Chng 1:

CAM BIEN VA NG DUNG

1.1: Gii thieu chung:

Cam bien c nh ngha la mot dung cu thu nang lng t mot he thong va chuyen thanh mot
dang nang lng khac phat en mot he thong khac.
nh ngha mot cach m rong cam bien la mot dung cu c tac ong bi mot nang lng vao t
mot hoac nhieu moi trng va lan lt phat ra tn hieu tng ng en mot hoac nhieu he thong phat
khac. No cung cap 1 tn hiu hu dung ap ng vi mot ai lng o lng cu the nao o, v du nh ai
lng vat ly, c hoc, hoac mot gia tr thch hp nao o.
Nang lng phat ra t nhng he thong nay co the la ien, c hoac am.
ac tnh ien cua ngo ra cam bien tuy thuoc vao nguyen ly c ban thiet ke no. Tn hieu ra co the
la tng t, so hoac tan so ieu che.
Co the phan thanh hai loai cam bien ien va cam bien c.
Cam bien ien la mot dung cu cam ai lng vat ly ,c hoac quang o c chuyen thanh tn
hiu ien di dang ien ap / dong ien ty le vi gia tr o ngo vao. Mot cam bien ien phai co cac
thong so sau:
1- Tuyen tnh: quan he gia ai lng vat ly va tn hiu ien ngo ra phai tuyen tnh.
2- o nhay:c nh ngha la s bien thien tn hieu ien tren bien thien 1 n v ai lng vat ly
(v du: V/o C oi vi cam bien nhiet). o nhay cao luon la yeu cau oi vi cam bien.
3- Dai ong: tam hoat ong cua cam bien phai rong e cho phep no c s dung trong cac ieu
kien o gia tr tam rong.
4- Kha nang lap lai: quan he ngo vao/ra cua cam bien phai c xac nh co nh trong thi gian
dai. ieu nay am bao kha nang hoat ong tin cay cua cam bien.
5- Kch thc vat ly: cam bien phai co trong lng va the tch cang nho cang tot khong gay tr ngai
ve kch thc trong he thong.
S tien li cua cam bien ien c tom tat nh sau:
1- De dang khuech ai/ suy giam tn hieu ien.
2- Bo qua anh hng cua quan tnh khoi lng.
3- Bo qua anh hng cua ma sat.
4- Ngo ra co the c hien th va ghi lai t xa so vi v tr at cam bien.
5- Ngo ra co the c hieu chnh ap ng yeu cau hien th hoac ieu khien. Bien o tn hieu co the
chuyen di dang ien ap / dong ien.
6- Tn hieu co the c x ly hoac tron e tao c bat ky s ket hp tn hieu ngo ra cua cac cam
bien giong nhau hoac cac tn hieu ieu khien.
7- He thong ien/ ien t c kiem soat bi mc nang lng rat be.
8- Tn hieu ien ngo ra co the de dang s dung, phat hoac truyen i cho muc ch o lng ieu
khien.
Cam bien ien co the phan thanh 2 loai chnh la cam bien chu ong va cam bien thu ong.
Cam bien chu ong phat ra tn hieu ien trc tiep ai lng vat ly va khong can s dung
nguon ngoai khi hoat ong. Cam bien chu ong la loai t phat tn hieu, ngha la no lam viec
theo nguyen ly chuyen oi nang lng va phat tn hieu ngo ra tng ng.
V du tieu bieu ve cam bien chu ong la cam bien nhiet cap nhiet ien hay cam bien ap ien, phat
ra sc ien ong ngo ra khi co tac ong thay oi ve nhiet o hoac lc.
Cam bien thu ong hoat ong theo cac nguyen ly kiem soat nang lng,can phai s dung
nguon ngoai. No phu thuoc vao s thay oi cac thong so ien R,L,C.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

- Cac cam bien thu ong tieu bieu nh cam bien sc cang thay oi ien tr theo ap lc hay
thermistor thay oi ien tr theo nhiet o.
Cam bien ien c s dung hau het e o cac ai lng phi ien. Vi muc ch nay phai s
dung phan t phat hien hay cam ng, chuyen oi ai lng vat ly sang o dch chuyen /bien thien. o
dch chuyen /bien thien tac ong vao mot cam bien ien hoat ong nh la cam bien th cap va cho tn
hieu ien ngo ra. ai lng ien ngo ra co the la dong ien, ien ap, tan so da tren cac thong so thay
oi R, L C.
Mot cach tong quat, cam bien chuyen 1 tn hieu phi ien ra thanh 1 tn hieu ien co the xem nh
gom 2 phan, phan cam va phan bien.
Phan cam/ phat hien la phan ap ng vi mot hien tng vat ly hoac tao mot thay oi mot hien
tng vat ly. ap ng cua phan cam phai cang giong vi hien tng vat ly.
Phan bien chuyen oi ap ng cua phan cam thanh tn hieu ien ngo ra, hoat ong nh cam
bien th cap.
Cam bien co the c phan loai thanh nhieu loai khac nhau tuy theo nguyen ly s dung phan t
cam bien e chuyen oi hien tng vat ly sang tn hieu ien, hay theo ac tnh ng dung cua
cam bien.
* Phan loai theo phan t cam bien
1- ien tr
2- ien cam
3- ien dung
4- ien t
5- Ap ien
6- Phat quang
7- Cam quang
8- Phan ap
9- Nhiet ien
10- Phat tan so

* Phan loai theo ac tnh &ng dung:

1- Cam bien quang
2- Cam bien nhiet
3- Cam bien v tr va dch chuyen
4- Cam bien bien dang
5- Cam bien van toc
6- Cam bien lc
7- Cam bien ap suat
8- Cam bien mc chat long

1.2: Cam bien quang:

Trong phan cam bien quang,ta se khao sat cau tao, hoat ong, ac tnh cac loai cam bien thong
dung nh quang tr, photo diode, photo transistor, en nhan quang ien va cac ng dung tieu bieu.
Cac cam bien nay hoat ong theo cac hieu ng quang dan va hieu ng rao quang the.
1.2.1 Quang tr:
Cau tao, ky hieu:

Hnh 1.1 Nguyen ly cua cam bien quang dan

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Quang tr lam viec theo hieu ng quang dan. Tren mot thanh ban dan nhieu tap chat n tiet dien
A, chieu day L, co mot ca so e anh sang co the chieu xuyen qua.
Bnh thng khi che anh sang hay at quang tr trong bong toi, ien tr quang tr hai au 1-2
rat cao , khi co anh sang chieu vao, se cung cap nang lng e tao ien t t do vi mat o tang ty le
cng o anh sang chieu vao ca so . Ket qua la neu cap mot ien the mach ngoai hai au 1-2,se
tao dong ien qua quang tr va ien tr cua quang tr cung se giam ty le theo cng o anh sang
chieu vao ca so.

Hnh 1.2: a) Cau tao c ban quang tr

b) Ky hieu quang tr
- Hnh 1.2 a minh hoa cau tao c ban mot quang tr
- Hnh 1.2 b la ky hieu cua quang tr. Hai mui ten bieu dien anh sang chieu vao ca so.
- Cac vat lieu s dung lam quang tr:
+ Vat lieu a tinh the : CdS, CdSe, CdTe
PbS, PbSe, PbTe
+ Vat lieu n tinh the: Ge, Si, themtap chat Au, Cu, Sb, Zn
SbIn, AsIn, PIn, CdHgTe.
Moi loai vat lieu se ap ng tot nhat vi tan bc song anh sang thch hp.
ac tnh quang tr:
Ta goi RC0 la ien tr toi , ngha la ien tr ng vi
ca so b che chan hoan toan khong cho anh sang
chieu vao
RC0 khoang 104-109 @ 25oC vi loai PbS, CdS,CdSe
RC0 khoang 10 - 103 @ 25oC vi loai SbIn, SbAs,CdHgTe
RC la ien tr khi co anh sang chieu vao ca so. RC giam
rat nhanh theo chieu tang cua cng o anh sang nh
ng bieu dien tren hnh 1.3.

Hnh 1.3: Bien thien ien tr theo cng o anh sang.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Co the bieu dien mach tng ng cua quang tr gom RC0 //RCp trong o RCp la ien tr b anh
hng bi anh sang toi theo hieu ng quang ien:
RCp a.
(1.1)

a: phu thuoc vao vat lieu, nhiet o va pho anh sang ti.
: quang nang anh sang ti (quang thong )(W)
= 0,51: he so truyen at

Hnh 1.4: Mch tng ng quang tr

R .R
R .a
(1.2)
RC C 0 Cp C 0
RC 0 RCp RC 0 a.
Trong thc te: thng RCp RC0 , ta co:
RC a.

(1.3)

*Nhan xet: Bien thien ien tr theo cng o anh sang khong tuyen tnh, co the tuyen tnh hoa tng
phan bang cach mac them mot ien tr song song vi quang tr (xem phan mach tao va x ly tn hieu)
Ga tr ien tr quang tr con phu thuoc vao nhiet o va ien ap ap len no.
o nhay: Theo hnh 1.4, ien dan cua quang tr:
GC GC 0 GCp
(1.4)
Vi GC0=1/RC0 va GCp=1/RCp=(1/a).
Goi V la ien ap tren RC va I la dong qua RC:
(1.5)
I= GC.V = GC0.V+GCp.V = I0+Ip
Vi GC0.V=I0: dong qua quang tr toi
Va GCp = Ip: dong tao ra do hieu ng quang ien
Thong thng: I0<ICp nen ;
V
I I p
(1.6)
a
Trong trng hp ac biet =1, dong ien I xem nh ty le tuyen tnh vi .
Chia (1.6) cho :
I V 1

(1.7)
a
o nhay quang tr:
I
V
1

(1.8)

Nhan xet:
He so truyen at tnh ty le vi o nhay.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Quang tr ty le phi tuyen vi quang thong, trng hp ac biet =1 quan he gan tuyen tnh, ch
ap dung oi vi tn hieu nho, ngha la quang thong bien thien be.
- Quang tr ty le vi ap V at tren no, tuy nhien neu tang ap dan en mat mat cong suat va nhiet
o tang gay giam o nhay quang tr.
ap ng thi gian va tan so:
- Thi gian ap ng va tan so ap ng phu thuoc vao vat lieu la chu yeu,
- Thi gian ap ng la thi gian thay oi gia tr ien tr khi cng o anh sang vao bien thien.
- Thi gian ap ng 0,1 s oi vi loai SbIn, AsIn, CdHgTe, va
0,1 100 ms oi vi loai PbS, PbSe, CdSe.
Tan so ap ng la tan so thay oi o nhay quang tr theo tan so bien thien cng o anh sang. Fc
= 102 105 Hz.
ng dung tieu bieu:
- Do ac tnh phi tuyen cua quang tr theo cng o anh sang nen ngi ta thng ch s dung
quang tr trong cac ng dung ve nhan dang mot mc cng o anh sang .
- V du: o mc cng o anh sang, ieu khien theo mc cng cng o anh sang.
Hnh 1.5 minh hoa cac dang mach s dung quang tr ong m/ r le theo mc cng o anh sang.
-

Hnh 1.5: S dung quang tr ong/ m r le theo cng o anh sang.

1.2.2: Photo diode:
Cau tao, ky hieu:

Hnh 1.6 a) Rao the tiep xuc PN

b) Ky hieu photo diode
Khi tiep xuc PN cha co phan cc ngoai, xuat hien mien ngheo tai vung tiep xuc va ien trng
Eb sinh ra rao the Vb, dong ien qua tiep xuc PN gom:
- Dong ien thuan do cac hat tai a chuyen ong t PN (ien t t ban dan N va lo trong t ban
dan P ) xuat hien khi co nguon nang lng ngoai hoac ien ap ngoai kch thch thang c rao
the Vb.
- Dong ien nghch do cac hat tai thieu chuyen ong t N sang P (ien t t ban dan P va lo trong
t ban dan N) xuat hien do ien trng Eb
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Neu ap vao mot ien ap phan cc nghch cang lam tang Eb va Vb va dong nghch cang tang neu
hat tai sinh ra nhieu. ay la nguyen ly lam viec cua photo diode.
Khi co anh sang chieu vao vung tiep xuc photo diode se sinh ra cac hat tai t do la ien t va lo
trong.Neu phan cc nghch, cac hat tai nay se chuyen ong tao dong ien nghch qua diode tang
ty le theo cng o anh sang chieu vao ca so .
Goi Vd va I lan lt la ien ap va dong ien tren diode:
qv
I I 0 exp d I 0
(1.9)
KT
Do vd<<KT/q=26mV@300oK
Ta co the xem dong nghch qua diode
Ir = Io
(1.10)
ac tnh:
1- Mode quang dan:
Hnh 1.7 a la mach phan cc photo diode bi nguon phan cc nghch Es va tr tai Rm
Hnh 1.7 b la ac tuyen tieu bieu cua photo diode.

Hnh 1.7 :a) S o phan cc photo diode lam viec theo hieu ng quang dan
b) ac tuyen Photo diode va ng tai lam viec
Do vd<0 nen dong nghch qua diode c viet :
qv
I r I 0 exp d I 0 I p
(1.11)
KT
Ip la dong ien hieu ng quang ien sinh ra:
q (1 R )
0 . exp( X )
Ip
(1.12)
h.c
q :ien tch =1,6x10-19C
:he so giai phong hat tai
R: he so phan xa hat tai
:bc song anh sang ti (m)
h : hang so plank = 6,6256 x10-34 J.s
c : van toc anh sang = 3x108 m/s
o: thong lng anh sang (w)
: he so tiep thu anh sang
X: be day phien ban dan anh sang chieu qua

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Trng hp vd kha ln, so hang ham mu co the bo qua :

Ir = Io + Ip
(1.13)
Va trong trng hp cng o anh sang u manh:
(1.14)
Ir = Ip
T hnh 1.7a, ta co phng trnh ng tai :
E
v
(1.15)
Ir s d
Rm Rm

Lu y: Vr = Ir x Rm ty le tuyen tnh vi theo Ir.

