Project

On

“Pakistan Energy Crisis”

By

Farhad Ali

Submitting To

Sir Muhammad Imran

Business Research Method

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD CAMPUS
 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..........................
1.2. Future and alternative sources of energy……………………………………………...
1.3. Research Question.……..…………………………………………………………......
1.4. Significant……………….……………………………………………………………..
1.5Objective…………………………………………………………….…….………........
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................….....
CHAPTER 3
3. Theoretical frame work………………………………………………………………..
3.1. Independent variable ………………………………………………………………….
3.2. Dependent variable ………………………………………...........................................
3.3. Relation of variable diagram………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 4
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………….
4.1. Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………. .
4.2. Design of questionnaire………………………………………………………………
4.3. Data collection Method………………………………………………………………
4.4. Results………………………………………………………………………………..
4.5. Analysis of Data and discussion……………………………………………………..
5. CONCLUSION.………………………………………………………………………
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………......
ANNXURES………………………………………………………………………………
FARHAD ALI
Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu university of Arts, Science &
Technology.

Abstract

The current situation of Pakistan is very critical about energy. Energy play significant
role over all effect on Progress growth of country. On a global scale the demand for
energy has increased by 88% during the last 12 years. Its has been predicted that
worldwide energy consumption will double by 2020.so we can say that the energy
demand increasing day by day with population of country. As per the situation, our
current resources of energy decreeing very rapidly, so alternative is best solution for our
current energy crisis to solve the problem in Pakistan. Energy resources, such as nuclear
energy, hydel energy and Gas energy may not be adequate to meet these anticipated
needs. So alternatives of the energy can be used for to tackle the current crisis. If we use
the alternative resources such like: Coal and wind we can reduce our energy problem
with meaningful way.
 CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction

An energy crisis is any great shortfall or price rise in the supply of energy resources to an
economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other
natural resources. The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with many
recessions being caused by an energy crisis in some form. In particular, the production
costs of electricity rise. Which raises manufacturing costs? For the consumer, the price of
gasoline and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer
confidence and spending, higher transportation costs and general price rising.

1.2. Future and alternative sources of energy

Some experts argue that the world is heading towards a global energy crisis due to a
decline in the availability of cheap oil and recommend a decreasing dependency on fossil
fuel. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell
technology, hydrogen fuel, Coal energy, solar energy, tidal energy and wind energy. To
date, only hydroelectricity and nuclear power have been significant alternatives to fossil
fuel (see Future energy development), with big ecological problems (residues and water
spending). Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas,
which is also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When
not produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create it,
also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a 'carrier' of
energy rather than a 'source’. There have been alarming predictions by groups such as the
Club of Rome that the world would run out of oil in the late 20th century. Although
technology has made oil extraction more efficient, the world has to struggle to provide oil
by using increasingly costly and less productive methods such as deep sea drilling, and
developing environmentally sensitive areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people per day,
increasing the consumption of energy. The per capita energy consumption of China, India
and other developing nations continues to increase as the people living in these countries
adopt western lifestyles. At present a small part of the world's population consumes a
large part of its resources, with the United States and its population of 296 million people
consuming more oil than China with its population of 1.3 billion people.

Energy resources have depleted! Whatever resources are available are simply
too expensive to buy or already acquired by countries which had planned and acted long
time ago. Delayed efforts in the exploration sector have not been able to find sufficient
amounts of energy resources. Nations of the world which have their own reserves are not
supplying energy resources anymore; only the old contracts made decades ago are active.
Airplanes, trains, cars, motorbikes, buses and trucks, all modes of transportation are
coming to a stand still. Many industries have closed due to insufficient power supply.
Price of oil has gone above the ceiling. At domestic level, alternate methods like solar,
biogas and other methods are being tried for mere survival. The above is a likely scenario
of Pakistan and around the globe after 25 years. A pessimistic view, but realistic enough
to think about and plan for the future. Pakistan’s energy requirements are expected to
double in the next few years, and our energy requirements by 2015 is likely. By 2030, the
nation’s requirement will be 7 times the current requirement reaching 361MTOE.
Pakistan’s energy requirements are fulfilled with more than80% of energy resources
through imports. On the other hand, international oil prices have not only broken all
records but are touching new highs, with every news directly or indirectly affecting the
black gold industry. What is the government doing to ensure a sustainable supply of
energy resources for economic growth? What strategic steps are being taken to acquire
energy resources in future? The wind and coal is best alternative resources to use for
betterment of current problem solving.

