Student Name: Beth Ann Carkuff Simpson

THIS TEST IS NOT A GROUP PROJECT. NO COLLABORATION. USE THE

LECTURE, USE THE BOOK, USE THE INTERNET, BUT NOT OTHER PEERS
ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ON THESE PAGES. IT IS FINE IF THEY TAKE UP MORE ROOM AFTER
YOU ANSWER THEM. PLACE THE COMPLETED TEST IN THE DROP BOX.

TAKE HOME TEST

ALL QUESTIONS WORTH 2 POINTS UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

1.

Sometimes referred to as summary statistics, Descriptive statistics are used to summarize,

organize, and reduce large numbers of observations.

2.

When the decision is to reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is true, the
researcher has made what is called a

3.

In the Interval

Type I error.

measurement scale, equal differences between numbers represent

equal differences in the variable or attribute being measured.

4.

In the Nominal measurement scale, numbers distinguish among categories. They do not
represent quantity or degree, and are assigned arbitrarily.

5.

The mean is symbolized as:

(M)

6. (4 points) Give a one-sentence description of the following ways to demonstrate reliability

Test-Retest demonstrates reliability in data or an instrument by repeatedly administering the
same test over a period time to compare the results for consistency.
Interrater reliability involves assessing the differences in two or more observations/observers
to demonstrate consistency on the behavior of study.
7.

The two most common statistical procedures for determining the level of significance when
two means are compared are. T-test and ANOVA

8.

normal distribution or probability curve is used to graphically indicate the general

direction and strength of a relationship between two variables in one group or sample.

9.

(4 Points) The mean

is the best measure of central tendency to use for distributions that

have no extremely high or extremely low scores; the median

is the best measure of

central tendency to use for distributions that have highly skewed data.
10. The significance level (alpha level) is used to indicate what the chance is that we are
wrong in rejecting the null hypothesis.
11. Based on a normal distribution of scores, what percentage of scores will fall between +1 and
-1 standard deviations of the mean? 68%
12.

Standard deviation

show how spread out the distribution of scores is from the mean

of the distribution, or how much, on the average, scores differ from the mean.
13. Typically implied in research, rather than stated explicitly, the null hypothesis

states that

there is no difference between the population means of two groups.

Use the following set of data for questions 17 through 19:
0

0
2

10 2
3

9
5

9
6

7
5

6
7

1
0

1
8

8
2

11 0

5
5

3
7

12 5
11 2

14. (4 points) What is the mean for the above set of data (rounded to the nearest hundredth)?
Briefly explain how you obtained/calculated the mean
M=5
I calculated the sum of all the scores (165), and then divided the total by the number of scores
(33). 165/33 = 5

15. (4 points) What is the median score for the above set of data?
Briefly explain how you obtained/calculated the median
Median = 5
I ranked the above set of scores from lowest to highest. I then found the middle score of all the
values, which was 5.
0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12

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16. (4 points) What is the mode for the above set of data?
Briefly explain how you obtained/calculated the mode
Mode = 5
I looked at the above set of scores in order of lowest to highest, and I observed those numbers
that were repeated most frequently. The number that appeared most frequently (6 times) was the
number 5.
17. (2 points) What is the range for the above set of data?
Range = 12
I subtracted the lowest value (0) from the highest value (12) to determine the range.
18. Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship? D
a.

+.12

b.

+.67

c.

-.02

d.

-.72

19. All of the following statements regarding analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) are true
except: B
a.

ANCOVA is frequently used with intact groups without random assignment.

b.

The variable that is used in an ANCOVA to adjust the scores is called the confounding
variable.

c.

ANCOVA is used to increase the likelihood of finding a significant difference between

group means.

d.

ANCOVA is used to adjust initial group differences statistically on one or more

variables that are related to the dependent variable but uncontrolled.

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20. Quantitative researchers never accept the null hypothesis, we either reject it or dont reject
it.

21. (2 points each) Give a one-sentence description of the following types of validity
Content validity is the extent to which the questions on the instrument and the scores from these
questions are representative of all the possible questions concerning the content of study.

Predictive validity refers to the degree in which the instrument can predict of measures of the
same construct in future studies.

Face validity refers to what a test appears to measure or the concepts it looks like it should
cover, not guaranteeing what it actually measures.

Construct validity is the ability of the measurement tool to actually measure the content being
studied.

22. What are the highest and lowest correlations coefficients that can observed in a study?
Highest correlation = (+ or -) 1
Lowest correlation = 0

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