Hnh 1.8 la mach tng ng photo diode

Hnh 1.8 Mach tng ng photo diode

Is = Io + Ip : nguon dong
rd: ien tr ong tiep xuc phan cc nghch 1010
rs: ien tr tiep xuc c vai chuc , rs Rm co the bo qua
Cd: ien dung tiep xuc, Cd c hang pF va giam khi tang vd.
2- Mode rao quang the:
Trong mode nay photo diode khong can cap nguon ngoai va no ong vai tro mach phat ap trong
trng hp h mach va phat dong trong trng hp ngan mach.
+ H mach Vco: ap tren tiep xuc la vb
Ir = 0
qvb
(1.16)
I 0 exp
I0 I p 0
KT
Ip
KT
(1.17)
vb
Log 1
q
I0
q (1 R )
0 . exp( X )
h.c
Do h mach nen vb = Vco, do o:
Ip
KT
Log 1
Vco
q
I0

Vi:

Ip

Trng hp cng o anh sang that yeu:

KT I p
I p I 0 Vco

q
I0

(1.18)

(1.19)

Nhan xet: Vco ty le tuyen tnh Ip hay cng o anh sang.

Trng hp cng o anh sang manh:
I
KT
(1.20)
I p I 0 Vco
Log p
q
I0
Vco ty le vi ham log cua cng o anh sang.
Trng hp Rm rd : RmIr = Vd
(1.21)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

+ Ngan mach Isc :trng hp Rm <<rd xem nh dong Ir la dong ngan mach va Ir = Ip ty le tuyen tnh
vi cng o anh sang.
o nhay:
Vi bc xa co pho xac nh,dong quang ien Ip t le tuyen tnh vi thong lng.
o nhay pho:
I
q (1 R)
s( ) p
. exp( X ) (1.21b)

h.c
ng dung tieu bieu:
Do tnh chat tuyen tnh cua ap ng photo diode oi vi cng o anh sang nen ngi ta co the
ng dung khuech ai / truyen at tn hieu cach ly bang cach chuyen oi quang ien . Tuy vao
phng phap chon photo diode hoat ong theo hieu ng quang dan hoac rao quang the theo ng
dung cu the.
1- Mode quang dan:
ac tnh photo diode:
- Tuyen tnh
- ap ng thi gian cham,bang thong rong

Hnh 1.9: ng dung photo diode theo mode quang dan

-

hnh 1.9 a:
R
(1.22)
V0 Rm 1 2
R1

Rm lam giam nhieu on nhng gay giam toc o, tong tr vao OPAMP cao tranh re dong diode
Ir.
hnh 1.9b:
V0 R1 R2 I r
(1.23)

ien tr cap dong cho diode giam tng ng bang (R1+R2) /Av0,vi Av0 la he so khuech ai
vong h cua OPAMP, C1va C2 cai thien ap ng nhanh theo ieu kien : C1 R1 = C2 R2
2. Mode rao quang the:
ac tnh photo diode:
- Tuyen tnh hoac loga.
- Giam nhieu on
- ap ng tot va bang thong hep

Hnh 1.10: ng dung photo diode theo mode rao quang the
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

 hnh 1.10a, ap ng tuyen tnh:

V0 Rm I CC
hnh 1.10b , ap ng loga:
R
V0 1 2 Vco
R1

(1.24)

(1.25)

1.2.3: Photo transistor:

Nguyen ly lam viec:
Ve cau tao, photo transistor giong nh transistor thong thng, ch co khac mien B c kch
thch bi anh sang ngoai. Khi phan cc photo transistor cung tng t nh cach phan cc transistor thong
thng, v du nh hoat ong che o khuech ai,tiep xuc B-C phan cc nghch,tiep xuc B-E phan cc
thuan.Mach ien CE cua photo transistor cung nh mach CE transistor thong thng,ch co ieu lu y
la khong can phai am bao tiep xuc BE phan cc thuan(VBE =0,6V (Si)) va co the khong can phan cc
BC trong mot so trng hp. Khi co anh sang chieu vao mien B , phat sinh dong IB tng t nh photo
diode , dong IB sinh ra t tiep xuc BC cua photo transistor.

Hnh 1.11:

a) Mach phan cc photo transistor

b)Mach tiep xuc BC tng ng nh photo diode.

Ta co: Ir = Io+Ip
Ic = (+1) Ir = (+1) Io + (+1) Ip

(1.26)

: HSK dong mach EC

(+1)Io = Ico ,dong toi photo transistor
(+1)Ip = Icp dong Ic phu thuoc vao anh sang ti.
Mach tng ng photo transistor nh hnh 1.12:

Hnh 1.12 Mach tng ng photo transistor

f thap , bo qua Cbe va Cbc ta co:
Vm = -(gm vbe +Ip )Rm
(1.27)
Vi: vbe = rbe Ip va gm = /rbe
Vm = -( +1)Ip.Rm
(1.28)
Nh vay f thap photo transistor tng ng nh mot nguon dong (+1)Ip .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Dong ro Ico hay dong Ic toi 25oC khoang 10-8 10-9 A tuy thuoc vao ien ap tren CE va nhiet
o. Co the giam dong Ico bang cach phan cc cc B bang mot ien tr va u nho.
ap ng tan so:
g b 'e
fc
2 Cb 'e Cb'c (1 g m Rm

ng dung tieu bieu:

Co the ng dung photo transistor trong cac mach khuech ai hoac giao hoan cach ly tn hieu va
hoat ong nh transistor thong thng.

Hnh 1.13: Cac mach s dung photo transistor giao hoan

Hnh 1.13 a) Photo transistor kch trc tiep r le
Hnh 1.13 b) Photo transistor mac darlington vi 1BJT keo rle
Hnh 1.13 c) Photo transistor lai cong logoc
Hnh 1.13 d) Photo transistor kch cc G SCR.

Hnh 1.14 a) - Photo transistor kch mach BJT mac BC.

Hnh 1.14 b) - Photo transistor va OPAMP chuyen dong thanh ap

Hnh 1.15: Cac mach photo transistor lam viec tuyen tnh
Hnh1.15 a) Mach o thong lng(flux)
Hnh 1.15 b) Mach K CC co phan cc B
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

10

Hnh 1.15 c) Mach K CC loai dong ro Ico.

1.2.4:en nhan quang ien:
en nhan quang ien bao gom mot ong thuy tinh chan khong cha cathode phat quang, mot
anode va nhieu ien cc trung gian goi la dynode, moi dynode sau c phan cc ap cao hn so vi
dynode trc.

Hnh 1.16: Cau tao c ban en nhan quang ien

Khi anh sang chieu vao cathode,ien t phat ra t cathode c hut en dynode th 1. ay goi la
phat xa th cap. Khi e- chuyen ong vi toc o cao ap vao vat lieu thch hp, vat lieu se phat ra mot
lng ln e- nhieu hn lng e- ap vao no. Do phan cc cac dynode sau cao hn dynode trc nen toc
o va so lng e- ngay cang tang cho en khi e- en anode.He so khuech ai co the t 105 en 109,o
nhay anh sang co the t 1A/lumen en 2000A/lumen,dong anode co the t 100A en 1mA.
Do o nhay anh sang rat cao,chang han vi o nhay 100A/lumen ch can 10-5 lumen se tao ra
mot dong anode 1mA.en nay b anh hng bi t trng nen ben ngoai phai co vo boc chong nhiem
t.
1.3: Cam bien nhiet:
Cac loai cam bien nhiet thong dung co the phan loai thanh 2 dang :
Cam bien nhiet ien tr: gom nhiet tr kim loai, nhiet tr ban dan (thermistor) hoat ong theo
nguyen ly thay oi ien tr theo nhiet o.
Cam bien nhiet ien ap: gom cap nhiet ien (thermocouple),tiep xuc P-N, vi mach hoat ong
theo nguyen ly thay oi ien ap theo nhiet o.
1.3.1: Nhiet tr kim loai:
Nhiet tr kim loai co he so nhiet tr dng, cau tao gom mot day kim loai quan xung quanh mot
truc s cach ien va co vo boc bang kim loai dan nhiet tot ben ngoai. Kim loai thng c s dung la
day platin hoac nikel.

Hnh 1.17: Cau tao nhiet tr kim loai.

1- Nhiet tr Platin: Tam o cua nhiet tr platin trong khoang 200oC 650oC, o phan giai co the
en 0,1oC va quan he ien tr / nhiet o kha tuyen tnh
Bieu thc quan he ien tr / nhiet o cua nhiet tr platin:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

11

R(T) = Ro [1+AT+BT2+C(T-100)T3](T= 0oC)

(1.29)
-3 o
Trong o: A= 3,90802 x10 / C
B = -5,80195 x10-7/oC2
C = -4,27350 x10-12/oC4 vi T< 0oC va C= 0 khi T>0oC
Ro: ien tr T= 0oC
Trong thc te ngi ta goi cac loai ien tr Pt50,Pt75,Pt100 tng ng Ro = 50, Ro=75,
Ro = 100,at tai nhiet o T= 0oC.
Trng hp nhiet o thap T100oC, AB, C=0:
Ta co: R(T) = Ro[1+3,9 x10-3T]
(1.30)
2-Nhiet tr Nikel: Tam o nhiet tr Nikel trong khoang t 60oC200oC, o nhay cao hn so vi Pt.
Bieu thc quan he ien tr / nhiet o cua nhiet tr Nikel:
(1.31)
R(T)=Ro [1+AT+BT2], (T= oC)
-3 o
Trong o:
A=5,49167 x10 / C
B = 6,666667 x10-6/oC2
He so nhiet: Khi cho nhiet o bien thien 1 lng T xung quanh T ,ta co quan he ien tr / nhiet
o co the bieu dien nh sau:
R(T+T)=R(T)(1+R x T )
(1.32)
Vi R la he so nhiet nhiet o T, suy ra:
1 dR
R
(1.33)
R(T ) dT
T (1.29) va (1.30), he so nhiet ien tr Pt va Ni 0oC la:
Pt : R = 3,9 x 10-3/oC
Ni: R = 5,49 x 10-3/oC
Bu ien tr day dan:
Trong hau het cac trng hp, mach tao dong/ ap ra t cam bien nhiet ien tr kim loai thng la
mach cau. Khi at cam bien nhiet ien tr xa mach, can phai co day dan u dai. Luc nay ien tr cua
day dan Rf se tham gia vao thanh phan cua nhanh mach lam cau lenh can bang,va khi nhiet o thay oi
ien tr cua day dan Rf cung thay oi 1 lng Rf co the so sanh vi lng bien thien RT cua cam bien,
gay ra sai so.
Xet mach cau wheastone nh hnh 1.18:
Cho R1=R3= R4=Ro
R2 = R3= Ro+RT
Vi Ro: ien tr tai 0oC
RT : ien tr tai ToC

Hnh 1.18: RT mac tren cau Wheastone

De dang tm c:
E
RT
Vm s
4 R0 1 RT
2 R0

(1.35)

Thong thng: 2Ro RT

Suy ra:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

12

Vm

Es RT
4 R0

(1.36)

Trong mach bu day, cac day dan co ien tr Rf =Rfo + Rf co chieu dai bang nhau va c at
tham gia nh mot ien tr trong cac nhanh cua cau.
1- Mach bu day 3 day:

Hnh 1.19: a) Mach bu 3 day day th 3 noi nguon

b) Mach bu 3 day day th 3 noi ngo ra
Trong mach bu 3 day hnh 1.19a, day th 3 Rf Rs noi tr nguon nen se khong anh hng.
Ta co: R1=Ro ,
R3=Ro ,
R2 = RC + Rfo ,R4 = Ro + Rfo ,
(1.37)
Chon R1, R2, R3, R4 thoa ieu kien cau can bang.
Mach bu 3 day co day th 3 noi vi ngo ra hnh 1.19b co Rf tong tr ngo vao tang sau tai 2
iem AB nen Rf khong anh hng .
Ta co: R1=Ro + Rfo , R3=Ro
R2 = RC + Rfo , R4 = Ro
(1.38)
Chon R1, R2, R3, R4 thoa ieu kien cau can bang.
2- Mach bu day 02 day :
Hnh 1.20 minh hoa mach bu day 02 day.
Ta co: R1=Ro ,
R3=Ro
(1.39)
R2 = RC + 2Rfo , R4 = Ro + 2Rfo
Chon R1, R2, R3, R4 thoa ieu kien cau can bang.

Hnh 1.20: Mach bu day 2 day

3- Mach bu day 4 day:
Trong mach bu day 4 day hnh 1.21, ta se xac nh c gia tr cua RC theo ieu kien can bang
tuy thuoc vao v tr ket noi cac nhanh .
Cau can bang lan 1: ket noi A vi a, D vi f, F vi b ,chnh R1= R1 e cau can bang ta co:
(R1 +Rf1).Ro = (RC +Rf2).Ro
(1.40)
Cau can bang lan 2: ket noi A vi f, D vi a, F vi e,chnh R1 = R1 e cau can bang ta co:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

13

(R1+ Rf2).Ro = (Rc+Rf1).Ro

T (1.40) va (1.41) suy ra :
R ' R"1
Rc 1
2

(1.41)
(1.42)

Hnh 1.21: Mach bu day 4 day

e tranh anh hng nhiet gay ra bi dong qua nhiet tr kim loai, ngi ta thng phan cc dong
be, thong thng <10mA.
1.3.2: Nhiet tr ban dan: (Thermistor)
Nhiet tr ban dan co he so nhiet cao khoang 10 lan so vi nhiet tr kim loai. Tuy nhien ac tnh
cua nhiet tr ban dan phi tuyen nen ngi ta thng s dung no trong cac ng dung on nh phan cc
theo nhiet o, hoac ch s dung o nhiet o trong mot tam hep.
Cau tao nhiet tr ban dan gom cac hp kim ban dan nh MgO, MgAl2O4 ,Mn2O3, Fe3O4,CO2O3,
NiO, ZnTiO4. Nhiet tr ban dan co he so nhiet am (NTC), hoat ong theo nguyen ly tang hat dan khi
nhiet o tang nen ien tr giam. Tam lam viec cua nhiet tr ban dan t 1300oC .
Hnh 1.22 minh hoa cac dang vo ngoai thng gap cua nhiet tr ban dan.