1.3. Research question

What affects to Pakistan energy crisis on the process of shrinking existing and usage of
alternative energy recourses?

1.4. Significant

The significant of this work is to explore the impact of Energy Crisis on Pakistan existing

resources shrinking and alternative resources usage and what they impact on the energy

short fall on a country. We will further study the extent to which the energy does have an

impact on the over all country situation. I predict that energy alternatives like coal and

wind etc may reduce the energy crisis in Pakistan because these two resources can change

and solve the problem.

1.5. Research Objective:

• To find out the efficiency of the energy system
• To find out the best alternative future energy choices
 CHAPTER 2

2. Literature review:

Recent rise in energy prices, shrinking existing resources, and the search for alternative
sources of energy and energy conservation technologies have brought into focus the issue
of causality between energy use and economic growth (Stern and Cleveland, 2003;
Asafu-Adjaye, 2000;Aqeel and Butt,2001;Mahmud, 2000; Riaz, 1984 and Siddiqui,
1999).Energy expansion is expected to lead to higher growth and its shortage may retard
the growth process Ebinger (1981). After the energy shocks in 1970s and recent emphasis
on shrinking energy resources and search for energy efficient production technologies
and equipments Aqeel Butt,(2001),Moroney(1992),Riaz(1986).Pakistan has wide
spectrum of high potential of renewable energy sources, conventional and non-
conventional as well, which have not been adequately explored, exploited or developed.

As a result, the primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the
present demand. Moreover, a very large part of the rural areas does not have the
electrification facilities because they are either too remote and/or too expensive to
connect to the national grid. So, Pakistan, like other developing countries of the region, is
facing a serious challenge of energy deficit. The development of the renewable energy
sources can play an important role in meeting this challenge. Pakistan stretches from
24°N to 37°N latitudes and from 61°E to 76°E longitudes. The total land area of Pakistan
is about 800,000 km². The northeast to southwest extent of the country is about 1,700 km,
and its east-west width is approximately 1,000 km. The geology and geography of
Pakistan varies from lofty mountains of Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindukush and Pamirs
in the north to the fascinating coastline of the Arabian Sea in the south. In between the
northern and southern extreme ends of the country, notable and unique bented north-
south oriented mountain ranges exist centrally bounded by the fertile plains of 3000-long
River Indus and western part of famous Thar Desert on eastern side, and by the Chagai
volcanic arc, vast tectonic depression of Kharan, and the westward swinging mountain
ranges of Makran flysch basin, Nayyer Alam Zaigham, (2005).

Hydropower source of energy is very well known in Pakistan and there is ever
growing experience in this sector to develop the hydropower potential indigenously in the
country. The hydro potential was estimated at about 50,000 MW out of which about
4,800 MW has been developed over the past 50 years through mega-hydel plants and the
remaining has yet to be exploited (Kazi, 1999). The northern areas of the country are rich
with hydropower resources. According to OGJ, Pakistan had 28 trillion cubic feet of
proven natural gas reserves in 2006. The bulk of these reserves are located in the southern
half of Pakistan. In 2004, Pakistan produced and consumed 968 billion cubic feet. In light
of the current onshore exploration activities and resource outlook, the Pakistani
government expects minor increases in natural gas production in the short-term.
However, natural gas production is expected to decline over the next 15-25 year period,
while natural gas demand is expected to increase. The Pakistani government is currently
developing plans to import additional natural gas in order to satisfy increasing demand.
According to the Pakistan Energy Yearbook, natural gas is currently the country’s largest
energy source, making up 50 percent of Pakistan’s energy mix in FY 2004/2005.

A resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability, or anything

used to help one earn a living. As resources are very useful, we attach some information
value to them. Resources help to produce goods so they have economic value. Natural
resources which drived from enviournment water & mineral .etc. are considered beautiful
so they have aesthetic value. These factors when we utilized in systimatic way it become
energy.
Energy Is the Ability to Do Work it comes in different forms: Heat (thermal)
Light (radiant) Motion (kinetic) Electrical Chemical Nuclear energy Gravitational Energy
is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a jump shot to baking
cookies to sending astronauts into space. There are two types of energy: Stored
(potential) energy working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains
chemical energy, and your body stores this energy until you use it when you work or
play. When we use electricity in our home, the electrical power was probably generated
by burning coal, by a nuclear reaction, or by a hydroelectric plant at a dam. Therefore,
coal, nuclear and hydro is called energy sources. When we fill up a gas tank, the source
might be petroleum or ethanol made by growing and processing corn. Energy sources are
divided into two groups — renewable (an energy source that can be easily replenished)
and nonrenewable (an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate).
Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources can be used to produce secondary energy
sources including electricity and hydrogen.

Renewable energy sources include: Solar energy from the sun, which can be
turned into electricity and heatWindGeothermal energy from heat inside the Earth.
Biomass from plants, which includes firewood from trees, ethanol from corn, and bio-
diesel from vegetable oil Hydropower from hydro turbines at a dam. We get most of our
energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include the fossil fuels oil, natural gas,
and coal. They're called fossil fuels because they were formed over millions and millions
of years by the action of heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil on the
remains (or "fossils") of dead plants and creatures like microscopic diatoms. Another
nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a
process called nuclear fission) to create heat and ultimately electricity.

We use renewable and nonrenewable energy sources to generate the electricity we

need for our homes, businesses, schools, and factories. Electricity "energizes" our
computers, lights, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners, to name only a
few uses.

Most of the gasoline used in our cars and motorcycles and the diesel fuel used in our
trucks are made from petroleum oil, a nonrenewable resource. Natural gas, used to heat
homes, dry clothes, and cook food, is nonrenewable. The propane that fuels our outdoor
grills made from oil and natural gas, both nonrenewable.
 Today 85% of our country's energy comes from the combustion of dead fossils, a
dirty fuel that is forcing the world's atmosphere to overheat. However, new 21st century
energy sources that produce no carbon emissions and do not contribute to global warming
are now emerging. Beyond the realm of fuel cells and hydrogen is the non-conventional
world of "future energy." Some of the best examples are new and exciting generators that
release trapped potential energy from nature in ways never dreamed of before. Others
innovatively apply clean fuels in conventional systems that are surprisingly simple and
yet very efficient. Still others qualify as promising theoretical technologies that are a
focus of attention for NASA and the USDOE. Most of them have one thing in common:
they are very scientific but are relatively unknown to the general public. Thomas Valone
(2000).

Coal has long been used to create energy, and will play a major role in meeting
future energy needs. On a global scale, the demand for energy has increased by about
88% during the last 12 years. It has been predicted that worldwide energy consumption
will double by 2020. Alternative energy sources, such as nuclear energy, may not be
adequate to meet these anticipated needs. There are abundant coal reserves in the Illinois
Basin, but barriers to export markets include the relatively high sulfur content of the coal,
and its price when compared with other competitors in the world steam coal market such
as South Africa, Australia, Colombia, Poland, and China. It appears that Europe will
continue to be the primary international market for Illinois basin coal. New or
underdeveloped markets may exist in the developing countries of Asia because of
growing economies, and limited alternatives to coal as energy. If the sulfur and ash
content of Illinois Basin Coal can be economically reduced then offered at a price that is
competitive in the world market, coupled with its stability with respect to supply and
other economic incentives, it should be possible to export more coal to these developing
markets than is currently possible, Asmatullah khan(2000).

Coal plays a major role in meeting the demand for global energy. It provides
about 27% of the global primary energy consumption, and about 40% of the world’s
electricity is generated from coal UNWDI,(1999). The increase in price for petroleum
products not only increased the demand for coal in the international market, but it also
resulted in a search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the world. Hence, such
initiatives not only accelerated the exploration technology for coal, but they also
increased its production as well. From 1975 to 1976, the production of coal in the U.S.
increased by about 4%, and 13,600 people were employed, Dahl and McDonald,(1998).
the electric utilities, coal consumption increased at twice that rate, as the economy grew
and became increasingly dependent on electricity, Dorian, and Fesharaki(1992).

Coal is the only major fuel produced in the U.S. for which exports exceeded imports
during the last two decades. U.S. coal accounted for only about 25 to 33% of the total
world coal trade, U.S. Department of Commerce (1998).

