng (nhit khng kh tnh v vn tc gi trn cao). Cc d liu tuyn ng.
bao gm cc im cch tip theo v (tip theo +1) cch im vi cao d kin tng ng.

cho php iu khin kim tra s ph hp vi cc k hoch chin u ca h cho my bay.

Khong thi gian gia ADS bo co c th c iu khin bi b iu khin chu trch nhim
cho cc chuyn bay. Hnh 14.9 m t vic s dng mt v tinh truyn thng a tnh nh mt
phng tin chuyn tip lin kt d liu. m l in hnh cho cc hot ng trn bin. Ngoi ra.
qua VHF t hoc di L d liu trc tip nk t cc khu vc my bay, mt c th c s dng.
Trong nm 1996 cc ng dng ban u ca ADS l trong khng phn ca i dng. bo co vi
cc khong thi gian t 30 giy n 5 pht. trn cc vng t. khc nhau, khong thi gian bo
co d kin s dao ng t I0 giy (hoc nhiu hn) trong en-ng khng phn n 4 giy
trong lnh vc thit b u cui.
14.5.4 Air-to-Ground Data Link Cornmunications
Hiu sut ca h thng ATM l cc ph thuc vo cht lng ca cc thng tin c sn trong
bung li v trong ATM v my bay cng vn v cc c s lp k hoch bay. Phn ln cc thng
tin cn thit ti bt k ca cc trang web ny c thu thp v x l nhng ni khc. Do .
cng sut cao. kh nng thng tin lin lc mt t khng i ng tin cy c yu cu. Nm
1996, khng kh i t trao i thng tin c thc hin ch yu s dng thng tin lin lc bng
ging ni VHF. hut n nhn ra rng d liu truyn thng k thut s (lin kt d liu) kh
nng l cn thit s h tr cc ng dng. pht trin kh nng lin kt d liu ny l chng ta 1
cch di vo nm 1996 v c s dng cho mt s ng dng, v d, cung cp khong h i
trc my bay. Trong tng lai, tin tc hng khng nh d liu thi tit, ATIS, v NOTAMs
s c cung cp trn mn hnh th im v nh bn in trong bung li gim li truyn dn v
khi lng cng vic. Khi qu trnh t ng ATM nhiu hn c pht trin, lin kt d liu s
c yu cu trao i k hoch bay v khong h ng cng nh truyn dn ATC vo
bung li, bao gm c cao v tn s VHF bi tp. Ngoi ra. lin kt d liu s c s dng
cung cp t ng my bay khuyn i giao thng c ngun gc t cc gim st d liu
thng tr ti cc trung tm ATC trn mt t. cng nh cnh bo cho phi hnh on khi h
ang bc vo khng phn chuyn dng hoc khng phn nh Class B (khu vc kim sot thit
b u cui), ni cc hot ng c quy nh cht ch.
Nhng n lc ca chnh quyn ATM thit lp kh nng lin kt d liu c h tr bi cc
sng kin b sung trong s cc hng hng khng tp trung vo vic lp k hoch i hiu qu
hn v hot ng bay v bo tr. Hiu sut ng c c gim st t ng vo tch tr nhiu my
bay vi mt s thng s t ng truyn n mt t cho cc k hoch u tranh pht hin li v

phn tch xu hng c gi n my bay v c lu tr t ng trong cc chuyn bay qun l

h thng qun (I'MS) my tnh (Phn 14.5.7) . vi bo co v tr, tnh trng nhin liu, d kin
thi gian n ti im cch, v gi v nhit khng kh tnh d liu ent vi mt t t ng
theo yu cu. Lin kt d liu l mt cng c ch yu thc y ci thin an ton v hiu qu
ca hot ng bay
Lin kt ba d liu phng tin truyn thng c pht trin. VHF lin kt d liu s dng
cc knh rng 25 kHz trong bng tn s 118-136 MHz 1411. phm shift ti thiu (GMSK) iu
ch c s dng t c tc d liu ca 2.400 bit / giy. Trong tng lai. b p bc bn
giai on chuyn keying QPSK) k thut iu ch c c th c s dng tng tc d
liu ti 21 kbits / giy. Mt li th chnh ca lin kt d liu VHF l chi ph thp ca cc trm
mt t v my bay thit b Trong khi mt s lng ln cc knh d liu c th c cung cp
trong vng 18 MHz c giao cho khng-i-t VHF truyn thng hng khng, s lng c
sn trong thc t cn hn ch bi s cnh tranh ln t lu lng thoi. Trong nm 1996, cc
hng hng khng s dng lin kt d liu VHF cho mc ch ca cng ty trn ton th gii, ARD
FAA ang s dng n truyn thng quan trc khi khi hnh ph hp trang b my bay
gim bt khi lng cng vic ca cc b iu khin thp v xc tin cc hot ng khi.
Nh tnh nng a ch ring bit ca n, ch s cung cp bng rng, c mc ch chung kh
nng lin kt d liu [47. Thm vn Ground-ga c truyn i trong mt knh 8 MHz ton duy
nht ti 1030 MHz vi tr li transponder cung cp mt knh 2,6 MHz rng ti 1090 MHz. Khc
bit giai on chuyn keying (QPSK) iu ch c s dng trong phm vi thm vn cung
cp tc d liu 4 Mbit / sec. Tr li s dng iu ch v tr xung (PPM) vi 1 Mbit / scc tc
d liu (Hnh 14.8). Mt li th chnh ca lin kt d liu S Mode l n l khng th thiu vi
cc h thng gim st, trong cho php cc trm mt t v b h tr c hiu qu c hai
chc nng. Ngoi ra. mt s ng dng lin kt d liu (v d nh t vn giao thng t ng v
cnh bo khng phn) c lin quan cht ch vi chc nng gim st. v vic thc hin c do
n gin ha khi ch S c s dng nh l lin kt cc d liu trung bnh
D liu k thut s v s ha kh nng thng tin lin lc bng ging ni thng qua lin kt d
liu v tinh c thc hin phc v cc vng bin v vng t lc a ni thnh lp cc
trm mt t l khng thc t 13. 25. 48, 49 v tinh-to-my bay truyn thng hot ng trong
1,5-1,6 GHz bng tn L'band) vi mt t-to-v tinh lin kt hot ng trong K- hoc C-band.
Trong nm 1996. bn loi knh c s dng. ba trong mt ch packet-switching hoc d

liu v mt trong mt ch chuyn mch cho thoi. i vi tc d liu gia 600 v 2400 bit
/ giy, pha nh phn phm shift (BPSK) c s dng trn cc kt ni v tinh my bay vi pha
bc bn phm shift (QPSK) c s dng cho tc d liu s / sec. Truyn thoi c m ho
ti 9.600 bit / 4.800-21,000 hits u im chnh ca lin kt d liu da trn v tinh l trm mt
t trong ng ngm ca my bay l NCT cn thit. Vin ng trn ton th gii vi cc my
bay c th c m bo gia 80 Bc v v Nam 80 DEG s dng ch c ba hoc bn v
tinh a tnh v mt s ging nh cc trm mt t phc v nhng v tinh. Trong thc t, mt s
lng ln cc trm mt t (khong 10 nm 1996) c s dng m bo tin cy v s
cnh tranh trong vic cung cp dch v. im bt li l dch v l ch yu do tng i t tin
v chi ph cao ca cc v tinh trong qu o v cc trm mt t c lin quan v equipmert my
bay. Trong nm 1996, cc ng dng chnh ca lin kt d liu da trn v tinh l ADS v ci tin
ATM i dng lin quan
Mt giao thc truyn thng l mt tp hp cc quy tc chi phi vic trao i d liu gia hai
thc th thng, cc giao thc nh dng d liu v m ha (v d nh mt my tnh v mt h
thng hin th hoc hai my tnh.): Quy trnh phi hp, tha nhn, x l li. v lm th no d
liu c gii m v hn gi 55]. i vi khng-i-t lin kt d liu, c th l mt giao thc
c pht trin cho mi thc th bung li giao tip vi cc n v k binh trn mt t trn
mi mt trong ba phng tin truyn thng c sn. Cch tip cn ny l khng thc t. v h thc
th s c yu cu thc hin mt s lng ln cc giao thc, mt mi khi mt thc th c
sa i hoc b sung, mi thc th kt ni s cn phi c sa i thm mt giao thc mi.
Ngy thay th l phng php c la chn cho truyn thng d liu gi trong mng Vin
thng hng khng (ATN). (Xem hnh 14.10). T chc h thng in t v cc mi quan h ent
trn mt t c nhm li thnh cc mng con kt ni lin kt cc mng con ba d liu thng
qua cc nt mng con phc v nh l cc cng. Mt mng li hoc mng ph) l mt b su
tp ca cc nt m thc th truyn thng kt ni. cc lin kt tham gia cc nt. v cc giao thc
qun trao i d liu gia cc nt (Hnh 14.11). Trong ATN, cc h thng in t kt ni cc
mng con cc thc th h thng in t v c th hot ng theo mt giao thc c th cho cc
loi my bay hay cc thit b in t hng khng (Hnh 14.10). Cc mng con lin kt d liu kt
ni bt k s lng my bay thng qua h thng in t router trong tng bt k s mng con
mt t thng qua cc b nh tuyn mt t. Cc mng con mt t hot ng ph hp vi bt
c iu g cc giao thc ph hp nht vi yu cu ca h

Hnh 14.10. Mng vin thng hng khng.

Lin Hip Quc thng qua T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) m h thng kt ni (OSI) 7
lp giao thc kin trc [50, 55]
14.5,5 Hng khng Thi tit
T bay i hi c hai trc chuyn bay v chuyn bay lp k hoch v ra quyt nh, v giao
thng khng, kim sot thng tin thi tit ng tin cy cn kp thi, d liu thi tit chnh xc
h tr t bay trnh khu vc thi tit nguy him. Thi tit sn phm duy nht n hng khng l
cn thit h tr cc yu cu ny bao gm d bo ca cc iu kin ng bng, bt n. trn v
kh nng hin th. gi trn cao. v t gi.
Vic sn xut cc sn phm thi tit i hi phi quan st cc iu kin thi tit hin ti, m hnh
d bo cc iu kin trong tng lai, v phn phi kp thi cc sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu
ca ngi s dng. Ti Hoa K, y l mt ch trng ln c lin quan n cc FAA, Weather
Service National (NWS). v
Hnh 14.11. mng li thng tin lin lc
. ngi s dng khng phn 129, 3 l 1. quan st c thc hin bi cc cm bin trn mt t.
cm bin th cng khng kh, phi hnh on trong chuyn bay v cc h thng v tr. Nhng
quan st c ng ha vo FAA, NWS. v c s d liu hng khng t m cc sn phm c
ngun gc ca cc m hnh d bo v b lc lc ra cc cp thng tin c lin quan cho ngi
s dng. Mc tiu di hn l m bo rng mt sn phm thi tit hng khng s dng c
cung cp d bo rng c hai u ng tin cy v nht qun. Tnh nht qun l iu cn thit
m bo rng tt c cc nh quy hoch v khai thc c lin quan ang lm vic vi nhng nh
gi tng t v tnh hnh thi tit quyt nh v k hoch ca h s ph hp l tt.
14.5.6 T ng ha v hin th h thng con
Cc giao din t ng ha v hin th h thng con vi cc b iu khin khng lu v h thng
con vi gim st, thi tit, v thng tin lin lc. Cc h thng ph gim st cung cp cc bo co
mc tiu radar s cp v th cp trong c video v cc nh dng k thut s thng ip analog.
Cc nh dng analog ch c s dng vi cc h thng radar c ang dn c thay th. Cc
h thng ph gim st cng cung cp cc d liu radar phn x t cc t bo tri. Cc h thng
con cung cp thng tin tri tri c ngun gc t radar tri, chng hn nh cc radar th h tip
theo ca thi tit (NEXRAD) v radar tri Doppler thit b u cui (TDWR). v t cc cm
bin tri, chng hn nh cp thp h thng t gi alert (LLWAS). Cc h thng con truyn

thng cung cp cc mch truyn thng thoi v d liu cn thit cho cc b iu khin giao tip
vi my bay v vi cc b iu khin khc c trong cc c s a phng v ti cc c s ATM
khc. Mc d b iu khin w cu hnh c phn khc nhau trong mi trng en-tuyn ng v
thit b u cui, cc thnh phn c bn l ging nhau.
N bao gm mt mn hnh hin th tnh hnh. mt bn phm v mt bi xoay cng nh phng
tin hin th d liu k hoch bay v kim sot thng tin lin lc khng-i-mt t v mt
t-to- t Mn hnh hin th tnh trng c nh hng vi Bc pha trn v m t cc tnh
hung giao thng hng khng lin quan n mc nh hng h tr, sa cha, vt cn, sn bay,
v ng bng (Hnh 14.12). N cng trnh by cc cnh bo t ng iu khin. Cc thng
tin chy cung cp bao gm cc biu tng v tr my bay vi cc khi d liu chuyn bay lin
quan, mt danh sch cc cnh bo an ton (tc l, cnh bo cao an ton ti thiu v cnh bo
xung t), v mt danh sch cc my bay n v i. n Hnh 14. 12. c mt my bay trn mn
hnh hin th v tr 09:00 Cc khi d liu cho thy rng vic xc nh my bay (du hiu cuc
gi radio) l N24F, cao ca n l 5000 ft, v tc mt t ca n l 210 Kn. Cc v tr ca
my bay
Hnh 14.12. Thi gian Radar trnh by hin th d liu l k hiu "W" cui dng u t
block.The d liu "W" ch chu trch nhim iu khin cho my bay, trong trng hp ny, b
iu khin phng Ty. Cc nhp nhy "CA" hin th bn di cc khi d liu l mt cuc
xung t cnh bo cc iu khin da trn nh gi ca cc h thng t ng m N24F v CAL
73 c th b mt chun tch ATC nu iu khin khng can thip. My bay DEL 476 v tr 5:00
l di cao sate ti thiu v tr ca mnh v t ng ha do to ra mt cnh bo cao
thp (mt nhp nhy "LA"). Chic my bay v pha ty nam ch c mt khi d liu hn ch v
t ng khng c k hoch bay cho my bay. Cc hlock d liu cho thy rng m nhn dng ca
my bay (ACID) l 4724 v cao ca n l 6000 ft. Du hiu cuc gi v tuyn ca n l
khng r. Cc d liu cho blcck TUL4 l at 04:00 nhp nhy v tu bay ang trong qu trnh c
bn giao t b iu khin vi b iu khin pha ng ty.
14.5.7 Airborne ATM Cc h thng con
Cc my bay c trang b mt s h thng con l tng thch vi h thng trn mt t, bao
gm thoi v lin kt d liu thu pht, thu hi v my tnh. B pht th cp radar gim st, v
trong mt s trng hp. thit b cm nhn tc gi, nhit khng kh. v bt n. Cng
ngy. h thng qun l bay (FMSs) c tuyn dng thng xuyn hng dn tu bay trn

