Limites

UNIVERSIDAD POLITCTICA
TERRITORIAL
JOS ANTONIO ANZOTEGUI
MATEMTICAS PARA INGENIEROS
DEFINICINDELADERIVADA.
La derivada de la funcin en un punto equivale a la pendiente de la recta tangente.

Definida de manera informal, la derivada de una funcin en un punto es el valor de
lapendientedelarectatangenteendichopunto.Lapendienteestdadaporlatangente
delnguloqueformalarectatangentealacurva(funcin)conelejedelasabscisas,en
esepunto.Laderivadadeunafuncinmideelcoeficientedevariacindedichafuncin.
Es decir,provee una formulacin matemtica de la nocin del coeficiente de cambio. El
coeficiente de cambio indica lo rpido que crece (o decrece) una funcin en un punto
(razndecambiopromedio)respectodelejedeunplanocartesianodedosdimensiones
Definicin. Sea una funcin definida en un intervalo abierto que contiene a a. La

derivada de en a, denotada por (a), est dada por
f (a) = Lm
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
, si
h
estelmiteexiste.
Si este lmite existe, decimos que es diferenciable en a. Encontrar la derivada se llama
derivacin;lapartedeclculoasociadaconladerivadasellamaclculodiferencial.
Ladiferenciabilidadimplicacontinuidad.Siunacurvatienetangenteenunpunto,lacurva
nopuededarunsaltoenesepunto.Laformulacinprecisadeestehechoesunteorema
importante.
Teorema.Siexiste(a),entoncesescontinuaena.
Unafuncinesderivableenunintervaloabierto(a,b)siloesentodoslosnmeroscde
(a, b). Tambin se considerarn funciones que son derivables en un intervalo infinito
(,a),(a,)obien( , ).
Paraintervaloscerradosusaremoslasiguientedefinicin.
1
http://www.damasorojas.com.veDr.DMASOROJAS
TERRITORIAL
Definicin. Una funcin es derivable en un intervalo cerrado [a , b], si lo es en el

intervalo(a,b)yloslmites lim+
h 0
f (a + h) f (a )
f (a + h) f (a )
lim
existen.
h0
h
h
Loslmitesporladerechayporlaizquierdaenladefinicinanterior,sellamanderivada
porladerechayderivadaporlaizquierdadeenayb,respectivamente.
Laderivadadeunafuncinenintervalosdelaforma[a,b),[a,),(a,b]obien(,b]se
defineusandoloslmitesporladerechaoporlaizquierdaenunodelospuntosextremos.
Siestdefinidaenunintervaloabiertoquecontieneaa,entonces(a)existesiyslosi
lasderivadasporladerechayporlaizquierdaenaexistenysoniguales.
El inverso del primer teorema. Es falso. Si una funcin es continua en c, no se
siguequetengaderivadaenc.Estoseveconfacilidadexaminandolafuncin(x)=|x|
en el origen. Esta funcin, por cierto, es continua en cero, pero no tiene derivada ah.
(Demostracinacargodellector)
Elargumentorecinpresentadodemuestraqueencualquierpuntoenelquela
grfica de tiene un pico o presenta una esquina aguda, es continua, pero no
diferenciable.
Suponiendo que la funcin es derivable en a, se puede enunciar la siguiente
definicin.
Definicin.Rectatangente:Lapendientedelarectatangentealagrficadeenelpunto
(a,(a))es(a).
Derivadacomounafuncin
Si es derivable para todo x en un intervalo entonces, asociando a cada x el
nmero(x),seobtieneunafuncinllamadaderivadadef.Elvalorde,enxest
dadoporelsiguientelmite. f ( x) = lim
x 0
f(x + x ) f(x)
,(Lmiteunilateral),nteseque
x
elnmeroxesfijo,peroarbitrarioyellmitesetomahaciendotender x acero.Derivar
(x)oencontrarladerivadade(x)significadeterminar(x).
Enlossiguientesejerciciossedeterminarlaprimeraderivadapordefinicin,ola
pendientedelarectatangentealacurvaenunpuntodado.
2
TERRITORIAL
EjerciciosResueltos:
1) y = 5 x f ( x) = 5 x
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
f ( x)
5 x + x 5 x
f ( x + x) f ( x)
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
x 0
x
x
5 x + x x 0
IND
= Lm
=
x 0
x
0
5 x + x x x + x + x
= Lm
.
x 0
x
x + x + x
5( x + x x)
5 x
= Lm
=
x 0
x x + x + x
x x + x + x
1
5
= 5 Lm
= f ( x) =
x 0
x + x + x
2 x
f ( x) = Lm
2) f (x) = x2
( x +2xx+(x) ) x lim = ( 2xx+(x) )