Coal was used internationally for the steam–driven transportation after the
Industrial Revolution. The energy crisis during the oil embargo of 1973 by OPEC, the
political instability in Iran in 1979, and the international sanctions against Iraq and Libya
further increased coal trading to new levels because of price increases on petroleum
products in the international market. Until recently, steam coal represented about 29
percent of world coal trade UNWDI (1999).The increase in price for petroleum products
not only increased the demand for coal in the international market, but it also resulted in a
search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the world. Hence, such initiatives not
only accelerated the exploration technology for coal, but they also increased its
production as well. From 1975 to 1976, the production of coal in the U.S. increased by
about 4%, and 13,600 people were employed Dahl and McDonald (1998).

The coal output in Illinois in 1998 was 39,639,334 tons (DNR, 1998). It has been
estimated that there is enough coal in Illinois to supply electricity to more than 6 million
homes for almost 500 years Moore (2000). Multiple usage of coal, like its usage in the
production of gas, electricity, or metallurgy is expanding. For example, in the United
State alone, where 56 percent of all electricity comes from coal, demand for coal-fired
electricity will increase by 25 percent by 2010 and the rapid growth is estimated in the
Midwest and Southeast, which are traditional Illinois coal market Moore (2000). It is
expected that the coal demand in Europe will increase by 41 percent by 2010, and
demand for energy in Asia should increase coal demand by 82 percent Moore (2000).

The World Energy Council (WEC) drew attention to the fact that 40% of the
world’s population -almost 3 billion people mostly in developing countries--has no
access to commercial energy. According to the WEC (1999), worldwide energy
consumption will double by 2020. The London-based energy council also believes that
more electricity generating capacity will be built during the next twenty years. Energy
today plays a role as a factor in producing goods and services for human development. It
is an essential component to economic growth and socio-economic prosperity. An
increase in the rate of consumption of energy is often considered a measure of the rate at
which a country is progressing economically.

According to McRae (1992), “in several Asian countries like, India, Malaysia,
Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and South Korea, the increase in the energy
consumption has been higher than the industrialized countries of Western Europe and
North America.”

Most of the new demands for energy will come from today’s developing economies. Now
accounting for 35% of world consumption, developing countries are likely to use over
60% of the world’s primary energy by 2050. However, the supply of their own energy
resources may not have kept pace with their industrial progress, and they may consider it
expedient to import coal from Illinois rather than trying to develop their own resources if
such resources exist. As industries grow, the demand for energy also increases. On a
global scale, coal is the second-most important source of energy. In the electric utilities,
coal consumption increased at twice that rate, as the economy grew and became
increasingly dependent on electricity Dorian, and Fesharaki, (1992). Coal futures
markets, already being developed in some areas, will provide a mechanism for risk
hedging and price discovery. Risk reduction may also be accomplished by vertical
integration, alliances with railroads or power producers, or the creation of multi-fuel
conglomerates. Coal is the only major fuel produced in the U.S. for which exports
exceeded imports during the last two decades. U.S. coal accounted for only about 25 to
33% of the total world coal trade U.S. Department of Commerce (1998).

European countries are demanding more steam coal for the increasing coal-fired
electricity generation, which is almost 30 percent, UN World Development Indicator
(1998; 1999). Currently, the electric utilities are the major users of steam coal, but the
coal and the manufacturing industries represent the greatest growth potential Weiranch,
(1997). In addition, the demand and consumption of electricity is increasing in the
developing world because of overall economic growth, urbanization, and rapid industrial
and agricultural development. Coal and nuclear power still have cost advantages over oil,
and are the preferred choices for providing base-load electrical power. For example,
France strategy is to provide its base-load requirements from the most economical source:
nuclear plants and to provide peaking power largely from coal-fired plants. Many other
countries, such as Japan, Russia, Denmark, and Pakistan, however, have either stopped or
deferred nuclear programs mainly because of its costly safety measures, initial higher
investments, and because of the risks involved, and are planning to use coal for
expanding their energy generating capacity. The International Energy Agency projected
that coal use for electricity generation would increase substantially from 1999 to 2010 in
Europe and in Pacific countries. The IEA (1999) have further reported that the conversion
of existing oil-fired power plants to coal by its member countries has proceeded with
variable levels of progress. Italy and Japan are actively pursuing conversion, and
Denmark has converted most of its plants to coal because inexpensive energy is an
incentive for industrial expansion.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of

energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008,
worldwide nameplate capacities of Wind-powered generators were
121.2 gig watts (GW). In 2008, wind power produced About 1.5% of
worldwide electricity usage and is growing rapidly, having doubled in
The three years between 2005 and 2008. Several countries have
achieved relatively high
Levels of wind power penetration, such as 19% of stationary electricity
production in
Denmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and 7% in Germany and the
Republic of Ireland in
2008. As of May 2009, eighty countries around the world are using
wind power on a
Commercial basis.

Harnessing wind power to produce electricity on a commercial scale has become

the fastest growing energy technology. Economic, political and technological forces are
now emerging to make wind power a viable source of energy. Though apparently
Pakistan has tremendous wind potential, but at present the facilities for generating
electricity from wind are virtually nonexistent in the country. Pakistan has 1000 km long
coastline, which could be utilized for the installation of wind farms, as found in UK,
Netherlands and other countries. Pakistan is a late starter in this field. As of today, we
have no significant wind energy generation project.

CHAPTER 3

3. Theoretical framework

3.1. Dependent Variables:

• Energy

3.2. Independent Variables:

• Resources

-Shrinking
Gas
Hydel
-Alternative
Coal Energy
Wind Energy

The dependent variable is energy and the independent variables are following shrinking
(Gas, Hydel) and Alternative (Coal, Wind).

Energy comes in different forms: Heat (thermal), Light (radiant), Chemical and Nuclear
energy. Energy is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a
jump shot to baking cookies to sending astronauts into space.

In 2002 and up-to-date the economy of Pakistan increased very rapidly. The huge
number of industries built and producing their products very effectively because of the
large number of Gas resources and hyderal power plants held. But when the rapidly
industrialist growth of Pakistan the volume of energy shrinks. The impact of energy use
on economic growth has become critical after the Energy shocks in 2007 and recent
emphasis on shrinking energy resources and Search for energy efficient production
technologies and equipments. Pakistan is facing acute shortage of energy. with 7%
increase of its economy this short fall soon to slow down its economic growth and will
shatter its dream to become one day a developed country.

Most of its energy demand is being met with either Hydro power or thermal units.
Pakistan is spending a very large amount of foreign exchange to purchase the furnace.
The gas reserves already start depleting and oil markets are sky rocketing. To overcome
this shortage Government take an initiative to investigate Alternate energy resources in
Pakistan. Identified 50,000 MW energy potential from wind resource.

Growing urbanization and changes in the pattern of life, give rise to generation of
increasing quantities of wastes and it’s now becoming another threat to our already
degraded environment.

Coal plays a major role in meeting the demand for global energy. The increase in price
for petroleum products not only increased the demand for coal in the international
market, but it also resulted in a search for alternatives to oil resources throughout the
world.

3.4. Relationship of Variables:

 CHAPTER 4

Research Methodology

4.1. Hypothesis of Research

Ho: If the usage of gas increases then the shrinking of energy not increases.
H1: If the usage of gas increases than the shrinking of energy increases.
Ho: There is not relationship between the Hydel power and energy resources.
H1: There is relationship between the shrinking of Hydel power and energy resources.
Ho: The more utilization of coal resources than energy cannot increase.
H1: The more utilization of coal resources than energy can increase.
Ho: If we divert wind into energy than energy resources will decreases.
H1: If we divert wind into energy than energy resources will increases.

4.2. Design of Questionnaire

My questionnaire for the survey comprises of two parts. The first part of the
questionnaire is the demographic part where the respondents are asked about their
gender, age, favorite brand. The second part is the main part of the questionnaire that
comprises of 10 questions aimed at finding the respondents’ opinions and attitude
pertaining to importance and impact of energy crisis on Pakistan the process of shrinking
existing and usage of alternative energy recourses.

4.3. Data collection Methods

Primary data
• Questionnaire

Secondary data
• Internets
• Journals

Data Analysis Tools

• Regression
• Correlation
4.4. Results

Excel and other spreadsheet software allow quantitative data analysis, although these are

more limited in scope and often less user friendly than the specialized packages like

SPSS. SPSS is probably the most common statistical data analysis software package used

in business research.