Hnh 1.22: a) Dang a b) Dang hat au c) Dang ong tru

Bieu thc quan he ien tr/ nhiet o cua ien tr ban dan:
1 1
RT R0 exp B
(1.43)
T T0
Trong o: Ro ien tr nhiet o To(oK)
B he so phu thuoc vao nhiet o thng co gia tr t 3000-5000oK
He so nhiet:
R B / T 2
(1.44)
Tuyen tnh hoa ac tnh phi tuyen cua nhiet tr:
Phan nay trnh bay cac phng phap n gian va thong dung e tuyen tnh hoa cac ac tnh phi
tuyen cua nhiet tr nh nhiet tr ban dan , nhiet tr Nikel. Tuy nhien van co the ap dung e tuyen tnh
hoa cac ac tnh phi tuyen cua cac cam bien ien tr khac.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

14

Nguyen tac chung e tuyen tnh hoa la mac them mot ien tr Rl, goi la ien tr tuyen tnh hoa
song song hoac noi tiep vi cam bien. Chon Ti la iem tuyen tnh sao cho trong tam o a xac nh t
T1 en T2, ac tnh at c la tuyen tnh nhat. Thong thng iem chon Ti la iem uon cua ac tuyen
ban au. Goi Vm la ien ap ngo ra mach chuyen oi sang ien ap, yeu cau tuyen tnh thoa ieu kien:
d 2Vm
0
(1.45)
dT 2

T T
i

T (1.45) ta xac nh c gia tr Rl.

1- ien tr Rl mac song song:
R R (T )
Ta co: R(T ) 1 c
R1 Rc (T )

Cho:

Hnh 1.23: Tuyen tnh hoa ien tr Ni 50 25oC

d 2 R(T )
0
dT 2

T T
i

Suy ra: Rl

2 R'c (Ti )
Rc (Ti )
R"c (Ti )

Vi (dRc/dT)=Rc va (d2Rc/dT2)=Rc
Trng hp nhiet tr kim loai:
Rc(T) = Rco (1+AT+BT2)
( A 2 BTi ) 2
Rl Rco
Rc (Ti )
B
Trng hp Thermistor:
1 1
Rc (T ) Rco exp B
T T0

Rl Rc (Ti )

B 2Ti
B 2Ti

Xet ac tuyen nh hnh 1.24:

R R (T )
T1 :
R(T1 ) 1 c 1
R1 Rc (T1 )

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.46)

(1.47)

(1.48)

(1.49)

15

 T2:

Hnh 1.24: Nguyen tac tuyen tnh hoa 3 iem nhiet o.

R R (T )
(1.50)
R(T2 ) 1 c 2
R1 Rc (T2 )

Chon

Suy ra:

TM=(T1+T2)/2
R R (T )
R(T1 ) R(T2 )
R(TM ) 1 c M
R1 Rc (TM )
2
R (T )R (T ) Rc (T2 ) 2 Rc (T1 ) Rc (T2 )
Rl c M c 1
Rc (T1 ) Rc (T2 ) 2 Rc (TM )

(1.51)
(1.52)

2- Tuyen tnh hoa bang Rl mac noi tiep:

Rc (T )
Ta co:
Vm
Es
R1 Rc (T )

d 2Vm
0
dT 2

T Ti
2

2 R'c (Ti )
Rl
Rc (Ti )
R"c (Ti )

(1.53)

Hnh 1.27 Rl mac noi tiep

Mot phng phap tuyen tnh hoa bang cach mac ien tr noi tiep co the ap dung cho nhiet tr
kim loai nh sau:
Cam bien o nhiet co bieu thc:
Rc(T) = Rco(1+AcT+BcT2)
Cam bien tuyen tnh hoa co bieu thc:
Rs(T) = Rso(1+AsT+BsT2)
ien tr tong:
R(T) = Rco+Rso+(RcoAC +RsoAS)T+(RcoBc+ RsoBs)T2
(1.54)
R(T) tuyen tnh thoa ieu kien:
RcoBc = - RsoBs
Thong thng ngi ta s dung Pt mac noi tiep vi Ni e tuyen tnh hoa.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

16

1.3.3: Cam bien nhiet diode va transistor:

Diode hoac BJT noi Bva C lam viec nh diode, khi phan cc thuan co mot dong ien co nh I,
ien ap phan cc thuan v tren diode la ham thay oi theo nhiet o.

a) Diode

Hnh 1.26 : Cam bien nhiet tiep xuc P- N

b) BJT mac noi tiep nh diode
c) Cap BJT vi sai mac nh diode

Bieu thc dong ien thuan qua diode:

qv
I I 0 exp
1
KT

(1.55)

Do I>>I0 nen:

qv
I I 0 exp
(1.56)

KT
qv
I 0 CT m exp
Trong o:
(1.57)

KT
la dong ien ngc
v = 1,12 V oi vi Si
m=3
C hang so phu thuoc vao hnh dang tiep xuc
q= 1,6x10-19C
k hang so Boltzman
T: oK
Bieu dien sang ien ap:
KT
KT
KT
v v
LogI
mLogT
LogC
(1.58)
q
q
q
Hang so C va I co the loai tr neu ta biet c ien ap v1 tai nhiet o T1 t o:
T
T
KT
T
(1.59)
v v1 v 1 m
Log
T1
q
T1
T1
T (1.59),ta xac nh o nhay ve nhiet:
dv
1
KT
T
1 Log
(v1 v ) m
dT
T1
q
T1
Viet di dang ham theo v:
dv
K
1
m (v v )
dT
q
T

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.60)

(1.61)

17

Trong vung nhiet o lam viec cua ban dan 50oC +150oC co the bo qua so hang th 2 , ta tnh
c:
dv
2mV / C
(1.62)
dT
e loai tr anh hng theo nhiet o cua dong nghch Io , ta mac mach nh hnh 1.26c ta co:
qv
KT
I
I1 I 0 exp 1 v1
Log 1
KT
q
I0
qv
KT
I
I 2 I 0 exp 2 v2
Log 2
KT
q
I0

ien ap vi sai ngo ra:

KT
I
KT
vd v1 v2
Log 1
Logn
q
I2
q
Vi n he so nhan cac nguon dong
Thay cac gia tr vao:
vd 86,56 TLogn; (vd : V , T : K )

(1.63)

(1.64)

Gia s chon n=2 vd= 59,73 T.

ien ap vi sai ra tuyen tnh vi nhiet o
Cac cam bien nhiet s dung vi mach:
1- Vi mach cam bien nhiet nguon dong AD590:
Vi mach AD590 la nguon dong cam bien nhiet, tuyen tnh. Mach nguyen ly n gian A090
nh hnh 1.27a.
Dong qua nhanh Q3Q2 va Q4Q1 la IT/2, ien ap BE Q1:
I
KT
VBE1
Log T
q
2I 0

Hnh 1.27:

a) Mach nguyen ly AD590

b) ng dung c ban nguon dong AD590
Tng t dong IT/2 qua Q3Q2 . Trong thc te Q2 la 8 transistor mac song song, cac BJT nay
giong loai Q1 nen dong qua moi BJT la IT/16. ien ap BE moi BJT:
I
KT
VBE 2
Log T
q
16I 0
T o ien ap vi sai ngo ra:

VBE1 VBE 2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

KT
Log 8
q

18

Va: VBE1 VBE 2

RI T
2

2 KT
Log 8
R q
Neu chon: R= 358 :
IT
1A / K
(1.65)
T
hnh 1.27b, dong IT c chuyen thanh ap:
Vd = IT x Ra
hay Vd = T x Ra
(T=oK, V = V, R= )
2- Vi mach cam bien nhiet tao ap LM 335:

Suy ra:

IT

Hnh 1.28:

a) Mach nguyen ly LM335

b) Ky hieu va phan cc LM335
Vi mach LM335 la cam bien nhiet tuyen tnh lam viec nh mot diode zener.Mach nguyen ly
c ban vi mach LM335 nh hnh 1.28a,dong qua Q1 va Q10 bang nhau.Thc te Q10 gom 10 BJT mac
song song, cac BJT giong nh Q1. T o ien ap BE tren Q1va moi BJT trong Q10 la:
KT
Vbe
Log10
q
Vbe ( V ) 200T
ien Vbe ap tren R tao dong hang qua nhanh R2,R,R1; suy ra:
VT = (R1+R2+R) Vbe/R
Thay cac gia tr vao:
VT(mV) = 10T
(T:oK)
(1.66)
Bo khuech ai A on nh dong collector qua dong Q1 va Q10 thong qua hoi tiep t ap cc B.
Tham kho vi mch DS1822 cm bin nhit ng ra tn hiu s.
1.3.4: Cap nhiet ien( Thermocouple):
Cap nhiet ien gom 2 kim loai dan ien A va B tiep xuc hai au, moi au tiep xuc at 2
nhiet o khac nhau T1 va T2 se sinh ra mot sc ien ong EABT2T1 phu thuoc vao tnh chat 2 vat dan AB
va nhiet o hai au tiep xuc. Thong thng 1 au tiep xuc c gi nhiet o co nh T1= Tref goi la
au nguoi; mot au tiep xuc at trong moi trng can xac nh nhiet o T2= TC . Sc ien ong sinh ra
se ty le vi nhiet o TC.
Cap nhiet ien thng c ng dung trong cac trng hp:
- o tam nhiet o cao (en 1800oC).
- Moi trng o cong nghiep, nhieu chan ong bui bam, noi chung can loai cam bien co cau tao
ben chac.
- Khong b anh hng dong nhiet do dong phan cc.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

19

Hnh 1.29: Cau tao c ban cap nhiet ien

Cac loai cap nhiet ien:
Loai E: Chromel/ Constantan
Loai J: Fer/Constantan
Loai T: ong /Constantan
Loai K: Chromel/Al
Loai R: Platin Rhodium (13%)/ Platin
Loai S: Platin Rhodium (10%)/ Platin
Loai B: Platin Rhodium (30%)/Platin Rhodium (6%)
Noi chung ac tnh sc ien ong theo nhiet o cua cac loai cap nhiet ien eu phi tuyen .
Hnh 1.30 minh hoa ac tuyen cac loai cap nhiet ien.

Hnh 1.30: Bien thien sc ien ong cac loai cap nhiet ien.
e xac nh quan he sc ien ong/ nhiet o ta co 2 cach:
+ Cach 1: tra bang so lieu sc ien ong /to
+ Cach 2: bieu dien quan he sc ien ong/ to theo a thc dang:
i 8

E aiT i

(E:V,T:0C)

(1.67)

i 0

Ga tr ai c xac nh thong qua bang tra.

Cac hieu ng nhiet ien:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

20

1. Hieu ng Peltier:
Xem hnh 1.31a, tai v tr tiep xuc cua hai kim loai khac nhau A va B at trong vung nhiet o T,
se phat ra mot hieu ien the goi la sc ien ong Peltier
VM-VN=PTA/B
(1.68)

o nh luat mach kn:Trong mot mach kn gom cac kim loai khac nhau tiep xuc tao ra, tong
cac sc ien ong Peltier bang 0.
o Tren hnh 1.31b ta co:
PTA/B +PTB/C +PTC/D + PTD/A =0

(1.69)

Phng trnh tren co the viet lai:

PTA/B +PTB/C +PTC/D = - PTD/A
Hay PTA/B +PTB/C +PTC/D = PTA/D
PTA/D = - PTD/A

(1.70)

Hnh 1.31: Cac hieu ng nhiet ien

a) Hieu ng Peltier b) nh luat mach kn
c) Hieu ng Thomso d) Hieu ng Seebeck
2. Hieu ng Thomson:
Gia 2 iem M va N co nhiet o khac nhau trong 1 vat dan ong chat A , se phat ra mot sc
ien ong phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat dan va nhiet o TM, TN.
TM

EA

TM TN

hAdT

(1.70)

TN

(1.70) goi la sc ien ong Thomson, hA la he so Thomson cua vat dan va la ham theo to.
- Neu tren toan bo vat dan ong chat co cung nhiet o th sc ien ong Thomson bang 0.
3. Hieu ng Seebeck:
Trong mach kn gom hai vat dan khac loai AB co 2 tiep xuc at 2 nhiet o khac nhau T1 va
T2, se tao thanh mot cap nhiet ien .
TT
Cap nhiet ien nay tao ra 1 sc ien ong Seebeck E AB 2 1 bao gom ca sc ien ong Peltier va
Thomson.
Sc ien ong gia a va b:
T2

eab hA dT
T1

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

21

Sc ien ong gia b va c:

ebc PAT/2 B
Sc ien ong gia c va d:
T1

ecd hB dT
T2

Sc ien ong gia d va a:

eda PBT1/ A
Sc ien ong Seebeck c tnh nh sau:
T2

E TA2/TB1 PAT2/ B PAT1/ B (hA hB )dT

(1.71)

T1

Mach o ien ap sinh ra t therocouple:

Trong thc te, cap nhiet ien gom 2 day kim loai khac nhau, mot au han noi lai goi la au
nong va 1 au e h goi la au nguoi.
Tai au nguoi phai gi nhiet o Tref co nh.Ky hieu +/- bieu dien cc tnh sc ien ong sinh
ra khi au nong c at vao moi trng nhiet o TC .

