Europe

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EuropeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Europe
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Europe( i /jrp/or/jrp/[2])isacontinentthatcomprisesthewesternmost
peninsulaofEurasia.ItisgenerallydividedfromAsiabythewatersheddividesof
theUralandCaucasusMountains,theUralRiver,theCaspianandBlackSeas,and
thewaterwaysconnectingtheBlackandAegeanSeas.[3]
Europe
EuropeisborderedbytheArcticOceantothenorth,theAtlanticOceantothewest,
theMediterraneanSeatothesouth,andtheBlackSeaanditsconnectedwaterways
tothesoutheast.YetthebordersofEuropeaconceptdatingbacktoclassical
antiquityarearbitrary,astheprimarilyphysiographicterm"continent"also
incorporatesculturalandpoliticalelements.
Europeistheworld'ssecondsmallestcontinentbysurfacearea,coveringabout
10,180,000squarekilometres(3,930,000sqmi)or2%oftheEarth'ssurfaceand
about6.8%ofitslandarea.OfEurope'sapproximately50countries,Russiaisby
farthelargestbybothareaandpopulation,takingup40%ofthecontinent
(althoughthecountryhasterritoryinbothEuropeandAsia),whileVaticanCityis
thesmallest.EuropeisthethirdmostpopulouscontinentafterAsiaandAfrica,
withapopulationof739743millionorabout11%oftheworld'spopulation.[4]
Themostcommonlyusedcurrencyistheeuro.
Europe,inparticularancientGreece,isthebirthplaceofWesternculture.[5]It
playedapredominantroleinglobalaffairsfromthe15thcenturyonwards,
especiallyafterthebeginningofcolonialism.Betweenthe16thand20thcenturies,
EuropeannationscontrolledatvarioustimestheAmericas,mostofAfrica,
Oceania,andtheoverwhelmingmajorityofAsia.TheIndustrialRevolution,which
beganinGreatBritainaroundtheendofthe18thcentury,gaverisetoradical
economic,cultural,andsocialchangeinWesternEurope,andeventuallythewider
world.Demographicgrowthmeantthat,by1900,Europe'sshareoftheworld's
populationwas25%.[6]
BothworldwarswerelargelyfocuseduponEurope,greatlycontributingtoa
declineinWesternEuropeandominanceinworldaffairsbythemid20thcenturyas
theUnitedStatesandSovietUniontookprominence.[7]DuringtheColdWar,
EuropewasdividedalongtheIronCurtainbetweenNATOinthewestandthe
WarsawPactintheeast.EuropeanintegrationledtotheformationoftheCouncilof
EuropeandtheEuropeanUnioninWesternEurope,bothofwhichhavebeen
expandingeastwardsincetherevolutionsof1989andthefalloftheSovietUnionin
1991.TheEuropeanUnionnowadayshasgrowinginfluenceoveritsmember
countries.ManyEuropeancountriesaremembersoftheSchengenArea,which
abolishesborderandimmigrationcontrolsamongitsmembers.
Area
10,180,000km2(3,930,000sqmi)[n]
Population 742,452,000[n](2013, 3rd)

Pop.
density
72.9/km2(about188/sqmi)
Demonym European
Countries 50(and6partiallyrecognised)(listof
countries)
Languages Listoflanguages
Timezones UTCtoUTC+6
Internet
TLD
Largest
cities
.eu(EuropeanUnion)
MetropolitanareasinEurope
Istanbul[1]
Moscow
London
Paris
Ruhr
Madrid
Milan
Contents
1Definition
2Etymology
3History
3.1Prehistory
3.2Classicalantiquity
3.3EarlyMiddleAges
3.4MiddleAges
3.5Earlymodernperiod
3.618thand19thcenturies
3.720thcenturytothepresent
Europeanstates
Europeanterritoryoftranscontinental
states
Asianterritoryoftranscontinental
states
Asianstates
4Geography
4.1Climate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe
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4.2Geology
4.2.1Geologicalhistory
4.3Biodiversity
5Politicalgeography
6Integration
7Economy
7.1Pre1945:Industrialgrowth
7.219451990:TheColdWar
7.319912007:Integrationandreunification
7.420082010:Recession
8Demographics
8.1Language
8.2Religion
9Culture
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
13Externallinks
Definition
ClickablemapofEurope,showingoneofthemostcommonlyusedcontinentalboundaries[8]
Key:blue:stateswhichstraddletheborderbetweenEuropeandAsiagreen:statesnotgeographicallyinEurope,butcloselyassociatedpolitically[9]
ArcticOcean
BaffinBay
Svalbard(Nor)
Greenland(Dk)
Novaya
Zemlya
(Rus.)
BarentsSea
GreenlandSea
Iceland
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Norwegian
Sea
Far.(Dk)
Norway
Finland
Sweden Estonia
Russia
Baltic
Latvia
Sea
North
SeaDenmark
Lithuania
Ireland
United
Belarus
Celtic Kingdom
Sea
Neth.
Poland
BelgiumGermany
Lux.
Ukraine
Czech
Rep.Slovakia
Bayof
France
Moldova
Switz Austria
Azov
Biscay
erlandLiech. HungaryRomania
Sea
Slo.
Black
Croatia
Sea
Serbia
And.
Mon. S.Mar. BiH
Portugal
Ligurian ItalyAdr
Bulgaria
iatic Mont.
Kos.
Sea
Turkey
Spain
Vat. Sea
Mac.
Alb.
Gulfof
Greece
Cdiz
StraitofGibraltarMediterraneanSea
Aegean
Cyprus
Sea
Malta
Kazakhstan
Caspian
Sea
Georgia Azer.
Armenia
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Theuseoftheterm"Europe"hasdevelopedgraduallythroughouthistory.[10][11]Inantiquity,theGreekhistorianHerodotus
mentionedthattheworldhadbeendividedbyunknown
personsintothreeparts,Europe,Asia,andLibya
(Africa),withtheNileandtheRiverPhasisforming
theirboundariesthoughhealsostatesthatsome
consideredtheRiverDon,ratherthanthePhasis,asthe
boundarybetweenEuropeandAsia.[12]Europe's
easternfrontierwasdefinedinthe1stcenturyby
geographerStraboattheRiverDon.[13]TheBookof
ReconstructionofHerodotus'world
Jubileesdescribedthecontinentsasthelandsgivenby
map
NoahtohisthreesonsEuropewasdefinedas
stretchingfromthePillarsofHerculesattheStraitof
Gibraltar,separatingitfromNorthAfrica,totheDon,separatingitfromAsia.[14]
AculturaldefinitionofEuropeasthelandsofLatinChristendomcoalescedinthe8thcentury,
signifyingthenewculturalcondominiumcreatedthroughtheconfluenceofGermanic
traditionsandChristianLatinculture,definedpartlyincontrastwithByzantiumandIslam,and
limitedtonorthernIberia,theBritishIsles,France,ChristianizedwesternGermany,theAlpine
regionsandnorthernandcentralItaly.[15]Theconceptisoneofthelastinglegaciesofthe
CarolingianRenaissance:"Europa"oftenfiguresinthelettersofCharlemagne'scourtscholar,
Alcuin.[16]ThisdivisionasmuchculturalasgeographicalwasuseduntiltheLateMiddle
Ages,whenitwaschallengedbytheAgeofDiscovery.[17][18]Theproblemofredefining
Europewasfinallyresolvedin1730when,insteadofwaterways,theSwedishgeographerand
cartographervonStrahlenbergproposedtheUralMountainsasthemostsignificanteastern
boundary,asuggestionthatfoundfavourinRussiaandthroughoutEurope.[19]
EuropeisnowgenerallydefinedbygeographersasthewesternpeninsulaofEurasia,withits
boundariesmarkedbylargebodiesofwatertothenorth,westandsouthEurope'slimitstothe
fareastareusuallytakentobetheUrals,theUralRiver,andtheCaspianSeatothesoutheast,
includingtheCaucasusMountains,theBlackSeaandthewaterwaysconnectingtheBlackSea
totheMediterraneanSea.[20]
AmedievalTandOmapfrom1472
showingthethreecontinentsas
domainsofthesonsofNoahAsia
toSem(Shem),EuropetoIafeth
(Japheth),andAfricatoCham(Ham)
EarlymoderndepictionofEuropa
regina('QueenEurope')andthe
mythicalEuropaofthe8thcentury
beforeChrist.
Islandsaregenerallygroupedwiththenearestcontinentallandmass,henceIcelandisgenerally
consideredtobepartofEurope,whilethenearbyislandofGreenlandisusuallyassignedto
NorthAmerica.Nevertheless,therearesomeexceptionsbasedonsociopoliticalandculturaldifferences.CyprusisclosesttoAnatolia
(orAsiaMinor),butisusuallyconsideredpartofEuropebothculturallyandpoliticallyandcurrentlyisamemberstateoftheEU.
MaltawasconsideredanislandofNorthAfricaforcenturies.[21]
ThegeographicboundarydrawnbetweenEuropeandAsiain1730followsnointernationalboundaries.Asaresult,attemptsto
organizeEuropealongpoliticaloreconomiclineshaveresultedinusesofthenameinageopoliticallylimitingway[22]toreferonlyto
the28memberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion,orevenmoreexclusively,toaculturallydefinedcore.Conversely,Europehasalsobeen
usedinaveryexpansivewaybytheCouncilofEuropewhichhas47membercountries,[23]someofwhichterritoriallyoverreachthe
UralandBosphoruslinestoincludeallofSiberiaandTurkey.Inaddition,peopleintheBritishIslesmayreferto"continental"or
"mainland"EuropeasEurope.[24]
Etymology
InancientGreekmythology,EuropawasaPhoenicianprincesswhomZeusabductedafter
assumingtheformofadazzlingwhitebull.HetookhertotheislandofCretewhereshegave
birthtoMinos,Rhadamanthus,andSarpedon.ForHomer,Europe(AncientGreek:,
EurpseealsoListofGreekplacenames)wasamythologicalqueenofCrete,nota
geographicaldesignation.
TheetymologyofEuropeisuncertain.[25]Onetheorysuggeststhatitisderivedfromthe
Greek(eurus),meaning"wide,broad"[26]and//(ps/p/opt),meaning
"eye,face,countenance",[27]henceEurp,"widegazing","broadofaspect"(comparewith
glaukpis('greyeyed')Athenaorbopis('oxeyed')Hera).Broadhasbeen
anepithetofEarthitselfinthereconstructedProtoIndoEuropeanreligion.[28]Anothertheory
suggeststhatitisbasedonaSemiticwordsuchastheAkkadianerebumeaning"togodown,
set"[29](inreferencetothesun),cognatetoPhoenician'ereb"eveningwest"andArabic
EuropaandthebullonaGreekvase.