x2 0
= ind lim =
x0
x0
x0
x
0
x
x
x( 2x +x)
lim =
= lim( 2x +x) = 2x f (x) = 2x
x0
x0
x
( x+x)
lim =
3) f ( x) = x + 5
x + x + 5 x + 5 0
= ind
x0
x
0
x + x + 5 x + 5 x + x + 5 + x + 5
f ( x) = lim
x0
x
x + x + 5 + x + 5
( x + x + 5) ( x + 5) f ( x) = lim x + x + 5 x 5
f ( x) = lim
x0
x0
x x + x + 5 + x + 5
x x + x + 5 + x + 5
1
1
f ( x) = lim
f ( x) =
x0
2 x+5
x + x + 5 + x + 5
f ( x) = lim
3
TERRITORIAL
4) f (x) = x3 4x
(x + x)3 4(x + x) (x3 4x) 0
= ind
x0
x
0
3
2
2
3
x + 3x x + 3x (x) + (x) 4x 4x x3 + 4x
f (x) = Lm
x0
x
3x2x + 3x (x)2 + (x)3 4x
x(3x2 + 3x (x) + (x)2 4)
f (x) = Lm
f (x) = Lm
x0
x0
x
x
f (x) = Lm(3x2 + 3x (x) + (x)2 4) f (x) = 3x2 4
f (x) = Lm
x0
5) f (x) =
2x 3
3x + 4
( 2x + 2x 3) ( 2x 3) = 0 ind
x0 ( 3x + 3x + 4)
( 3x + 4) 0
( 3x + 4) [ 2x + 2x 3] ( 3x + 3x + 4) ( 2x 3)
f (x) = Lm
x0
( 3x + 3x + 4) ( 3x + 4)
f (x) = Lm
6x2 + 6xx 9x + 8x + 8x 12 6x2 + 9x 6xx + 9x 8x + 12

x0
( 3x +3x + 4) ( 3x + 4)
f (x) = Lm
6x2 + 6xx 9x + 8x + 8x 12 6x2 + 9x 6xx + 9x 8x + 12