Hnh 1.32: Cau tao thc te cap nhiet ien

S o mach o cap nhiet ien thng mac nh hnh 1.33:

Hnh 1.33 : Mach o cap nhiet ien

Cap nhiet ien AB co au nong at trong vung nhiet o Tc , au nguoi tai vung nhiet o Tref .
M1 va M2 la cac oan day dan noi vung nhiet o Tref en Ta1 va t Ta1 en Ta2 tai v tr mach o. M3 la
mach vao cua mach o.
Bieu thc sc ien ong e sinh ra nh sau:
Ta1

Tref
Tc
A/ B

eP

Tref
B / M1

h dT P
B

Tc
Ta1

Ta1
M1 / M 2

hM1 dT P
Tref

Tref
T

Ta2

Ta2
M2 / M3

hM 2 dT P
Ta1

Ta3

hM 3 dT PMa32/ M 2
Ta2

Tc
T

hM 2 dT PMa21 / M1 hM1 dT PMref1 / A hAdT

Ta2

Ta1

Tref

n gian cac so hang ta c:

Tref
Tc
A/ B

eP

Tref
A/ B

TT

(hB hA )dT E Ac/ Bref

(1.72)

Tc

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

22

Hay noi cach khac, sc ien ong Seebeck sinh ra tren 2 iem cua au nguoi nhiet o Tref vi
au nong at trong vung nhiet o can o Tc.
e tuyen tnh hoa ac tuyen cap nhiet ien trong tng vung nhiet o, quan he sc ien ong
hay ien ap theo nhiet o c n gian thanh bieu thc sau:
Ec s (Tc Tref )
(T:0C)
(1.73)
s: he so Seebeck phu thuoc vao tng vung nhiet o.
tam nhiet o thap (300oC) he so Seebeck cua cac loai Thermocouple c cho theo bang (1.1):
Bang 1.1: He so Seebeck cac loai cap nhiet ien(T<300oC)
Loai
S (v/oC)
J
52,3
K
51,2
E
61,4
T
40,2
S,R
5,76
Bang 1.2 tom tat tam nhiet o s dung cua cac loai cap nhiet ien.
Bang 1.2: Tam nhiet o s dung cua cac loai cap nhiet ien:
Loai
Tam to(oC)
E(mV)

Cap chnh xac

Cu/ Contantan- T
(/knh d= 1,63mm)

-270370

-6,25819,027

2% t 100oC -40oC
0,8% - 40oC 100oC
0,75% 100oC 300oC

Fe/ Contantan (d=3,25mm)

-210800

-8,09645,498

3% t

Cr/Al- K
(d= 3,25mm)
Cr/ Contantan- E
(d=3,25mm)
Pt-Rh (10%)/Pt- S
(d=0,51mm)

-2701250

-5,34550,633

-270870

-9,83566,473

-501500

-0,23615,576

Pt-Rh(13%)/Pt- R
(d=0,51mm)
Pt-Rh (30%)/ Pt-Rh(6%)
(d=0,51 mm)
B

-501500

0oC400oC

0,75% 400oC 800oC

3% t 0oC 400oC
0,75% 400oC 1250oC
3% t 0oC 400oC
0,75% 400oC 870oC
2,5 t 0oC 600oC
0,4% 600oC 1500oC

01700

-0,22617,445
012,426

1,4% t 0oC 538oC

0,25% 538oC 1500oC
0,5% t 870oC 1700oC

ng knh day dan cap nhiet ien cang to nhiet o cc ai o c cang cao.
Nhiet o chuan Tref au nguoi:
1- Tref =0 : ay la nhiet o chuan e o cac gia tr sc ien ong tng ng vi nhiet o cho trong
cac bang tra.
2- Tref co nh 0: ap dung nguyen ly xep chong nhiet o:
TT
T 0
(1.74)
E E Ac/ Bref E Aref/ B

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

23

V du: Cap nhiet ien Pt- Ph (10%)/Pt co sc ien ong phat ra 2,80 mV ng vi au nguoi at
tai nhiet o Tref =26oC , t bang tra E26oC0=0,15 mV.
Do o ETc 0o=2,95 mV ng vi Tc = 368oC.
3- Tref thay oi nhiet o theo moi trng chung quanh:

Hnh 1.34: Mach bu au nguoi tao ra V (Ta ) E TAa/0B C

Khi nhiet o au nguoi Ta= Tref thay oi ta phai co mach bu au nguoi e am bao on nh
nhiet o au nguoi, cu the la tao mot nhiet o chuan Tref tai au nguoi xenm nh bang 0oC
E TAc/0B E TAc/TBa E ATa/0B
Ta co:

Trong o cap nhiet ien tao E TAc/TBa ,con mach bu nhiet au nguoi tao ra ien ap V (Ta ) E TAa/0B C .
Mach bu au nguoi co the s dung day bu nhiet hoac mach cam bien nhiet co he so nhiet gan
bang he so nhiet cua cap nhiet ien.
Hnh 1.35 minh hoa mach bu nhiet au nguoi s dung cam bien LM335.

Ta co:

Hnh 1.35: Mach bu to au nguoi s dung LM335

V1 V2 E ATx/0B E TAx/TBa E ATa/0B
R2
V1 E TAx/TBa
VT
R1 R2 a

Vi VTa = (273+Ta) x10-2 V la ien ap sinh ra tren cam bien LM335 at nhiet o Ta.
V2= K Eref ien ap chnh 0 tao 0V ngo ra khi Tx=0oC
R2
(273 Ta ).10 2 KEref
Ta c : E TAa/ 0B
R1 R2
Khi Ta=0oC: E TAa/ 0B 0
R2
Suy ra:
273.10 2 KEref 0
R1 R2
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.75)
24

T o :

Chon:

E TAa/ 0B

R2
Ta .10 2
R1 R2

(V)

(1.76)

R2
.10 2 s
R1 R2

He so Seebeek cua cap nhiet ien se bu c nhiet o au nguoi, bieu thc cuoi cung co dang:
V1 V2 s (Tx Ta ) sTa sTx
(1.77)
Tham kho vi mch AD594/595 o nhit dng thermocoupe c mch b u ngui bn
trong.
1.4: Cam bien v tr va o dch chuyen:
Cac cam bien v tr va o dch chuyen co the c phan thanh 2 loai: ng thang va goc quay.
Cam bien v tr va o dch chuyen ng thang co n v o la chieu dai (m hoac mm), cam bien v tr
va o dch chuyen goc quay co n v o la rad hoac o, mot rad bang 180/ o (57,3o). Hnh 1.36
minh hoa cac phng thc o ng thang va goc quay.

Hnh1.36 : a)- o ng thang

b) o goc quay
c) - Chuyen t goc quay sang ng thang
1.4.1: Cam bien ien tr / phan ap:

Hnh 1.37: Cam bien ien tr

a)- Loai tuyen tnh

b)- Loai goc quay

Vi bien tr tuyen tnh:

Eout ( x / L).Es

(1.78)

Vi bien tr quay:

Eout ( / L ).Es

(1.79)

Bien tr co dang day quan vi bc quan la N. o phan giai cam bien c tnh la s thay oi
ien ap khi con chay bien tr dch chuyen c mot bc quan.
ien ap moat bc quan: ET Es / N
o phan giai:

S (%) (100 / Es ).ET 100 / N

(1.80)

Sai so gay ra khi mac tai RL:

Khi mac tai RL vao nh hnh 1.38, ta co RL mac song song vi phan ien tr aRp vao tao nen
mot ien tr song song (a.R p .RL ) /( a.R p RL )
Phan ien tr con lai cua Rp la (1-a)Rp

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

25

ien tr tng ng toan mach bay gi la:

aR p RL
Req (1 a ) R p
aR p RL

(1.81)

Hnh 1.38: Sai so gay ra khi mac tai RL

ien ap ngo ra tng ng:
Eout [(aR p RL ) /( aR p RL )] / (1 a) R p (aR p RL ) /( aR p RL

a
Es
1 ar ar 2
Vi r R p / RL

Hay: Eout

(1.82)

Trng hp h mach tai: Eout = aEs

Sai so sinh ra: eS = aEs - Eout
a 2 r (1 a )
Es (V)
es
1 ar ar 2
Sai so sinh ra tnh theo % theo ES:
a 2 r (1 a )
es (%) 100
1 ar ar 2
1.4.2: Cam bien ien cam:
Bieu thc ien cam cuon day:
1
L 0 N 2 S
lf
l0

(1.83)

(1.84)

(1.85)

o = 4.10-7
N: so vong day
S: tiet dien loi t
lf: chieu dai trung bnh ng sc trong mach t
l0: chieu dai trung bnh ng sc trong khong kh
f: o t tham cua loi vat lieu t (103104)

Hnh 1.39: Nguyen ly cam bien ien cam thay oi khe h t.

ien cam cua cuon day se thay oi theo o dch chuyen khe h t .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

26

Thc te: lo lf/f nen (1.85) co the n gian thanh:

N 2S
L 0
l0

(1.86)

Mot s bien thien x cua loi dan en khe h t thay oi lo =2x va iem cam mi se hnh
thanh:

L L

0 N 2 S
l0

1
2 x
1
l0

(1.87)

2 0 N 2 S x
L 2x
1
Vi: L
va

2
2x
l0
L
l0 1 2 x
1
l0
l0
Neu x lo co the bien oi thanh:
2

2 0 N 2 S 2x 2x

...
(1.88)
x
l
l02
l0

0
o nhay:
2

L 2 0 N 2 S 2x 2x

1
...

S
(1.89)
x
l
x
l02
l0

0
e tang o nhay va loai bo thanh phan bac 2 anh hng en o phi tuyen, ta s dung mach t
kep gom 2 cuon day giong nhau L va L nhng o lech chuyen loi ngc nhau nh hnh 1.40

Hnh 1.40: Mach t kep co o dch chuyen ngc nhau.

ien cam bien thien cua cuon L khi dch chuyen loi 1 oan x ve pha L
2 N 2 S x
L' 0 2
(1.90)
2 x
l0
1
l0
2

2 0 N 2 S 2x 2x

...
x
Vi x lo: L'
(1.91)
l
l02
l0

0
ien cam bien thien tong cong cua mach:
2

4 0 N 2 S 2x

L' L

...
x
(1.92)

l02
l0

o nhay tang gap oi va loai c thanh phan bac 2.

1.4.3: Bien ap vi sai:
Cau tao bien ap vi sai gom mot cuon s cap va 2 cuon th cap giong nhau quan oi xng quanh
cuon s cap. Loi bien ap la mot truc vat lieu t co the dch chuyen thang hay quay nh hnh 1.41 a,b.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

27

th cap ta ket noi ngc au 2 cuon th cap e ho cam sinh ra t 2 cuon th tac ong len cuon s cap
M(x)va M(x) ngc chieu nhau.
Khi dch chuyen truc , 2 ho cam M(x) va M(x) se thay oi theo o dch chuyen x.
Xem mach tng ng hnh 1.41c , cho e1= E1cost:

Hnh 1.41: a) Nguyen ly bien ap vi sai dch chuyen thang

b) Nguyen ly bien ap vi sai dch chuyen quay
c) - Mach tng ng
e1 ( R1 jL1 )i1 j[M ' ( x) M " ( x )]i2
(1.93)

[ R'2 R"2 Ri j ( L'2 L"2 )]i2 j[ M ' ( x) M " ( x)]i1 0

Vm

jRi [ M " ( x ) M ' ( x)]e1

(1.94)
R1 ( R2 Ri ) j[ L2 R1 L1 ( R2 Ri )] 2 [ L1L2 ( M ' ( x) M " ( x)) 2 ]

Vi L2 =L2 +L2
, R2 =R2 +R2
Mach tng ng tren bo qua anh hng cua cac tu ky sinh.
Tai goc toa o O, x=0 M(0) = M(0).
Cho Ri rat ln (Ri>50K)co the tnh gan ung Vm:
j[ M " ( x ) M ' ( x )]e1
Vm
R1 jL1

(1.95)

Lu y: M(x) va M(x) bien thien ngc nhau xung quanh x=0, neu ta co:
M(x)= M(0)+ax+bx2 .
M(x)=M(0)-ax+bx2 ..
Suy ra: M(x) M(x) =-2ax
2 jae1
Va
(1.96)
Vm
x
R1 jL1
Vm ty le tuyen tnh vi o dch chuyen x.
1.4.4: Cam bien ien dung:
1- ien dung thay oi be mat:
Trng hp ien dung n:
C (x)= k(x)
r 2
K 0
Dang xoay:
(x=0)
360 D
r: ban knh ban cc.
D: khoang cach gia 2 ban cc.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.97)
(1.98)

28

Dang tru:

2 0
Log (r2 / r1 )

(x=l(m))

(1.99)

o nhay tnh theo C:

SC = K la hang so

(1.100)

Hnh 1.42: a) - ien dung xoay n

b) - ien dung xoay oi
c) - ien dung dch chuyen ong tru n
d) - ien dung dch chuyen ong tru oi
o nhay tnh theo tong tr:
dz
1

Sz
(1.101)
dx
Kx 2
b phi tuyen
e tranh phi tuyen khi xet theo tong tr, ta dung phng an tu kep nh hnh 1.42 b,d.
Trng hp ien dung oi:
Goi x la o dch chuyen cc ai; C21 va C31 lan lt la ien dung cua cac tu thanh phan. Khi ban
cc dch chuyen mot khoang x:
C21 K ( X x) KX (1 x / X ) C0 (1 x / X )
(1.102)
C31 K ( X x) KX (1 x / X ) C0 (1 x / X )
Vi: Co = KX
X=L/2, L khoang dch chuyen cc ai vi tu hnh tru hnh (1.42d)
X= M/2 ,M khoang goc quay cc ai vi tu hnh quat hnh(1.42b)
Tnh theo tong tr:
Z 31
C21
x
1

1
Z 21 Z 31 C21 C31 2 X
(1.103)
Z 21
C31
x
1

1
Z 21 Z 31 C21 C31 2 X
Phan ap tong tr thay oi tuyen tnh theo o dch chuyen.
2- ien dung thay oi theo khoang cach 2 ban cc:
Theo hnh 1.43a, ien dung tnh c:
C (d ) 0 A /( D0 d )

(1.104)

A: tiet dien ban cc

S C dC / dd 0 A /( D0 d ) 2

(1.105)

S z 1 / 0 A
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.106)
29

o nhay theo tong tr la hang so.

Hnh 1.45: a) - ien dung n thay oi khoang cach gia 2 ban cc

b)- ien dung kep vi sai thay oi khoang cach gia hai ban cc
Xet hnh 1.43b vi tu kep vi sai;
A
A
1
1
C21

C0
D0 d D0 1 d / D0
1 d / D0
(1.107)
A
A
1
1

C0
C31
1 d / D0
D0 d D0 1 d / D0
Vi

C0 0 A / D0

Z 31
C21
d
1

1
Z 21 Z 31 C 21 C31 2 D0
Z 21
C31
d
1

1
Z 21 Z 31 C 21 C31 2 D0

(1.108)

Phan ap tong tr ty le tuyen tnh vi o dch chuyen d

1.4.5: Bo ma hoa quang hoc ( optical encoder):
Cau tao bo ma hoa quang hoc gom 4 phan chnh :
1 nguon phat quang, mot a ma hoa , mot bo thu quang
va mach tao tn hieu. Bo phat/thu quang thng s dung
hong ngoai. Bo ma hoa v tr co 2 loai: loai gia so va loai
tuyet oi.
Bo ma hoa gia so tao cac dang chuoixung cac
ngo ra theo so day ranh tren a ma hoa. Hnh 1.44a minh
hoa a ma hoa tao 3 ngo ra xung A,B,Z.
Hai day ranh ngoai lech xen ke nhau e tao chuoi
xung A,B vuong pha nhau.Ranh trong cung ch co 01
lo/vong tao xung Z. Nh vay khi a quay 1 vong se co
NR so xung ra A,B va 1 xung ra Z. Hai ngo ra A,B nham
phan biet chieu quay.
o o dch chuyen goc: goi NR la tong so xung
ngo ra A,B khi a quay c 1 vong . NT la so xung em
c ngo ra khi a quay mot goc :
N
T 360
(1.109)
Hnh 1.44: a) a ma hoa 3 day ranh tao 3 ngo ra xung A,B,Z
NR
b) Gian o xung 3 ngo ra A,B,Z
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

30

Hnh 1.45: Bo ma hoa quang hoc o o dch chuyen thang.

o o dch chuyen thang: goi d la ng knh banh xe tiep xuc mat phang, chu vi cua banh xe la
d. Khi vat dch chuyen 1 oan x, bo ma hoa quay c 1 goc , tng ng iem tiep xuc dch
chuyen 1 oan x c tnh:
dNT
(1.110)
x
NR
Bo ma hoa tuyet oi co a ma hoa c khac vach theo ma Gray hoac ma nh phan 8421.