TarquiniaMuseum,c.480BC
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Maghreb,Hebrewma'arav(seealsoErebus,PIE*h1regos,"darkness").However,MartinLitchfieldWeststatesthat
"phonologically,thematchbetweenEuropa'snameandanyformoftheSemiticwordisverypoor".[30]
Whatevertheoriginofthenameofthemythologicalfigure,isfirstusedasageographicalterminthe6thcenturyBC,by
GreekgeographerssuchasAnaximanderandHecataeus.AnaximanderplacedtheboundarybetweenAsiaandEuropealongthe
PhasisRiver(themodernRioni)intheCaucasus,aconventionstillfollowedbyHerodotusinthe5thcenturyBC.[31]Butthe
conventionreceivedbytheMiddleAgesandsurvivingintomodernusageisthatoftheRomanerausedbyRomaneraauthorssuchas
Posidonius,[32]Strabo[33]andPtolemy,[34]whotooktheTanais(themodernDonRiver)astheboundary.Theterm"Europe"isfirst
usedforaculturalsphereintheCarolingianRenaissanceofthe9thcentury.Fromthattime,thetermdesignatedthesphereof
influenceoftheWesternChurch,asopposedtoboththeEasternOrthodoxchurchesandtotheIslamicworld.Themodernconvention,
enlargingtheareaof"Europe"somewhattotheeastandthesoutheast,developsinthe19thcentury.
Mostmajorworldlanguagesusewordsderivedfrom"Europa"torefertothe"continent"(peninsula).Chinese,forexample,usesthe
worduzhu()asimilarChinesederivedtermsh()isalsosometimesusedinJapanesesuchasintheJapanesenameof
theEuropeanUnion,shReng(),despitethekatakanaYroppa()beingmorecommonlyused.However,in
someTurkiclanguagestheoriginallyPersiannameFrangistan(landoftheFranks)isusedcasuallyinreferringtomuchofEurope,
besidesofficialnamessuchasAvrupaorEvropa.[35]
History
Prehistory
Homoerectusgeorgicus,whichlivedroughly1.8millionyearsagoinGeorgia,istheearliesthominidtohave
beendiscoveredinEurope.[36]Otherhominidremains,datingbackroughly1millionyears,havebeendiscovered
inAtapuerca,Spain.[37]Neanderthalman(namedaftertheNeandertalvalleyinGermany)appearedinEurope
150,000yearsagoanddisappearedfromthefossilrecordabout28,000BC,withthisextinctionprobablydueto
climatechange,andtheirfinalrefugebeingpresentdayPortugal.TheNeanderthalsweresupplantedbymodern
humans(CroMagnons),whoappearedinEuropearound43to40thousandyearsago.[38]
TheEuropeanNeolithicperiodmarkedbythecultivationofcropsandtheraisingoflivestock,increased
numbersofsettlementsandthewidespreaduseofpotterybeganaround7000BCinGreeceandtheBalkans,
probablyinfluencedbyearlierfarmingpracticesinAnatoliaandtheNearEast.[39]ItspreadfromtheBalkans
alongthevalleysoftheDanubeandtheRhine(LinearPotteryculture)andalongtheMediterraneancoast
(Cardialculture).Between4500and3000BC,thesecentralEuropeanneolithicculturesdevelopedfurthertothe
westandthenorth,transmittingnewlyacquiredskillsinproducingcopperartefacts.InWesternEuropethe
Neolithicperiodwascharacterisednotbylargeagriculturalsettlementsbutbyfieldmonuments,suchas
causewayedenclosures,burialmoundsandmegalithictombs.[40]TheCordedWareculturalhorizonflourishedat
thetransitionfromtheNeolithictotheChalcolithic.Duringthisperiodgiantmegalithicmonuments,suchasthe
MegalithicTemplesofMaltaandStonehenge,wereconstructedthroughoutWesternandSouthernEurope.[41][42]
TheEuropeanBronzeAgebeganc.3200BCinGreece.[43]
TheEuropeanIronAgebeganaround1200BC.[44]IronAgecolonisationbytheGreeksandPhoeniciansgave
risetoearlyMediterraneancities.EarlyIronAgeItalyandGreecefromaroundthe8thcenturyBCgradually
gaverisetohistoricalClassicalantiquity.
TheLadyof
Vina,neolithic
potteryfrom
Serbia
TheNebrasky
diskfrom
BronzeAge
Germany
Classicalantiquity
TheParthenoninAthens
AncientGreecewasthefoundingcultureofWesterncivilisation.Westerndemocraticand
individualisticcultureareoftenattributedtoAncientGreece.[45]TheGreeksinventedthepolis,
orcitystate,whichplayedafundamentalroleintheirconceptofidentity.[46]TheseGreek
politicalidealswererediscoveredinthelate18thcenturybyEuropeanphilosophersand
idealists.Greecealsogeneratedmanyculturalcontributions:inphilosophy,humanismand
rationalismunderAristotle,SocratesandPlatoinhistorywithHerodotusandThucydidesin
dramaticandnarrativeverse,startingwiththeepicpoemsofHomer[45]indramawith
SophoclesandEuripides,inmedicinewithHippocratesandGalenandinsciencewith
Pythagoras,EuclidandArchimedes.[47][48][49]
AnothermajorinfluencecameonEuropethatwouldimpactWesterncivilisationfromthe
RomanEmpirewhichleftitsmarkonlaw,politics,language,engineering,architecture,governmentandmanymoreaspectsin
westerncivilisation.[50]Duringthepaxromana,theRomanEmpireexpandedtoencompasstheentireMediterraneanBasinandmuch
ofEurope.[51]
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StoicisminfluencedRomanemperorssuchasHadrian,AntoninusPius,andMarcusAurelius,whoallspenttimeontheEmpire's
northernborderfightingGermanic,PictishandScottishtribes.[52][53]ChristianitywaseventuallylegitimisedbyConstantineIafter
threecenturiesofimperialpersecution.
EarlyMiddleAges
DuringthedeclineoftheRomanEmpire,Europeenteredalongperiodofchangearisingfrom
whathistorianscallthe"AgeofMigrations".Therewerenumerousinvasionsandmigrations
amongsttheOstrogoths,Visigoths,Goths,Vandals,Huns,Franks,Angles,Saxons,Slavs,
Avars,Bulgarsand,lateron,theVikings,Pechenegs,CumansandMagyars.[51]Renaissance
thinkerssuchasPetrarchwouldlaterrefertothisasthe"DarkAges".[54]Isolatedmonastic
communitiesweretheonlyplacestosafeguardandcompilewrittenknowledgeaccumulated
previouslyapartfromthisveryfewwrittenrecordssurviveandmuchliterature,philosophy,
mathematics,andotherthinkingfromtheclassicalperioddisappearedfromWesternEurope
thoughtheywerepreservedintheeast,intheByzantineEmpire.[55]
TheRomanEmpireatitsgreatest
extent
Fromthe7thcenturyonwards,MuslimArabsstartedtoencroachonhistoricallyRoman
territory.OverthenextcenturiesMuslimforcestookCyprus,Malta,Crete,Sicilyandpartsof
southernItaly.[56]IntheEast,VolgaBulgariabecameanIslamicstateinthe10thcentury.[57]
Between711and720,mostoftheIberianPeninsulawasbroughtunderMuslimrulesavefor
smallareasinthenorthwest(Asturias)andlargelyBasqueregionsinthePyrenees.Thisterritory,
undertheArabicnameAlAndalus,becamepartoftheexpandingUmayyadempire.
TheunsuccessfulsecondsiegeofConstantinople(717)weakened
theUmayyaddynastyandreducedtheirprestige.TheUmayyads
werethendefeatedbytheFrankishleaderCharlesMartelatthe
BattleofPoitiersin732,whichendedtheirnorthwardadvance.
Rolandpledgesfealtyto
Charlemagne,Holy
RomanEmperor
DuringtheDarkAges,theWesternRomanEmpirefellunderthe
controlofvarioustribes.TheGermanicandSlavtribesestablished
theirdomainsoverWesternandEasternEuroperespectively.[58]
EventuallytheFrankishtribeswereunitedunderClovisI.[59]
Charlemagne,aFrankishkingoftheCarolingiandynastywhohad
conqueredmostofWesternEurope,wasanointed"HolyRoman
Emperor"bythePopein800.Thisledin962tothefoundingofthe
HolyRomanEmpire,whicheventuallybecamecentredinthe
GermanprincipalitiesofcentralEurope.[60]
Europec.650
Charlemagne'sempirein814:
Frankia, Tributaries
EastCentralEuropesawthecreationofSlavicstatesandtheadoptionofChristianity(circa1000AD).
PowerfulWestSlavicstateofGreatMoraviaspreaditsterritoryallthewaysouthtotheBalkanSlavs.
DelegationsofCroatsand
MoraviareacheditslargestterritorialextentunderSvatoplukIandcausedaseriesofarmedconflicts
SerbsatByzantinecourt
withEastFrancia.Furthersouth,placedbetweentheFrankishEmpireandtheByzantines,thefirstSouth
ofBasilI
Slavicstatesemergedinthelate7thand8thcentury:FirstBulgarianEmpire,SerbianPrincipality(later
KingdomandEmpire)andDuchyofCroatia(laterKingdomofCroatia).FurthertotheEast,theKievan
RusexpandedfromitscapitalinKievtobecomethelargeststateinEuropebythe10thcentury.In988,VladimirtheGreatadopted
OrthodoxChristianityasthereligionofstate.
ThepredominantlyGreekspeakingEasternRomanEmpireretroactivelybecameknownintheWestastheByzantineEmpire.Its
capitalwasConstantinople.EmperorJustinianIpresidedoverConstantinople'sfirstgoldenage:heestablishedalegalcode,funded
theconstructionoftheHagiaSophiaandbroughttheChristianchurchunderstatecontrol.[61]Duringmostofitsexistence,the
ByzantineEmpirewasthemostpowerfuleconomic,cultural,andmilitaryforceinEurope.Fatallyweakenedbythesackof
Constantinoplein1204,duringtheFourthCrusade,[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]Byzantiumfellin1453whenitwasconqueredbythe
OttomanEmpire.[71][72][73]
MiddleAges
TheeconomicgrowthofEuropearoundtheyear1000,togetherwiththelackofsafetyonthemainlandtradingroutes,madepossible
thedevelopmentofmajorcommercialroutesalongthecoastoftheMediterraneanSea.Inthiscontext,thegrowingindependence
acquiredbysomecoastalcitiesgavetheMaritimeRepublicsaleadingroleintheEuropeanscene.
TheMiddleAgesonthemainlandweredominatedbythetwoupperechelonsofthesocialstructure:thenobilityandtheclergy.