x0
x ( 3x + 3x + 4) ( 3x + 4)
f (x) = Lm
17 x
17
f (x) = Lm
x0 x ( 3x + 3x + 4) ( 3x + 4)
x0 ( 3x + 3x + 4) ( 3x + 4)
f (x) = Lm
f (x) =
17
( 3x + 4)
6) f ( x) = 3 2 x 2
3 2( x + x) 2 (3 2 x 2 ) 0
=
f ( x) = lim
x 0
x
0
2
2
4 xx 2(x) 2
3 2 x 4 xx 2(x) 3 + 2 x 2
f ( x) = lim
f ( x) = lim
x 0
x 0
x
x
x(4 x 2x)
f ( x) = lim (4 x 2x) f ( x) 4 x
f ( x) = lim
x 0
x 0
x
4
TERRITORIAL
7) f ( x ) =
1
3 x
1
1
3 ( x + x) 3 x 0
f ( x ) = lim
=
x 0
x
0
(3 x ) (3 x x )
3 x 3 + x + x
f ( x ) = lim
f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x (3 x x )(3 x )
x 0 x (3 x x )(3 x )
x 0 x (3 x x )(3 x )
1
1
f ( x ) = lim
f ( x ) =
x 0 (3 x x )(3 x )
(3 x ) 2
1
8) f ( x ) =
2x +1
1
1
2 x + 1 (2 x + 2x + 1)
2( x + x ) + 1 2 x + 1 0
= f ( x ) = lim
f ( x ) = lim
x 0
x 0 x (2 x + 2 x + 1)(2 x + 1)
x
0
f ( x ) = lim
2 x
2 x + 1 2 x 2 x 1)
f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x (2 x + 2 x + 1)(2 x + 1)
x 0 x (2 x + 2 x + 1)(2 x + 1)
2
2
f ( x ) = lim
f ( x ) =
x 0 (2 x + 2 x + 1)( 2 x + 1)
(2 x + 1) 2
f ( x ) = lim
9) f (x) = 2x +1
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
2(x +x) +1 2x +1 0
= ind
x
0
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
) f (x) = lim
2x + 2x +1 2x 1
x 2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
( 2x + 2x +1) ( 2x +1)
2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
x 2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
x0
f (x) = lim
)(
2x + 2x +1 2x +1
x0
f (x) = lim
f (x) =
x0
2x
x 2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
2
2x +1+ 2x +1
f (x) =
1
2x +1
5
x 2x + 2x +1+ 2x +1
TERRITORIAL
1
x +1
1
1
1 0
f (x) = lim
= ind
x0 x
x +x +1 x +1 0
10) f (x) =
)(
)(
x +1 x +x +1
x +1 x +x +1
f (x) = lim
x0 x x +x +1 x +1
x0
x x +x +1 x +1
f (x) = lim
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
f (x) = lim
x0
x
x
x
(
(
(
( x +1) ( x +x +1)
)(
x +x +1 x +1
)(
)
)
x +1 + x +x +1
)(
x +x +1 x +1
x +1 + x +x +1
)(
x +x +1 x +1
x +1 + x +x +1
)(
x +1 x +1
1
) (
x +1 + x +1
x +1 2
x +1 +
x +1 + x +x +1
x +1 x x 1
x +x +1 x +1
)
x +x +1)
x +1 + x +x +1
x +1
f (x) =
( x +1) 2(
x +1
f (x) =
2 (x +1)3
11) f (x) = 3 x 2
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x + x 2
x
x2
0
= ind
0
3 ( x + x 2) 3 x 2 3 ( x +x 2)2 + 3 ( x +x 2) 3 x 2 + 3 ( x 2)2
f ( x) = Lm
x0
2
2
x 3 ( x +x 2) + 3 ( x +x 2) 3 x 2 + 3 ( x 2)
f ( x) = Lm
x0
(( x + x 2))
( x 2)
2
2
x 3 ( x +x 2) + 3 ( x +x 2) 3 x 2 + 3 ( x 2)
6
TERRITORIAL
x + x 2 x + 2
f ( x) = Lm
2
2
x 3 ( x + x 2 ) + 3 ( x + x 2 ) 3 x 2 + 3 ( x 2 )
1
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
2
2
3
x + x 2 ) + 3 ( x + x 2 ) 3 x 2 + 3 ( x 2 )
(
1
1
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
2
3 ( x 2 )2 + 3 ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 2) + 3 ( x 2 )2
3 3 ( x 2)
x 0
12) f ( x) =
x
x3
1
1
x + x
x 0
1
x
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
f ( x) = Lm
=
x 0
x
0
x x
x
ind
x x + x
( x x + x ) x + x + x
x 0
x 0
x x + x x x + x + x
1
x x x
f ( x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
x 0 x
x + x + ( x + x) x
x x x + x + ( x + x ) x
1
1
1
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
3
3
x x+x x
2 x3
x + x
f ( x) = Lm
x x + x
x
f ( x) = Lm
1
+ x
x
1
0
1
f ( x ) = Lm
+ x + x x = ind
x 0
x
x + x
0
13) f ( x ) =
x + ( x + x ) x ( x + x ) x
( x + x )
2
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
(x
+ x )
7
TERRITORIAL
f ( x) = Lm
x + ( x 2 + 2 xx + x 2 ) x x x x 3 x 2 x
( x + x ) x
x 0
x + x 3 2 x 2 x + xx 2 x x x 3 x 2 x
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
( x + x ) x
x x 2 + x 1
x x + xx x
f ( x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x 0 x x ( x + x )
x 0 x x ( x + x )
2
x 1
1
f ( x) =
f
x
(
)
1
x2
x2
2
14) f ( x) =
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
2x
x 1
2( x + x)
x + x 1
x
2x
x 1
2( x + x)
x + x 1
x
2x
x 1
0
0
in d
2( x + x)
x + x 1
2x
x 1
2( x + x)
+
x + x 1
2x
x 1
2( x + x)
2x
x + x 1
x 1
2( x + x)
2x
x
+
x 1
x + x 1
2 ( x + x ) ( x 1) 2 x ( x + x 1 )
( x + x 1 ) ( x 1)
2( x + x)
+
x + x 1
2x
x 1
8
TERRITORIAL
f ( x) = Lm
2 x 2 2 x + 2 x x 2x 2 x 2 2 x x + 2 x
( x + x 1) ( x 1)
2( x + x)
2x
+
x
x 1
x + x 1
2x
( x + x 1) ( x 1)
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
2( x + x)
2x
+
x
x 1
x + x 1
2/ x/
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
2( x + x)
2x
+
/ x( x + x 1)( x 1)
x 1
x + x 1
2
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
2( x + x)
2x
( x + x 1) ( x 1)
+
x 1
x + x 1
2
2
f ( x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
x 0
2x
2x
2x
2
2
+
2
( x 1)
( x 1)
x 1
x 1
x 1
1
1
f ( x) =
f ( x) =
4
3
2 x ( x 1)
(2 x)( x 1)
x 1
x
15) f (x) =
1 2x
1 x +x
x 0
f (x) = lim
= ind
x0 x 1 2( x +x) 1 2x
0
x 0
x 2x2 +x 2xx) ( x 2x2 2xx)