Hnh 1.46: a ma hoa theo ma nh phan 8421

1.4.6 :Cong tac ra (proximity switch):
Cong tac ra la cam bien nhan dang s co mat cua oi tng ma khong phai cham vao oi tng.
Cong tac ra thng c s dung lam cam bien mach em , mach nhan dang phat hien .Co 3 loai cong
tac ra:cong tac ra ien cam, cong tac ra ien dung, cong tac ra quang.

Hnh 1.47: Cau tao c ban ra ien cam

Cong tac ra ien cam: cau tao can ban gom mach dao ong f cao kch vao cuon day loi ferrit ,
mach phat hien va on/off sw. Khi co dao ong a vao, xuat hien mot t trng xung quanh
cuon day (pha trc mat cam bien ). Khi cam bien gan vat lieu t tnh se lam t trng cuon day
thay oi dan en giam bien o dao ong, mach phat hien nhan dang s thay oi bien o dao
ong va tao tn hieu kch mach cong tac on/off lam viec.
o nhay cam bien c anh gia qua thong so khoang cach xa nhat t be mat cam bien
ma vat the con c phat hien.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
31

Cong tac ra ien dung: cau tao c ban cong tac ra ien dung nh hnh 1.48a, be mat co mot ong
dan ien hnh tru boc ben ngoai bang vo kim loai tao thanh 02 ban cc cua tu C1 co nh. Khi
at cam bien gan be mat vat kim loai, gia be mat cam bien va vat kim loai hnh thanh 1 tu
ien C(x). Ngoai ra con tu ky sinh sinh ra bi vo ngoai va vat kim loai Cp(x), ga tr (Cx) phu
thuoc vao lp ien moi gia be mat vat kim loai va be mat cua cam bien la chu yeu.
Mach phat hien co the s dung dao ong thay oi f hoac mach cau whenston,

Hnh 1.48: a) Cau tao c ban cong tac ra ien dung

b) Mach tng ng
Cong tac ra quang: s dung cam bien quang nh phan tren.

1.3 Cam bien bien dang:

Cam bien bien dang hien nay thng c s dung la loai cam bien ien tr sc cang (strain
gage) hay ien tr dan.Co 2 loai ien tr dan : ien tr dan kim loai va ien tr dan ban dan .
ien tr dan kim loai lam viec theo nguyen ly khi co ap lc tac ong hoac be mat ien tr b
bien dang ( theo be mat khao sat ma ien tr c dan len)lam cho chieu dai va ng knh day dan
thay oi , dan en gia tr ien tr thay oi theo. Con ien tr dan ban dan hoat ong theo dang ien tr
ap ien (piezoresistive), o linh ong cua hat dan thay oi theo ap lc tac ong, t o thay oi ien tr
suat cua ien tr dan ban dan.

Hnh 1.49: a) ien tr dan kim loai

b) ien tr dan ban dan
c) Dan ien tr len be mat khao sat
Vat lieu lam ien tr c gan tren mot e cach ien bang giay hay nha, dan len be mat can
khao sat bien dang (hnh 1.49c). o bien dang cua vat lieu se theo o bien dang cua be mat khao sat.
Ta co gia tr ien tr c tnh:
nl
(1.111)
R
s

: ien tr suat vat lieu

n : so bc quan day , n=1 vi ien tr dan ban dan
l: chieu dai thanh/ day ien tr tren mot bc quan
s : tiet dien thanh/ day
o bien dang gay ra thay oi ien tr:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

32

R l s

(1.112)
R
l
s
p
o bien dang theo chieu dai lam bien dang theo chieu ngang, canh a va b trong trng hp tiet
dien hnh ch nhat va ng knh d vi tiet dien hnh tron, o bien dang theo chieu ngang ty le vi o
bien dang theo chieu dai:
a b d
l

(1.113)
a
b
d
l
Vi la he so Poisson, chon bang 0,3 trong trng hp bien dang an hoi.
T (1.113) dan en bien dang theo tiet dien:
s
l
2
(1.114)
s
l
ien tr dan kim loai va ban dan khac nhau gia tr ien tr suat / .
Vi ien tr dan kim loai, bien thien ien tr suat theo the tch va hang so Bridgman:

V
C
(1.115)

V
C: hang so Bridgman

l
V
l
C (1 2 )
(1 2 )
Thay V=snl,
va

l
V
l
Ta c:
R
l
l
[(1 2 ) C (1 2 )] K
(1.116)
R
l
l
K (1 2 ) C (1 2 )
K: goi la he so dan (cang). Thay cac gia tr 0,3 va C1,he so K tnh ra xap x bang 2
Vi ien tr dan ban dan, bien thien ien tr suat phu thuoc vao ap lc va he so ien tr ap
ien :

l

(1.117)

l
Y: module Young
R
l
l
[(1 2 ) ] K
(1.118)
l
R
l
K (1 2 )
Hay K do
1 2
He so K thay oi t 100200 oi vi ien tr dan ban dan .
ien tr dan ban dan co o nhay cao hn ien tr dan kim loai rat nhieu, nhng o tuyen tnh
kem hn ien tr dan kim loai.
Cac loai ien tr dan kim loai va ban dan eu b anh hng bi nhiet o, nen thong thng
trong mach ien cam bien phai co phan t bu nhiet.
1- ien tr dan kim loai:
ien tr dan kim loai co thanh phan cau tao chnh la hp kim cua Nickel. Bang (1.3) mo ta cac
loai ien tr dan kim loai:
Bang 1.3: Cac ien tr dan kim loai
Hp kim
Thanh phan
He so dan
Constantan
45%Ni, 55% Cu
2,1
Isoelastic
50%Fe, 36%Ni, 8%Cr, 4%( Mn, Mo)
3,5
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

33

Karma
Nichrome V
Platin- Tungstene

74%Ni, 20% Cr, 3% Cu, 3% Fe

8% Ni, 20% Cr
92% Pt, 8%W

2,1
2,5
4,1

ien tr dan kim loai co 2 loai: day va ban mong.

Loai day co ng knh khoang 20m va e dan bang giay 0,1 mm hoac bang nha 0,03mm.
Loai ban mong tuy che tao phc tap hn nhng co u iem la tiep xuc be mat tot hn va giai nhiet
tot hn so vi loai day.
o nhay ien tr dan kim loai:
o nhay ien tr dan kim loai bao gom ca o nhay theo chieu doc l, va o nhay theo chieu
ngang lt.

Hnh 1.50: Bien dang theo chieu doc va ngang

ien tr cam bien: R= Rl+Rt
R Rl Rt

hay
R
R
R
Rl
l
Rt
l
va
vi
K
K t
Rl
l
Rt
lt

Hay:

o bien thien tng oi cua ien tr co the viet thanh:

R
Rl l
Rt lt
K
K
R
Rl Rt l
Rl Rt lt
R
l
l
(1.119)
Kl
Kt t
R
l
lt
Rl
: he so dan chieu doc
Kl
Rl Rt
Rt
: he so dan chieu ngang
Kt
Rl Rt

Thong thng vi day kim loai Kt 2x10-2K va Rt RL nen co the bo qua bien dang theo chieu ngang.
2- ien tr ban dan:
ien tr ban dan co 2 loai: Loai oan va loai
khuech tan:
Loai oan gom 1 oan hoac nhieu oan ghep
Hnh 1.51: ien tr dan ban dan loai oan
vi nhau. Cac oan nay la cac thanh ban dan N hoac P.
Loai khuech tan: hoat ong bang cach khuech tan hat dan t lp e qua tiep xuc PN (hnh 1.52).
ien tr suat cua ien tr ban dan c tnh:
1
(1.120)

q ( n n p p )
q : ien tch n v
n va p lan lt la nong o ien t va lo trong t do
n, p o linh ong hat dan n,p.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

34

Hnh 1.52: ien tr dan loai khuech tan

Trong ban dan loai N , nong o nguyen t cho la Nd:
1
n N d , p n
q n N d
Trong ban dan loai P, nong o nguyen t nhan la Na:
1
p N a , n p
q p N a

(1.121a)

(1.121b)

o gia tr ien tr dan:

Phng phap thong dung e xac nh gia tr ien tr dan la s dung cau wheastone.
1- Cam bien tren mot nhanh cau:
Ta co:
RC =RC0 +RC1
Rf = Rf0 +Rf Rf0
R0 = RC0+Rf0
e
l
1
Vm s K
(1.122)
4
l 1 R f 0 / RC 0
Vi Rf0 RC0
Vm

es l
K
4
l

(1.123)
Hnh 1.53: Cau wheastone 1 cam bien 3 day

2) Cam bien tren 2 nhanh cau bu nhiet:

Mot nhanh co ien tr dan chu ong o bien dang RC1= RC0+RC1, mot nhanh co mot ien tr
dan thu ong ch dung e bu nhiet , co gia tr ien tr thay oi theo to: RC2 = RC0+ RC2
e RC ) m
(1.124)
Vm s
4 RC 0
Vi R f 0 , RC ) m RC 0

Hnh 1.54: 2 nhanh cau wheastone la cam bien

3 Cau wheastone co 4 nhanh la cam bien:
Hai nhanh cau co bien thien ien tr dng: RC1= RC0+RC1)m va RC4=RC0+RC4)m
va hai nhanh cau co bien thien ien tr am : RC2 =RC0-RC2)m va RC3 = RC0 - RC3)m
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

35

Vm

es RC1) m RC 2) m RC 4) m RC 3) m
4
RC 0

Chon : RC1)m =RC4)m = RC)m

RC2)m = RC3)m = -RC)m
RC ) m
Vm es
RC 0

(1.125)

(1.126)

o nhay tang gap 4 lan, hn na con tuyen tnh hoa c ac tuyen.

Hnh 1.55: Cau wheaston co 4 nhanh cau la cam bien

1.6: Cam bien van toc:
Cac loai cam bien van toc thng s dung loai o van toc goc tnh bang rad/s hoac vong/phut.
Trong trng hp o van toc dai, ngi ta se chuyen sang o van toc goc. Co 3 loai cam bien o van
toc: may phat toc dc, may phat toc ac, may phat toc quang hoc.
1- May phat toc dc (dc tachometer): cau tao tng t nh may phat ien dc co choi than. Khi truc
rotor quay se phat sinh sc ien ong ngo ra:
30 K E
E KE S

(1.127)
2RBN L
KE
60
Trong o:
E: Sc ien ong ngo ra (V)
: van toc goc rad/s
N: so thanh dan hieu dung
KE: hang so EMF, V/rpm
R: ban knh trung bnh (m) L: chieu dai thanh dan (m)
S: van toc goc vong /phut
B: cam ng t Wb/m2
2) May phat toc ac (ac tachometer): cau tao tng t nh may phat ac 3 pha, can phai co mach chnh
lu 3 pha ngo ra.May phat toc ac co the lam viec vi toc o cao,nhng ngo ra b phi tuyen khi toc o
thap (do ien ap m V tren diode chnh lu).Mot u iem na la may phat toc ac khong s dung choi
than.
3) May phat toc quang hoc: s dung bo ma hoa quang hoc (xem phan cam bien quang). o nhay rat
cao nen o toc o rat chnh xac.
Quan he gia toc o truc quay va so xung em:
60C
(1.127)
S
NTc
S: toc o truc quay vong/ phut
N: so xung phat ra/1 vong quay
C: tong so xung em c trong thi gian Tc
Tc : Thi gian em(s)
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

36

1.7: Cam bien lc:

Nguyen ly o cam bien lc theo nh luat II Newton:
f= Ma
(1.128)
M : Khoi lng vat (Kg)
a: gia toc (m/s2)
Trong thc te xac nh gia toc vat rat kho, nen ngi ta s dung ieu kien can bang e loai tr
gia toc. Hai lc cung o ln nhng trai chieu tac ong len mot vat se lam vat can bang va gia toc bang
0. Tat ca cac phng phap o lc hau nh ap dung phng phap o lc can bang. Hai phng phap tao
ra lc can bang la:can bang 0 va dch chuyen.
Phng phap can bang 0 tng t nh can bang on tay , con phng phap dch chuyen tng t
nh can lo xo.
1.7.1: S dung cam bien lc ien tr dan (strain gage):
Ta a biet phan tren, khi tac ong mot lc len ien tr dan , se gay nen s thay oi chieu dai/
ng knh oi vi ien tr dan kim loai va hieu ng ien tr ap ien oi vi ien tr dan ban dan , gia
tr ien tr se thay oi.
Goi G la he so cang ( khi co tac ong lc ien tr se nen / gian).
R / R
G
(1.130)
l / l
Ap lc S c nh ngha la lc tac ong tren tren mot n v dien tch (N/m2)
Trong cac vat lieu an hoi, ty so ap lc tren sc cang goi la module an hoi
S
E
(1.131)

E: module an hoi (N/m )

S : ap lc (N/m2)
: sc cang phu thuoc vat lieu
Hnh 1.56 minh hoa ng dung ien tr sc cang o lc tac ong len dam.