qu o bay ca h. v hi nhp y vi cc my ATM c mt ch pht trin mnh

[19. 32, 54 H thng FMS c ba kh nng c th lin quan n AIM [54]. N c th hng dn
my bay chnh xc cng mt con ng c xc nh trc c xc nh bi mt chui cc
hai chiu (kinh v v ) hoc ba chiu (thm cao) cc im cch. FMS cng c th gim
thiu chi ph ca cc chuyn bay bng cch chn tc ti u v / hoc cao dc theo con
ng c xc nh trc. Vic ti u ha n da trn mt ch s chi ph th im c la
chn m chng ta cn nhc chi ph nhin liu so vi chi ph thi gian bay. Khi chi ph thi gian
cuc chin l trng yu. FMS s hon thnh chuyn i mt cch nhanh chng hn, t chy
nhin liu hn trong qu trnh ny. Cui cng, cc FMS c mt thi gian yu cu n (hoc 4D
navigation) c kh nng m bo my bay s n waypoints chn trong ca s thi gian nh
(v d nh trong vng mi giy ca thi theo quy nh) nh chng ta nh nhng chuyn bay
hin ti
C s d liu phong ph ang c tr trong k hoch FMS v vn tc gi v nhit khng kh
dc theo tuyn ng d kin ca chuyn bay. FMS cung cp sn. ch o, v t ng iu tit
lnh cho h thng hng dn my bay, cng nh d liu chuyn bay thit yu bao gm thi gian
d kin n cc im cch. nhin liu cn li v lu lng nhin liu v tr hin ti v tc . v
gi hin nay. FMS tch hp cc h thng con avionic khc nhau, bao gm cc cm bin iu
hng (Hnh 14.13). N s t ng iu chnh VOR / DME thu theo v tr ca my bay v tn s
vin tr chuyn hng lu tr trong c s d liu. Giao din lin kt d liu vi FMS c
pht trin cho php k hoch bay d liu chuyn bay, bo co v tr ADS v d liu gi s
c chuyn ti cc k hoch mt t v my bay mi v yu cu thng tin c gi n my
bay.
FMS l h thng t ng ha trong khng kh kim sot ng bay ca my bay. Lin kt hot
ng ca n n hot ng trn mt t ATM v hng hng khng c li th r rng cng vn.
Mt ng dng sm c FMS-hng dn th tc u cui cho php my bay bay th tc phc
tp (v d, xp cch tip cn trc quan) IMC, qua cung cp quyn truy cp vo cc ng
bng khc khng c sn. Mt ng dng sm ca kh nng chuyn hng 4D c d kin s
c giao my bay thi gian c th cho qua cng i dng vo h thng theo di cc bi ht
vi gi thun li nht m ng c th tn dng ti a. ng dng trong tng lai s lin quan n
gii phng mt nng ng ca my bay trn cc chuyn bay di i dng iu chnh ng
i chin u thay i m hnh gi v thi tit. Kch bn c th lin quan n cc h thng t

ng ha hng hng vn tnh ton mt k hoch mi v s liu kt ni n vo FMS ni n s

c kim tra bi cc phi hnh on. Cc phi hnh on sau s gi k hoch cho ATM qua
FMS. Khi ATM l hi lng rng k hoch p ng yu cu tch, n s c truyn li cho cc
FMS ni phi hnh on s chn n ch ng hng dn cc my bay. Cc ng dng tng t
c d kin trong khng phn ca thit b u cui cho o lu lng truy cp n cc sn bay
v m phn gc v phng php tip cn qu o nhin liu ti u
14,6 C S V HOT NG
Cc dch v qun l lu lng khng kh c cung cp ti Hoa K bao gm qun l lu lng
giao thng. kim sot khng lu, v trn my bay. Cc dch v qun l lu lng giao thng
c cung cp bi cc trung tm ch huy khng lu h thng iu khin (ATCSCC) kt hp vi
cc c s trong khu vc (en-route) v thit b u cui. Dch v ATM ang c cung cp bi
cc trung tm kim sot tuyn ng giao thng hng khng (ARTCCS) cp khu vc, v
cc c s kim sot tip cn v thp kim sot sn bay-giao thng (ATC) ti cc dch v bay b
u cui v cc cp a phng c cung cp ch yu bi cc trm dch v bay (FSSs) . Mt s
dch v bay cng c cung cp bi cc c s v thit b u cui ARTCCs.
14.6.1 qun l Giao thng Quc gia
Trong (ATCSCC), cc nh qun l giao thng gim st lu lng giao thng hng khng quc
gia xc nh cc tnh hung m nhu cu c th vt qu kh nng. Mt cn bng cng sut /
Nhu cu ny thng c gy ra bi mt s t bin trong nhu cu vo gi giao thng cao im
hoc sn bay) do thi tit hoc gim cng sut ca mt v d nh ti nguyn, mt mt mt thit
b ATM cn thit. Cc nh qun l giao thng c cung cp hin th ha ca giao thng cng
nh cc cng c t ng ha d on cng sut / cu mt cn bng v h tr trong vic xy
dng v thc hin cc chin lc i ph vi nhu cu qu mc. Mt cng c t ng ha nh
k kim tra cc c tnh v nhu cu v ti nguyn mi sn bay, khu vc, v sa cha), gim st
i vi nng lc ca cc ngun ti nguyn xc nh nu c s c bo ha trong tng lai
gn. Ngay sau khi mt s mt cn bng nhu cu nng lc d bo, cc nh qun l giao thng
pht trin mt chin chin thut ngn chn s xut ca n hoc gim thiu nh hng ca
n. Chin lc ny thng c pht trin trong s phi hp vi cc hng hng khng b nh
hng v vi cc n v qun l giao thng (Phn 14.6.2) v cc c s chu trch nhim v thit
b u cui khng kh cho tham gia. Cc chin thut la qun ch thng xem xt bao gm nh

tuyn li, tr hon my bay trn ng bng cch s dng iu chnh tc hoc nm gi cc
th tc, v gi my bay trn mt t ti sn bay ngun gc
14.6.2 thit b En-route
Cc ARTCC cung cp dch v Al M my bay hot ng theo quy tc bay bng thit b (IFR)
dc ng khng phn. Trong nm 1996, c 20 ARTCCs trong lc a Hoa K. H nhn
c gim st d liu t radar gim st ng bay tm xa (ARSRs), v thng tin lin lc vi my
bay qua trn mt t pht / thu nm khng-i-t (RCAG) cc trang web truyn thng t xa.
Cc dch v ATM cung cp ti ARTCC bao gm tch my bay v qun l lu lng giao thng.
Cc dch v qun l lu lng c cung cp bi cc nh qun l giao thng cc n v qun
l giao thng (TMU) ngi lm vic cht ch vi cc b iu khin v qun l ngnh giao thng
ti cc ATCSCC ngoi mulate v thc hin cc hng dn lung giao thng. Nhng hng
dn ny c thit k chm tr trong khi m bo rng qu mc ca n tc giao thng c
ngn chn
Cc chc nng t ng ha chnh thc hin ti cc ARTCC bao gm ch bin k hoch bay. o
sng, thi tit x l d liu, theo di mc tiu, m bo tch chin thut da trn cc bi ht tiu.
v m bo tch chin lc da trn k hoch bay my bay
X l K hoch bay: Cc chc nng x l k hoch bay chp nhn k hoch bay ca phi
cng thng qua cc trm dch v bay, vn phng hot ng hng khng hot ng cn c qun
s. hoc b iu khin khu vc, cng nh k hoch bay dng khi ca cc hng hng
khng. Cc k hoch chuyn bay c ch bin sn xut v cc d liu chuyn bay gi ln
tt c cc b iu khin trn ng v thit b u cui) trong khng phn ARTCC ai s kim
sot cc chuyn bay. Cc d liu k hoch bay sau c truyn ti cc ARTCC tip theo cng
vi ng bay. Trong nm 1996, d liu tin b chuyn bay c trao cho b iu khin trung
vo giy (1.c., Nh di bay)
o lng chc nng o sng h tr cc nh qun l giao thng v iu khin trong lnh vc
trnh c nng khng th chp nhn tnh trng tc nghn giao thng. Qun l giao thng
trong TMU chy chng trnh o trong thi k nhu cu giao thng cao im hoc c th ban
hnh cc hng dn o da vo phn on v kinh nghim ca h. Cc hng dn o cung cp
cho b iu khin c th bao gm thi gian sa cha ng h qua cho my bay c th i n mt
khu vc nh ga hoc khong cch hn ch ng mn (v d, tt c cc my bay c bn giao
cho mt khu vc ln cn tc nghn phi c tch ra theo chiu dc 20 hi l)

Thi tit Ch bin Chc nng tit ch chp nhn thi gian thc d liu radar thi tit phn x t
FAA v gim st thi tit v radar qun s cng nh cc d liu thi tit c ch bin t mt s
ngun. Nhng d liu c hin th trn mn hnh iu khin ngnh k hoch xem tnh hnh sao
cho cc b iu khin c th ng bay thi tit xung quanh nghim trng v cung cp cc
khuyn co thi tit cho cc phi cng theo yu cu
Theo di ch bin v chin thut T ng ha Chc nng h thng t ng ha en-route theo di
tt c cc my bay m t bo co mc tiu hoc l chnh hay ph u nhn c. Qu trnh
theo di thit lp mt vector vn tc cho mi my bay theo di. Cc d liu v tr v vn tc my
bay c s dng bi cc chc nng m bo tch chin thut. c th l. cnh bo xung t. Ch
Cintruder. v cnh bo cao an ton ti thiu (MSAW). Cc cuc xung t cnh bo cc d
n nng v tr my bay trong tng lai khong hai pht v tm kim cc hnh vi vi phm ca tiu
ly gia my bay IFR (i c., Gia my bay m cc h thng t ng ha c k hoch bay. Cc chc
nng t nhp Ch C cung cp mt dch v tng t cho IFR my bay lin quan n my bay
VFR c cung cp bo co cao p sut t ng ch C tr li t b pht ca h. MSAW
cung cp b iu khin mt cnh bo khi mt chic my bay c d bo gim xung di mc
an ton ti thiu cho vng tri chim ng. aural v nhng bo hiu l cung cp cho cc b
iu khin khi c vn tch bit c d on.
Chin lc tch m bo chc nng pht hin t ng vn (APD) v gii quyt vn t
ng (APR) c t ng en-route ATC AERA) chc nng ln k hoch thc hin vo cui nm
1990. H to ra mt qu o bn chiu y, z v t) cho mi chic my bay xut pht t v tr hin
ti ca n. k hoch bay, v cc c tnh hiu sut kh ng hc. Min l my bay hot ng
trong mt khong cch ngng ca qu o ny. qu o ng tin cy i din cho con ng
tng lai ca my bay v do c th c s dng lm c s cho vic pht hin xung t. Da
vo t 15 n 20 pht d ca tu bay trn cc qu o, APD pht hin xung t vi cc my bay
khc vi khng phn b hn ch v c hng dn dng. APR s to ra hng dn iu khin
ngh gii quyt cho mi cuc xung t. c tnh n tt c cc my bay hot ng trong cc vng
ln cn. B iu khin chu trch nhim c th chn s dng nhng hng dn hoc gii
quyt cc xung t theo cch khc
14.6.3 Phng php tip cn thit b u cui
thit b kim sot cung cp dch v cho my bay trong khng phn thit b u cui giao cho cc
c s thit b u cui ca ph huynh ARTCC.The khng phn thit b u cui l sectorize vo

cc lnh vc n v khi hnh to iu kin cho cc dng my bay n v i t sn bay Trong

nm 1996 c khong 240 c s trong Hoa K cung cp dch v kim sot tip cn. Chng bao
gm cc iu khin kt hp cch tip cn trung tm / radar (CERAPs), iu khin phng php
radar thit b u cui (TRACONS, radar iu khin thit b u cui cch tip cn chung nhau
vi xe taxi thp (TRACABs). V qun s kim sot tip cn radar (RAP Nhc im). Trong s
cc c s thit b u cui, FAA hot ng 133 nh n trung bnh TRACON 63 trung bnh n
ln TRACON v 1 TRACON rt ln (TRACON New York). trong to- gia cui nhng nm
1990, mt s c s thit b u cui hp nht ln gi Metroplex thit b kim sot (MCFs) s
c to ra bng cch kt hp mt s bi nhc vo mt c s duy nht. iu khin khu vc ga
giao tip vi my bay thng qua cc trang web thu pht c gi l my pht t xa / thu (RTRs)
v c cung cp tm ngn gim st bi h thng radar gim st DaiA sn bay (ASRs) cc chc
nng t ng thc hin ch yu ti cc c s thit b u cui bao gm ch bin thi tit, theo
di mc tiu v m bo tch chin thut da trn cc bi ht tiu (mc 14.5.6)
14.6.4 Sn bay thit b
n sn bay ATM ang c kim sot i lu sn bay (AT & T) hay thp cho ngn. Trong nm
1996, c khong 692 ATCT ti Hoa K, 419 iu hnh bi FAA, 208 hnh bi qun i v 65
hot ng ca cc t chc phi lin bang
Towers thng c bn v tr ch cht ca hot ng (xem thm Phn 144. y l nhng d liu
chuyn bay. Giao thng quan, kim sot mt t, v cc v tr qun l ti a phng. Cc v tr
d liu chuyn bay c trch nhim cho vic duy tr d liu chuyn bay (di bay) v cp nht d
liu thp linh tinh, bao gm c cc dch v t ng thit b u cui thng tin (ATIS). cc v tr
giao thng quan chu trch nhim cp h i trc my bay IFR. vic giao gii phng mt bng
v v tr d liu chuyn bay thng c kt hp v vn hnh nh mt v tr duy nht
B iu khin mt t chu trch nhim cho cc xe chy an ton v my bay trong khu vc sn
bay chuyn ng. ngoi tr nhng hot ng trn ng bng hot ng. Cc b iu khin a
phng c trch nhim chuyn ng trn ng bng hot ng. Nm 1996, kim sot v iu
khin mt t hot ng a phng c thc hin ch yu thng qua tip xc trc quan vi
iu khin my bay v mt t xe c kim sot. Radar chnh phn gii cao c s dng ti
mt s sn bay ln pht hin my bay v mt t xe trn b mt sn bay v dis chi thng tin
ny thp iu khin pht trin v th nghim nhng n lc c tin hnh vo nm 1996