(
1 ( x +x)(1 2x) (1 2x 2x)( x)
f (x) = lim
= lim
x0 x
x0
x (1 2x 2x)(1 2x)
(1 2x 2x)(1 2x)
x 2x2 +x 2xx x + 2x2 + 2xx
f (x) = lim
x0
x (1 2x 2x) (1 2x)
9
TERRITORIAL
x
1
1
f (x) = lim
f (x) =
2
x0 x(1 2x 2x)(1 2x)
x0 (1 2x 2x)(1 2x)
(12x)
f (x) = lim
16) f ( x) = x3 4x
( x + x)
4( x + x) x3 + 4x 0
f ( x) = Lm
=
ind
x0
x
0
x3 + 3x2x + 3x x2 + x3 4x 4x x3 + 4x
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x
/x 3x2 + 3x x + x2 4
3x2x + 3x x2 + x3 4x
f ( x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x0
x
/x/
f ( x) = Lm 3x2 + 3x x + x2 4 f ( x) = 3x2 4
x0
4
x3
x2 + 2 x +
3
3
( x + x)3
2
( x + x) + 2 ( x + x) +
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x
17) f ( x) =
4 x3
4
2
+ x 2x
3 3
3
0
= Ind
0
x3
( x3 + 3x2x + 3x (x)2 +x3 )
( x2 + 2xx + (x)2 ) + 2x + 2x + x2 2x
3
3
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x
3
x3 2
x3 2
2 (x)
2
2
+ x x + x(x) +
x 2x x(x) +2x+ 2x + x 2x
3
3
3
f (x) = Lm
x0
x
x2 x + x(x)2 2x x (x)2 + 2x
f (x) = Lm
x0
x
/x/ x2 + x x 2x x + 2
f (x) = Lm
f (x) = x2 2x + 2
x0
x/
10
TERRITORIAL
(1+ x)
18) f (x) =
(1+ x)
f (x) = lim
x0
1 0
x( x + 2)
x2 + 2x
= ind f (x) = lim

f (x) = lim
f (x) = lim( x + 2) = 2
x0
x0
x0
0
x
x
x
2
19) f ( x ) = Sen ( x )
0
Sen ( x + x ) Sen x
=
ind
x 0
x
0
( Cos ( x ) Sen ( x ) + Sen ( x ) Cos ( x ) ) Sen x
= Lm
x 0
x
Cos ( x ) Sen ( x ) + Sen ( x )Cos ( x ) Sen x
= Lm
x 0
x
( Cos ( x ) Sen ( x ) ) + Sen x [Cos ( x ) 1]
= Lm
x 0
x
Sen ( x ) [Cos ( x ) 1]
Co s ( x ) Sen ( x )
= Lm
+ Lm
x 0
x 0
x
x
[Cos ( x ) 1]
Sen ( x )
= Cos x Lm
+ Sen x Lm
x 0
x 0
x
x
[1 Cos ( x ) ] = 0
Sen ( x )
conocemos :
Lm
=1
; Lm
x 0
x 0
x
x
[1 Cos ( x ) ] f ( x ) = Cos x
Sen ( x )
= Cos x Lm
Sen x Lm
x 0
x 0
x
x
f ( x ) = Lm
f ( x )
f ( x )
f ( x )
f ( x )
f ( x )
Pero
f ( x )
20) f ( x ) = Cos x
Cos ( x + x ) Cos x
0
=
ind
x 0
x
0
Cos x Cos ( x ) Sen x Sen ( x ) Cos x
f ( x ) = Lm
x 0
x
Cos x Cos ( x ) Cos x Sen x Sen ( x )
f ( x ) = Lm
x 0
x
Cos x [Cos ( x ) 1] Sen x Sen ( x )
f ( x ) = Lm
x 0
x
f ( x ) = Lm
11
TERRITORIAL
Cos x [Cos (x) 1]
Sen x Sen (x)