Ta co:

Hnh 1.56: o lc tac ong len dam

6 fL
S 2
bh

S: ap lc (N/m2)
f : lc tac ong (N)
L: khoang cach t iem o en iem tac ong (m)
b: chieu rong dam(m)
h: be day dam (m)
R 6GL
Thay cac bieu thc tren:
2 f
R
bh E
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(1.132)

(1.133)

37

Trong thc te cac ien tr sc cang o lc c ket noi thanh mach cau wheastone a co bu
nhiet, bu phi tuyen va co o nhay cao. Cac cam bien nay goi la loadcell thng s dung e o lc hoac
trong lng.
1.7.2: S dung bo phat lc kh nen:

Hnh 1.59: Bo phat lc kh nen

Hnh 1.59 minh hoa cau truc cua bo phat lc kh nen. Lc phat ong c can bang vi lc tao ra
bi ap suat khong kh tac ong len dien tch hieu dung cua mang chan.Vien bi va voi c sap xep sao
cho viec can bang cua hai lc la t ong. Gia s lc tac ong vao tang , thanh dan lc chuyen ong len
tren giam khe h m tiep xuc khong kh ben ngoai tao bi vien bi va voi. Ap suat trong buong tang len
va tai lap ieu kien can bang. Ap suat trong buong c xac nh nh sau:
f ( p 3) A
(1.134)
f : lc tac ong (pound)
p: ap suat (pound/in.2)
A: dien tch hieu dung cua mang (in.2)
Ch can o ap suat ngo ra se xac nh c lc tac ong.
1.8: Cam bien ap suat:
Ap suat c nh ngha la lc tac ong len mot n v dien tch be mat chat long hoac kh.
Tam o va ieu khien ap suat trong cong nghiep rat rong t 0,1 Pa(0,001mmHg) en tren 100 MPa
(10,000 psi). cac phan t s cap cua cam bien ap suat thng chuyen oi ap suat sang o dch chuyen
hoac lc ,sau o cac phan t th cap(mach ien) chuyen o dch chuyen hoac lc sang dong ien, ien
ap hoac ien tn hieu kh nen tng ng.
Viec o ap suat luon luon theo ap suat tham chieu nao o.Thong thng ngi ta thng chon ap
suat tham chieu la ap suat khong kh. Ap suat o c chenh lech vi ap suat khong kh goi la ap suat
iem ta. Thi tiet va o cao se lam thay oi ap suat khong kh. Gia tr chuan ap suat khong kh la
101,3KPa hay 14.7 psi (760mmHg). Ap suat be hn ap suat khong kh la ap suat chan khong. Ap suat
bang 0 goi la chan khong tuyet oi. Chenh lech ap suat o so vi chan khong tuyet oi goi la ap suat
tuyet oi. Co the s dung mot ap suat bat ky lam ap suat tham chieu. Chenh lech gia ap suat o vi ap
suat bat ky lam tham chieu goi la ap suat vi sai.
1.8.1: Cam bien ap suat ien tr sc cang :
Di tac ong cua ap suat, qua he truyen c gom mang va thanh dan lc, lam nen/cang cac ien
tr day sc cang, dan en thay oi cac gia tr ien tr.R1, R2, R3, R4 mac thanh cau wheastone nen tao
ien ap ra ty le tuyen tnh vi ap suat.
Cam bien ap suat ien tr sc cang c s dung o tam ap suat cao t 10010.000 psi.
1.8.2: Cam bien ap suat loai lech hng:
Gom 2 phan: phan s cap chuyen oi ap suat o thanh o dch chuyen , phan th cap chuyen o
dch chuyen thanh bien thien cac phan t ien.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
38

a) Cha co ap suat tac ong

b) Ap suat tac ong
Hnh 1.58: S dung ien tr sc cang lam cam bien ap suat
Hnh 1.59a minh hoa phan t s cap la mot ong phang dang vong goi la ong Bourdon.Ong co
khuynh hng thang ra khi co ap suat tac ong vao,tao ra o dch chuyen t le vi ap suat.Loai ong
Bourdon co kha nang o t 010.000 psi.
Phan t ong nhun la mot hnh tru bang kim loai mong , than xung quanh co dang nhun. Hnh
dang nay cho phep no keo gian ra khi ap suat ben trong tang e can bang vi lo xo lam chuan. o dch
chuyen cua ong nhun ty le vi ap suat o c. Phan t ong nhun c s dung o ap suat en 100 psi,
va co the dung o ap suat chan khong va ap suat tuyet oi.
Phan t mang co the phang hoac nhun. Khi ap suat tac ong len mang, mang se dch chuyen mot
oan can bang vi lo xo lam chuan hoac cam bien lc.

Hnh 1.59: a) Phan t s cap dang ong Bourdon

b) Phan t s cap dang ong nhun
c) Phan t s cap dang mang
Hnh 1.60 minh hoa cac dang phan t th cap.
Trong hnh 1.60a, o dch chuyen lam di chuyen con chay
cua bien tr tuyen tnh, dan en thay oi gia tr ien tr.
Trong hnh 1.60b, o dch chuyen lam di chuyen loi sat
cua cuon day, dan en ien cam cuon day thay oi.
Trong hnh 1.60c , o dch chuyen lam di chuyen mang
hay mot ban cc tu ien lam thay oi ien dung.
Hnh 1.60:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

a) Phan t th cap ien tr

b) Phan t th cap ien cam
c) Phan t th cap ien dung

39

1.9: o mc chat long:

Viec o mc chat long co the thc hien trc tiep bang cach theo doi be mat chat long, hoac gian
tiep bang cach o cac thong so lien quan en mc chat long. Phng phap trc tiep phai co gng va
phao va bo ch th ngoai, mac du n gian va tin cay, nhng kho tao tn hieu ieu khien. Ngc lai
phng phap gian tiep de dang tao tn hieu ieu khien.
Cac phng phap gian tiep o mc chat long co the ke ra nh sau:
Phng phap dung phao noi chuyen oi mc thanh o dch chuyen
Phng phap cam bien ap suat
Phng phap au do ien dung
1.9.1: Cam bien mc chat long dung phao:
Hnh 1.61 mo ta nguyen ly cam bien mc chat long dung phao. Khi mc chat long thay oi tao
o dch chuyen phao, thong qua c he banh xe va truc quay se quay bien tr tuyen tnh (hoac bo ma hoa
quang hoc).Gia tr ien tr se t le tuyen tnh vi mc chat long .
Phng phap nay co the o mc chat long vi o sau thoai mai, nhng se b sai so do ma sat
trt gia day va banh xe truc quay.

Hnh 1.61: Cam bien mc chat long dung phao tao o dch chuyen
Hnh 1.62 minh hoa cam bien mc chat long dung phao chuyen thanh o dch chuyen, thong qua
on tay va goi ta chuyen thanh lc tac ong len cam bien loadcell. Lc tac ong len loadcell se bang
hieu gia trong lc cua phao va lc noi(lc ay Archimede) cua chat long xung quanh phao.
(1.135)
f Mg gAh
f: lc tac ong len load cell
M: Trong lng phao
g = 9,81m/s2
: khoi lng rieng chat long (Kg/m3)
A: tiet dien ngang cua phao (m2)
h: chieu dai cua phan phao b ngap nc(m)

Hnh 1.62: Cam bien mc chat long dung phao/ o dch chuyen en lc

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

40

1.9.2: Cam bien mc o ap suat tnh:

Hnh 1.63 minh hoa phng phap cam bien mc bang cach o ap suat tai mot iem nao o trong
chat long thong qua o xac nh c mc chat long.

Hnh 1.63: Cam bien ap suat at gan ay cua bon cha e o mc

Ta co:

P gh

(1.136)

P: ap suat tnh
: khoi lng rieng Kg/m3
H : chieu cao mc chat long tren iem o(m)
g= 9,81 m/s2
Lu y: Phng phap cam bien ap suat ch ap dung khi mat thoang tren h, neu mat thoang tren
ong kn phai s dung phng phap o ap suat vi sai.
1.9.3: Cam bien mc dung au o ien dung:
au o ien dung co lp cach ien ngoai la mot ban cc va bon cha la ban cc con lai. Mc
chat long thay oi se ty le bien thien ien dung.

Hnh 1.64 : Cam bien mc dung au do ien dung

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

41

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

42

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

43

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

44

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

45

1.10: Chuyn i tn hiu cm bin (signal conditioning)

1.10.1: Gii thiu:
Mch chuyn i tn hiu cm bin c chc nng chuyn i p ng ng ra ca cm
bin thnh i lng in di dng in p, dng in, rng xung, tn s, tn hiu s
ph hp vi iu kin ng vo ca phn x l tip theo.
V d: ng ra ca thermocoupe CA(K) c p ng 41 V/ C . nhy in p ny qu b, ta
cn phi c mch khuych i DC nng nhy in p thermocoupe ln ln ti hng mV
chng hn mi c th a vo b ADC chuyn sang tn hiu s.
Hoc ta s dng cu wheastone chuyn s bin i in tr ca cm bin loi in tr
nh Pt, straingage thnh in p ng ra cu v dng khuch i vi sai hay khuch i dng c
khuch i tn hiu p ln nhiu ln.
Cc loi cm bin th ng cn cp ngun kch thch mi to tn hiu ra.Ngun kch thch
c th l DC hoc AC.
Hnh 1.65 minh ha h thng chuyn i tn hiu cm bin DC c bn

Ngun cung cp

Ngun DC

Kch thch

Zero&calip

K DC

Output
LPF

Cu W

Cm bin

Hnh 1.65: H thng chuyn i tn hiu cm bin DC

Cm bin l mt phn nhnh ca cu W.Ngun cp cu W l ngun DC. Tn hiu ng ra
cu W c chun ha zero v calip trc khi a vo khuch i DC tng bin in p v
b lc thng thp LPF loi b nhiu cao tn.
Nhng im thun li ca h thng chuyn i tn hiu cm bin DC:
1- Ng vo c th s dng khuch i vi sai c CMRR cao
2- tin cy v n nh nhit cao
3- D chun ha v tuyn tnh ha f thp
4- Kh nng chu iu kin qu ti cao
Nhc im chnh ca h thng DC l tri in p(theo nhit hoc bt n ca
ngun cung cp). khc phc nhc im ny, ngi ta thng s dng cc b khuch i
DC c tri thp(low drift).
gii quyt vn tri trong h thng DC,ngi ta s dng h thng AC nh hnh 1.66.
Tch sng

Kch thch
Cm bin

Cu W

Zero&calip

K AC

nhy pha

Output
LPF

Ngun
cung cp
To sng mang

Hnh 1.66: H thng chuyn i tn hiu cm bin AC

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

46

Ngun kch thch cp cho cu W l tn hiu AC gi l sng mang tn s cao t 50kHz200kHz.

Sng mang phi c tn s ln hn tn s tn hiu ng ra cm bin t nht 5 n 10 ln. Tn hiu
chuyn i t cm bin s iu ch sng mang v cho tn hiu iu ch ng ra ca cu W, sau
c khuch i AC v qua b tch sng nhy pha. Ng ra tch sng nhy pha l tn hiu DC
a v n nh li b dao ng to sng mang.
Trong h thng AC, vn tri tn s v tn hiu sai khng quan trng. Vn quan trng
nht l n nh tn s v bin dao ng to sng mang.Chc nng ca b tch sng nhy
pha dng gii quyt vn ny v loi b sng mang phc hi li tn hiu ng ra cm bin
c khuch i. B lc h thng LPF thng l b lc tch cc loi b cc thnh phn sng
mang v hi ca n cng nh cc nhiu cao tn.
Trong cc ng dng, h thng DC thng c s dng cho cc cm bin dng in tr,
trong khi h thng AC c th ng dng cho cc cm bin dng tr khng (L,C) v truyn i xa
qua dy ni n b x l.
Tn hiu cm bin sau khi c x l analog c th c gi n b thu thp v chuyn
i sang tn hiu s (Data Acquisition and Conversion System) nh hnh 1.67.
Digital output

S/H 1
ADC

S/H 2
Tn hiu cm bin

B phn knh
Analog
B

S/H 3

iu khin

S/H 4

Hnh 1.67: B DACS (Data Acquisition and Conversion System)

Tn hiu cm bin qua cc b ly mu v gi Sample & Hold (S/H) ly mu bin thin
tn hiu vo, qua b phn knh analog v a vo DAC cho ng ra tn hiu s tng ng. Hot
ng ca khi c iu khin bi b iu khin c th l mch s , vi x l, PC
Cc mch chuyn i tn hiu cm bin ni chung c th l khuch i DC,khuch i AC,
khuch i dng c (IA) chuyn i dng/p,khuch i phi tuyn, to hm, lc,to xung& tn s,
ADC, DAC, chopper/modulator phn sau,ta s kho st chi tit mt s dng mch chuyn
i tn hiu cm bin tiu biu.
1.10.2: OPAMP v cc mch khuch i(K)thng dng:
Phn ny ch tm tt ngn gn v cc thng s & cc c tnh ca OPAMP v cc dng
mch khuch i thng dng. kho st thm chi tit hn, c th tham kho thm cc ti liu
v OPAMP.
Khi s dng OPAMP trong K DC c bit cn lu cc thng s sau;

Lch in p ng vo (Input offset voltage): Vos (mV)

Lch dng ng vo (Input offset current):Ios (nA)

Dng phn cc ng vo (Input bias current) IB (nA)

Tri in p (Voltage Drift): TC Vos ( V/ C )

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

47

T s nn tn hiu ng pha (CMRR): dB

Ba thng s u ch c ngha mt nhit nht nh (nh sn xut thng cho

25 C ). Thng thng khi thit k mch phi c mch b offset v phn cc dng ng vo nh
hnh 1.68. Thng s tri in p rt quan trng nht l p dng trong cc h thng o nhit
hay mch in nm trong mi trng nhit thay i trn tm rng. Ni chung phi c mch b
nhit hoc chn OPAMP c TC Vos b nh OPO7 chng hn (TC Vos = 1,3 V/ C ).
Thng s t s nn tn hiu ng pha CMRR th hin kh nng trit nhiu tn hiu ng
pha ca OPAMP.