 ci thin gim st v kim sot cc b mt bng cch s dng gim st ph thuc t ng k

thut (Phn 14.5.3). da trn cc USC ca GPS khc bit (Phn 5.5.9) v lin kt d liu k thut
s
Cc mc h tr t ng ha c cung cp trong Axis l ph thuc vo mc hot ng ca
thp v s phc tp ca cc hot ng giao thng hng khng. Cc thp nh nht c cung cp
vi kh nng nhp d liu chuyn bay, chuyn bay di in n v hin th d liu mi trng. Cc
ta thp ln nht c k hoch xem tnh hnh radar hin th h tr hot ng kim sot tip cn
v radar gim st mt t. Trong thi gian cui nhng nm 1990. cc thp phc tp hn s c
cung cp cc cng c t ng h tr khi hnh o v gim nguy c va chm my bay trn
mt t
14.6.5 thit b Dch v bay
Trong nm 1996 dch v bay c cung cp ti Hoa K bi 131 trm dch v nh sng (FSS).
Cc c s ny nhn c thng bo cho phi cng (NOTAMs) t h thng NOTAM M v cc
sn phm thi tit t cc bo Thi tit Quc gia (NWS). bao gm quan st thi tit ti cc sn
bay, gi trn cao. thit b u cui v d bo khu vc, v thi tit cnh bo rng m t hin tng
kh tng c ngha quan trng i vi cc phi cng. Mc 14.4 m t cc chc nng chnh ca
trm dch v bay.
14.6.6 thit b i dng
Vng tri i dng c chia thnh cc vng thng bo bay (ph hp) di s bo tr ca cc
t chc hng khng dn dng quc t (ICO). Hoa K c trch nhim cung cp cc dch v ATM
trong vi FIRS i Ty Dng v vng bin Thi Bnh Dng cng nh mt FIR trn Vnh
Mexico. Cc trung tm kim sot i dng lin quan c t vo mt ch vi en-tuyn ng
c s New York, Oakland, Hokkaido Anchorage, v Honolulu.
14,7 H THNG NNG LC
Nhu cu ca cc h thng ATM tip tc tng. V d, cc my bay s x l ca M c ng bay
trung tm iu khin giao thng (ARTCCs) c d bo s tng t 36,6 triu hot ng trong
1989-47800000 hot ng vo nm 2000. Tng trng trong giao thng hng khng ny s t
p lc gia tng trn tt c cc ti nguyn h thng, c bit l cc sn bay ln
H thng Hng khng K hoch nng lc ca FAA [16] nh ngha cc vn nng lc hng
khng v chm tr chuyn bay c xc nh bng cch so snh thc t vi thi gian n ti u.

Nm 1990, 23 S. sn bay ln c kinh nghim hn 20.000 gi bay tr chuyn bay. Con s ny d

kin s tng ln 40 sn bay ln ca nm 2000 nu ci tin kh nng khng c thc hin
Trong qu trnh ca mt chuyn bay, mt s ti nguyn h thng c s dng bao gm thu sn
bay i v ng bng sa cha thit b u cui v cc ngnh enroute sa cha, cc tuyn
ng, v cc ngnh, v cc sn bay n. Mc d l mt trong nhng ngun ti nguyn c th tr
nn bo ha v ng gp cho s chm tr chuyn bay. lch s, s ra i v n sn bay l nhng
ngi ng gp chnh.
Bng 14.2 cho thy ngun gc ca s chm tr chuyn bay hn 15 pht nh nu trong K
hoch Cng sut 1991-1992 H thng Hng khng
Cc phn sau tho lun k thut gim s chm tr chuyn bay bng cch gim nhu cu cao
im v tng cng nng lc h thng
14.7.1 Gim nh cu
C mt s k thut gim nhu cu cao im. do lm gim mc nghim trng ca s mt
cn bng cng sut theo yu cu. Chnh quyn ATM tr hon khi hnh v lm chm lu lng
dc ng lm gim nhu cu n sn bay trong thi gian cao im hou. Mt k thut qun l
nhu cu l khuyn khch cc my bay nh hn s dng cc sn bay thuc gim. Ti Hoa
K, trong s 40 sn bay d bo s gp vn ng k chm tr. khong mt phn ba c 25%
hoc hot ng hng khng chung chung hn. i vi nhng sn bay, chuyn dch mt phn ca
cc hot ng hng khng chung ti mt sn bay thuc gim s lm gim s chm tr. Mt k
thut c lin quan l thay i nhu cu s dng ng mc n cc sn bay c trang b x
l cc my bay vn chuyn hng khng v trong vng 50 hi l ca sn bay bo ha. Cui cng.
s dng ng mc cc sn bay c th c s dng nh kt ni cc sn bay trung tm thay v tc
nghn sn bay th ln vi hnh khch ang ch chuyn cc chuyn bay khc
BNG 14.2 Ngun bay chm hn 15 pht
14.7.2 Tng nng lc h thng
Cc m tng nng lc ln nht ti sn bay l ng bng mi. Vo nm 1996. 62 cch chy mi
hoc m rng ng bng ln c quy hoch hoc xut ti 100 sn bay hng u ca M.
Vic tng cng nng lc sn xut ln tip theo ang c ci thin th tc khng phn thit b
u cui. Vo nm 1989. 57% ca tt c cc chuyn bay tr hon l do iu kin thi tit bt li.
Nhng s chm tr ny l kt qu ca mt thc t rng cc th tc tip cn c c nhiu hn ch

hn cc th tc trc quan c hiu lc trong iu kin thi tit tt hn. Nhiu ln tr hon c th
c loi b nu cc th tc php c s dng trong qu trnh IMC linh hot hn
Ph thuc IFR Parallel Phng php tip cn Nm 1996 cch tip cn song song ng thi c
th c thc hin trong IMC song song ng bng khong cch cng st 2.500 ft cung cp 2
hi l tch ng cho c duy tr gia my bay (Hnh 14.14a). ng bng song song vi
dng phng php ph thuc c th cha 45% n 65% nhiu khch mi gi so vi mt ng
bng duy nht (tc l, 44-50 khch mi gi nh tri ngc vi 30 lt khch mi gi cho mt
ng bng duy nht)
Cc yu cu tch ng cho lm cho mt dng xut ph thuc vo ngi khc v n ngn chn
my bay Auster trn mt phng php tip cn t qua mt my bay chm hn v cch tip cn
k. S ph thuc ny lm hn ch li ch cng sut ca ng bng song song so vi hai dng
sui n c lp. Trong cui nhng nm 1990. tin b cng ngh v ci tin th tc c th cho
php gim cc yu cu tch ng cho 1,5 hi l ny s lm tng kh nng ca s tng ng
ph thuc vo khong bn my bay mi gi
IFR song song c lp cch tip cn Trong cch tip cn c lp ng thi song song ng
bng. mi kha hc tip cn c gim st bi mt b iu khin mn hnh chuyn dng s
dng mt tnh hung radar xem k hoch d Mt chic my bay mt cch tip cn LS c thnh
lp trn Tt nhin phng php cui cng trc khi n im m n chn dc ln. My bay
trn cch tip cn song song (v d nh 25L v 25R trong hnh 14.14 c tch ra theo chiu
dc bng 1.000 ft trc khi n im m cc con ng tip cn cao hn chn dc ln. T thi
im ny tr i cho n khi tu bay h cnh. B iu khin mn hnh m bo rng chic my
bay duy tr tch bn. c bit nu mt my bay trn mt kha hc phng php xm nhp vo
khu vc khng vi phm th hin trong hnh 14.14b. b iu khin mn hnh chu trch nhim cho
qu trnh tip cn song song s vect xa bt k my bay ang b e da bi cc "m mm" my
bay.
i vi ng bng song song vi ng trung tm c phn cch bi 4300 ft hoc nhiu hn.
cc S NN & PTNT rada gim st sn bay chun, trong c mt ng-ten 4,8 giy thi gian qut
v s dng mt mn hnh iu khin thng thng, c s dng gim st cc cch tip
cn c lp ng thi. Trong nm 1995 mt radar qut nhanh gi l mn hnh chnh xc ng
bng (PRM) c pht trin. 0,5 giy qut thi gian ca n v phn gii cao cho php hin
th h thng iu khin cc phng php song song c lp ca n, ni ng trung tm ng

bng c ngn cch bi 3400 ft hoc cch tip cn c lp hn cung cp cng sut tng n
khong 30% so vi cc th tc tip cn song song ph thuc. Mt s gim trong trung tm
ng bng khong cch dng yu cu thng qua vic s dng cc cng ngh v quy trnh mi
cng nh tng cng nng lc cho cc sn bay vi ngun lc hn ch bt ng sn. Ph thuc
IFR t cch tip cn phng php hi t c lp thng ch c php khi trn nh l ln hn
700 ft v kh nng hin th l 2 hi l tr ln. Cc vn tch my bay ch yu pht sinh khi c
hai chic my bay thc hin cc phng php b qua. Nu trn nh l trn 700 ft cc phi cng v
iu khin thp c th m bo tch bit bng mt thng.
. Ti trn thp. hoc cc phng php tip cn phi c gii hn trong mt ng bng duy
nht hoc sui cch tip cn ph phi c thnh lp. Trong hi t ph thuc dng tip cn, my
bay c khong cch theo chiu dc nh vy m. nu c hai my bay thc hin phng php
tip cn nh v bay qua cc im m cc ng trung tm ng bng giao nhau. my bay ny
s c tch ra theo chiu dc.
h tr cho cc b iu khin trong vic thit lp ph thuc vo cc dng tip cn hi t. s
hi t h tr hin th ng bng (CRDA) c lp t ti mt s cng khng kh vo nm 1995
(Hnh 14.15). CRDA hin th mt hnh nh phn chiu ca mi my bay tip cn. Nh th hin
trong hnh 14.15. tie gng hnh nh c v trn cc kha hc tip cn lin k ti mt khong
cch t ng t ng bng ngang bng vi cc my bay tip cn. B iu khin sau my bay
khng gian t nhng hnh nh phn chiu ca my bay trn cc kha hc hi t nh chng ta l
t chic my bay thc s trn Tt nhin phng php tng t. Ngi ta c tnh rng cng sut
tng khong mi lt khch mi gi trn nng lc n n ng bng c th t c vi th
tc ny
14,8 h thng trnh va chm khng vn
H thng trnh va chm trong khng kh c ci t trong my bay cung cp bo v c lp
t t v va chm gia khng trung nh mt bn sao lu h thng ATC thng. Trong nc M,
mt gia nh hai thnh vin ca thit b c gi l cnh bo giao thng v va chm h thng
trnh (TCAs) c pht trin 17. 20. 26. 33. 51,52, 61]. TCAs thm vn cc b thu radar gim
st th cp c ci t trong my bay gn v x l tr li cnh bo cho phi hnh on
chuyn bay n cc xung t tim nng. S bo v c lp ca thit b trn mt t. Do , mt
chic my bay c trang b TCAs nhn sao lu dch v m bo tch bt c ni no n bay.

Hnh 14,16 minh ha hnh hc mu thun khi vn tc my bay vi v V2 l khng i. VR l vn

tc tng i, R l khong cch gia 2 my bay v my bay 1, v m l khong cch b l, l,
khong cch gia my bay ti cc im gn nht ca phng php (CPA). l vn tc tip tuyn
ca cc my bay 2 lin quan n tu bay 1. Thi gian m n s a my bay 2 t c CPA
l T. T hnh 14,16,
Phng trnh 14.4 minh ha thc t l t l mang 0 l s khng khi v ch khi my bay ang
trn mt kha hc va chm thc s. m 0
Cc phin bn ng dng rng ri nht ca gia nh TCAs. TCAs II. thm vn cc b pht trn
my bay carby. theo di cc tr li trong phm vi v ALTI tude, v to cnh bo phi hnh on
nu c hai phm vi v cao tng i c d bo l nh ti mt s thi gian trong 40 giy ti.
Hai kiu cnh bo c hin th: t vn c nhn (TA) v cc khuyn ngh quyt (RAS). Mt
TA c hin th khong 40 giy trc khi CPA v cho thy phm vi. chu lc, v cao tng
i ca k t nhp vo mt mn hnh hin th bung li xem k hoch. Nu k xm nhp tip
tc ng. mt RA s c hin th khong 25 giy trc khi CPA Cc RA cho thy mt c ng
dc thot (c "leo") trnh mt sion Colli. Hai my bay TCAs II trong cuc xung t phi trao
i nh thot th thut m bo rng chng c b sung (v d. Mt tro ln my bay. H
khc). TCAs II s dng ch khng-i-khng kh truyn thng lin kt d liu thc
hin cc chc nng phi hp
Trong khi TCAs II s dng k xm nhp mang 0 trong vic hin th h tr k thut. s xut cm
bin gc ng ten-ca- l khng chnh xc cung cp tc d liu mang cho khong cch
b l, m, d ton. Thi gian CPA c c tnh nh c dy, ni
c tnh ny l chnh xc trong cc trng hp quan trng, ni m l nh. Mt li th chnh ca
di TCAs II l mt s lng nht nh ca cc thng bo khng cn thit c to ra bi v b l
khong cch khng th c tnh c. Trong nm 1995, tt c cc my bay vn chuyn hng
khng vi hn 30 ch ngi ch khch hot ng trong khng phn ca M c yu cu
c trang b TCAs II
TCAs ti khng hin th RAS. Cc thit b theo di my bay gn trong phm vi v cao v mn
hnh h tr k thut cho nhng k xm nhp m p ng tiu ch da trn tau va chm mi e
da. TAS t bay vin tr trc quan trong vic mua my bay e da tch hnh nh c th c
duy tr. n cui nm 1995, TCAs c yu cu phi c ci t trong tt c cc my bay hng
hng khng c t 10 n 30 ch ngi ch khch hot ng trong khng phn M.