x 0
x0
x
x
[Cos (x) 1] Sen x Lm Sen (x)
f ( x) = Cos x Lm
x 0
x0
x
x
[1 Cos x] Sen x Lm Sen (x)
f ( x) = Cos x Lm
x 0
x0
x
x
[1 Cos x] = 0 ; Lm Sen (x) = 1 f ( x) = Sen x
Conociendo : Lm
x0
x0
x
x
Nota : Lm Sen x = 0
LmCos x = 1
f ( x) = Lm
x 0
Lm
x 0
21) f ( x) = tg x
f ( x) = Lm
x0
tg(x + x) tg ( x) 0
=
ind;
x
0
identidad : tg(a + b) =
tg a + tgb
1 tg a tgb
(tg x + tg (x)) tg x[1 tg x tg( x)]

tg x + tg x
tg(x)
(1 tg x tg (x))
1 tg xtg x
f ( x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x0
x
x
2
tg (x) 1 tg x
2
tg
/ x + tg (x) tg
/ x + tg x tg (x)
f (x) = Lm
f ( x) = Lm
x0
x0 x [1 tg x tg (x)]
x[1 tg x tg (x)]
tg (x)
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x) Lm
x 0 x [1 tg ( x) tg ( x ) ]
tg (x)
1
Lm
x 0
x x0 1 tg ( x) tg (x)
Sen (x)
Sen (x)
Cos (x)
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x) Lm
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x) Lm
x 0
x 0 x Cos ( x)
x
Sen (x)
1
Lm
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x)
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x) Lm
0
x 0
x
Cos x
f ( x) = 1 tg 2 ( x) Lm
Sec 2 x = 1 tg 2 ( x)
f ( x) = Sec 2 x
12
TERRITORIAL
22) f ( x) = 2x
( 2)
f ( x) = lim
( 2)
0
= ind
x
0
x +x
x 0
( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
f ( x) = lim
x
f ( x) = ( 2)
x
x
x
f ( x) = ( 2) (1) f ( x) = ( 2)
x 0
( 2)
lim
x 0
( 2)
pero : lim
x0
=1
23) f ( x) = e x
f ( x) = Lm
x x
x
ex
0
e e e
ind f ( x) = Lm
=
x 0
x
0
x
x + x
x 0
f ( x) = e Lm
x 0
x
1
x
Pero :
Lm
x 0
1
= 1 f ( x) = e x
x
24) f ( x) = Log a ( x)
f ( x ) = L m
x 0
f ( x) = Lm
x0
1
x
Log a ( x + x) Log a x
0
=
x
0
in d
1
( x +x)
Log a 1+ ; x > 0
Log a x f ( x) = Lm
x0 x
x
1
x x
x
f ( x) = Log a Lm 1 + Cambio :t = x = tx; si x = 0 t = 0
x0
x
x
1
tx
f ( x) = Log a Lm [1 + t ] f ( x) = Log a Lm
t 0
t 0
((1 + t ) )
1
t
1
x
1
1
1
1
f ( x) = Log a Lm (1 + t )t f ( x) = Log a Lm(1 + t )t
t 0
t 0 x
x
1
1
Pero : Lm(1 + t ) t = e f ( x) = Loga (e)
t 0
x
13
TERRITORIAL
25) f (x) = Ln (ax)

Lna(x +x) Ln (ax) 0
f (x) = Lm
=
x0
x
0
a(x + x)
(x + x)
x
Ln
Ln
Ln
x
1 + x
ax
f (x) = Lm
f (x) = Lm
f (x) = Lm
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
1
1
x
x x
f (x) = Lm Ln (1 + ) f (x) = Lm Ln 1 +
x0 x
x0
x
x
Cambio t =
x = tx x 0 t 0
x
1
1
1
1
1
tx
t
f (x) = LmLn 1 + t f (x) = Lm Ln 1 + t f (x) = LnLm 1 + t t
t 0
t 0 x
x t0
1
1
1
Pero Lm 1 + t t = e f (x) = Ln(e) f (x) =
t 0
x
x
( )
DMASOROJAS
AGOSTO2013
14

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UNIVERSIDAD POLITCTICA

La derivada de la funcin en un punto equivale a la pendiente de la recta tangente.

Definicin. Sea una funcin definida en un intervalo abierto que contiene a a. La

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6x2 + 6xx 9x + 8x + 8x 12 6x2 + 9x 6xx + 9x 8x + 12

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x 2x2 +x 2xx) ( x 2x2 2xx)

= ind f (x) = lim

Cos x [Cos (x) 1]

Sen x Sen (x)

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25) f (x) = Ln (ax)

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