1. Chnh offset qua R5

b) Chnh offset qua bin tr ngoi c) B dng phn cc vo

ni vo chn b offset OPAMP

Hnh 1.68: Mch b offset v dng phn cc vo

OPAMP OPO7 l loi OPAMP c lch in p v tri in p cc thp rt thch hp
trong cc ng dng KDC cn offset v tri p thp ng vo . OPO7 c cc thng s tiu biu
nh sau (tham kho thm ti liu v OPO7):

Vos = 75 V (max)

Ios = 3.8nA (max)

IB = (4.0nA (max)

TC Vos = 1,3 V/ C

CMRR = 103 dB (min)

Khi s dng OPAMP trong K AC, ngoi cc thng s trn, ta phi quan tm thm nhng
thng s lin quan n tc lm vic v p ng tn s ca OPAMP:

Tc p ng ng ra (slew rate): SR (V/ S)

Tch s li bng thng (Gain. Banwidth product) : GBW (MHz)

OPAMP OP37 c:

SR=17V/ s

GBW=63MHz
rt thch hp cho KAC tri lch p thp , nhiu thp, tc cao (xem thm ti liu OP37)

1) Khuch i o:
- Tn hiu ng ra o pha ng vo
- H s K Av =

R2
R1

- Tng tr vo: Ri = R1

(1.137)
(1.138)
Hnh 1.69: Khuch i o

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

48

2) Khuch i khng o:
-

Tn hiu ng ra ng pha ng vo

H s K: Av = 1+

Tng tr vo: Ri rd (1+ Avo )

Av

R2
R1

(1.139)
(1.140)

rd: tng tr vo vi sai ca OPAMP

Avo: H s khuch i vng h OPAMP

Hnh 1.70: Khuch i khng o

3) Khuch i theo in p
-

Tn hiu ng ra ng pha ng vo

H s K: Av = 1

Tng tr vo: Ri =

Tng tr ra : Ro 0

(1.141)

Hnh 1.71: Mch theo in p

4) Mch cng:

V0 (

RF
R
R
Va F Vb F Vc )
Ra
Rb
RC

(1.142)

Chn RF = Ra = Rb = RC
(1.143)

V0 (Va Vb Vc )

Hnh 1.72: Mch cng

5) Mch tr: (K vi sai)

V0 (1

R2
R4
R
)(
)Va 2 Vb
R1 R3 R4
R1

(1.144)

Chn R1 = R2 = R3 = R4
(1.145)

V0 Va Vb

Hnh 1.73: Mch tr

V d: S dng mch tr lm K cu W vi cm bin in tr nh hnh 1.74.
Cm bin c biu thc: Rc R0 R
Ta c:

V0 R

E
2R0

(1.146)

Hnh 1.74: Mch K cu

1.10.3: Khuch i dng c: (Instrumentation Amplifier: IA)
* Cc u im ca K dng c (IA):
o iu chnh c h s K v h s K chnh xc tuyn tnh
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

49

o Ng vo vi sai vi CMRR cao

o H s K v h s nhit n nh
o Tri v lch ng vo thp
o Tng tr vo rt ln, tng tr ra rt b
Hnh 1.75 m t mch IA c bn.

Hnh 1.75 khuch i dng c (IA)

R
R
VA 1 2 vi1 2 vi 2
R1
R1

R
R
VB 1 2 vi 2 2 vi1
R1
R1

2R
V0 VB V A 1 2 vi 2 vi1
R1

(1.147)

Mt trong nhng ng dng rt thun li ca IA l s dng cu W nh hnh 1.76

Ta c cm bin in tr:
Rc R0 R

Vab

R E
22 R0 R

V0 Vab

RF
R1

R
R E
F
22 R0 R R1

(1.148)

Hnh 1.76: IA K cu W
Hnh 1.77 gii thiu mch IA AMPO1 ca hng ANALOG DEVICE
c tnh ca AMPO1:
o Lch in p

15 V

o Tri in p

0,1 V / oC

o Nhiu n

0,2 Vpp0,1Hz 10 Hz

o Li ng ra
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

10V @ 50mA
50

o n nh ti dung

n 1 F

o HSK

0,1-10.000

o Tuyn tnh

16bit Av=1000

o CMRR

140dB Av=1000

o Dng phn cc vo 1nA

o Bo v qu nhit ng ra
Xem thm chi tit trong ti liu AMP01.

Hnh 1.77: Mch IA AMP01

1.10.4: Khuch i cch ly (Isolation amplifiers)
B khuch i cch ly c s dng trong cc trng hp:

Cch ly cm bin v mch x l. V d: cm bin t trong mi trng nhit cao,

c hi

ng truyn cm bin v mch in xa

Chng nhng nh hng nhiu v in p lm hng mch x l.

Gim nh hng nhiu do ng masse ni vng (ground loops).

Xem thm chi tit K cch ly AD202/AD204 (Analog device)

1.10.5: Chuyn i dng-p, p-dng:

1) - Chuyn i dng-p (I-V Converter):
p dng cho ng ra cm bin di dng dng in cn chuyn sang in p.
Ta c: V0 RI

(1.149)

Cc thng s lin quan 1

T
Av R

ard
rd R r0

r // R ro
r
1
, Ri d
, Ro o
1T
1 T
1 1/T

1 : tham kho cc ti liu OPAMP

(1.150)
(1.151)
Hnh 1.78: Mch chuyn I-V c bn

T : li vng

rd : tng tr vo vi sai
ro : tng tr ra
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

51

Mch I-V nhy cao

pdng nh lut nt mch ti v1 :

v1 v1 v o v1

0
R
R1
R2
Theo (1.149): v1 R.I i
Thay vo ta c:
(1.152a)

vo KRI i

K 1

R 2 R2

R1
R

Hnh 1.79: Mch I-V nhy cao

(1.152b)

2)- Chuyn i p dng (V-I converter):

B V-I c p dng trong cc trng hp cn chuyn tn hiu p thnh dng in hoc
to ngun dng cp cho cc cm bin cn kt ni qua ng dy di theo dng dng vng
(current loop) m bo khng lm hng ngun cp khi c ngn mch xy ra.

V-I ti th ni:
hnh 1.80a: Vi io R
Suy ra: io

Vi
R

(1.153)

Lu ; dng io ch ph thuc p ng vo Vi v tr R , bt chp in p ti VL.

Ta c: vo Vi VL
VoL Vo VoH
Trong : VoL l in p bo ha mc thp
VoH l in p bo ha mc cao
Nn: VoL Vi VL VoH Vi

(1.154)

Hnh 1.80: V-I ti th ni

V-I ti ni masse:
y l mch ngun dng Howland:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

52

io
Vi

VL

vi
R1

(1.155a)

R4 R2

R3 R1

(1.155b)

R3
Vsat
R3 R4

(1.155c)

Mt s mch to ngun dng :

Hnh 1.81: V-I ti ni masse

a)

IE

Vz
RE

I 0 I C I E
VL I 0 RL VEE

b)

Vz
RE
VD Vz

IE

Vz
RE

(1.156)

I 0 I C I E

(1.156b)

VL I 0 RL VEE

Vz
(1.157)
RE
Vz VCEsat (1.157b)

Hnh 1.82: Mt s mch to ngun dng n gin

*Tham kho thm v ngun dng trn cc trang web :
- http : //www. aldinc.com/sc_current source.htm
- http : //www. 4qdtec.com/csm.html
1.10.6: Cc mch phi tuyn :
Mt s mch phi tuyn c s dng trong chuyn i tn hiu cm bin nh mch so
snh, chnh lu chnh xc, Analog switch, ly mu & gi (S/H)
1. Mch so snh :
S dng OPAMP K vng h lm mch so snh .
Vng K: Vi trong khong Vs rt b
( hng V-mV) xem nh = 0)
Do : Vi 0 : V0 Vos + VCC
Vi=Vi+-ViVi 0 : V0 Vos - VCC
+ VOS : in p bo ha dng
- VOS : in p bo ha m
Hnh 1.83 : OPAMP v c tnh vng h
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

53

Cc mch so snh tiu biu nh hnh 1.84.

Hnh 1.84 : Cc dng mch so snh c bn .

Ngun chun Vref thng s dng diode Zener, c th kt hp bin tr iu chnh
hoc thm OPAMP mc theo in p c tng tr ra 0 v n nh .

Hnh 1.85 : To ngun Vref n gin

Mt nhc im c bn nht ca mch so snh l rt d nhy nhiu v tri theo ngun,
nhit ,... Ch cn ng vo bin thin rt b vi n vi chc V ng ra tc ng . khc
phc, ta dng mch so snh c tr hay Schmitt trigger .
V0

V0

Vi

b) c tuyn hnh a

d) c tuyn hnh c

Hnh 1.86 : Cc dng mch Schmitt trigger c bn

Trong hnh 1.86a : VTH

R1
R1
VOS (1.158)
VOS , VTL
R1 R2
R1 R2

Trong hnh 1.86b : VTH

R1
R1
VOS , VTL VOS (1.159)
R2
R2

* Tham kho chi tit IC LM311 : OPAMP so snh tiu biu .

2. Mch chnh lu chnh xc :
Mch chnh lu bn sng ( haft wave rectifier : HWR)
+ Khi Vi dng, VOA tng vt dng ln lm D on to hi tip nh mch theo in
p lm :
Vo Vi
(1.160a)
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

54

Vi

+ Khi V i m, VOA m theo lm D off h mch D lm:

Vo 0 , VOA VOS (1.160b)
Nhc im ca mch l khi Vi chuyn t m sang dng,

V i + V Don .iu ny c th lm
mo tn hiu ra nu Vi bin thin nhanh . ci thin, ta
thm diode kp D2 nh hnh 1.88 .
Hnh 1.87: Mch HWR
+ Khi Vi dng, D1 on, D2 off, mch tr thnh K khng o c:
VOA s tng t - VOS n

R
Vo 1 2 Vi
R1
+ Khi Vi m,D1 off,D2 on:
VOA VD 2on

(1.161a)

(1.161b)

Hnh 1.88 : Mch HWR ci thin

Mch chnh lu ton sng (Full wave Rectifier : FWR)
Vi cch chn in tr nh hnh 1.89, ta c :
Vi 0 : D1off , D2 on :
R
Vo1 2 Vi
R1

Vo

R
R5
Vi 5 VO1
R3
R4

R
R R
5 2 5
R 4 R 1 R3
AVi
Vi 0 : D1on, D2 off :

V0

R5
Vi AVi
R4

Vi

(1.162a)
(1.162b)

Hnh 1.89 : Mch FWR

(1.162c)

Trong c 2 bn k : V0 A Vi
(1.162d)
* Nhc im ca mch FWR hnh 1.89 l phi chn t l in tr tht chnh xc !
Hnh 1.90 l mch FWR ch cn s dng 2 loi tr ng t l v cho V 0 A V i
(Phn ny chng minh qua bi tp )

Hnh 1.90 : Mch FWR dng 2 loi tr t l

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

55

3. Cng tc tng t( Analog Switch):

Analog SW hot ng nh 1 cng tc in t p ng c vic truyn tn hiu tng t
(v ng nhin l tn hiu s ). iu khin analog SW ON/OFF nh vo tn hiu logic thng
theo chun TTL .
Analog SW c s dng trong nhng mch dn knh, ly mu/ gi, K c lp trnh
Analog SW JFET:
ID

ID
VGS= 0

VGS= 0

VGS
gim

VDS

1/rDS ON

VGS
-

0
a) JFET knh n

VGS <=VGS OFF

b) H c tuyn JFET knh n

VDS

VGS <=VGS OFF

VDS

c) in tr knh dn r DS ON/V GS=0

Hnh 1.91 : J FET Knh n v c tuyn

JFET lm vic trong tm VGSOFF < VGS VGS 0 v tt khi VGS VGSOFF .
Khi cho JFET lm vic nh analog SW, ta phn cc JFET ch hot ng 2 trng thi :
Trng thi ON : phn cc VGS 0,VDS b 0 ,JFET lm vic on thng c tuyn,
in tr knh dn bin i theo V DS . Thng ta phn cc VGS 0 in tr knh dn ON
rdsON l b nht .
Trng thi OFF : phn cc VGS VGSOFF , JFET tt rdsOFF -> .
dc ca c tuyn I DS (V DS ) / V GS 0 th hin gi tr rdsON:
rdsON gi l in tr ng khi knh dn m :
diD
1
(1.163)

dvDS rdsON
Trong thc t rdsON khong vi chc n trm ty theo loi .
Khi JFET OFF, in tr tt rdsOFF rt ln . Lc ny ch cn
dng r IDOFF v dng ngc IGSS qua knh dn . Lu l
cc dng ny ph thuc vo nhit v tng gp i khi
nhit tng 10 0 C !
Tham kho JFET tiu biu knh n : 2N4391 c cc
thng s T 25 0 C :
- VGSOFF : (-4 -10v)
- rdsON : 30
- I DS OFF : 100 pA
- I GSS : 100 pA
- Ton 15ns
- Toff 20ns
Hnh 1.92: Mch analog SW JFET knh n tiu biu
Hnh 1.92 minh ha mch analog SW tiu biu.
+ Khi VC 0V : Q1off dn n Q2 off . Cathode D1 c phn cc ngun Vcc 15V nn off
lm th ni cc G . R1 dn phn cc G t S lm VGS 0 , do J1 on cho tn hiu Vi ra ti RC
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

56

VGS

+ Khi VC 5V : Q1onlm Q 2 sat , D1 c phn cc ngun - VEE 15V nn dn lm

VGSOFF lm J1 off.

* iu kin gi tr Vimin duy tr J 1 off:

Vi min VEE VQ 2 sat VD1ON VGSOFF

(1.164)

Analog SW MOSFET :
Hot ng ca MOSFET tng t JFET ch analog SW
Tham kho cc IC Analog SW CMOS nh CD4051,4052,4053
* Chn anlog SW : lu cc thng s
RON 0

ROFF
Tc p ng (ns)
Mc in p iu khin
4. Ly mu & gi ( Sample & Hold : S/H):
Mch ly mu v gi(S/H) ly mu tn hiu vo trong 1 thi on ngn v gi li tn hiu
ly mu ng ra a vo x l tng k tip .
Mch S/H thng c p dng trong cc h thng thu thp v bin i data , cc mch
phn knh/ dn knh tn hiu analog .
Hnh 1.94 l mch ly mu & gi c bn .
Vi
V0
A1 , D1 , D2 lm vic nh mch theo in p ty theo
bn k tn hiu vo Vi .Khi SW ng, D1 / D2 on v p ri
t
trn SW rt b nn p r trn tr 0, A1 s np nhanh p
0
trn C H v V0 s ly mu theo v tr tc thi .
Khi SW m, p trn C c gi theo Vi cui thi im
ly mu v Vo Vi .R dng np x C H qua Vo m
S/H

bo p trn C H theo gi tr tc thi tn hiu vo Vi .