14,9 XU HNG TNG LAI

K t khi h thng qun l giao thng hng khng bao gm mt s lng ln cc h thng ph.
bao gm thng tin lin lc, dn ng, gim st t ng ha v dch v thi tit, c mt lot cc
xu hng tng lai n vic ci thin h thng. H s c tho lun di y.
dch v thi tit. c mt lot cc xu hng tng lai n vic ci thin h thng. H s c tho
lun di y Mt trong nhng xu hng su sc nht s c s dng rng ri ca khng-imt t k thut s d liu thng tin lin lc (so vi ging ni) cho giao tip t ng, Ground
ngun thng tin vi cc h thng da trn my bay v phi hnh on. S dng thng tin lin lc
d liu s cho kt qu ng tin cy hn trong vic trao i v kp thi ca s
Mt cuc cch mng ln th hai gn. Xu hng ny s c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng
v tinh nh v-, ban u, GPS (Phn 5.5), cung cp chnh xc cao, thng tin dn ng trn
ton th gii (v tr. vn tc v thi gian) p ng yu cu RNP cho tt c cc giai on ca
chuyn bay. Trong nm 1996. GPS c y quyn ca M. FAA s dng nh duy nht c
ngha l h thng iu hng i dng v cho chnh xc khng c bit v USC tin) cch
tip cn chnh xc mc ISCAT. Trong tng lai, kt hp vi cc h thng Augmentation M
Wide Area (WAAS. Mc 5.7.3). n s c cho php s dng nh mt h thng phng tin duy
nht cho thit b u cui v chuyn hng enroute, cng nh cng chng mc hot ng tip
cn ti chnh xc. Vi mt h thng a phng khu vc tranh lun (LaaS) (Mc 5.59. 13.8. V
13.9). Danh mc II v III tip cn chnh xc v kh nng h cnh c th c cung cp trong
tng lai xa hn. Nghin cu su rng v th nghim bay. vi kt qu rt ha hn. ang c
tin hnh vo nm 1996 Trong mt s khu vc kh cht hp, chng hn nh chu u, mils c
kh nng c s dng cho mt s thi gian trong tng lai cung cp tip cn chnh xc v
kh nng h cnh. c bit i vi loi II v II hot nglng ln d liu. Trong mt s phn.
thng tin lin lc bng ging ni s c s dng ch yu cho cc chc nng phi thng khn
cp v.
Vic s dng GPS s c kt hp vi GLONASS (Phn 5.6) v h thng v tinh nh v-c th
khc, to thnh mt h thng v tinh ton cu Navigation (GNSS). t t c mt kh
nng chuyn hng trn ton th gii da trn t nht 48 v tinh. V tinh a tnh cng s bao
gm mt GNSS ging nh chc nng khc nhau. iu ny s dn n c sn rt cao, tnh ton
vn v tnh lin tc ca dch v c v do an ton hn

My bay c trang b vi mt GNSS (GPS ban u) thu v mt my tnh chuyn hng n

gin s c kh nng cho php cc tuyn ng RNAV trc tip bt c u trn th gii. Trong
tng lai xa hn. ng hng khng cng nhc, da trn tc phm bo hiu hng hi trn mt t
(v d, VOR / DME) s tr nn li thi. Tnh linh hot ca hot ng bay s c tng cng rt
nhiu. v cc nh cung cp dch v ATM s ngng hot ng ca mt s cng trnh, trang trn
mt t.
Mt xu hng trong tng lai s c khai thc kt hp pht trin nhanh, t ng tng truyn
matic khng-i-t k thut s v chnh xc cao (e GNSS g.) Kh nng nh v cung cp
t ng gim st ph thuc (ADS, phn 145,3) hu nh khp mi ni, t i dng khng
phn vi b mt sn bay. Vic thc hin cc ADS khi trong khng phn bin v trn cc vng t
xa xi, v iu ny s dn n cc tiu chun phn chia chi ph-hiu qu hn, thay th cc
phng php tch th tc vn c s dng trong nm 1996. Vic s dng cc h thng radar s
cp v th cp trn mt t c kh nng tip tc gim st khu vc nh ga trong mt thi gian.
nhng trong mi trng dc ng n s
cui cng s c thay th bi ADS v tnh chnh xc v chi ph hiu qu hn ca n. Da trn
nhng th nghim thnh cng v th nghim vo gia nhng nm 1990, ADS k thut (s dng
GPS khc bit a phng v lin kt d liu) c th s c s dng gim st b mt v kim
sot sn bay ti cc sn bay ln
Trn mt t t ng ha h tr qun l lu lng giao thng quc gia v a phng. cng
nh gi ATC chin thut hn s c thc hin trn mt quy m ln nh cc chnh ngha, c sc
cha ngi dng a thch qu o bay v m bo rng cc ngun lc cng sut h thng c
s dng y p ng nhu cu. T ng ATM lin kt vi HMS v vn bay t ng ha
bng cch lin kt d liu s m bo k hoch ton din ca qu o bay cach, ly nhu cu ca
tt c ngi dng khc vo ti khon. Bn chiu (bao gm c thi gian thng quan s c s
dng khi cn thit m bo s phn ly trong my bay v im n trn thi gian ti im hp
nht. Cc FMS s hng dn my bay trn qu o nhin liu ti u, p ng yu cu tin
ca ngi s dng t bnh xe ln ghi bn thng. Cc kh nng hin th giao thng ca TCAs
s c tng cng vi cc thng tin b sung, chng hn nh v tr v nh hng ca ng
bng v cc nh danh ca my bay gn, c mn hnh ton din v tnh hnh ATM cho cc phi
hnh on chuyn bay. cc phi hnh on sau s c th tham gia y hn lp k hoch v

ra quyt nh bao gm gii quyt xung t giao thng ti a phng phi hp vi cc my bay
khc c lin quan
trao i ln nhau lan rng gia cc my bay ca v tr hin ti ca h c bit chnh xc. nh
thu c t thit b dn ng trn tu ca h, mt my thu GPS nh vy, cung cp tnh hnh
v mi e da thng tin trn tt c cc my bay khc trong vng ln cn. K thut ny l mt
phng tin khc, khc vi TCAs c bn, t c mt chc nng trnh va chm mt t c lp
cho tt c cc my bay tham gia. Trong phng php ny, ch c mt chiu chng trnh pht
sng c s dng, m kt qu trong kh nng truyn thng ln hn nhiu so vi hai chiu
truyn. Ngoi ra, nhm v d liu thch hp khc c th c trao i gim s lng cc
khuyn ngh quyt khng cn thit. Cch tip cn ny s ci thin hiu sut tnh hung nhn thc
ca h thng trnh va chm
C mt xu hng mnh m hng ti pht trin. tin ha. v thc hin cc khi nim v chuyn
bay min ph 153. chuyn bay min ph l mt kh nng hot ng bay. di c quy tc bay
VFR). trong cc nh khai thc c quyn t do chn ng bay v tc trong thi gian
thc. sau khi truyn thng gia cc my bay bo m tch bit an ton. Hn ch giao thng
ng khng ch tip xc loi b mt mi e da an ton. ca ngn cn qu cng sut sn bay
v ngn chn tri php bay qua khng phn c dng (SUA) 153. Khi nim ny c d
nh lm tng tnh linh hot hot ng ca ngi dng v '' t ti u ha, "trong khi t c
an ton c m bo. Cc cng ngh chnh m s lm cho n c th thc hin c nhng mc
tiu ny l (1) lin kt d liu k thut s phn trm, 2 h thng v tinh nh v ton cu (v d,
GPS, (3) cc khi nim v gim st t ng ph thuc (Phn 14.5.3) lin tc pht sng (bi tt c
cc ngh th cng) v tr , vn tc ngn hn trong s dng kt hp vi cc va chm trong khng
kh trang thit b trnh tnh ton (4) hin th c ci thin trong my bay, v ti cc trung tm
ATC cung cp nhn thc tnh hung tt. v (5) sa i cc th tc lu lng khng kh m tn
dng nhng kh nng mi c sn. S pht trin v thc hin cc chuyn bay min ph gia tng c
kh nng tin b trong thi gian gn y v tip tc trong tng lai gn. Cc ch chung ln
cho tng lai ca ATM s l thng tin hp nht. cung cp cho mi ngi dng v nh cung cp
dch v mt, nhn thc ton din chnh xc v tnh hnh ATM. trong h thng t ng thc
hin cc lnh thng xuyn. kim sot, v hng dn cc chc nng. Li ch vi bao gm tng
tnh an ton v hiu qu ca hot ng bay trn ton th gii, s dng y cc ngun lc cng
sut h thng, v gim chi ph ca dch v ATM. Nhng tnh nng mi v cc li ch lin quan s

xut hin u tin trong khng phn ca i dng ni cc dch v ATM hin th s. hm i
my bay thng chng ta c trang b, v cc nh khai thc ang c ng lc cao t c
tit kim nhin liu.

Chng 15:
GIAO TIP H THNG IN T HNG KHNG
15.1 GII THIU
Giao tip l mt phn khng th thiu ca bt k h thng nh v hng khng no.
Khng c gi tr no trong mt h thng nh v c th xc nh c v tr ca phng tin
ch nu v tr khng th c bit n ti my ch v cc yu t hng khng khc thng qua
mt s loi tn hiu giao tip no . Tuy nhin, giao tip gia h thng nh v my bay v phn
cn li ca phng tin c m rng ra ngoi tn hiu giao din, thng thng l 1 bus d liu,
bao gm hin th cho phi hnh on v i bo dng, h thng nng lng, ng gi v lp
t v mt mi trng hot ng thch hp.
15.2 CC BUS D LIU
Cc bus d liu l nn tng ca h thng hng khng tch hp hin i. N l phng tin
chnh theo thng tin c trao i gia cc h thng nh v vi h thng khc. Bus d liu l
cc ng dn m cc u vo cn thit c nhn bi mt h thng hoc h thng con thc
hin qu trnh ca n v ng dn m u ra t qu trnh c gi ti ngi s dng.
Chia lm 2 loi ln: simplex (mt ng) vi mt my pht n v nhiu my thu. Nh vy,
c t nht 2 phng tin truyn thng, c dy hoc cp quang. Cc tnh nng cn li ca bus d
liu l bus kim sot, tc bit, v t v cu trc thng ip.
Bus d liu dnh cho my bay qun s: MIL-STD-1553, Digital Time Division
Command/Response Multiplex Data Bus.
Cng ngh bus h thng in t dn dng tip tc tng v dn n s pht trin ca
ARINC 629 a truyn bus d liu l nn tng ca cc my bay B-777. Bus ny kt hp rt nhiu
cc tnh nng ca MIL-STD-1553, nhng trnh vic s dng bus iu khin.
Mi h thng my bay yu cu s ha hp rng t c chc nng ca n, v s ha
hp ny thng c hon thnh thng qua cc bus d liu. Tuy nhin s ha hp khng th lay
chuyn dn n cc vn v tr d liu, t khng thng tin no c th c ngay lp tc

c hiu, truyn i, x l v s dng. tr d liu c th c nh ngha l thi gian t khi

s lng hoc iu kin c hiu cho n khi s lng hoc iu kin c sn sng cho
ngi s dng cui. V d ph bin v ni tr d liu l mt vn bao gm hp nht d liu t
nhiu ngun khc nhau nh bn s v v tuyn hoc hng ngoi v hnh nh hng ngoi v
thng tin phn hi ca cm bin v thong tin trng thi trong dn ng.
15.3 B HIN TH:
Giao tip quan trng nht trong mi my bay c ngi li no l gia my bay v phi hnh
on. Giao din ny mang hnh thc hin th bung li v iu khin (v danh sch kim tra v
bo tr). Bung li c thit k thn thin v m bo hot ng khng li, c bit di khi
lng cng vic cao v tnh trng khn cp.
Thit b in t hin th chnh l mt ng cathode-ray (CRT). Tuy nhin, mn hnh phng
tinh th lng (LCD) ang nhanh chng nm bt hn ca th trng, khi so snh vi mn hnh
CRT, n cn t nng lng v chiu su pha sau bng iu khin, ci thin kh nng c nh
sng mt tri, v v bn cht l tng thch k thut s.
15.4 NNG LNG
Nng lng rt quan trng trong h thng in t hng khng. Trong lch s, h thng in
t thit k lun lun gi nh rng in s c sn c cht lng v s lng cn thit. Tuy
nhin, nh hiu sut ca cc thit b in t c ci thin v h thng in t ang c s
dng trong chuyn bay quan trng, nng lng c a vo tm quan trng mi.
Cc ti liu chnh hng dn vic thit k cc h thng nng lng khng qun l MILSTD-704 My bay nng lng in c im. iu ny yu cu tin tiu chun v cht lng
in nng nh giao cho cc u ni trn cc thit b h thng in t. Mt phn ca cc yu cu
ny c tm tt trong Bng
15.2, cng vi yu cu tng ng t D0-160g, iu kin mi trng v cc th tc kim tra
cho Thit b Airborne, tiu chun cho in hng khng dn dng. Yu cu nng lng in t
hng khng dn dng l rt tng t nh i vi h thng in t qun s, nh th hin trong
Bng 15.2. D0-160 trnh by cc yu cu cht lng in nng cho h thng in t v m t cc
c s xt nghim v th tc xc minh hot ng (hay tn ti) ca cc h thng in t khi nng
lng t sc mnh ca cht lng nu. Cng ging nh cc h thng nng lng qun s, mt
ng lc chnh cho cc h thng in dn dng l sn c lin tc ca nng lng cho my bay
cc chc nng quan trng.