FeudalismdevelopedinFranceintheEarlyMiddleAgesandsoonspreadthroughoutEurope.[74]Astruggleforinfluencebetweenthe
nobilityandthemonarchyinEnglandledtothewritingoftheMagnaCartaandtheestablishmentofaparliament.[75]Theprimary
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sourceofcultureinthisperiodcamefromtheRomanCatholicChurch.Throughmonasteriesandcathedralschools,theChurchwas
responsibleforeducationinmuchofEurope.[74]
ThePapacyreachedtheheightofitspowerduringtheHighMiddleAges.AnEastWestSchismin1054splittheformerRoman
Empirereligiously,withtheEasternOrthodoxChurchintheByzantineEmpireandtheRoman
CatholicChurchintheformerWesternRomanEmpire.In1095PopeUrbanIIcalledfora
crusadeagainstMuslimsoccupyingJerusalemandtheHolyLand.[76]InEuropeitself,the
ChurchorganisedtheInquisitionagainstheretics.InSpain,theReconquistaconcludedwith
thefallofGranadain1492,endingoversevencenturiesofIslamicruleintheIberian
Peninsula.[77]
Inthe11thand12thcenturies,constantincursionsby
nomadicTurkictribes,suchasthePechenegsandthe
CumanKipchaks,causedamassivemigrationofSlavic
populationstothesafer,heavilyforestedregionsofthe
northandtemporarilyhaltedtheexpansionoftheRus'
statetothesouthandeast.[78]Likemanyotherpartsof
TancredofSicilyandPhilipIIof
Eurasia,theseterritorieswereoverrunbythe
France,duringtheThirdCrusade
Mongols.[79]Theinvaders,whobecameknownas
Tatars,weremostlyTurkicspeakingpeoplesunder
Mongolsuzerainty.TheyestablishedthestateoftheGoldenHordewithheadquartersin
Crimea,whichlateradoptedIslamasareligionandruledovermoderndaysouthernand
centralRussiaformorethanthreecenturies.[80][81]AfterthecollapseofMongoldominions,
thefirstRomanianstates(principalities)emergedinthe14thcentury:MoldovaandWalachia.
Previously,theseterritorieswereunderthesuccessivecontrolofPechenegsandCumans.[82]
Fromthe12thtothe15thcenturies,theGrandDuchyofMoscowgrewfromasmall
principalityunderMongolruletothelargeststateinEurope,overthrowingtheMongolsin
1480andeventuallybecomingtheTsardomofRussia.ThestatewasconsolidatedunderIvan
IIItheGreatandIvantheTerrible,steadilyexpandingtotheeastandsouthoverthenext
centuries.
ThesackingofSuzdalbyBatuKhan
in1238,duringtheMongolinvasion
ofEurope.
TheGreatFamineof13151317wasthefirstcrisisthatwouldstrikeEuropeinthelateMiddle
Ages.[83]Theperiodbetween1348and1420witnessedtheheaviestloss.Thepopulationof
Francewasreducedbyhalf.[84][85]MedievalBritainwasafflictedby95famines,[86]and
Francesufferedtheeffectsof75ormoreinthesameperiod.[87]Europewasdevastatedinthemid14thcenturybytheBlackDeath,
oneofthemostdeadlypandemicsinhumanhistorywhichkilledanestimated25millionpeopleinEuropealoneathirdofthe
Europeanpopulationatthetime.[88]
TheplaguehadadevastatingeffectonEurope'ssocialstructureitinducedpeopletoliveforthemomentasillustratedbyGiovanni
BoccaccioinTheDecameron(1353).ItwasaseriousblowtotheRomanCatholicChurchandledtoincreasedpersecutionofJews,
foreigners,beggarsandlepers.[89]Theplagueisthoughttohavereturnedeverygenerationwithvaryingvirulenceandmortalitiesuntil
the18thcentury.[90]Duringthisperiod,morethan100plagueepidemicssweptacrossEurope.[91]
Earlymodernperiod
TheSchoolofAthensbyRaphael:
ContemporariessuchasMichelangelo
andLeonardodaVinci(centre)are
portrayedasclassicalscholars
TheRenaissancewasaperiodofculturalchangeoriginatinginFlorenceandlaterspreading
totherestofEurope.inthe14thcentury.Theriseofanewhumanismwasaccompaniedby
therecoveryofforgottenclassicalGreekandArabicknowledgefrommonasticlibraries,
oftentranslatedfromArabicintoLatin.[92][93][94]TheRenaissancespreadacrossEurope
betweenthe14thand16thcenturies:itsawthefloweringofart,philosophy,music,andthe
sciences,underthejointpatronageofroyalty,thenobility,theRomanCatholicChurch,and
anemergingmerchantclass.[95][96][97]PatronsinItaly,includingtheMedicifamilyof
FlorentinebankersandthePopesinRome,fundedprolificquattrocentoandcinquecento
artistssuchasRaphael,Michelangelo,andLeonardodaVinci.[98][99]
PoliticalintriguewithintheChurchinthemid14thcenturycausedtheWesternSchism.
Duringthisfortyyearperiod,twopopesoneinAvignonandoneinRomeclaimed
rulershipovertheChurch.Althoughtheschismwaseventuallyhealedin1417,thepapacy's
spiritualauthorityhadsufferedgreatly.[100]
TheChurch'spowerwasfurtherweakenedbytheProtestantReformation(15171648),initiallysparkedbytheworksofGerman
theologianMartinLuther,aresultofthelackofreformwithintheChurch.TheReformationalsodamagedtheHolyRomanEmpire's
power,asGermanprincesbecamedividedbetweenProtestantandRomanCatholicfaiths.[101]ThiseventuallyledtotheThirtyYears
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War(16181648),whichcrippledtheHolyRomanEmpireanddevastatedmuchofGermany,killingbetween25and40percentofits
population.[102]IntheaftermathofthePeaceofWestphalia,FrancerosetopredominancewithinEurope.[103]
The17thcenturyinsouthern,centralandeasternEuropewasaperiodofgeneraldecline.[104]Central
andEasternEuropeexperiencedmorethan150faminesina200yearperiodbetween1501to
1700.[105]Fromthe15thto18thcenturies,whenthedisintegratingkhanatesoftheGoldenHordewere
conqueredbyRussia,TatarsfromtheCrimeanKhanatefrequentlyraidedEasternSlaviclandsto
captureslaves.[106]TheBattleofViennain1683broketheadvanceoftheOttomanTurksintoEurope,
andmarkedthepoliticalhegemonyoftheHabsburgdynastyincentralEurope.TheNogaiHordeand
KazakhKhanatehadfrequentlyraidedtheSlavicspeakingareasofRussia,UkraineandPolandforat
leastahundredyearsuntiltheRussianexpansionandconquestofmostofnorthernEurasia(i.e.
EasternEurope,CentralAsiaandSiberia).
TheRenaissanceandtheNewMonarchsmarkedthestartofanAgeofDiscovery,aperiodof
exploration,invention,andscientificdevelopment.[107]AmongthegreatfiguresoftheWestern
scientificrevolutionofthe16thand17thcenturieswereCopernicus,Kepler,Galileo,andIsaac
MartinLutherinitiatedthe
Newton.[108]AccordingtoPeterBarrett,"Itiswidelyacceptedthat'modernscience'aroseinthe
ProtestantReformation
Europeofthe17thcentury(towardstheendoftheRenaissance),introducinganewunderstandingof
[92]
thenaturalworld." Inthe15thcentury,PortugalandSpain,twoofthegreatestnavalpowersofthe
time,tooktheleadinexploringtheworld.[109][110]ChristopherColumbusreachedtheNewWorldin1492andVascodaGamaopened
theoceanroutetotheEastin1498,andsoonaftertheSpanishandPortuguesebeganestablishingcolonialempiresintheAmericas
andAsia.[111]France,theNetherlandsandEnglandsoonfollowedinbuildinglargecolonialempireswithvastholdingsinAfrica,the
Americas,andAsia.
18thand19thcenturies
TheAgeofEnlightenmentwasapowerfulintellectualmovementduringthe18thcentury
promotingscientificandreasonbasedthoughts.[112][113][114]Discontentwiththearistocracy
andclergy'smonopolyonpoliticalpowerinFranceresultedintheFrenchRevolutionandthe
establishmentoftheFirstRepublicasaresultofwhichthemonarchyandmanyofthenobility
perishedduringtheinitialreignofterror.[115]NapoleonBonaparterosetopowerinthe
aftermathoftheFrenchRevolutionandestablishedtheFirstFrenchEmpirethat,duringthe
NapoleonicWars,grewtoencompasslargepartsofEuropebeforecollapsingin1815withthe
BattleofWaterloo.[116][117]Napoleonicruleresultedinthefurtherdisseminationoftheideals
oftheFrenchRevolution,includingthatofthenationstate,aswellasthewidespreadadoption
Napoleon'sretreatfromRussiain
oftheFrenchmodelsofadministration,law,andeducation.[118][119][120]TheCongressof
1812.Napoleon'sGrandeArmehad
Vienna,convenedafterNapoleon'sdownfall,establishedanewbalanceofpowerinEurope
lostabouthalfamillionmen.
centredonthefive"GreatPowers":theUK,France,Prussia,Austria,andRussia.[121]This
balancewouldremaininplaceuntiltheRevolutionsof1848,duringwhichliberaluprisings
affectedallofEuropeexceptforRussiaandtheUK.Theserevolutionswereeventuallyputdownbyconservativeelementsandfew
reformsresulted.[122]Theyear1859sawtheunificationofRomania,asanationstate,fromsmallerprincipalities.In1867,theAustro
Hungarianempirewasformedand1871sawtheunificationsofbothItalyandGermanyasnationstatesfromsmaller
principalities.[123]
Inparallel,theEasternQuestiongrewmorecomplexeversincetheOttomandefeatintheRussoTurkish
War(17681774).AsthedissolutionoftheOttomanEmpireseemedimminent,theGreatPowers
struggledtosafeguardtheirstrategicandcommercialinterestsintheOttomandomains.TheRussian
Empirestoodtobenefitfromthedecline,whereastheHabsburgEmpireandBritainperceivedthe
preservationoftheOttomanEmpiretobeintheirbestinterests.Meanwhile,theSerbianrevolutionand
GreekWarofIndependencemarkedthebirthofnationalismintheBalkans.[124]Formalrecognitionofthe
defactoindependentprincipalitiesofMontenegro,SerbiaandRomaniaensuedattheCongressofBerlin
in1878.