4.5. Analysis of Data and discussion

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.368427152
R Square 0.135738567
Adjusted R Square 0.102175016
Standard Error 0.793625232
Observations 108

Correlation

Column Column Column Column Column

1 2 3 4 5
Column
1 1
Column
2 -0.03481 1
Column
3 0.216247 0.045547 1
Column
4 0.2693 0.10392 0.251243 1
Column
5 0.280042 0.097071 0.1874 0.346685 1
 CHAPTER 5

5. Conclusion

Through the comprehensive survey of questionnaire and after analysis of these I

find that most of the peoples think that the alternative of energy resources must utilized.

The model summary table shows the values of Regression, R Square (coefficient of

Determination) and Standard Error. The value of Regression shows a positive

relationship between the energy of resources shrinking and alternative usage .

Literature review reference:

1. Aqeel, A., and M. S. Butt (2001) the Relationship between Energy Consumption
And Economic Growth in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Development Journal 8:2 (December),
101–110.

2. Asafu-Adjaye (2000) the Relationship between Energy Consumption, Energy Prices

And Economic Growth: Time Series Evidence from Asians Developing Countries.
Energy Economics 22:6 (December), 615–626.

3. Asmatullah khan,(2000),Energy crisis in the developing countries and marketing strategies for
the Illinois basin coal for the 21st century Department of Economics, Gomal University, Dera
Ismail Khan, NWFP. Pakistan.

4. Dahl, C. A. and L. McDonald.(1998)Forecasting energy demand in the developing world.

Energy Sources, vol. 20, Taylor and Francis, p. 875–889.

5. Dorin, J. P. and F. Fesharaki. 1992. International issues in Energy Policy, Development, and
Economics. West view Press, Inc. NY.

6. Ebinger, C. K. (1981) Pakistan: Energy Planning in a Strategic Vortex.

7. IEA, UN Energy Statistics Year book and World Development Indicators, 1999. p 144 -147.

8. Moore J. S. 2000. Coal has a powerful Future in Illinois: The Illinois Coal, Energizing the 21 st
Century. Illinois Clean Coal Institute report.

9. Moroney, J. R. (1992) Energy, Capital and Technological Change in the United

States. Resource and Energy 14:4 (December), 363–380.

10. McRae, R. N. 1992. Energy Demand in Developing Asian Countries in James P Dorian and
F. Fesharaki (eds)., International Issues in Energy Policy, Development, & Economics, West
view Press, Inc., City, State, p.7 -23

11. Nayyer Alam Zaigham, Professor & Director, Institute of Environmental Studies, University
of Karachi,(2oo5 )Karachi, Pakistan; E-mail: zaigham@gerrys.net and Zaigham@geol.ku.edu.pk,
Zeeshan Alam Nayyer, Lecturer, Department of Applied Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi,
Pakistan

12. Riaz, T. (1984) Pakistan: The Energy Sector—A Study in Sector Planning. Lahore:
Ferozesons Limited, Pakistan.
13. Thomas Valone M.A., P.E. (2000), Future Energy Technologies, (Proceedings of the
International Energy Foundation's 8th International Energy Forum - ENERGEX '2000 & World
Future Society Annual Conference).

11. U.S. Department of Commerce.(1998)Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM 145.

12. U.N.World Development Indicator (1999). NY; Available at http://www.worldbank.org/

13. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1998. Bureau of the Census, Monthly Report EM 145.

14. Weirauch, W. 1997. IFP Forecasts Global Energy Use to Reach 11.6 Btoe/ year in 2010.
Hydro Carbon Processing.

15. World Energy Council. 1999. WEC Homepage [Online]. Available at

http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/ (Verified 18 Sept. 2000).

16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources (last modified on 12 January 2010 at 15:35) Resource

& Types of Resources.

17. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/(Last Reviewed: October 1, 2009) Energy, Sources

Can be Categorized As Renewable or Nonrenewable, Energy Sources Can be Categorized
As Renewable or Nonrenewable.

18.http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf.Retrieved
16-March-2009."World Wind Energy Report 2008" (PDF). Report. World Wind Energy
Association. February 2009.

19. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Pakistan Energy profile of Pakistan

ANNXURES
 Independent Variable
Resources
Shrinking Alternative

Gas Hydel Coal Wind

Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12

Average Average Average Average

3 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2.5 3 1 2
3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1.5 1 1 1
4 3 3.5 2 3 2.5 5 2 3.5 4 3 3.5
3 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 3.5 2 2 2
2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 2.5 5 1 3
3 2 2.5 4 4 4 4 3 3.5 2 1 1.5
2 3 2.5 5 2 3.5 4 5 4.5 2 4 3
1 2 1.5 3 4 3.5 1 2 1.5 1 4 2.5
3 5 4 3 5 4 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.5
2 4 3 5 2 3.5 3 3 3 3 5 4
2 1 1.5 3 2 2.5 2 1 1.5 4 1 2.5
3 1 2 4 3 3.5 1 3 2 1 3 2
3 1 2 4 2 3 5 3 4 2 5 3.5
1 1 1 4 1 2.5 1 5 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2
2 5 3.5 2 2 2 3 2 2.5 4 2 3
5 1 3 4 1 2.5 3 2 2.5 2 3 2.5
5 4 4.5 1 1 1 1 2 1.5 3 1 2
1 1 1 1 8 4.5 3 1 2 2 2 2
3 4 3.5 4 3 3.5 1 1 1 1 5 3
1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1.5 1 1 1 2 1 1.5
2 3 2.5 2 1 1.5 3 1 2 4 1 2.5
1 1 1 2 3 2.5 3 1 2 2 1 1.5
2 3 2.5 1 1 1 2 1 1.5 3 3 3
2 1 1.5 1 4 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 4 5 4.5 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 5 4.5 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1.5 3 3 3
1 2 1.5 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 3 2 3 4 3.5 2 2 2 4 5 4.5
1 4 2.5 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 2
1 3 2 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1.5 4 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 4 2.5 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2
3 4 3.5 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1.5 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1.5
3 4 3.5 1 2 1.5 1 3 2 3 1 2
1 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 3 2
1 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1.5
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 2
3 2 2.5 3 2 2.5 2 3 2.5 4 5 4.5
1 2 1.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 3 1 2 1 4 2.5 2 3 2.5
5 4 4.5 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 1 1 1
4 4 4 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
3 1 2 4 1 2.5 2 1 1.5 1 1 1
1 1 1 4 3 3.5 2 2 2 3 4 3.5
 Dependent Variable
Energy

Q3 Q4

Average
2 1 1.5
2 1 1.5
1 2 1.5
3 3 3
1 3 2
1 3 2
3 3 3
1 2 1.5
2 1 1.5
2 4 3
1 1 1
3 1 2
2 5 3.5
2 2 2
3 3 3
5 3 4
3 2 2.5
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 2 1.5
2 2 2
1 2 1.5
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 3 2.5
1 2 1.5
1 1 1
1 2 1.5
1 1 1
2 1 1.5
2 2 2
5 1 3
5 2 3.5
4 5 4.5
3 2 2.5
1 1 1
1 1 1
3 2 2.5
1 5 3
1 1 1
1 2 1.5
3 1 2
3 3 3
1 3 2
2 3 2.5
2 1 1.5
2 1 1.5
4 1 2.5
1 2 1.5
 Questionnaire
I am a research student of M.B.A and this questionnaire is designed to obtain a
better understanding of the impact on Pakistan energy crisis. This information you
provide me will be used only academic purposes.

1. Gender
Male Female
2. Age ( years)
Under 20 20-30 31-40
41-50 51-60 Above 60

3. The resources are directly affected to the energy?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

4. Are natural resources of country increase the capacity of the energy?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

5. The shrinking of Gas resources increases the energy crisis?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

6) The extra consumption of Gas causes the energy crisis?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

7) Recently 25% of Hydel resources decrease due to construction of Baghlir

Dam?
1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

8) The water storage capacity of Old Dams decrease due to the mud gather
in bottom?
1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

9) If we utilized our coal resources what effect on electricity will increased?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

10) Coal reduces the cost of production of energy?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

11) Current Energy crisis can be fulfilled the through Wind energy?
1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree

12) Wind energy is cheaper than Hydel energy?

1) Agree 2) Strongly Agree 3) Neutral 4) Disagree 5) Strongly Disagree