15.5. BO TR:
Bo tr l mt yu t quan trng trong chi ph vng i h thng in t, v phn ln cc chi
ph vng i pht sinh nh chi ph bo tr sau khi h thng in t a vo phc v. Chi ph
bo tr c thc y mt phn ln bi s lng duy tr s ch nhn sm trong giai on thit
k. Cc trnh iu khin quan trng trong vic bo tr c thit k built-in test (BIT) ca n v
thay th ng (LRU, thng c gi l hp en) hoc dng module thay th (LRMs); ghi r
hng dn s dng bo tr; s dng d dng bo tr vin tr, v kh nng tip cn, c hai thay
th LRU v ni b vi n.
BIT lun l mt mi quan tm ln trong h thng in t, k t khong mt na s LRUs h
thng in t ra khi mt chic my bay c cho l b li l trong thc t, khng b li. Mt
cch ph bin ca tnh trng ny l nu rng thi gian trung bnh gia uoi t xut (MTBUR)
l khong 50% thi gian trung bnh gia tht bi (MTBF). Mt nh sn xut thit b in t
tuyn b mc tiu tng MTBUR n 90% i vi mt s MTBF ca B-777 h thng in t.
15.6. GIAO TIP VT L:
Bao b ca cc h thng in t l mt dng khc ca "giao din" vi my bay ch. Hu ht
cc h thng in t hin i, c ng gi theo tiu chun ng gi s dng rng ri. Trong
my bay vn ti thng mi v mt s phi c thng gia, cc h thng in t LRUs c thit
k ph hp vi AR / NC 600 Air Transport Avionics.
H thng in t qun s c ng gi trong mt lot cc thit k ln hn nhiu LRU
chun. Phng php ch yu ng gi tiu chun cho cc h thng in t qun s l m-un
in t tiu chun quy nh ti MIL-M-28787

Modules,

Standard Electronic,

General

Specification for. C nhiu kch c ty chn c m t trong . Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng
la chn thng xuyn nht l kch thc E. Hence, c nhng ti liu tham kho thng xuyn
n cc module SEM-E trong cc n phm in t hng khng qun s. Module SEM-E c mt
chiu cao tiu chun ca 6.68 trong span. V ( su khi nhn t pha trc) ca 5.88 in. Chiu
rng (dy) c th nm trong khong 0,38-0,58 in
15.7. XU HNG TNG LAI:
Xu hng hin nay hng tng tch hp h thng in t v t ng ha bung li c d
kin s tip tc, iu khin bi b vi x l tc cao v cc bus d liu. Trong nhng thp k
tip theo, cc chc nng my bay s c phn b cho cc h thng in t, bao gm c nhng

chuyn bay b sung quan trng. Cc h thng in t s c ng gi trong cc module ph

hp vi mt t m cung cp h thng lm mt, mt chic xe but d liu bng ni a nng.
Chng 12 (Cha y )
556/ Hng khng v tr

Hnh 12.3: sao hnh hc trong mt phng ca cc trung tm ca tri t, cc nh quan st, v cc
ngi sao
Tuy nhin, n c th xc nh thng tin v v tr nm ngang ca ngi quan st bng cch lm
cho cc php o v tr gc tng i ca cc ngi sao mt khung c nh Tri t. Gc
phng v ca ngi sao,Az, o thun ng ca min Bc v Z L , v cao, El, o tch cc trn
cc a phng nm ngang v v XL xoay - trc cung cp thng tin v v ca ngi quan st
v kinh . (Cc nh thin vn tham kho cc gc pha trn ngang nh cao; Tuy nhin, thut
ng "cao" s c s dng y trnh nhm ln vi cc khong cch thng ng tuyn tnh
trn mt ti liu tham kho) Trong iu kin ca Az v El, cc vector n v v tr ngi sao trong
L ta l:
L

u =

sin ( Az ) cos ( El )
cos ( Az ) cos ( El )
sin ( El)

(12.3)

Phng trnh 12.2 v 12.3 cung cp cho cc mi quan h cho Az v El l mt chc nng ca , ,
GHA, , and . Cho uL, cao v gc phng v thu c t:
El = sin-1 [uL(3)]
Az = tan

-1

[ ]
u L (1)
u L (2)

(12.4)

Do , a v tr ca ngi quan st, mt ca hng sao (nin lch), v thi gian, phng v v
cao ca mt ngi sao la chn c th c tnh ton t phng trnh 12.4, v mt knh thin vn
c th c ch v pha ngi sao. Gi s rng ngi duy nht bit c v tr ca ngi quan st
khong nhng gn xc nh mt cch r rng mt ngi sao la chn thng qua tnh ton
ca phng v d kin ca n v cao. Gc phng v v cao thc t ca cc ngi sao c
th c o lng. T nhng php o Earth-c nh, ngi ta c th xc nh v v kinh
quan st chnh xc
557/
T phng trnh 12.2 v 12,3 mt c c cc mi quan h sau:
cos(Az)cos(El)cos+sin(El)sin = sin (12.5)
coscos(-GHAT-)cos+sin sin = sin(El)

(12.6)

Nhng phng trnh ny c th c gii quyt cho v ,v m h trong cc gii php c th

c gii quyt bng kin thc gn ng v tr ca ngi quan st
Trong khi cc phng trnh trc cho php tnh ton ca v v kinh o c ca
phng v, cao, v thi gian, h gp nhiu kh khn thc hin th cng do thiu dng c
chnh xc o gc phng v. Hng v tr c thc hin vi knh lc phn v cc thit b
bong bng cp m o gc gia mt ngi sao v ngang
Mt thc o duy nht v cao ca mt ngi sao l khng nh v v tr ca ngi quan
st; n t ngi quan st trn mt hnh nn vi cc ngi sao nh. Giao im ca hnh nn
ny vi Tri t mang li mt vng trn (c tnh) nh mt dng ca v tr (LOP) cho ngi
quan st. LOP ny c th c xc nh t phng trnh 12.6. Nu ch c mt o cao duy nht
c sn, sau l giao im ca cc LOP vi ng ni lin c tnh v tr ca ngi quan st v
d bo ca cc ngi sao trn tri t phc v nh mt c tnh cp nht ca v tr
Vic o cao ca mt ngi sao th hai mang li mt LOP trn th hai. Nu ngi quan st
ng yn, sau l giao im ca hai sn lng hai v tr c th LOP cho ngi quan st. S m
h v tr c th c gii quyt hoc c kin thc tng i tin ca v tr hoc bi mt php
o cao ngi sao th ba
Nu ngi quan st chuyn ng i vi Tri t vi, sau y l cn thit xc nh v tr: (1)
mt chui cc php o cao sao v (2) thi gian v v tr gn ng ca cc quan st vin cho
mi ln o. Nu khng th thiu ca cc li vn tc quan st trn khong o sao l tng i nh
so vi cc li v tr gn ng, sau sai s v tr trong khong thi gian o lng c th c

coi nh l mt hng s v trnh t ca vic o cao sao c th c s dng c tnh sai s

v tr
Vi nhiu php o (t nht hai), mt phi tuyn gii php bnh phng ti thiu cho cc li v tr
gi nh khng i c th thu c. chnh xc v tr l mt chc nng ca s tch bit ca cc
php o sao v l cao nht khi c t nht hai trong s cc php o c t cc ngi sao m khng
tch ring c gn 90 .
558/
12.3 L THUYT CA IU HNG SAO-QUN TNH
T nhng nm 1970, h thng nh v s dng k thut lc Kalman (Chng 3) tch hp
tt c cc d liu iu hng cm nhn c c nhng gii php iu hng tt nht-d ton.
Vic s dng cc b lc Kalman tch hp o sao i hi rng cc quan st sao v cc li c
m hnh mt cch chnh xc v mt ton hc. Kt qu l, chnh xc cao h thng nh v qun
tnh cc ngi sao khng thc hin mt cch r rng "sa v tr" s dng nhn thy sao; thay v h
s dng php o gc sao nh quan st. Phn ny m t nhng g quan st sao thc s o cho mt
thc hin b lc Kalman v a ra mt cng thc li tuyn tnh m l c bit thch hp cho cc
ng dng ca lc Kalman iu hng cc ngi sao qun tnh. Sau n cung cp mt c s
cho vic phn tch v xc nh hiu qu ca cc quan st sao thng qua vic s dng cc "quan
st" v "thng tin" khi nim
12.3.1 M hnh ha v b lc Kalman
Cc ng dng ca l thuyt b lc Kalman cho vn chuyn hng cc ngi sao qun tnh bt
u vi mt nh ngha ton hc chnh xc ca cc quan st sao (o lng). Dng qun tnh th
(LOS) cho bt k sao cho c bit chnh xc t cc ca hng sao. Do cc li gc c o
bi mt cm bin sao l s khc bit gia cc gc cnh tnh (li sa cha) LOS n ngi sao v
cc cm bin vt l sao LOS
Cc vector gc li m quay cc khung tnh ton (hoc tnh ton) phi hp vo vt l (hoc nn)
phi hp khung c gi l cc vector gc [2, 6]. Cc biu tng gc li sau v nh ngha
c s dng:
gc vector c nh ngha t ng khung phi hp vi cc khung tnh
gc vector c nh ngha t ng khung phi hp vi khung nn tng
gc vector c xc nh t tnh phi hp khung cho khung nn tng

i vi giao thng trn mt t, cc li l mt h qu trc tip ca v v kinh v tr li,

v li l mt h qu trc tip ca nn tng nghing v gc phng v (hoc nhm) li. Nhng
nh ngha ny p dng chung cho cc nh hng hi n nh hoc dn ng tuyn tnh hng
khng v c minh ha trong hnh 12.4
Trong hnh, R l v tr thc t ca xe, L l cc a phng thc s v tr thc t, L P l ti liu
tham kho vt l hay nn tng thc t ti cc v tr thc t, R l v tr tnh ca chic xe, v L C l
tham kho mc tnh ton v tr tnh ton (xem thm Hnh 3.4 Chng 3)
K t khi cc cm bin sao l cht gn trn hoc tham chiu n cc nn tng v v sao LOS
c tnh ton da trn mt ti liu tham kho mc v tr tnh ton, li gc o bng cm bin
sao r rng l mt chc nng ca c hai v . T nhng nh ngha, c cho bi:
=

(12.7)

K t nhng gc nh, h c i x nh l vect v c th c gii quyt

559/

hnh 12.4 , v
vo bt k khung phi hp. T phng trnh 12.7 r rng l cm bin o sao l khng tng
ng vi v tr o. Trong thc t, mt sai s v tr ln c th c hy b bi mt nn tng
nghing li bng gy ra bi mt thin v gia tc (xem Vn 12.1)
Hu ht cc phng trnh li dn ng qun tnh c xy dng bng cch s dng v
bin li. iu ny dn n khp ni gia cc li v tr, vn tc, v thi . Nu thay vo v tr cc

bin, vn tc, v c s dng, sau ch c v tr v vn tc c kt. Mt phng trnh vi

phn c lp c th c vit cho cc phng trnh. iu ny tr nn quan trng i vi h
thng c tng sao, v n l gc m cc bin php cm bin. Trong , c , bi phng trnh
12.7, cc quan st sao l mt thc o ca gc = - . Nu tnh xp x c thc hin trong
cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh xc nh cho v , trong c gi tr ring, nhng khng
hon ton ph hp vi nhau, s khc bit gia cc tuyn truyn, vect gc c th khng
chnh xc bng cc vector gc , kt qu cc php o sao ang c s dng khng chnh xc
c tnh cc tham s li. thc hin cc b lc Kalman, chng ta nh ngha mt m hnh li
ng l ph hp vi v tr, vn tc, v xy dng [2]
560/
Mu li nng ng

Trong phng trnh 12.8, tt c cc li c th hin ta tnh ton; ch ra mt li ca mt

bin, R l vector v tr xe, mt l cc vector lc c th, F (.) L mt ma trn i xng nghing
bng vi tiu cc ca cc ma trn cho sn phm, G (R) kt qu t xo trn cc hn lc hp dn
v c tnh tt nht ca R. li trong cc iu khon il l zero, k t khi t l IE Tri t l bit
chnh xc, nh l t l ca khung tnh ton lin quan n khung EC ca Tri t; phng trnh
buc bi cc t l tri con quay hi chuyn. Cc du chm siu pha bn tay tri ca
phng trnh cho thy mt thi gian pht sinh lin quan n khng gian qun tnh
Nhng kt qu mang li m hnh li h thng tuyn tnh c s dng xy dng cc b lc
Kalman m rng (Chng 3) [4, 5, 7, 8]:
H thng nng ng hoc trnh mu

Trong phng trnh 12.9, a, , v b i din cho s nng ng ca cc sai s ngu nhin gia
tc, con quay hi chuyn li, v li h thng ph boresight sao, tng ng; U v V vect i
din cho "trng" v ting n qu trnh quan st sao, tng ng; T = EC + 2IE; cc ma trn
C
A ,

C
G , v

c s dng biu th c tnh tt nht ca bin i (bao gm

nonorthogonalities) t cc my o gia tc ba, con quay hi chuyn b ba v b cm bin sao cho

cc khung tnh ton, tng ng. Cc misalignments trc cm bin u vo (bao gm c
nonorthog-onalities) c bao gm trong cc m hnh cm bin nng ng
T phng trnh 12.9a r rng l li tc a tch hp trc tip vo v tr v vn tc xe li, nh
mong i. N cng l r rng rng v tr ca xe v tc li khng vi tr li vo li.
561/
Do , o lng cm bin ngi sao khng th c s dng c tnh hoc chnh xc cho
nhng sai s v tr xy ra do li gia tc nng ng hay cc li gy ra bi s khng chc chn
trng lc (khng bao gm trong phng trnh 12.9 cho n gin). Hn na, k t khi cc con
quay hi chuyn gy ra li tri l cc bin s li m ch li phng trnh , l nhng li
m cc bn cp nht gyro sao l c hiu qu trong vic d on v bi thng, cng nh v tr v
vn tc cc li xy ra do s F (a) hn li tng tc gy ra bi (xem phng trnh 12.8b v
12.9a). Lu rng cc li khng dao ng tn s Schuler cng nh cc li v tr v vn tc.
Ni chung, cc php o sao c hiu qu trong vic c tnh cc thng s ng gp vo s
ban u (0) li, cc li v tr v vn tc lan truyn nh mt kt qu ca ban u ny (0) li, v
trong chuyn bay gyro gy ra v tr v vn tc li. Theo thi gian, cc gii php iu hng tuyn
truyn bi mt b lc Kalman c xu hng tr nn c lp vi trng thi ban u. Do , o sao
phi s dng sm trong nhim v nu h c hiu qu trong vic c tnh sai s v tr ban u, li
thin v gia tc, v cc li v tr v vn tc c to ra bi nhng nh kin gia tc. Cn ch ra
rng cn phi thn trng trong vic thit lp cc phng sai li ban u v tng quan ch thp
tng ng ca h, c s dng c tnh (0) cc hiu ng, v l chc nng ca cc
phng php v / hoc k thut c s dng trong vic thit lp s lin kt ban u
Mt v d v tuyn truyn sai s v tr c hin th trong hnh 12.5, s dng mt chng trnh
phn tch li, cho mt chuyn bay 14 gi. Sau khi ct cnh, chic my bay ny tro ln mt
cao hnh trnh m n thc hin rt nhiu lt. Vic o sao u tin c thc hin vo cui ca

s lin kt trc chuyn bay cho mt trng hp v mi pht sau khi chnh cho trng hp th
hai. Sao quan st ba mi pht c thc hin sau mi mt li quan st 1,5 arcsec lch
chun. Cc li c th xy trn (CEP) lch s thi gian hin th 84 pht quen thuc Schuler dao
ng trong sai s v tr v cc dao ng vng lp tc tri t 24 gi (Chng 7)