TheIndustrialRevolutionstartedinGreatBritaininthelastpartofthe18thcenturyandspreadthroughout
Europe.Theinventionandimplementationofnewtechnologiesresultedinrapidurbangrowth,mass
employment,andtheriseofanewworkingclass.[125]Reformsinsocialandeconomicspheresfollowed,
includingthefirstlawsonchildlabour,thelegalisationoftradeunions,[126]andtheabolitionofslavery.[127]InBritain,thePublic
HealthActof1875waspassed,whichsignificantlyimprovedlivingconditionsinmanyBritishcities.[128]Europe'spopulation
increasedfromabout100millionin1700to400millionby1900.[129]ThelastmajorfaminerecordedinWesternEurope,theIrish
PotatoFamine,causeddeathandmassemigrationofmillionsofIrishpeople.[130]Inthe19thcentury,70millionpeopleleftEuropein
migrationstovariousEuropeancoloniesabroadandtotheUnitedStates.[131]
OttomanEuropein1856
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20thcenturytothepresent
TwoWorldWarsandaneconomicdepressiondominatedthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.World
WarIwasfoughtbetween1914and1918.ItstartedwhenArchdukeFranzFerdinandofAustriawas
assassinatedbytheYugoslavnationalist[137]GavriloPrincip.[138]MostEuropeannationsweredrawn
intothewar,whichwasfoughtbetweentheEntentePowers(France,Belgium,Serbia,Portugal,
Russia,theUnitedKingdom,andlaterItaly,Greece,Romania,andtheUnitedStates)andtheCentral
Powers(AustriaHungary,Germany,Bulgaria,andtheOttomanEmpire).TheWarleftmorethan
16millionciviliansandmilitarydead.[139]Over60millionEuropeansoldiersweremobilisedfrom
1914to1918.[140]
Marshall'sTempleWorks,the
IndustrialRevolutionstartedin
GreatBritain
RussiawasplungedintotheRussianRevolution,whichthrewdowntheTsarist
monarchyandreplaceditwiththecommunistSovietUnion.[141]AustriaHungary
andtheOttomanEmpirecollapsedandbrokeupintoseparatenations,andmany
othernationshadtheirbordersredrawn.TheTreatyofVersailles,whichofficially
endedWorldWarIin1919,washarshtowardsGermany,uponwhomitplacedfull
responsibilityforthewarandimposedheavysanctions.[142]
ExcessdeathsinRussiaoverthecourseofWorldWarIandtheRussianCivilWar
(includingthepostwarfamine)amountedtoacombinedtotalof18million.[143]In
19321933,underStalin'sleadership,confiscationsofgrainbytheSovietauthorities
contributedtothesecondSovietfaminewhichcausedmillionsofdeaths[144]
survivingkulakswerepersecutedandmanysenttoGulagstodoforcedlabour.
StalinwasalsoresponsiblefortheGreatPurgeof193738inwhichtheNKVD
executed681,692people[145]millionsofpeopleweredeportedandexiledtoremote
areasoftheSovietUnion.[146]
LeadersoftheCentralPowers(lefttoright):
KaiserWilhelmIIofGermany
KaiserandKingFranzJosephofAustriaHungary
SultanMehmedVoftheOttomanEmpire
TsarFerdinandofBulgaria.
Economicinstability,causedinpartbydebtsincurredintheFirstWorldWarand
'loans'toGermanyplayedhavocinEuropeinthelate1920sand1930s.Thisandthe
WallStreetCrashof1929broughtabouttheworldwideGreatDepression.Helpedbytheeconomic
crisis,socialinstabilityandthethreatofcommunism,fascistmovementsdevelopedthroughout
EuropeplacingAdolfHitlerofNaziGermany,FranciscoFrancoofSpainandBenitoMussoliniof
Italyinpower.[147][148]
In1933,HitlerbecametheleaderofGermanyandbegantoworktowardshisgoalofbuilding
GreaterGermany.GermanyreexpandedandtookbacktheSaarlandandRhinelandin1935and
1936.In1938,AustriabecameapartofGermanyfollowingtheAnschluss.Laterthatyear,following
theMunichAgreementsignedbyGermany,France,theUnitedKingdomandItaly,Germany
annexedtheSudetenland,whichwasapartofCzechoslovakiainhabitedbyethnicGermans,andin
early1939,theremainderofCzechoslovakiawassplitintotheProtectorateofBohemiaand
Moravia,controlledbyGermany,andtheSlovakRepublic.Atthetime,BritainandFrance
preferredapolicyofappeasement.
WithtensionsmountingbetweenGermanyandPolandoverthefutureofDanzig,theGermans
turnedtotheSoviets,andsignedtheMolotovRibbentropPact,whichallowedtheSovietsto
invadetheBalticstatesandpartsofPolandandRomania.GermanyinvadedPolandon1
September1939,promptingFranceandtheUnitedKingdomtodeclarewaronGermanyon3
September,openingtheEuropeanTheatreofWorldWarII.[149][150]TheSovietinvasionof
Polandstartedon17SeptemberandPolandfellsoonthereafter.On24September,theSoviet
UnionattackedtheBalticcountriesandlater,Finland.TheBritishhopedtolandatNarvikand
sendtroopstoaidFinland,buttheirprimaryobjectiveinthelandingwastoencircleGermany
andcuttheGermansofffromScandinavianresources.Aroundthesametime,Germanymoved
troopsintoDenmark.ThePhoneyWarcontinued.
Serbianwareffortscostedthe
countryonequarterofits
population[132][133][134][135][136
RuinsofGuernica(1937).The
SpanishCivilWarclaimedthelives
ofover500,000people.
InMay1940,GermanyattackedFrancethroughtheLowCountries.FrancecapitulatedinJune1940.ByAugustGermanybegana
bombingoffensiveonBritain,butfailedtoconvincetheBritonstogiveup.[151]In1941,GermanyinvadedtheSovietUnioninthe
OperationBarbarossa.[152]On7December1941Japan'sattackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintotheconflictasalliesofthe
BritishEmpireandotheralliedforces.[153][154]
AfterthestaggeringBattleofStalingradin1943,theGermanoffensiveintheSovietUnionturnedintoacontinualfallback.The
BattleofKursk,whichinvolvedthelargesttankbattleinhistory,wasthelastmajorGermanoffensiveontheEasternFront.In1944,
BritishandAmericanforcesinvadedFranceintheDDaylandings,openinganewfrontagainstGermany.Berlinfinallyfellin1945,
endingWorldWarIIinEurope.Thewarwasthelargestandmostdestructiveinhumanhistory,with60milliondeadacrossthe
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world.[155]Morethan40millionpeopleinEuropehaddiedasaresultofWorldWarII,[156]
includingbetween11and17millionpeoplewhoperishedduringtheHolocaust.[157]The
SovietUnionlostaround27millionpeople(mostlycivilians)duringthewar,abouthalfofall
WorldWarIIcasualties.[158]BytheendofWorldWarII,Europehadmorethan40million
refugees.[159]SeveralpostwarexpulsionsinCentralandEasternEuropedisplacedatotalof
about20millionpeople.[160]
WorldWarIandespeciallyWorldWarIIdiminishedtheeminenceofWesternEuropein
worldaffairs.AfterWorldWarIIthemapofEuropewasredrawnattheYaltaConferenceand
dividedintotwoblocs,theWesterncountriesandthecommunistEasternbloc,separatedby
whatwaslatercalledbyWinstonChurchillan"IronCurtain".TheUnitedStatesandWestern
EuropeestablishedtheNATOallianceandlaterthe
SovietUnionandCentralEuropeestablishedthe
WarsawPact.[161]
TheSchumanDeclarationledtothe
creationoftheEuropeanCoaland
SteelCommunity.Itbeganthe
integrationprocessoftheEuropean
Union.(9May1950,attheFrench
ForeignMinistry)
Thetwonewsuperpowers,theUnitedStatesandthe
SovietUnion,becamelockedinafiftyyearlongCold
War,centredonnuclearproliferation.Atthesametime
decolonisation,whichhadalreadystartedafterWorld
WarI,graduallyresultedintheindependenceofmost
oftheEuropeancoloniesinAsiaandAfrica.[7]Inthe
1980sthereformsofMikhailGorbachevandthe
SolidaritymovementinPolandacceleratedthecollapse
oftheEasternblocandtheendoftheColdWar.
Germanywasreunited,afterthesymbolicfallofthe
BerlinWallin1989,andthemapsofCentraland
EasternEuropewereredrawnoncemore.[147]
BurnedoutbuildingsinHamburg,
1944or45
The"BigThree"attheYalta
Conferencein1945seated(fromthe
left):WinstonChurchill,FranklinD.
Roosevelt,andJosephStalin
EuropeanintegrationalsogrewafterWorldWarII.TheTreatyofRomein1957establishedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity
betweensixWesternEuropeanstateswiththegoalofaunifiedeconomicpolicyandcommonmarket.[162]In1967theEEC,European
CoalandSteelCommunityandEuratomformedtheEuropeanCommunity,whichin1993becametheEuropeanUnion.TheEU
establishedaparliament,courtandcentralbankandintroducedtheeuroasaunifiedcurrency.[163]In2004and2007,moreCentral
andEasternEuropeancountriesbeganjoining,expandingtheEUtoitscurrentsizeof28Europeancountries,andoncemoremaking
Europeamajoreconomicalandpoliticalcentreofpower.[164]
Europeandevelopment
Territorialdevelopment
oftheRomanEmpire
264BC192AD
Europein814AD
Europein1648
Europein1000AD
EuropeandGerman
Confederationin1820
Europein1430
Europein1890
Europein1923
Geography
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EuropeisapeninsulathatmakesupthewesternfifthoftheEurasianlandmass.[20]Ithasahigherratioofcoasttolandmassthanany
othercontinentorsubcontinent.[165]ItsmaritimebordersconsistoftheArcticOceantothe
north,theAtlanticOceantothewest,andtheMediterranean,Black,andCaspianSeastothe
south.[166]LandreliefinEuropeshowsgreatvariationwithinrelativelysmallareas.The
southernregionsaremoremountainous,whilemovingnorththeterraindescendsfromthehigh
Alps,Pyrenees,andCarpathians,throughhillyuplands,intobroad,lownorthernplains,which
arevastintheeast.ThisextendedlowlandisknownastheGreatEuropeanPlain,andatits
heartliestheNorthGermanPlain.Anarcofuplandsalsoexistsalongthenorthwestern
seaboard,whichbeginsinthewesternpartsoftheislandsofBritainandIreland,andthen
continuesalongthemountainous,fjordcutspineofNorway.
Thisdescriptionissimplified.Subregionssuchasthe
ReliefmapofEuropeand
IberianPeninsulaandtheItalianPeninsulacontaintheir
surroundingregions
owncomplexfeatures,asdoesmainlandCentral
Europeitself,wherethereliefcontainsmanyplateaus,
rivervalleysandbasinsthatcomplicatethegeneraltrend.SubregionslikeIceland,Britain,
andIrelandarespecialcases.Theformerisalanduntoitselfinthenorthernoceanwhichis
countedaspartofEurope,whilethelatterareuplandareasthatwereoncejoinedtothe
mainlanduntilrisingsealevelscutthemoff.