H S H S H S H S H S
* Yu cu :
t
0
A1 : - Sai lch dng phn cc vo b
- Kh nng dng out put cao np CH nhanh
Hnh 1.93 : Nguyn l S/H
- H s khuch i vng h AVO cao gim sai s do p ri trn SW v off set p ng
vo A2
- C mch b tn s p ng nhanh
A2 : - Dng phn cc vo thp trnh sai p trn CH
- p ng ng ra nhanh
C H phi l t c mt mt in mi thp nh mylar

Hnh 1.94 : Mch S/H c bn

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

57

1.10.7: Cc mch to hm :
1. Mch tch phn :

a)- Mch tch phn

b)- Mch tch phn thc t

Hnh 1.95 : Mch tch phn
Theo hnh 1.95a, ta c :
t
1
(1.165)
V0
Vi dt
R1C F 0

Chn Rc R1 b dng phn cc vo .

tn s rt thp hoc DC,CF xem nh h mch dn n h s K ca mch gn bng
h s K vng h ca OPAMP . khng ch h s K trong trng hp ny, ta thm
RF 10R1 nh hnh 1.95b . Nh vy , h s K ti f thp hoc DC cn khong 10 ln .
2. Mch vi phn :

a)- Mch vi phn

b) -Mch vi phn thc t

Hnh 1.96 : Mch vi phn
Theo hnh 1.96a, ta c :
dV
Vo RF C1 i
(1.166)
dt
f cao tr khng XC1 gim s lm tng k s K gy mt n nh mch .
Mch vi phn thc t nh hnh 1.96b .
Chn R1 0.1 0.001 RF gii hn h s K ca mch f cao
1
Tn s ct trn ca mch : f b
(ct trn -3dB) vi R1C1 RF CF (1.167)
2R1C1
1
Tn s ct di ca mch : f a
, vi f b 20 f a
(1.168)
2RF C1
3. Vi mch to hm ICL 8038 :
* Tm tt 1 s c tnh ICL8038 :
- To tn hiu ng ra ng thi sin, vung, tam gic
- Tm tn s rng : 0,001 Hz - 300 KHz
- mo thp
1% ( ng ra sin)
- Tuyn tnh cao
0,1% ( ng ra tam gic)
- Thay i chu k nhim v 2%-98%
Biu thc xc nh tn s ng ra :
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

58

0.33
(1.169)
RC
vi RA RB R
VR 100K dng iu chnh mo hi (THD%)
ng ra sin t thp nht .
* Xem chi tit ti liu IC L8038
fo

1.10.8: B lc :
Phn ny xin tham kho cc ti liu v mch lc
s dng OPAMP- Lc s .
1.10.9 : Mch to xung, V/F & F/V:
1. Mch to xung :
Mch monastable :
Hnh 1.97: Mch to hm ICL8038
Ta c : T 1.1RC
(1.170)
o rng xung T, bit R hoc C s suy ra gi tr cn li.
vk

1/3Vcc
0

t
0

a)-Monostable
b)- Gin xung
Hnh1.98 :Monostable s dng vi mch 555
Mch Astable
Ta c : T T1 T2

0.69( R1 R 2 )C 0.69 R 2 C

(1.171)

o chu k T, bit R 2 hoc C s suy ra gi tr cn li .

vk

2/3Vcc
1/3Vcc
0

V0
Vcc

t
T1

T2

a)- Mch Astable

b)- Gin xung
Hnh 1.99: Mch Astable s dng IC 555
2. Mch V/F & F/V:
Kho st vi mch LM331 chuyn i V/F v F/V tiu biu :
* Tm tt 1 s thng s LM331 :
- Tm tn s rng : 1Hz-100KHz
- Tuyn tnh cao : 0,01%
- Hot ng vi ngun n 5V
- Ng ra tng hp theo mc logic yu cu (cc thu h)
LM331 l vi mch chuyn i V/F & F/V thng dng
c s chn DIP8 nh hnh 1.100.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

current output 1
Ref. current 2
Freq.out
GND

3
4

LM311

Vs

comp.input

threshold

R/C

Hnh 1.100: IC LM331

59

Hnh 1.101 : Mch V/F LM331

Hnh 1.101 minh ha mch chuyn i V/F tiu biu s dng IC LM331:
V (V ) RS
1
(1.172)

f 0 IN
2,09 RL Rt Ct
Chnh VR 5K t t l f 0 theo V IN nh yu cu .
Khi cn chnh offset, thm Rof v VR of .
Hnh 1.102 l mch chuyn i F/V s dng IC LM331:
R
(1.173)
Vo f in 2,09 L Rt Ct
RS
* Tham kho chi tit ti liu LM331

Hnh 1.102 : Mch F/V LM331

1.10.10 : B bin i ADC :
1. IC L 7109 :
ICL7109 l IC ADC 12 bit v bit du out put p dng nguyn l tch phn 2 dc .IC
L7109 thch hp cho cc ADC p dng trong o nhit , p sut, trng lng,in tr, tc ,
dng, p (bin i chm).
* Tm tt 1 s c tnh IC L7109
- Dng DIP 40pin
- Ng ra 12 bit data v 1 bit du
- Ouput 3 trng thi
- C tn hiu bt tay giao tip vi VXL
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
60

- CMRR cao : 90dB

- Ng vo vi sai hoc common.
- C ngun Vref out
V
- Data ng ra : ( N ) out 2048 IN
(1.174)
Vref
- Ng vo Vref in vi sai ty chn theo yu cu .
* Xem chi tit ti liu IC L7109.
2. IC MX7705:
MX7705 l IC ADC 16 bit, cng sut thp,2 knh,p dng nguyn l ADC Sigma-delta.
MX7705 thch hp cho cc ADC trong o nhit ,p sut,trng lng,dng c o y
khoa .
* Tm tt 1 s c tnh MX7705 :
- Dng DIP 16 pin
- ADC Sigmal-delta 16 bit
- Out put ni tip (SPI)
- 02 ng vo analog v sai
- B K on chip lp trnh c t 1-> 128
- CMRR cao n150dB (f=50Hz-60Hz)
- Ngun cng sut thp : 1mW@ VDD 3V
VREF
- Mode 1 cc(1 du) : phn gii : 1LSB
(1.175)
GAIN 65.536
VREF
2
- Mode 2 cc (2 du) : phn gii : 1LSB
(1.176)
GAIN 65.536
* Tham kho chi tit ti liu MX7705.
1.10.11 : B chopper/ Modulator :
Trong cc trng hp ng ra cm bin l tn hiu in p b v bin thin chm, ng
truyn tn hiu t cm bin n mch x l xa, nu dng cc b K DC h s K cao s rt d b
gy sai s do nhiu v tri. Mt phng php khuch i tn hiu DC b l dng b chopper
(chp) hoc modulator(iu ch) chuyn tn hiu DC thnh tn hiu AC v s dng b K AC
khuch i s loi c hin tng tri .
1. B chopper :
Hnh 1.103 minh ha nguyn l lm
vic b chopper . Ng vo Vi l tn hiu DC.
Mt b iu khin SW lm SW chuyn v tr
1,2 tn s fc, do th cp bin p T
s l tn hiu AC bin Vi(xung vung).
B K AC khuch i tn hiu AC ny v
to tn hiu ng ra Vo. B iu khin SW
thng l mch to dao ng sng mang
tn s fc c th t 50-400Hz.
Hnh 1.103 : Nguyn l chopper

Hnh 1.104 : Mch chopper BJT

Trong hnh 1.104, khi sng mang ng vo cc B m lm BJT bo ha V0 VCES 0V . Khi
sng mang ng vo cc B dng , BJT off, in p ng ra :
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
61

RC
Vi V i ( R L R i )
(1.177)
Ri R L
Tn s sng ng ra bng tn s sng mang.
2. B Modulator:
Modulator dng nguyn l iu ch bin (AM)
Tn hiu DC l tn hiu iu ch, tn hiu dao ng
sin cao tn l sng mang .
Hnh 1.105 minh ha b modulator s dng
cu diode.Trong bn k u sng mang, im 1 dng,
dng in chy t im 1 qua D1 , ngun tn hiu DC,
D3 v R1 v im 2 .Trong bn k sau, im 2 dng,
V0

Hnh 1.105: Modulator cu diode

dng in chy t im 2 qua R1 , D2 , ngun tin hiu DC,

D4 v im 1.Bin tc thi sng mang s c iu ch bi bin tn hiu DC .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

62

Bi tp chng 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Lit k cc cm bin dng nguyn l thay i in tr,biu thc quan h, nhy

Lit k cc cm bin dng nguyn l thay i in dung,biu thc quan h, nhy
Lit k cc cm bin dng nguyn l thay i in cm,biu thc quan h, nhy
Lit k cc cm bin cho in p/dng in ng ra, biu thc quan h, nhy .
Cu Wheastone thun tin cho kt ni cc loi cm bin no, vit biu thc quan h.
Cho quang tr PDV-9007(xem datasheet).
a) T c tuyn quang tr,vit li biu thc quan h: R=f(E);R: K,E:lux.
b) Vit biu thc tnh nhy quang tr.Tnh nhy E=10 lux,E=100 lux.
c) S dng phng php tuyn tnh ha mc Rl song song quang tr trong vng t E=1050 lux.Tm Rl.
7. S dng cc kt qu bi 6:
a) Thit k mt mch iu khin r le bng nh sng dng quang tr PDV-9007:
Khi E=10 lux ,r le off.
Khi E=50 lux,r le on.
b) Thit k mt mch o cng nh sng bng quang tr PDV-9007 tm E=10-50 lux.
Mch cho in p ng ra t l tuyn tnh vi E.Vit biu thc in p ng ra.
8. Cho photo diode SD-076-14-21-011(xem data sheet).
a) T c tuyn photo diode xc nh nhy photo diode trong vng nh sng
=600nm.T suy ra quan h Ip=f(),=10W-1mW trong vng nh sng =600nm.
b) V mch o thng lng nh sng : mch in cho ng ra in p theo thng lng
nh sng .Vit biu thc in p ng ra.
9. Thit k mch o cng nh sng(E:lux)s dng IC SD-100-42-22-231(xem data sheet)
trong vng nh sng =600nm,tm o E=10 lux- 100 lux.Vit biu thc in p ng ra.
10. Cho Thermistor NTC KS102J2 c R( T0 ) 1000 @ T 0 250 C v R(T1 ) 360, 2@ T1 500 C
a) Tm h s B
b) V c tuyn ca thermistor R(T) vi T= 20 0 C- 40 0 C.
c) Tuyn tnh ha c tuyn trong tm T=200C-400C dng phng php mc Rl song song
R(T), nh gi sai s .
d) Lp li cu c vi Rl ni tip R(T).
e) Lp li cu b vi tuyn tnh ha 3 im.
11. S dng thermistor cu 7 sau khi tuyn tnh ha T= 20 0 C 40 0 C kt hp vi mch
chuyn i tn hiu cm bin cho ng ra in p dc c nhy 10mV/ 0 C .
12. V mch RTD Pt100 3 dy kt hp vi khuch i cu dng OPAMP to thnh mch cu
b 3 dy . Vit biu thc ng ra .
13. S dng ngun dng cp cho RTD Pt100 o tm 0-100 0 C .V s mch in chuyn
i thnh p ng ra V0 10(mV ).T (T : 0 C )
14. Thit k mch o nhit s dng Pt100 tm o 0-1000C.p ng ng ra l in p t l
tuyn tnh tng ng t 1-5VDC.
15. Thit k mch o nhit s dng Pt100 tm o 0-1000C.p ng ng ra l ngun dng
t l tuyn tnh tng ng t 4-20mADC.
16. V mch b nhit u ngui Thermocouple loi K(CA) s dng vi mch ngun dng AD
590/AD 592 lm phn t b nhit u ngui . Vit biu thc ng ra .
17. Tham kho data sheet IC AD595.Thit k mch o nhit T=0-10000C s dng
thermocoupe loi K.M t chi tit thit k.
18. V s kt ni vi mch cm bin nhit DS1822(data sheet) vi MCU 8051 . Vit on
chng trnh giao tip c nhit o v nhit ci t, bo qu/di nhit .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

63

19. S dng IA AMP01 , analog sw v mch iu khin to thnh modul khuch i c lp

n

trnh vi h s khuch i A v 2 n=010.

20. Tham kho data sheet cm bin p sut STS-030A-4F.Thit k mch o p sut cho in
p ng ra V0 bin thin t 0-5VDC khi p sut tc ng bin thin t 0-30psi.
21. Mt cm bin p sut o tm t 0-10 bar cho ng ra l dng in t l tuyn tnh tng
ng t 4-20mADC.Thit k mch chuyn i tn hiu o p sut sang tn s ng ra t l
1 Khz/bar.
22. Cho mt cm bin load cell c cc thng s sau :
- Cm bin c kt ni thnh cu Wheastone
- Ngun cung cp max :
12VDC
- Tng tr nhn t ng ra :
350
- Tm o max :
100Kg
- nhy ton tm(E.S) ng ra :
2mV/V
Chn mch khuch i thch hp v c HSK m bo ng ra c nhy 10V/1g.
23. Mt mch d/ nhn dng mc cht lng hai mc cao thp nh hnh BT23.V s
mch nhn dng c ng ra l mc logic trng thi theo mc cht lng.
24. Mch o mc cht lng lin tc nh hnh BT 24. Khi mc cht lng thay i, phao s nng
/ h lm quay bnh xe ni trc vi optical encoder .Vit biu thc biu din s xung ng ra
optical encoder t l vi mc cht lng .

Hnh BT23
Hnh BT24
25. V s giao tip ADC ICL7109 vi MCU8051.Vit on chng trnh khi ng v c
gi tr ADC.
26. V s giao tip ADC MX7705 vi MCU8051.Vit on chng trnh khi ng v c
gi tr ADC.
27. Thit k mch o nhit s dng IC LM35.Chuyn gi tr o sang s s dng ADC
ICL7109,m bo phn gii 0,10C.
28. Thit k mt cn in t s dng loadcell nh BT22.Chuyn tn hiu sang s s dng ADC
MX7705,m bo phn gii 1/50.000.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

64

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

65