Hnh 12.5 hiu sut chuyn hng chm sao-qun tnh

562/
nh hng ca thi im quan st ngi sao u tin cng c th c quan st trong Figure
12.5. S khi u sm hn cc quan st sao gim CEP v tr ca hn 100 ft so vi thi gian
ca chuyn bay. Nhng li gii thch cho iu ny l nh sau: Vo cui ca lin kt, hai thnh
phn ngang ca li l kt qu ca li lch gia tc. Nhng mi lin h tn ti trong ma trn hip
phng sai gia cc b lc v cc li gia tc lm cho nhng li tc quan st c. Khi quan st
mt ngi sao c thc hin, gim cc li gia tc t c v tr sn xut chm hn tc tng
trng v sa li cho tch ly v tr v tc tng trng li do cc li ny gia tc. Khi quan st
sao ang b tr hon bi mi pht (c th l trng hp ni c my che ph v phi mt chic
xe mi pht xa np ny), sau cc iu khon quy trnh ting n khc nhau c a vo
cc li v gia tc v mi tng quan gia gia tc v cc li c gim. Khi quan st ngi sao

u tin thu c, n c t tc dng trn cc li v tr, vn tc, gia tc v c tnh. Khi thi gian
tri qua, mi tng quan vi cc li gia tc bin mt, v cc quan st sao l khng cn hu ch
trong vic d on cc li thin v gia tc, hoc cc sai s v tr m xut pht t h.
Nu mt b lc s c thc hin bng cch s dng , ch khng phi l xy dng vector
gc m t trn, mt s bi kim tra m phng c bit nn c tin hnh xc minh vic
thc hin ng v hot ng; V d,lan truyn

v gii php phi c nh vy m ln

Schuler v pha ca cc vec t gc hy chnh xc khi, k t = khng c mt dao ng

Schuler. Th nghim m phng nn bt u vi tt c s khng iu kin lc ban u v hip
phng sai gia tc k ng qu trnh li ting n. Hiu qu ca qu trnh l ting n to ra
"trn my bay" li gia tc tch hp vo v tr v vn tc li. Nh tho lun trc, quan st sao
nn khng c tc dng lm gim cc v tr v vn tc cc li gy ra trong khi bay. Hai chy, mt
vi quan st sao v mt khng c, nn mang li kt qu tng t. Xt nghim nh vy c th xc
minh thit k b lc chnh xc v hiu sut xy dng ,
12.3.2 Thng tin v nhn bit c
Trong vic xc nh mt h thng tch hp ti u, c hai vn cn c gii quyt. Vn u
tin l lm th no s dng ti u ca mi i lng o theo mt trnh t nht nh ca php
o; Vn ny c gii quyt bng cch lc Kalman mi ln o. Vn th hai vi vic xc
nh trnh t ti u ca php o c thc hin, hn ch n b cm bin; y l vn ti a
ha kh nng quan st. Khng c gii php chung c bit n vn th hai. Vic s dng cc
thng tin v kh nng quan st khi nim l kh hu ch. Cc khi nim ny c th c s dng
hiu
563/
cc vn v kh nng quan st c bn gp phi trong cc ng dng lc Kalman v hin th
phn tch nh th no c c mt chui cc php o m s cung cp hiu sut vt tri
ca mt chui o. V d, vn nng quan st kt hp vi b lc Kalman c tng cng rt
nhiu trong mt h thng dn ng qun tnh cc ngi sao nu cc knh vin vng c cng
nhc gn vi IMU d IMU c gimballed cung cp sao nh du. M phng cho thy s
gim st hiu sut rt ng k i t gc cu hnh knh thin vn. Mc d trc gic khng r
rng, phn tch kh nng quan st cho thy rng cc thnh phn ca ; li c th tr thnh s
thng nht gn tng quan vi cc knh thin vn iu chnh li, dn n vic khng th thc
hin hoc c tnh hoc li. Phn tch ny cung cp ci nhn su sc cn thit hiu v gii

quyt cc vn lin quan n kh nng quan st t vn knh vin vng. (Vn 12.2 a ch
bn cht ca vn ny s dng thng tin v kh nng quan st v khi nim c tho lun sau
trong phn ny.)
Cc thut ng nng quan st v thng tin thng c s dng cht lng khi m t c im
ca h thng. Tuy nhin, nh ngha ton hc chnh xc cho cc chc nng m tr nn rt hu ch
trong vic tm hiu v thit k ca chum sao-qun tnh. Mt hnh thc ca ma trn quan st [4]
c cho bi

Trong
A l ma trn h thng chuyn tip
H l ma trn h thng o lng
N l s cc php o x l
Trong phng trnh 12.10, nu ma trn J (N) l tch cc nht nh th h thng c th quan st, v
cc b lc s c th c tnh tt c cc li trong cc vector trng thi.
Cc ma trn thng tin, dng ri rc, c cho bi [4, 9]

Trong
564/
P (0) l ban u (a priori) ma trn hip phng sai c lng li

W l ma trn hip phng sai o li ti u c lng trng thi ca h thng, sau cc nh

nc phng sai li ma trn P bng nghch o ca ma trn thng tin L:

Khi so snh cc ma trn thng tin L (N) vi ma trn nng quan st J (N), r rng l mt bin
php ca cc thng tin mi c a vo h thng thng qua quan st hoc o l t l thun vi
i lng o v kh nng quan st ca h thng v ngc li t l thun vi s khng chc chn
o. iu ny cng cung cp cc phn tch d on hiu sut hnh thc ng ca cho cc trnh t
quan st mc nhin cng nhn x l bi cc b lc Kalman.
i vi mt ng dng ca l thuyt ny thit k cc chum sao-qun tnh, thy vn 12.2
l mt phin bn n gin ca vn knh thin vn ni xung. T phn t ca vn ny, n l
r rng rng cc li v cc li iu chnh t sao e tr thnh s thng nht tng quan v khng
th tch ri m khng c kh nng xoay li e tng i so vi cc li iff; sau mt vi i lng
o, phng sai khng cn gim. T phn c v e n l r rng rng h thng nng quan st c
thnh lp bi vng quay ny v rng, bng cch s dng phng trnh
12.12, li c lng phng sai tr thnh t l vi ting n o sai v t l nghch vi s lng i
lng o sao chp, qua tip cn zero. Trong khi cc ngi sao v ngi sao b cm bin tng
t cng c s dng c c cc s o N m t trong phn a v c ca vn
12.2, trnh t m t trong phn mt t thng tin c cung cp sau cc php o u tin, trong khi
cc chui m t trong phn c a li khng.
Do , trong cc ng dng ca l thuyt tnh ton, c nhng vn ti u x l cc php o cho
mt chui s o cho trc ( l cc b lc Kalman) v vic la chn cc trnh t o ti u, m
cc gii php chung l khng bit n, nhng m nhng khi nim v thong tin v kh nng quan
st cung cp ci nhn tt [9],
12,4 Ch s b cm bin trm sao
12.4.1 Knh vin vng Parameters
Cc knh thin vn tp hp nng lng cho mt my d nh sng v xc nh ng ngm
(LOS) mt ngi sao bng mt s sp xp vt l ca b phn quang hc. Knh thin vn c th
c phn thnh ba loi chnh: (1) khc x, trong s dng cc ng knh nh cc yu t tp

trung tiu hc [11], (2) phn nh, trong s dng mt mirror cong cho tp trung, v (3) phn
truyn, m ng knh hn hp v h thng gng. Vi s ra i ca cc b phn quang hc nhiu
x, nh quang hc nh phn v b phn quang hc ba chiu, c rt nhiu loi h thng quang hc
c sn s dng sao b cm bin; mt s trong nhng hn hp cc loi khc nhau ca quang
hc trong knh thin vn. Bt k loi ca quang hc trong knh thin vn, mi thit k l char
12.4.C IM THIT K B D SAO
12.4.1.Tham s thin vn
Cc knh thin vn tp hp nng lng cho mt my d nh sng v xc nh ng ngm
(LOS) ti mt ngi sao bng mt s sp xp vt l ca b phn quang hc. Knh thin vn c th
c phn thnh ba loi chnh: (1) khc x, trong s dng cc ng knh nh cc yu t iu
tiu c chnh, (2) phn x, trong s dng mt gng cong cho iu tiu, v (3) phn truyngm ng knh kt hp v h thng gng. Vi s ra i ca cc b phn quang hc nhiu x,
nh quang hc nh phn v b phn quang hc ba chiu, c rt nhiu loi h thng quang hc c
sn s dng cm bin sao; mt s trong nhng hn hp cc loi khc nhau ca quang hc
trong cng knh thin vn. Bt k loi ca quang hc trong knh thin vn, mi thit k c c
trng bi mt khu quang hc, chiu di tiu c c hiu qu, v mt trng nhn(hnh 12.6).
m ng knh quang hc b l ng knh vt l ca phn t quang hc u tin trong knh
thin vn. Chiu di tiu c hiu dng F ca mt h thng c a ra bi F -. (b / 2) / tan (/
3/2), trong (3 l kch thc gc ca hnh nh nhn thy t mt phng tiu c i vi gc nh /
3, F l xp x bng b / f3 nh trong hnh 12.6b. Nhng hnh nh ca mt ngi sao ti mt phng
tiu c ca mt knh thin vn vi hon ho, khng b cn tr quang l mt im sng c bao
quanh bi mt lot cc vng ng tm ti v nh sng. Hnh nh ny c gi l mt hnh nh
gii hn nhiu x. Cc kch thc gc ca hnh nh c xc nh bi ng knh ca h thng
quang hc, bc sng ca nh sng ti, v s lng cc vng c trong nh:
sin =

n
b

(12.13)

Trong :
:

l gc t trung tm ca hnh nh ti mt ci vng ti hoc nh sng xc nh bi n

n:

hng s cho mi vng trong nh

bc sng nh sng ti

b:

ng knh khu

BNG 12.1 Gi tr ca n v s phn trm ca nng lng trong mi vng trn khu ca knh
thin vn

Cc gi tr ca n cho mt khu trn knh thin vn c a ra trong Bng 12.1. Ct th hai

trong Bng 12.1 l t l phn trm ca nng lng trong mi vng tng i so vi tng nng
lng sao [14].V d, cc vng sng th hai ca mt hnh nh sao cho mt knh thin vn vi
mt 3-in. khu v nh sng 0,5 micron (0,5 x 10 ~ 4cm) c ng knh gc ca 3 second-of-

arc v cha 93,7% tng s nng lng sao. Kch thc vt l ca hnh nh ngi sao ph thuc
vo kch thc gc ca hnh nh v di tiu c hiu dng ca knh thin vn:
d=2 F=

2 nF
b

(12.14)

Trong d l ng knh vt l ca cc vng trong hnh nh nhiu x.

T l chiu di tiu c ti khu c gi l // s; V d, mt // 10 knh vin vng c th c
mt 30-in. di tiu c v mt 3-in. khu . Bng cch s dng mt s kt hp ca gng v
thu knh, n c th gp khc ng quang hc, do lm gim chiu di ca knh thin vn
kch thc ch ln hn mt cht so vi khu v vn gi li mt s lng hp l // [11].
Hnh 12.6a cho thy mt h thng quang hc n gin ca chiu di tiu c F v khu b. i
vi mt knh thin vn, cc gc trng nhn c a ra bi :
=d/F rad (12.15)
Do quang sai [12, 13], i xng v sc nt ca hnh nh xung cp khi n khng phi l
trung tm ca trng nhn knh vin vng . Cc knh thin vn phi c thit k theo cch nh
vy m hnh nh off-trc c cht lng pht hin v x l v tr hnh nh sao ; iu ny c
bit ng i vi vng hoc mng kiu d v cho cc ng dng eno. Kch thc ca cc b cm
bin hnh nh v di tiu c ca knh thin vn xc nh cc trng nhn qua l cht lng
hnh nh phi c duy tr.
12.4.2.Cng sut tn hiu sao
Cc tn hiu in ca mt ngi sao Ps, theo cch nhn ca mt my d nh sng mt phng tiu
c ca knh thin vn, l khu vc hiu dng ca cc ln li vo cc knh vin vng bc x ca
sao:
PS=HA
H:

(12.16)
l cc bc x c th s dng t mt ngi sao tm thy t s phn b ph ca bc

x sao H \, s phn ng ph bin hnh nh (ct (X), v cng sao (n v l watt cho mi cm
vung [15])
A:

l khu vc thu thp nh sng hiu dng ca khu li vo ca knh thin vn,

bao gm c cc chng ngi vt v cc khon ph cp cho tn tht truyn ti quang (n v l

cm vung)
Tn tht truyn ti quang hc cng lm gim cng sut tn hiu sao mt phng tiu c ca knh
thin vn. Gng v thu knh khng truyn hoc phn chiu nh sng hon ho. i vi knh

ph chng phn x, suy hao nh sng c th l 1% hoc 2% ti mi khng kh-ti-mt knh hoc
knh quang hc-ti-khng kh bn trong knh thin vn, bao gm c cc ca s v v cm bin
hoc cc b mt. i vi knh khng trng, suy hao trn b mt l khong 4% hoc 5%.
Cng sut tn hiu sao ph thuc vo cc bc x quang ph ca nh sng sao, phn ng quang
ph ca cc my d nh sng, v sng ca cc ngi sao. Hnh 12.7 cho thy s phn ng ph
ca mt ngi sao mu xanh B8-type v hai loi my d nh sng; V d, cc loi B8, hoc c
mu xanh, sao (m pht ra hu ht nng lng ca mnh cc bc sng mu xanh) xut hin
nhiu sng hn ti mt my d nh sng l nhy cm vi nh sng mu xanh hn l mt my
d nh sng nhy cm vi nh sng mu . iu ny c th hin trong hnh 12.7 bi khu vc
chung cho c hai ngi sao v ng cong ph phn ng. V l do ny, cc bc x hn H phi
c a ra trong cc iu khon ca b phn d phn ng quang ph. Mt phng php ph
hp tnh sao bc x da trn cc tiu chun vt en c a ra di y [16, 17]. Cc phng
trnh bc x l:

m:

l ln x nhit ca sao

te:

l nhit thc t ca sao, Kelvin

Hnh 12.7: nhy quang ph vi cc loi nguyn liu my d

H:

l bc x, trong watts / cm vung, cho mt ngun im

H
() d
H max

( )