LandusemapofEuropewitharable
farmland(yellow),forest(dark
green),pasture(lightgreen),and
tundraorbogsinthenorth(dark
yellow)
Climate
Europeliesmainlyinthetemperateclimate
zones,beingsubjectedtoprevailing
westerlies.
Theclimateismilderincomparisontoother
areasofthesamelatitudearoundtheglobeduetotheinfluenceoftheGulf
Stream.[167]TheGulfStreamisnicknamed"Europe'scentralheating",becauseit
makesEurope'sclimatewarmerandwetterthanitwouldotherwisebe.TheGulf
StreamnotonlycarrieswarmwatertoEurope'scoastbutalsowarmsupthe
prevailingwesterlywindsthatblowacrossthecontinentfromtheAtlanticOcean.
BiomesofEuropeandsurroundingregions:
tundra alpinetundra taiga montaneforest
temperatebroadleafforest mediterraneanforest
temperatesteppe drysteppe
ThereforetheaveragetemperaturethroughouttheyearofNaplesis16C(60.8F),
whileitisonly12C(53.6F)inNewYorkCitywhichisalmostonthesame
latitude.Berlin,GermanyCalgary,CanadaandIrkutsk,intheAsianpartofRussia,
lieonaroundthesamelatitudeJanuarytemperaturesinBerlinaveragearound8C
(15F)higherthanthoseinCalgary,andtheyarealmost22C(40F)higherthanaveragetemperaturesinIrkutsk.[167]
Geology
TheGeologyofEuropeishugelyvariedandcomplex,andgivesrisetothewidevarietyoflandscapesfoundacrossthecontinent,
fromtheScottishHighlandstotherollingplainsofHungary.[168]
Europe'smostsignificantfeatureisthedichotomybetweenhighlandandmountainous
SouthernEuropeandavast,partiallyunderwater,northernplainrangingfromIrelandinthe
westtotheUralMountainsintheeast.Thesetwohalvesareseparatedbythemountainchains
ofthePyreneesandAlps/Carpathians.Thenorthernplainsaredelimitedinthewestbythe
ScandinavianMountainsandthemountainouspartsoftheBritishIsles.Majorshallowwater
bodiessubmergingpartsofthenorthernplainsaretheCelticSea,theNorthSea,theBalticSea
complexandBarentsSea.
ThenorthernplaincontainstheoldgeologicalcontinentofBaltica,andsomayberegarded
geologicallyasthe"maincontinent",whileperipheralhighlandsandmountainousregionsin
thesouthandwestconstitutefragmentsfromvariousothergeologicalcontinents.Mostofthe
oldergeologyofwesternEuropeexistedaspartoftheancientmicrocontinentAvalonia.
MountElbrusisthehighestmountain
inEurope.
Geologicalhistory
ThegeologicalhistoryofEuropetracesbacktotheformationoftheBalticShield(Fennoscandia)andtheSarmatiancraton,both
around2.25billionyearsago,followedbytheVolgoUraliashield,thethreetogetherleadingtotheEastEuropeancraton(Baltica)
whichbecameapartofthesupercontinentColumbia.Around1.1billionyearsago,BalticaandArctica(aspartoftheLaurentia
block)becamejoinedtoRodinia,laterresplittingaround550millionyearsagotoreformasBaltica.Around440millionyearsago
EuramericawasformedfromBalticaandLaurentiaafurtherjoiningwithGondwanathenleadingtotheformationofPangea.Around
190millionyearsago,GondwanaandLaurasiasplitapartduetothewideningoftheAtlanticOcean.Finally,andverysoon
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afterwards,Laurasiaitselfsplitupagain,intoLaurentia(NorthAmerica)andtheEurasian
continent.Thelandconnectionbetweenthetwopersistedforaconsiderabletime,via
Greenland,leadingtointerchangeofanimalspecies.Fromaround50millionyearsago,rising
andfallingsealevelshavedeterminedtheactualshapeofEurope,anditsconnectionswith
continentssuchasAsia.Europe'spresentshapedatestothelateTertiaryperiodaboutfive
millionyearsago.[169]
Biodiversity
Havinglivedsidebysidewithagriculturalpeoplesformillennia,Europe'sanimalsandplants
havebeenprofoundlyaffectedbythepresenceandactivitiesofman.Withtheexceptionof
FennoscandiaandnorthernRussia,fewareasofuntouchedwildernessarecurrentlyfoundin
Europe,exceptforvariousnationalparks.
ThemainnaturalvegetationcoverinEuropeismixedforest.Theconditionsfor
growthareveryfavourable.Inthenorth,theGulfStreamandNorthAtlanticDrift
warmthecontinent.SouthernEuropecouldbedescribedashavingawarm,but
mildclimate.Therearefrequentsummerdroughtsinthisregion.Mountainridges
alsoaffecttheconditions.Someofthese(Alps,Pyrenees)areorientedeastwest
andallowthewindtocarrylargemassesofwaterfromtheoceanintheinterior.
Othersareorientedsouthnorth(ScandinavianMountains,Dinarides,Carpathians,
Apennines)andbecausetherainfallsprimarilyonthesideofmountainsthatis
orientedtowardsthesea,forestsgrowwellonthisside,whileontheotherside,
theconditionsaremuchlessfavourable.FewcornersofmainlandEuropehavenot
beengrazedbylivestockatsomepointintime,andthecuttingdownofthepre
agriculturalforesthabitatcauseddisruptiontotheoriginalplantandanimal
ecosystems.
Probably80to90percentofEuropewasoncecoveredbyforest.[170]Itstretched
fromtheMediterraneanSeatotheArcticOcean.ThoughoverhalfofEurope's
originalforestsdisappearedthroughthecenturiesofdeforestation,Europestillhas
overonequarterofitslandareaasforest,suchasthetaigaofScandinaviaand
Russia,mixedrainforestsoftheCaucasusandtheCorkoakforestsinthewestern
Mediterranean.Duringrecenttimes,deforestationhasbeenslowedandmanytrees
havebeenplanted.However,inmanycasesmonocultureplantationsofconifers
havereplacedtheoriginalmixednaturalforest,becausethesegrowquicker.The
plantationsnowcovervastareasofland,butofferpoorerhabitatsformany
Europeanforestdwellingspecieswhichrequireamixtureoftreespeciesand
diverseforeststructure.TheamountofnaturalforestinWesternEuropeisjust2
3%orless,inEuropeanRussia510%.Thecountrywiththesmallestpercentage
offorestedareaisIceland(1%),whilethemostforestedcountryisFinland
(77%).[171]
TheAdriaticSeacontainsover1300
islandsandislets.
EuropaPointasseenfromtheStraitofGibraltar.
BiogeographicregionsofEuropeandbordering
regions
IntemperateEurope,mixedforestwithbothbroadleafandconiferoustrees
dominate.ThemostimportantspeciesincentralandwesternEuropearebeech
andoak.Inthenorth,thetaigaisamixedsprucepinebirchforestfurthernorth
withinRussiaandextremenorthernScandinavia,thetaigagiveswaytotundraas
theArcticisapproached.IntheMediterranean,manyolivetreeshavebeen
planted,whichareverywelladaptedtoitsaridclimateMediterraneanCypressis
alsowidelyplantedinsouthernEurope.ThesemiaridMediterraneanregionhosts
muchscrubforest.AnarroweastwesttongueofEurasiangrassland(thesteppe)
extendseastwardsfromUkraineandsouthernRussiaandendsinHungaryand
traversesintotaigatothenorth.
Glaciationduringthemostrecenticeageandthepresenceofmanaffectedthe
distributionofEuropeanfauna.Asfortheanimals,inmanypartsofEuropemost
largeanimalsandtoppredatorspecieshavebeenhuntedtoextinction.Thewoolly
FloristicregionsofEuropeandneighbouringareas,
mammothwasextinctbeforetheendoftheNeolithicperiod.Todaywolves
accordingtoWolfgangFreyandRainerLsch
(carnivores)andbears(omnivores)areendangered.Oncetheywerefoundinmost
partsofEurope.However,deforestationandhuntingcausedtheseanimalsto
withdrawfurtherandfurther.BytheMiddleAgesthebears'habitatswerelimitedtomoreorlessinaccessiblemountainswith
sufficientforestcover.Today,thebrownbearlivesprimarilyintheBalkanpeninsula,Scandinavia,andRussiaasmallnumberalso
persistinothercountriesacrossEurope(Austria,Pyreneesetc.),butintheseareasbrownbearpopulationsarefragmentedand
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marginalisedbecauseofthedestructionoftheirhabitat.Inaddition,polarbearsmaybefoundonSvalbard,aNorwegianarchipelago
farnorthofScandinavia.Thewolf,thesecondlargestpredatorinEuropeafterthebrownbear,canbefoundprimarilyinCentraland
EasternEuropeandintheBalkans,withahandfulofpacksinpocketsofWesternEurope(Scandinavia,Spain,etc.).
Europeanwildcat,foxes(especiallytheredfox),jackalanddifferentspeciesofmartens,
hedgehogs,differentspeciesofreptiles(likesnakessuchasvipersandgrasssnakes)and
amphibians,differentbirds(owls,hawksandotherbirdsofprey).
ImportantEuropeanherbivoresaresnails,larvae,fish,differentbirds,andmammals,like
rodents,deerandroedeer,boars,andlivinginthemountains,marmots,steinbocks,chamois
amongothers.Anumberofinsects,suchasthesmalltortoiseshellbutterfly,addtothe
biodiversity.[174]
Theextinctionofthedwarfhipposanddwarfelephantshasbeenlinkedtotheearliestarrival
ofhumansontheislandsoftheMediterranean.[175]
SeacreaturesarealsoanimportantpartofEuropeanfloraandfauna.Theseafloraismainly
phytoplankton.ImportantanimalsthatliveinEuropeanseasarezooplankton,molluscs,
echinoderms,differentcrustaceans,squidsandoctopuses,fish,dolphins,andwhales.
Onceroamingthegreattemperate
forestsofEurasia,Europeanbison
nowliveinnaturepreservesin
BiaowieaForest,ontheborder
betweenPolandandBelarus. [172][173]
BiodiversityisprotectedinEuropethroughtheCouncilofEurope'sBernConvention,which
hasalsobeensignedbytheEuropeanCommunityaswellasnonEuropeanstates.
Politicalgeography
ModernpoliticalmapofEuropeandthe
surroundingregion
RegionalgroupingusedbytheUnited
NationsStatisticsDepartment,which
classifiesAzerbaijan,Armenia,Cyprus,
Georgia,Kazakhstan,andTurkeyasbeing
inAsia. [176]
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RegionalgroupingaccordingtoTheWorld
Factbook
MapshowingEuropeanmembershipofthe
EUandNATO
EuropeanUnionanditscandidatecountries
MapshowingCouncilofEuropemember
nationsinblueandfoundernationsin
yellow
SubdivisionofEuropeaccordingto
theculturalcriteria[177][178]
ThelistbelowincludesallentitiesfallingevenpartiallyunderanyofthevariouscommondefinitionsofEurope,geographicor
political.Thedatadisplayedarepersourcesincrossreferencedarticles.
Flag Arms
Name
Area
(km)
Population
Population
density
(perkm)
Capital
98.5 Tirana
Name(s)inofficiallanguage(s)
Albania
28,748
2,831,741
Andorra
468
68,403
Armenia[j]
29,800
3,229,900
101 Yerevan
Hayastan
Austria
83,858
8,169,929
97.4 Vienna
sterreich
Azerbaijan[k]
86,600
9,165,000
Belarus
207,560
9,458,000
45.6 Minsk
Belgium
30,528
11,007,000
360.6 Brussels
146.2
Andorrala
Vella
105.8 Baku
Shqipria
Andorra
Azrbaycan
Belarus
Belgi/Belgique/Belgien
Bosniaand
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Herzegovina
51,129
3,843,126
75.2 Sarajevo
BosnaiHercegovina
Bulgaria
110,910
7,621,337
68.7 Sofia
Blgarija
Croatia
56,542
4,437,460
77.7 Zagreb
Hrvatska
Cyprus[d]
9,251
788,457
85 Nicosia
Czech
Republic
78,866
10,256,760
130.1 Prague
Denmark
43,094
5,564,219
Estonia
45,226
1,340,194
29 Tallinn
Finland
336,593
5,157,537
15.3 Helsinki
France[g]
547,030
66,104,000
Georgia[l]
69,700
4,661,473
64 Tbilisi
Germany
357,021
80,716,000
233.2 Berlin
Greece
131,957
11,123,034
80.7 Athens
Hungary
93,030
10,075,034
108.3 Budapest
Iceland
103,000
307,261
Ireland
70,280
4,234,925
301,230
59,530,464
2,724,900
15,217,711
64,589
2,067,900
160
32,842
65,200
2,988,400
2,586
448,569
25,713
2,054,800
316
397,499
33,843
4,434,547
131.0 Chiinu
1.95
31,987
16,403.6 Monaco
13,812
616,258
41,526
16,902,103
Norway
385,178
5,018,836
Poland
312,685
38,625,478
123.5 Warsaw
Polska
91,568
10,409,995
110.1 Lisbon
Portugal
Romania
238,391
21,698,181
91.0 Bucharest
Romnia
Russia[b]
17,075,400
143,975,923
8.3 Moscow
Rossiya
61
27,730
Serbia[f]
88,361
7,120,666
91.9 Belgrade
Slovakia
48,845
5,422,366
111.0 Bratislava
Slovensko
Slovenia
20,273
2,050,189
101 Ljubljana
Slovenija
Spain
504,851
47,059,533
93.2 Madrid
Espaa
Sweden
449,964
9,090,113
19.7 Stockholm
Sverige
41,290
7,507,000
Italy
Kazakhstan[i]
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova[a]
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
[h]
Portugal[e]
SanMarino
Switzerland
129 Copenhagen
115.5 Paris
2.7 Reykjavk
60.3 Dublin
197.7 Rome
5.6 Astana
34.2 Riga
205.3 Vaduz
45.8 Vilnius
Kpros/Kbrs
eskrepublika
Danmark
Eesti
Suomi/Finland
France
Sakartvelo
Deutschland
Ellda
Magyarorszg
sland
ire/Ireland
Italia
Qazaqstan/Kazahstan
Latvija
Liechtenstein
Lietuva
173.5 Luxembourg Ltzebuerg/Luxemburg/Luxembourg

81.1 Skopje
1,257.9 Valletta
Makedonija
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
44.6 Podgorica
CrnaGora
393.0 Amsterdam
Nederland
15.5 Oslo
454.6 SanMarino
176.8 Bern
Norge/Noreg
SanMarino
Srbija
Schweiz/Suisse/Svizzera/Svizra
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Turkey[m]
783,562
77,695,904
101 Ankara
Trkiye
Ukraine
603,700
48,396,470
80.2 Kiev
Ukrajina
United
Kingdom
244,820
64,105,654
0.44
900
10,180,000[n]
742,000,000[n]
VaticanCity
Total
244.2 London
UnitedKingdom
2,045.5 VaticanCity CittdelVaticano

70
Withintheabovementionedstatesareseveraldefactoindependentcountrieswithlimitedtonointernationalrecognition.Noneof
themaremembersoftheUN:
Flag Arms
Area
(km)
Name
Abkhazia[p]
Population
(1July2002est.)
8,432
216,000
Kosovo[o]
10,887
1,804,838[179]
NagornoKarabakh[q]
Populationdensity
(perkm)
Capital
29 Sukhumi
220 Pristina
11,458
138,800
12 Stepanakert
NorthernCyprus[d]
3,355
265,100
78 Nicosia
N/A
SouthOssetia[p]
3,900
70,000
N/A
Transnistria[a]
4,163
537,000
18 Tskhinvali
133 Tiraspol
SeveraldependenciesandsimilarterritorieswithbroadautonomyarealsofoundinEurope.Notethatthelistdoesnotincludethe
constituentcountriesoftheUnitedKingdom,federalstatesofGermanyandAustria,andautonomousterritoriesofSpainandthepost
SovietrepublicsaswellastherepublicofSerbia.
Nameofterritory,withflag
land(Finland)
Area
(km)
Population
(1July2002est.)
Populationdensity
(perkm)
Capital
13,517
26,008
16.8 Mariehamn
1,399
46,011
32.9 Trshavn
Gibraltar(UK)
5.9
27,714
4,697.3 Gibraltar
Guernsey[c](UK)
78
64,587
828.0 St.PeterPort
IsleofMan[c](UK)
572
73,873
129.1 Douglas
Jersey[c](UK)
116
89,775
773.9 SaintHelier
FaroeIslands(Denmark)
Integration
Europeanintegrationistheprocessofpolitical,legal,economic
(andinsomecasessocialandcultural)integrationofstateswholly
orpartiallyinEurope.Inthepresentday,Europeanintegrationhas
primarilycomeaboutthroughtheCouncilofEuropeandEuropean
UnioninWesternandCentralEuropeandCommonwealthof
IndependentStatesinCentralandEasternEuropeandmostof
formerSovietcountries.
Economy
Asacontinent,theeconomyofEuropeiscurrentlythelargeston
Earthanditistherichestregionasmeasuredbyassetsunder
managementwithover$32.7trillioncomparedtoNorthAmerica's
$27.1trillionin2008.[180]In2009Europeremainedthewealthiest
region.Its$37.1trillioninassetsundermanagementrepresented
onethirdoftheworld'swealth.Itwasoneofseveralregions
AclickableEulerdiagramshowingtherelationshipsbetweenvarious
multinationalEuropeanorganisationsandagreements.
wherewealthsurpasseditsprecrisisyearendpeak.[181]Aswith
othercontinents,Europehasalargevariationofwealthamongits
countries.ThericherstatestendtobeintheWestsomeoftheCentralandEasternEuropeaneconomiesarestillemergingfromthe
collapseoftheSovietUnionandYugoslavia.
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TheEuropeanUnion,anintergovernmentalbodycomposedof28Europeanstates,comprisesthelargestsingleeconomicareainthe
world.18EUcountriessharetheeuroasacommoncurrency.FiveEuropeancountriesrankinthetoptenoftheworld'slargest
nationaleconomiesinGDP(PPP).Thisincludes(ranksaccordingtotheCIA):Germany(5),theUK(6),Russia(7),France(8),and
Italy(10).[182]
ThereishugedisparitybetweenmanyEuropeancountriesintermsoftheir
income.TherichestintermsofGDPpercapitaisMonacowithitsUS$172,676
percapita(2009)andthepoorestisMoldovawithitsGDPpercapitaofUS$1,631
(2010).[183]MonacoistherichestcountryintermsofGDPpercapitaintheworld
accordingtotheWorldBankreport.
Pre1945:Industrialgrowth
EuropeanUnionandCommonwealthof
IndependentStates
CapitalismhasbeendominantintheWesternworldsincetheendof
feudalism.[184]FromBritain,itgraduallyspreadthroughoutEurope.[185]The
IndustrialRevolutionstartedinEurope,specificallytheUnitedKingdominthe
late18thcentury,[186]andthe19thcenturysawWesternEuropeindustrialise.
EconomiesweredisruptedbyWorldWarIbutbythebeginningofWorldWarII
theyhadrecoveredandwerehavingtocompetewiththegrowingeconomic
strengthoftheUnitedStates.WorldWarII,again,damagedmuchofEurope's
industries.
19451990:TheColdWar
EuropeanandborderingnationsbyGDP(nominal)
percapitain2012
AfterWorldWarIItheeconomyoftheUKwasinastateofruin,[187]and
continuedtosufferrelativeeconomicdeclineinthefollowingdecades.[188]Italywasalsoinapooreconomicconditionbutregaineda
highlevelofgrowthbythe1950s.WestGermanyrecoveredquicklyandhaddoubledproductionfromprewarlevelsbythe
1950s.[189]FrancealsostagedaremarkablecomebackenjoyingrapidgrowthandmodernisationlateronSpain,undertheleadership
ofFranco,alsorecovered,andthenationrecordedhugeunprecedentedeconomicgrowthbeginninginthe1960sinwhatiscalledthe
Spanishmiracle.[190]ThemajorityofCentralandEasternEuropeanstatescameunderthecontroloftheSovietUnionandthuswere
membersoftheCouncilforMutualEconomicAssistance(COMECON).[191]
ThestateswhichretainedafreemarketsystemweregivenalargeamountofaidbytheUnited
StatesundertheMarshallPlan.[192]Thewesternstatesmovedtolinktheireconomiestogether,
providingthebasisfortheEUandincreasingcrossbordertrade.Thishelpedthemtoenjoy
rapidlyimprovingeconomies,whilethosestatesinCOMECONwerestrugglinginalargepart
duetothecostoftheColdWar.Until1990,theEuropeanCommunitywasexpandedfrom6
foundingmembersto12.TheemphasisplacedonresurrectingtheWestGermaneconomyled
toitovertakingtheUKasEurope'slargesteconomy.
19912007:Integrationandreunification
WiththefallofcommunisminCentralandEasternEuropein1991,thepostsocialiststates
beganfreemarketreforms:Poland,Hungary,andSloveniaadoptedthemreasonablyquickly,
whileUkraineandRussiaarestillintheprocessofdoingso.
FalloftheBerlinWallin1989.
AfterEastandWestGermanywerereunitedin1990,theeconomyofWestGermanystruggledasithadtosupportandlargelyrebuild
theinfrastructureofEastGermany.