L tch phn ca quang ph bnh thng (H/Hmax) v s phn ng ph d chun ha (A)

Phng trnh 12.17 c s dng kt hp vi Bng 12.2 gii quyt cho sao bc x. Bng 12.2
cho gi tr ca cc tch phn cho 5 loi khc nhau ca my d nh sng v nhit 17 ngi sao
thc t. V d, gi tr khng th thiu ca mt ngi sao 1,22 x nhit richter loi B8 (te 11.700 K) l 0,0663 khi mt my d nh sng silicon c s dng v 0,1170 khi mt nhn
quang vi mt S-4 photocathode [17] c s dng. Thay vo phng trnh 12.17, cc bc x
c tm thy l 1,31 x 10-13 w / cm2 i vi cc my d nh sng silicon v 2.30 x 10-13w /
cm2 i my d S-4. Cc bc x t ngi sao c tm thy bi phng trnh 12.17 p dng
trn cng ca bu kh quyn. i vi cc gi tr mc nc bin, n l cn thit sa cha cho
cc tn tht truyn ti gy ra bi kh quyn l 10% n 20%, ty thuc vo bc sng ca nh
sng [17]. Cc bc x trong mi ngi sao mc tiu in hnh cho thit b d nh sng khc nhau
c a ra trong Bng 12.3.
12.4.3 Cng sut nn tri

Cng sut t cc nn tri ti mt phng tiu c ca mt knh thin vn ph thuc vo s chi

sng nn, khu vc li vo thc t, v cc trng nhn ca cc knh thin vn:

BNG 12.2.Tch pht hin cc ngi sao sng bnh thng ha

P b = NA 2
N:

(12.18)

l s chi sng nn thc t, c tm thy t sng nn v cc c tnh quang ph ca

cc cm bin v ngun nh sng, trong watts / cm2-deg2. Khng ging nh // (cho mt ngun
im), N m t cng sut bc x ca mt ngun m rng
A:

l din tch thc t ca khu li vo ca knh thin vn, n v cm vung

2:khu vc gc cnh ca trng nhinf knh thin vn trn, n v bnh phng

So vi (12,16), s chi sng trong nn (12,18) c thm vo mt chiu, c th l, bnh phng
bi v nh sng c thu thp t mt ngun m rng hn l mt ngun im. Thng thng,
nhng m nn bu tri rng r nh vy l thp m hiu qu ca n c th c b qua trong so
snh vi nng lng ngi sao. Bu tri ban ngy, tuy nhin, l v cng ti sng so vi mt ngi
sao [17, 18, 19, 20]. Thng thng, bu tri rng r mc nc bin, 45 t nh nng mt tri

vo mt ngy r rng l khong 2000 ft-Lamberts. S bc x nn ca bu tri ban ngy c

cho bi:
Star

Year 1900

Common

Bayer Hour

Declination

Typ Bolometric Visual

Silico Type

Name
Name Angle
Alpheratz
a And
0h3.2m 2832/
B8
Polaris
a UMi lh22.6 m 8846'
F8
Hamal
a Ari
2h1.5m 2259'
K2
Betelgeuse a Ori
5h49.8m 723/
M2
Canopus
a Car
6h40.8m -5238/
F0
Sirius
a CMa 7h34.1m -1635/
A1
Procyon
a CMi 10h3.0m 5 29'
F5
Regulus
a Leo
22h52.1m 1227'
B8
Fomalhaut a PsA
16h23.3m -309/
A3
Antares
a Sco
-25 13'
Ml
Bng 12.3.Bng bc x cho 10 ngi sao sng

( NN ) ( ) d

Magnitude Magnitude
1.22
2.06
1.64
-0.70
-0.77
-1.94
0.35
0.41
0.87
0.13

2.12
2.10
2.04
+0.7
-0.77
1.43
0.35
1.31
1.19
0.98

Detector0 S-20 S-

4
1.31
2.46 2.30
1.295 1.14 1.02
1.96
1.04 0.719
12.50 3.53 1.87
15.42 17.6 15.05
29.20 49.8 45.70
6.08
5.80 4.74
2.76
5.21 4.86
2.55
3.92 3.54
6.18
1.85 1.02

tch phn ca quang ph bu tri v phn ng ph bnh thng ha ca

max

my d ( )
BS: l sng ban ngy tri cho mt tiu chun quan st (mt thng), trong lumens trn
steradian mi foot vung (7rft-Lamberts = 1 ngn nn cho mi foot vung = 1 lumen trn
steradian mi foot vung)
Cc gi tr ca tch phn bnh thng cho thit b d nh sng khc nhau v mt nh sng bu
tri ban ngy l 1000 ft-Lamberts c a ra hng cui cng ca bng 12.2 di tiu "nh
sng bu tri ban ngy". Cn c vo bng ny v phng trnh 12.19, mt bu tri 1000 ftlambert cho mt bc x nn 2,8 x 10 ~ 7 w / cm2-deg2 cho mt my d silicon. so snh, bn
ngoi bu kh quyn ca Tri t, mt my d silicon thy khong 2,2 x 10 ~ 15 w / cm2-deg2
ca nn tri. Mt c tnh quan trng ca nh sng bu tri ban ngy l chnh lch bc x ca
n, c th c th hin trong khong t 1,7 ln 10 ~ 9 n 3.4x 10 9 w / cm2-deg2 / DEG [17,
18, 19, 20],

of S-ll

2.15
0.93
0.806
2.24
15.0
43.5
4.84
4.56
3.41
1.21

V d 12.4.1 nh gi ng tm quan trng ca vn cm bin nh sng ban ngy ngi sao,

tnh ton (a) cng sut nn tri v (b) cng sut nh sng ngi sao cho cc iu kin sau y: a
khu knh 7 cm thc t vi mt trng nhn 1,5 arcmin , 1000 ft-lambert mc nc bin bc
x tri, mt my d silicon hiu sut 100% nm ti mt phng tiu c, v ngi sao xem,
Alpheratz.
Phn a T phng trnh 12,18 v 12,19 v t Bng 12.2,

Phn b T phng trnh 12,16 v Bng 12.3,

Ps

= (1.31 x 1CT1 3 w/cm2) ^ (49) cm2j = 5 x 1CT1 2 (W)

Lu rng cng sut ting n nn tri l khong ba n t hng ca cc cng ln hn so

vi cc ngi sao sng. Mt tnh nng quan trng trong bt k b cm bin nh sng ban ngy
ngi sao l phng php s dng tng sao t l tn hiu-to-sky ting n nn, xem Vn 12.3.
12.4.4.Pht hin nh sng sao
Cc bc x cm nhn bi cc my d trong mt cm bin sao n nh l cc photon nh sng,
mi trong s c mt s lng nng lng c xc nh bi hng s Planck v bc sng ca
nh sng.
i vi mt cng sut bc x ca P (tnh theo watt), v mt bc sng, X (trong micromet), s
lng ca cc photon nh sng, p (trong photon mi giy), n cc b cm bin c cho bi
[14]
=5.04 1018 P

(12.20)

Ch c s chnh xc ca cc photon n my d c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in t. Hiu

sut lng t ca my d c nh ngha l t s ca photon chuyn i sang tn hiu in v
tng s photon n.
My d bc x s dng trong cc cm bin ngi sao c th c phn loi theo cch thc m cc
photon nh sng c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in t, v d, quang in, quang dn v quang
pht x. Quan tm c bit l cc my d quang in hoc quang dn c ng gi nh l cc
thit b ghp in tch (CCD) [21]. y c th sn xut mt lot cc t bo nh hoc pixel. Trong

hnh thc n gin nht ca n, l CCD l mt mng khi gn nhau ca kim loi cch in-bn
dn (MIS) t. Bi ng dng ca mt trnh t hp l ca xung in p ng h dc v ngang, cc
ht mang in tch tch ly trong mi t in (hoc pixel) c th c tun t chuyn qua mng
ca t in. Mng ln cc my d CCD c th c thc hin m khng c m cung ca cc dy
dn v lin kt cn thit nu cc yu t ring bit c s dng xy dng mng.
Cc lp quan trng nht ca MIS t l cht bn dn oxit kim loi (MOS) c lm t silicon v
silicon dioxide. n nm 1995, mng CCD c sn hin th cho hng ngoi bc sng (0,420 / xm), vi kch c khc nhau, t 128 x 128 1024 x 1024, vi tn s xung ng h in p ln
hn 15 MHz, v vi t ca 1 x 106 electron. Vic s dng cc mng CCD cho php mt trng
nhn nh tc thi cho nn tri, ci thin t l tn hiu-n, trong khi duy tr mt trng nhn
knh thin vn ln.
Ti liu tham kho [22] cung cp mt lun xut sc v cc my d bc x, trong c mt
chng dnh cho cc mng CCD. N cha mt cuc tho lun ton din, v cc ngun ting n
cho, my d quang in, my d quang dn, v cc my d quang pht x. i vi mt cuc
tho lun chung v nhng u im v nhc im lin quan vi cc ng hnh nh, chng hn
nh cc Vidicon, v cc ng nhn quang, xem [1],
12.4.5. X l mng mt phng tiu im
Trong mt s cm bin sao, tn hiu sao c iu ch ti phn bit n vi hng s cp nn
tri . Mt k thut lm vic ny bng cch quay mt nm quang, c t mt khong cch
ngn t mt phng tiu c, v ng b gii iu ch tn hiu. Mt l qut cc khu vc sao vi
mt trng nhn knh thin vn rt hp
Mt k thut loi b ting n nn tri khi s dng mt mng CCD l bi php tr trc tip.
Cc knh vin vng c ch, ni mt mc , trnh xa cc sao (n vng m khng c ngi sao
sng), v mt khung d liu c thu thp v lu tr. Cc knh thin vn sau hng vo ngi
sao, v khung khc c thu thp v lu tr. Hai khung d liu ny sau c tch bit, tng
pixel [23], Cc khung khc nhau c cha cc ngi sao khng c nhiu nn tri. Hn na, nhng
nh hng ca s khc bit gia trch nhim im nh ring bit c gim thiu. Mt thc hin
cc k thut gim nhiu l hiu chnh cc trch nhim im nh ring bit v sau tr i mt
nn tri tnh c ngha l t mi im nh; nn tri c ngha l c tnh bng cch ly trung bnh
trn mt s lng ln cc yu t pixel.

K thut ny c li th l tng t l tn hiu trn nhiu (S / N) thm -s / 2. Cc khung thi gian,

kt hp vi cc CCD, l thi gian m tn hiu v nhiu c th c tch hp trc khi cc im
nh t nng lc cng y ca h.
V d 12.4.2 Gi s rng ngi sao Alpheratz ang c xem trong mt nm 2000 ft-lambert nn
tri vi cc knh thin vn ca V d 12.4.1 v cc mng phng tiu ca vn 12.3. Nhng g l
thi gian trung bnh ti a khung cho rng 90% cng sut y cng khng phi l c
vt qu? Gi s cng sut cng im nh y ca lx 106 electron vi mt hiu sut lng t
50%, 93,7% nng lng ngi sao c cha trong mt ng knh pixel, v rng c suy hao
20% ca cng sut ngi sao lc do kh quyn.

12.6 C TNH CA DANH SCH SAO (Star Catalog)

1 phn quan trng ca bt k h thng dn ng s dng qun tnh thin vn chnh l danh sch
sao (star catalog). N cung cp d liu da trn ta v ln ca sao. D liu ta sao i
phi hng v knh vin vng, v quyt nh c v tr gc mong mun ca sao trong phm vi
nhn thy ca cm bin sao. Cng ln sao th phi nh thi gian ly tch phn sao, v pht
hin ngng t c xc sut mong mun pht hin v bo ng gi.

12.6.1 Cc thnh phn ca Star Catalog

Star catalog l 1 kho d liu lu tr v sao, c t tn hoc bng ID, cha cc thng tin v m
t sao, s liu ti hn. V tr sao, c tho lun trong section 12.2, c lin quan n xun
phn v xch o thin th. Tuy nhin, thi im xun phn v xch o thin th th khng c
nh trong khng gian qun tnh, ch yu l b nh hng bi trng hp dn ca mt tri, mt
trng v cc hnh tinh. Cho nn, Star catalog rt quan trng xc nh v tr ca sao trong 1 thi
im hoc thi k (epoch) c th??. Epoch chun hin nay l ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2000 lc 12 gi
dynamic (TD). Thi k ny c t tn l J2000. n v thi gian l nm Julian hoc th k
Julian. nh v 1 ngi sao ti bt k thi im no, quan trng l phi tnh ton c chuyn
ng ca sao v chuyn ng ca Tri t, tnh t J2000 ti thi im hin ti. Reference 28
miu t cch xc nh khong thi gian k t thi im J2000. Cch sa sai chuyn ng c
miu t sau trong chng ny.
Ngoi v tr ngi sao v cc d liu chuyn ng thch hp tham chiu n mt k nguyn c
bit, Star catalog cn cha d liu cng sao. Cc d liu cng thng c ch nh cho
nhiu hn mt bng tn s bao gm bng tn trc quan. i vi cc ng dng sao-qun tnh,

cng cn quan tm l cng trong bng tn ca cm bin sao. Cc bng tn ny thng

xuyn khng trng khp vi d liu ln ca star catalog cung cp. Do , 1 s tnh ton b
sung nhm chuyn i d liu cng ca star catalog, sang d liu cng p dng vo cc
h thng cm bin d sao.
12.6.2 Cng ca Star Catalog
Tp hp tt c cc sao trong 1 star catalog ln, cn c la chn to thnh star catalog onboard. S lng ngi sao c yu cu cho star catalog on-board l chc nng ca h thng thc
hin. Thng thng, t 50 n 80 ngi sao sng nht trn bu tri c th c la chn cung
cp trn ton th gii, quanh nm v lun lun cung cp t nht ba ngi sao c sn cho h thng
chn. S lng ca cc ngi sao ph thuc vo kch thc cc vng nhn thy c ca cm
bin sao xem v tn s yu cu cp nht o sao.
Bin sao. Bin sao l nhng ngi sao c cng thay i. 1 s lng ln cc sao khc nhau v
sng, 1 s th xut hin thng xuyn, 1 s t hn, 1 s hon ton khng th on trc v
khng thng xuyn trong bin nh sng ca chng. 1 vi bin sao i din c ghi bng
12.4.
Bin i cng gy ra mt vn i vi vic xc nh thi gian hi nhp v ngng pht
hin. Nu cng c s dng trong Star Catalog sng hn cng ngi sao thc t ti thi
im thu thp sao, thi gian hi nhp qu ngn, ngng pht hin qu cao, v cc ngi sao c
kh nng s khng c pht hin. Nu cng c s dng trong Star Catalog m hn cc
cng ngi sao thc t ti thi im thu hi sao, ngi sao c th khng c chn l ngi sao
c sn (available) tt nht. Nu ngi sao c chn, t l tn hiu/nhiu s cao hn so vi d
kin v cc php o nh v ngi sao s c gn khng chc chn, v khng nh (ng l l
phi nh).
Sao i: l 2 sao xut hin cn k nhau.
12.6.3 Trnh nh hng ca hnh tinh v v tinh
Cc hnh tinh khng l cc t cht tt cho h thng o c qun tnh-sao thng thng bi v:
1) Chng b m (ch c Sao Kim, Sao Ha, Sao Th, v Sao Mc l c th dng o c)
2) Ko nh cc ngi sao, cc hnh tinh phn x phn ln cc iu kin k thut c th pht
hin.
3) Cc hnh tinh c kch c nh hn sao, nn phng php o c ta kh chnh xc
hn.