Bythemillenniumchange,theEUdominatedtheeconomyofEuropecomprisingthefivelargestEuropeaneconomiesofthetime
namelyGermany,theUnitedKingdom,France,Italy,andSpain.In1999,12ofthe15membersoftheEUjoinedtheEurozone
replacingtheirformernationalcurrenciesbythecommoneuro.ThethreewhochosetoremainoutsidetheEurozonewere:theUnited
Kingdom,Denmark,andSweden.TheEuropeanUnionisnowthelargesteconomyintheworld.[193]
20082010:Recession
FiguresreleasedbyEurostatinJanuary2009confirmedthattheEurozonehadgoneintorecessioninthethirdquarterof2008.[194]It
impactedmuchoftheregion.[195]Inearly2010,fearsofasovereigndebtcrisis[196]developedconcerningsomecountriesinEurope,
especiallyGreece,Ireland,Spain,andPortugal.[197]Asaresult,measuresweretaken,especiallyforGreece,bytheleadingcountries
oftheEurozone.[198]
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TheEU27unemploymentratewas10.3%inApril2012.[199]Recentuniversitygraduateshave
beenunabletofindwork.[200]InApril2012,theunemploymentrateintheEU27forthose
aged1524was22.4%.[199]
Demographics
SincetheRenaissance,Europehashadamajor
influenceinculture,economicsandsocial
movementsintheworld.Themostsignificant
inventionshadtheiroriginsintheWesternworld,
primarilyEuropeandtheUnitedStates.[202][203]
UnemploymentintheEuropean
Approximately70millionEuropeansdied
Unionin2010,accordingtoEurostat.
throughwar,violenceandfaminebetween1914
and1945.[204]Somecurrentandpastissuesin
Europeandemographicshaveincludedreligiousemigration,racerelations,economic
immigration,adecliningbirthrateandanageingpopulation.
Populationgrowthanddeclineinandaround
Europein2010[201]
Insomecountries,suchasIrelandandPoland,accesstoabortionislimited.Itremains
illegalontheislandofMalta.Furthermore,threeEuropeancountries(theNetherlands,
Belgium,andSwitzerland)andtheAutonomousCommunityofAndalusia
(Spain)[205][206]haveallowedalimitedformofvoluntaryeuthanasiaforsometerminally
illpeople.
In2005,thepopulationofEuropewasestimatedtobe731millionaccordingtotheUnited
Nations,[207]whichisslightlymorethanoneninthoftheworld'spopulation.Acenturyago,Europe
hadnearlyaquarteroftheworld'spopulation.[208]ThepopulationofEuropehasgrowninthepast
century,butinotherareasoftheworld(inparticularAfricaandAsia)thepopulationhasgrownfar
morequickly.[207]Amongthecontinents,Europehasarelativelyhighpopulationdensity,secondonly
toAsia.ThemostdenselypopulatedcountryinEurope(andintheworld)isMonaco.PanandPfeil
(2004)count87distinct"peoplesofEurope",ofwhich33formthemajoritypopulationinatleastone
sovereignstate,whiletheremaining54constituteethnicminorities.[209]AccordingtoUNpopulation
projection,Europe'spopulationmayfalltoabout7%ofworldpopulationby2050,or653million
people(mediumvariant,556to777millioninlowandhighvariants,respectively).[207]Withinthis
context,significantdisparitiesexistbetweenregionsinrelationtofertilityrates.Theaveragenumber
ofchildrenperfemaleofchildbearingageis1.52.[210]Accordingtosomesources,[211]thisrateis
higheramongMuslimsinEurope.TheUNpredictsasteadypopulationdeclineinCentralandEastern
Europeasaresultofemigrationandlowbirthrates.[212]
TheMoravianSlovak
costumesduringfestival
Europeishometothehighestnumberofmigrantsofallglobalregionsat70.6millionpeople,the
IOM'sreportsaid.[213]In2005,theEUhadanoverallnetgainfromimmigrationof1.8million
people.Thisaccountedforalmost85%ofEurope'stotalpopulationgrowth.[214]TheEuropean
UnionplanstoopenthejobcentresforlegalmigrantworkersfromAfrica.[215][216]In2008,
696,000personsweregivencitizenshipofanEU27memberstate,adecreasefrom707,000the
previousyear.[217]
EmigrationfromEuropebeganwithSpanishandPortuguesesettlersinthe16thcentury,[218][219]
andFrenchandEnglishsettlersinthe17thcentury.[220]Butnumbersremainedrelativelysmall
untilwavesofmassemigrationinthe19thcentury,whenmillionsofpoorfamiliesleft
Europe.[221]
Galicianbagpipersorgaiteirosin
Spain
Today,largepopulationsofEuropeandescentarefoundoneverycontinent.Europeanancestry
predominatesinNorthAmerica,andtoalesserdegreeinSouthAmerica(particularlyinUruguay,Argentina,ChileandBrazil,while
mostoftheotherLatinAmericancountriesalsohaveaconsiderablepopulationofEuropeanorigins).AustraliaandNewZealandhave
largeEuropeanderivedpopulations.AfricahasnocountrieswithEuropeanderivedmajorities(orwiththeexceptionofCapeVerde
andprobablySoTomandPrncipe,dependingoncontext),buttherearesignificantminorities,suchastheWhiteSouthAfricans.In
Asia,EuropeanderivedpopulationspredominateinNorthernAsia(specificallyRussians),somepartsofNorthernKazakhstanand
Israel.[222]Additionally,transcontinentalorgeographicallyAsiancountriessuchasGeorgia,Armenia,Azerbaijan,CyprusandTurkey
havepopulationshistoricallycloselyrelatedtoEuropeans,withconsiderablegeneticandculturalaffinity.
Language
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EuropeanlanguagesmostlyfallwithinthreeIndoEuropeanlanguagegroups:theRomance
languages,derivedfromtheLatinoftheRomanEmpiretheGermaniclanguages,whose
ancestorlanguagecamefromsouthernScandinaviaandtheSlaviclanguages.[169]
SlaviclanguagesaremostspokenbythenumberofnativespeakersinEurope,theyarespoken
inCentral,Eastern,andSoutheasternEurope.Romancelanguagesarespokenprimarilyin
southwesternEuropeaswellasinRomaniaandMoldova,inCentralorEasternEurope.
GermaniclanguagesarespokeninNorthernEurope,theBritishIslesandsomepartsofCentral
Europe.[169]
ManyotherlanguagesoutsidethethreemaingroupsexistinEurope.OtherIndoEuropean
Overviewmapofthedistributionof
languagesincludetheBalticgroup(thatis,LatvianandLithuanian),theCelticgroup(thatis,
majorEuropeanlanguages
Irish,ScottishGaelic,Manx,Welsh,Cornish,andBreton[169]),Greek,Armenian,and
Albanian.Inaddition,adistinctgroupofUraliclanguages(Estonian,Finnish,andHungarian)
isspokenmainlyinEstonia,Finland,andHungary,whileKartvelianlanguages(Georgian,Mingrelian,andSvan),arespoken
primarilyinGeorgia,andtwootherlanguagefamiliesresideintheNorthCaucasus(termedNortheastCaucasian,mostnotably
includingChechen,AvarandLezginandNorthwestCaucasian,notablyincludingAdyghe).MalteseistheonlySemiticlanguagethat
isofficialwithintheEU,whileBasqueistheonlyEuropeanlanguageisolate.TurkiclanguagesincludeAzerbaijaniandTurkish,in
additiontothelanguagesofminoritynationsinRussia.
MultilingualismandtheprotectionofregionalandminoritylanguagesarerecognisedpoliticalgoalsinEuropetoday.TheCouncilof
EuropeFrameworkConventionfortheProtectionofNationalMinoritiesandtheCouncilofEurope'sEuropeanCharterforRegional
orMinorityLanguagessetupalegalframeworkforlanguagerightsinEurope.
Religion
Historically,religioninEuropehasbeenamajorinfluenceonEuropeanart,culture,
philosophyandlaw.ThelargestreligioninEuropeisChristianity,with76.2%ofEuropeans
consideringthemselvesChristians,[223]includingCatholic,EasternOrthodoxandProtestant
Churches.FollowingtheseisIslamconcentratedmainlyintheBalkansandeasternEurope
(BosniaandHerzegovina,Albania,Kosovo,Kazakhstan,NorthCyprus,Turkey,Azerbaijan,
NorthCaucasus,andtheVolgaUralregion).Otherreligions,includingJudaism,Hinduism,
andBuddhismareminorityreligions(thoughTibetanBuddhismisthemajorityreligionof
Russia'sRepublicofKalmykia).The20thcenturysawtherevivalofNeopaganismthrough
movementssuchasWiccaandDruidry.
Europehasbecomearelativelysecularcontinent,withanincreasingnumberandproportionof
irreligious,atheistandagnosticpeople,actuallythelargestsecularintheWesternworld.There
areaparticularlyhighnumberofselfdescribednonreligiouspeopleintheCzechRepublic,
Estonia,Sweden,Germany(East),andFrance.[224]
St.Peter'sBasilicainVaticanCity,
thelargestchurchintheEurope.
Culture
ThecultureofEuropecanbedescribedasaseriesofoverlappingculturesculturalmixesexist
acrossthecontinent.Thereareculturalinnovationsandmovements,sometimesatoddswith
eachother.Thusthequestionof"commonculture"or"commonvalues"iscomplex.
AccordingtohistorianHilaireBelloc,forseveralcenturiesthepeoplesofEuropebasedtheir
selfidentificationontheremainingtracesoftheRomancultureandontheconceptof
Christendom,becausemanyEuropeanwidemilitaryallianceswereofreligiousnature:the
Crusades(10951291),theReconquista(7111492),theBattleofLepanto(1571).[225]
DanceatLeMoulindelaGalette,
1876,byPierreAugusteRenoir
Seealso
ContinentalEurope
Europeasapotentialsuperpower
TelecommunicationsinEurope
ListofEuropeantelevisionstations
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Politics
Demographics
Economics
Eurodistrict
AreaandpopulationofEuropean
EconomyoftheEuropeanUnion
Euroregion
countries
Financialandsocialrankingsof
FlagsofEurope
DemographicsofEurope
Europeancountries
Listofsovereignstatesbydateof
EuropeanUnionstatistics
ListofEuropeancountriesbyGDP
formation
LargestcitiesoftheEU
(nominal)
NamesofEuropeancitiesindifferent
LargesturbanareasoftheEuropean
languages
Union
OSCEcountriesstatistics
ListofcitiesinEurope
ListofmetropolitanareasinEurope
ListofvillagesinEurope
Notes
A. âbTransnistria,internationallyrecognisedasbeingalegalpartoftheRepublicofMoldova,althoughdefactocontrolisexercisedbyits
internationallyunrecognisedgovernmentwhichdeclaredindependencefromMoldovain1990.
B. ^RussiaisconsideredatranscontinentalcountryinbothEasternEuropeandNorthernAsia.PeopleinRussiatendtocalltheregionNorthern
Eurasia.Howeveronlythepopulationfigureincludestheentirestate.
C. âbcGuernsey,theIsleofManandJerseyareCrownDependenciesoftheUnitedKingdom.OtherChannelIslandslegislatedbythe
BailiwickofGuernseyincludeAlderneyandSark.
D. âbCyprusisphysiographicallyentirelyinSouthwestAsiabuthasstronghistoricalandsociopoliticalconnectionswithEurope.The
populationandareafiguresrefertotheentirestate,includingthedefactoindependentpartNorthernCypruswhichisnotrecognisedasa
sovereignnationbythevastmajorityofsovereignnations,northeUN.
E. ^FiguresforPortugalincludetheAzoresandMadeiraarchipelagos,bothinNorthernAtlantic.
F. ÂreafigureforSerbiaincludesKosovo,aprovincethatunilaterallydeclareditsindependencefromSerbiaon17February2008,andwhose
sovereignstatusisunclear.Populationanddensityfiguresarefromthefirstresultsof2011censusandaregivenwithoutthedisputedterritory
ofKosovo.
G. ^FiguresforFranceincludeonlymetropolitanFrance:somepoliticallyintegralpartsofFrancearegeographicallylocatedoutsideEurope.
H. ^NetherlandspopulationforNovember2014.PopulationandareadetailsincludeEuropeanportiononly:Netherlandsandthreeentitiesoutside
Europe(Aruba,CuraaoandSintMaarten,intheCaribbean)constitutetheKingdomoftheNetherlands.Amsterdamistheofficialcapital,
whileTheHagueistheadministrativeseat.
I. ^Kazakhstanisphysiographicallyconsideredatranscontinentalcountry,mostlyinCentralAsia(UNregion),partlyinEasternEurope,with
EuropeanterritorywestoftheUralMountainsandUralRiver.However,onlythepopulationfigurereferstotheentirecountry.
J. ÂrmeniaisphysiographicallyentirelyinWesternAsia,butithasstronghistoricalandsociopoliticalconnectionswithEurope.The
populationandareafiguresincludetheentirestaterespectively.
K. ÂzerbaijanisphysiographicallyconsideredatranscontinentalcountrymostlyinWesternAsiawithasmallpartinEasternEurope.[226]
Howeverthepopulationandareafiguresarefortheentirestate.ThisincludestheexclaveoftheNakhchivanAutonomousRepublicandthe
regionNagornoKarabakhthathasdeclared,anddefactoachieved,independence.Nevertheless,itisnotrecogniseddejurebysovereignstates.
L. ^GeorgiaisphysiographicallyalmostentirelyinWesternAsia,withaverysmallpartinEasternEurope,butithasstronghistoricaland
sociopoliticalconnectionswithEurope.[227][228]ThepopulationandareafiguresincludeGeorgianestimatesforAbkhaziaandSouthOssetia,
tworegionsthathavedeclaredanddefactoachievedindependence.Internationalrecognition,however,islimited.
M. ^Turkeyisphysiographicallyconsideredatranscontinentalcountry,mostlyinWesternAsia,partlyinEasternEurope.Howeveronlythe
populationfigureincludestheentirestate.
N. âbcdThetotalfiguresforareaandpopulationincludeonlyEuropeanportionsoftranscontinentalcountries.Theprecisionofthesefiguresis
compromisedbytheambiguousgeographicalextentofEuropeandthelackofreferencesforEuropeanportionsoftranscontinentalcountries.
O. ^KosovounilaterallydeclareditsindependencefromSerbiaon17February2008.Itssovereignstatusisunclear.ItspopulationisJuly2009
CIAestimate.
P. âbAbkhaziaandSouthOssetia,bothgenerallyconsideredtobeentirelywithinSouthwestAsia,[228]unilaterallydeclaredtheirindependence
fromGeorgiaon25August1990and28November1991respectively.Theirstatusassovereignnationsisnotrecognisedbyavastmajorityof
sovereignnations,northeUN.Populationfiguresstatedasof2003censusand2000estimatesrespectively.
Q. ^NagornoKarabakh,generallyconsideredtobeentirelywithinSouthwestAsia,unilaterallydeclareditsindependencefromAzerbaijanon6
January1992.Itsstatusasasovereignnationisnotrecognisedbyanysovereignnation,northeUN.Populationfiguresstatedasof2003
censusand2000estimatesrespectively.
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212. UNpredictshugemigrationtorichcountries(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1545634/UNpredictshugemigrationtorich
countries.html).Telegraph.15March2007.
213. "Richworldneedsmoreforeignworkers:report(http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Dec02/0,4670,EUWorldMigrationReport,00.html)",
FOXNews.com.2December2008.
214. "Europe:PopulationandMigrationin2005"(http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=402).MigrationInformation
Source.Retrieved10June2008.
215. "EUjobcentrestotargetAfricans(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6341487.stm)".BBCNews,8February2007.
216. "50millioninvitedtoEurope(http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/78180/50millioninvitedtoEurope)".DailyExpress,3January2009.
217. "EU27MemberStatesgrantedcitizenshipto696000personsin2008(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/306072010
AP/EN/306072010APEN.PDF)"(PDF).Eurostat.6July2010.
218. "ApenadodegredonasOrdenaesdoReino"(http://jus2.uol.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=2125&p=1).Retrieved18August2010.
219. "EnsaiosobreaimigraoportuguesaeospadresdemiscigenaonoBrasil"
(http://www.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br/media/manolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf).Retrieved18August2010.
220. Axtell,James(SeptemberOctober1991)."TheColumbianMosaicinColonialAmerica"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART).Humanities12(5):1218.
Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART)on17May2008.Retrieved8October2008.
221. Evans,N.J.(2001)."Workinprogress:IndirectpassagefromEuropeTransmigrationviatheUK,18361914".JournalforMaritime
Research3:7084.doi:10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2001.9668313).
222. RobertGreenall,RussiansleftbehindinCentralAsia(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asiapacific/4420922.stm),BBCNews,23November2005
223. ChristianityinEurope(http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/GlobalChristianityeurope.aspx)
224. Dogan,Mattei(1998)."TheDeclineofTraditionalValuesinWesternEurope".InternationalJournalofComparativeSociology(Sage)39:77
90.doi:10.1177/002071529803900106(https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002071529803900106).
225. HilarieBelloc,EuropeandtheFaith(http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8442),ChapterI
226. TheUNStatisticsDepartment[3](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm)placesAzerbaijaninWesternAsiaforstatistical
convenience[4](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm):"Theassignmentofcountriesorareastospecificgroupingsisfor
statisticalconvenienceanddoesnotimplyanyassumptionregardingpoliticalorotheraffiliationofcountriesorterritories."TheCIAWorld
Factbook[5](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/aj.html#Geo)placesAzerbaijaninSouthWesternAsia,witha
smallportionnorthoftheCaucasusrangeinEurope.NationalGeographic(http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline
map/?map=Azerbaijan&ar_a=1)andEncyclopdiaBritannica(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230186/Azerbaijan)alsoplace
GeorgiainAsia.
227. EuropeanUnion[6](http://europa.eu/abc/european_countries/others/georgia/index_en.htm),theCouncilofEurope[7]
(http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page=47pays1europe&l=en),BritishForeignandCommonwealthOffice[8]
(http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelandlivingabroad/traveladvicebycountry/countryprofile/europe/georgia/),WorldHealthOrganization[9]
(http://www.euro.who.int/en/wherewework),WorldTourismOrganization[10](http://unwto.org/europe),UNESCO[11]
(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/europeandnorthamerica/),UNICEF[12]
(http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index.html),UNHCR[13](http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a02d9346.html),EuropeanCivilAviation
Conference[14](https://www.ecacceac.org//about_ecac/ecac_member_states),Euronews[15](http://www.euronews.net/weather/),BBC[16]
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102477.stm),NATO[17](http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm),
RussianForeignMinistry[18](http://www.mid.ru/nsreuro.nsf/strana),theWorldBank[19](http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA),
AssemblyofEuropeanRegions[20](http://www.aer.eu/aboutaer/aermembers.html),InternationalAirTransportAssociation[21]
(http://www.lufthansa.com/mediapool/pdf/10/media_920910.pdf),OxfordReferenceOnline
26/27
3/19/2015
(http://www.lufthansa.com/mediapool/pdf/10/media_920910.pdf),OxfordReferenceOnline
(http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t186.e21064&srn=1&ssid=416740626#FIRSTHIT),OrganizationforSecurity
andCooperationinEurope[22](http://www.osce.org/who/item/83),ICRC[23]
(http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/interview/georgiainterview120510.htm),SalvationArmy[24]
(http://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/www_sa.nsf/vwsublinks/331AED2D11F74E4780256E4B002EB72D?openDocument),International
FederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocieties[25](http://www.ifrc.org/where/europe.asp?navid=05_05),CouncilonForeignRelations
[26](http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA),UnitedStatesEuropeanCommand[27](http://www.eucom.mil/english/interactiveMap.asp),
MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionary[28](http://www.mw.com/dictionary/Georgia)andwww.worldatlas.com
(http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm).
228. {{TheUNStatisticsDepartment[29](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm)placesGeorgiainWesternAsiaforstatistical
convenience[30](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm):"Theassignmentofcountriesorareastospecificgroupingsisfor
statisticalconvenienceanddoesnotimplyanyassumptionregardingpoliticalorotheraffiliationofcountriesorterritories."TheCIAWorld
Factbook[31](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/gg.html#Geo),NationalGeographic
(http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=georgi&Mode=d&SubMode=w),andEncyclopdia
Britannica(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230186/Georgia)alsoplaceGeorgiainAsia.}}
NationalGeographicSociety(2005).NationalGeographicVisualHistoryoftheWorld.Washington,D.C.:NationalGeographicSociety.ISBN
0792236955.
Externallinks
CouncilofEurope(http://www.coe.int/)
EuropeanUnion(http://europa.eu/)
TheColumbiaGazetteeroftheWorldOnline(http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/)ColumbiaUniversityPress
"IntroducingEurope"(http://www.lonelyplanet.com/europe)fromLonelyPlanet(http://www.lonelyplanet.com)TravelGuides
andInformation
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe&oldid=651517663"
Categories: Europe Continents PeninsulasofAsia Culturalconcepts
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon15March2015,at18:48.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,
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3/19/2015

Population 742,452,000[n](2013, 3rd)

173.5 Luxembourg Ltzebuerg/Luxemburg/Luxembourg

2,045.5 VaticanCity CittdelVaticano

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