12.6.4 Hiu chnh ta sao

Hiu chnh v tr sao phi c p dng cho cc ngi sao gii thch cho nhng thay i v
tr, xy ra gia thi k, trong star catalog v thi im thu nhp li ngi sao mong mun. Nguyn
nhn ca s iu chnh sao bao gm:
1) Chuyn ng thch hp. Cc chuyn ng ca cc ngi sao trong khng gian qun tnh.
2) S tin ng. Nhng chuyn ng thng xuyn v di hn ca cc thin th cc v cc
cc ca mt phng hong o.
3) Tnh chng ng. Nhng chuyn ng nh k v ngn hn ca cc thin th cc v v
tr trung bnh c xc nh bi cc chuyn ng tu sai.
4) Sai lch hng nm. Thay i r rng v tr sao do vn tc qu o ca Tri t.
5) Sai lch ngy m. Thay i r rng v tr sao do vn tc t quay quanh trc ca Tri
t.
6) Th sai. Thay i v tr ca cc ngi sao do chuyn ca Tri t trong qu o ca n v
khong cch hu hn vi ngi sao.
Quang sai hng nm: l s thay i 1 cch r rng ca sao v vn tc ca Tri t trong qu o
ca n vi mt tri. S iu chnh ti a l t s gia tc qu o ca Tri t vi tc nh
sng v nm trong khong 20.5 giy gc (1 giy gc tng ng 1/60 pht gc, tc 1/3600 ).
Cc vect vn tc nh sng t 1 ngi sao l Vnght =~ cunp vi c = tc nh sng. Hay Vearth
l vect vn tc cho tri t trong qu o ca n. Tri t di chuyn theo 1 qu o hnh elip
vi lch tm ewith trong mt tri l tm. Vn tc Vearth nm trong mt phng ca mt
phng hong o v c hai thnh phn, thnh phn ngang vung gc vi vect bn knh t mt
tri n tri t v mt phn EVO dc theo trc bn trc nh ca qu o [39]. tnh ton hai
thnh phn ca Vearth trong ta qun tnh, n l cn thit tnh ton cho thi im hin ti
nh sau: (1) lch tm qu o ca Tri t, (2) kinh im cn nht ca qu o Tri t, v
(3) kinh ca mt tri. Php tnh ny tm trong [28].
S ch o r rng ca nh sng ngi sao trn Tri t di chuyn l Vapp = Vnght - Vearth Cc
vector v tr sao phi c iu chnh hng r rng. Vn tc qu o ca Tri t ang thay
i chm cho cc chuyn bay ca mi gi hoc t hn, n c th c precomputed trong
khi to h thng v i x nh mt hng s trong sut chuyn bay.
12.7 H thng chun v lin kt
12.7.1

Ba kha cnh ca hiu chun my ca h thng nh v qun tnh cc ngi sao s c tho lun
trong phn ny: (1) hiu chnh cc li my o gia tc, con quay hi chuyn li, v li boresight
sao-tracker, (2) sao-tracker chun quang hc, v (3) mt phng tiu mng hiu chun.
Hiu chun gia tc, con quay hi chuyn, v li Star-Tracker Boresight Cc
cch mong mun hiu chnh mt h thng dn ng qun tnh cho cc ngi sao li gia tc,
con quay hi chuyn li, v li boresighting sao-tracker l tn dng mt Kalman lc tng t
nh cc phn mm thi gian thc. Trong b lc hiu chun, cc vector trng thi li thng ln
hn so vi cc b lc chuyn hng thi gian thc bao gm ngun li c tc dng s l qu
nhiu nu khng cha c hiu chnh. Tuy nhin, nhng thay i v gi tr hiu chun l
nh h c gim t cc phn mm thi gian thc cho thng lng v kh nng quan st cn
nhc. Mt h thng c th c hiu chnh bi c thi gian thc ghi li phn mm thu thp d
liu cc kt qu u ra ca cc cng c m c th c c bi cc b lc hiu chnh. iu ny
h tr cc chun ca h thng sm khi khng phi tt c cc c ch bo li c hiu bng cch
cho php pht lp i lp li ca cc d liu c ghi li cng vi nhng thay i cho m hnh li
cho n khi mt m hnh kh quan thu c.
Cc h thng dn ng qun tnh cc ngi sao c hiu chun vi mt vt c nh cung cp t
nht mt ngi sao m phng cng nh kh nng quay (1) im cm bin sao ti sao m phng
(s) v (2) nh hng cc gia tc v con quay hi chuyn cm nhn s lng ca nhng vector
trng lc v vector xoay gc ca tri t khc nhau. Hnh 12.15 show nh mt vt c nh v
mt h thng dn ng qun tnh cc ngi sao theo th nghim. N bao gm hai tm vn gi
thng bng chnh xc xoay chuyn hng h thng v m phng mt ngi sao duy nht gn
trn cc n v trn mt ci ch m v tr gimbal cng c th c iu khin chnh xc. Ba tm
vn gi thng bng c th c di chuyn trong 0.5 increments DEG v chnh xc n 0,5
arcsec. Cc v tr gimbal l di s kim sot my tnh mt qu o nh trc gimbal c th
c thc hin trong khi cc n v c kim tra ghi li cc kt qu u ra c. Qu o gimbal
c thit k cung cp kh nng quan st h thng bo li nh quy nh ti mc 12.3.2.
Cc gi tr hiu chun c ti v s dng bi cc phn mm thi gian sa cc kt qu u
ra c trong sut chuyn bay. Trng thi li c bao gm trong cc b lc thi gian thc c
lng bin th thi gian trong mt s gi tr nh my hiu chun.

Hnh 12.15 Stellar-qun tnh c nh hiu chun nh my (lch s ca Northrop Grumman H

thng in t v tch hp Division).
Star-Tracker quang Hiu chun trn m t th tc cung cp cc hiu chnh cc li boresight
tracker sao. N gi nh rng cc sai s v tr ca ngi sao-tracker l c lp vi v tr ca cc
ngi sao trong lnh vc xem; Tuy nhin, vi cc knh thin vn widearmle, y khng phi l
trng hp. Sai s v tr ca a im sao thay i theo v tr ngi sao trong lnh vc xem. V d,
vic phn phi tn hiu sao trn cc yu t pht hin thay i theo v tr ngi sao, v s thay i
phn phi tn hiu ny nh hng n cc c tnh v tr nh ngi sao to c mt li m l
mt chc nng ca v tr ngi sao. Mt trn u chun ca cc loi th hin trong hnh 12.15 c
kh nng din ra mt cch chnh xc mt ngi sao trn cc lnh vc xem, v n cho php mt
mng li cc a im sao c to ra. Cc mng li cc v tr sao cho php cc li ph
thuc v tr c hiu chnh so vi mt li b p hoc boresight. iu chnh ny c th c
thc hin trn cc tracker sao trc khi hiu chnh kt hp ca cc cm bin qun tnh v cc li
boresight.
Focal Plane Mng Calibration mng trn mt phng tiu cha cc im nh b li c nhn v
ton b dng im nh b li. Cc im nh b li c th c xc nh bng cch phi by cc
cm bin sao vi mt ngun nh sng l gn nh ng u trn cc mng phng tiu c v

kim tra cc phn ng mng phng tiu c. Mt bng im nh b li sau c th c to ra.

N tr thnh mt bng hiu chun s dng bi cc phn mm thi gian thc, m khng quan
tm n nhng ngi tip xc ni phn ca tn hiu sao b mt. Cc im nh nondefective c
u vo amplitude- to-u ra chc nng chuyn giao bin thay i theo tng im nh cho
im nh. Bin im nh ny trng ging nh ting n trn c hai nn bu tri v cc tn hiu
sao v c th c nh hng ng k vo vic gim t l tn hiu-to-noise.
Nu nn tri c ly ra bi im nh trung bnh (phn 12.4.5), pixel- -pixel bin th c th
c hiu chnh. Cc mng my bay u mi c tip xc vi mt ngun nh sng ng u
cho thi gian phi sng khc nhau nn u ra ca n thay i t mc thp gn bo ha. D liu
c tp hp ti mi ln tip xc vi trung bnh cc hiu ng ting n ngu nhin. Mt ng
cong l ph hp vi chc nng chuyn o ca mi im nh. Cc h s t ng cong ny to
thnh mt tp hp cc h s hiu chnh bin c p dng bi cc phn mm thi gian thc.
Cc im nh bin pixel-to- sau c th c loi b khi nn tri v t tn hiu sao. Bng
cch tnh ton nn tri trung bnh t mt khu ph ca cc mng phng tiu c khng cha cc
ngi sao, s cn thit cho khung Differencing bin mt. Nhc im ca phng php ny l (1)
s cn thit cho mt ngun nh sng thng nht, (2) mt th tc hiu chnh ko di, (3) khi
lng d liu lu tr cho cc h s hiu chun, (4) cc cng sut cn thit p dng cc chnh
sa, v (5) s cn thit phi iu chnh li nu bin pixel--pixel thay i theo thi gian. Tuy
nhin, i vi mt h thng dn ng qun tnh y cc ngi sao strapdown, s dng cc k
thut ny c th c yu cu.
2.7.2 Pre-bay v In-bay hiu chun v Alignment
H thng nh v s dng trc chuyn bay v / hoc trn my bay hiu chun v lin kt (C &
A) cc quy trnh. Cc qu trnh ny s dng k thut lc Kalman v, ni chung, trc chuyn
bay C & A, my bay C & A, v trong chuyn bay s dng iu hng c bn Kalman thut ton
phn mm lc cng.
Trc chuyn bay C & A thc hin trc chuyn bay C & A, cc h thng vn phng c
t ch iu hng. Bng cch s dng thc t l chic xe ng yn so vi Tri t, v tr
lin tc v khng quan st vn tc c tch hp vo qu trnh iu hng thng qua cc b lc.
Kt qu l cc c tnh ca
nhm v sp xp mc c cung cp cng vi cc c tnh ca cc li c hiu chun. i vi
cc cm y strapdown, v cho sai s v tr ban u nh, cc li tiu v cc li cp s

nhanh chng tr thnh gn nh thng nht tng quan vi cc thnh phn ca gyro tri dt theo
hng ng, v cc thnh phn mc li thin v gia tc, tng ng. Cc repeatabilities cc li
c di hn xc nh chnh xc kt trc chuyn bay cho cc h thng strapdown nongimballed.
V d 12.7.1 khu vc tm kim 3-sigma ban u cho hoa tiu qun tnh sao-strapdown
nongimballed cho rng h thng ny l trc chuyn bay thng hng mt v tr v 45 v
rng ngi sao chn c zero- elevation l g. Gi s rng cn chnh my cho gyros v gia
tc l lp li n 0,01 / hr (1-sigma) v 75 xg (1-sigma), tng ng.
Kch thc tm kim phng v c cho bi
^

(2)(3)(0.01/hr)

AZ=-----------------=20arcmin (3-sigma)
(cos i>)C
Cc tm kim chiu cao c cho bi.
EL = (2)(3)(15fxg)/g = 1.5arcmin (3-sigma)
V vy, i vi ngi sao zero- cao, khu vc tm kim 3-sigma ban u l 20 x 1,5 (arcmin) 2.
i vi trng hp ca hoa tiu n nh cc ngi sao qun tnh, mt vng quay 180 v phng
v cung cp kh nng quan st ca con quay hi chuyn v tri \ j / AZalignment li v pha
ng. Cc phng v (hoc nhm) xoay li sau chnh gim theo h s 5 hoc 10 li nghing mc
vn c bn ging nhau.
i vi cc h sao-qun tnh strapdown hai gimbal, quay 180 v c mt sn v trc cun
cung cp mt hiu chun cm qun tnh tng i y v lin kt tng i chnh xc bao
gm c tiu v mc . S sp xp, ang trong khu ph ca arc giy, vi cc iu kin quy
nh ti V d 12.7.1.
Trong chuyn bay C & A vi nhiu ng dng qun s, vic s dng mt trc chuyn bay C & A
c xem l khng kh thi v cc yu cu ct cnh nhanh chng. iu ny c bit ng i vi
cc cu hnh a phng n nh m c th yu cu khi ng vt qu ba mi pht. Do ,
cc th tc lm h thng khi ng during xe taxi v leo ra khi thi k. Cc chuyn bay
trong-C & A bt u cao, mt ln na vi cc hoa sao-qun tnh ch iu hng. Cc
observations Kalman cho vn tc phi c to ra bi cc thit b in t hng khng khc nh
mt radar Doppler (Chng 10) hoc GPS (Chng 5) v nhm v thi t mt AHRS (Mc
7.7.5). chnh xc lin kt xc nh kch thc ca cc m hnh tm kim ban u cho cc ngi
sao la chn.