+idrf CSRF PGM TWL, Sofwgjaexdkifa& 0G' Rsonf Ppfrsefaom Zuf'&,F Jynfaxmifpkpepf Qdodkœ

+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;0g' rSonf
ppfrSefaom zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpepf qDodkŒ

¡wwd,wJ¢G
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.
jynfaxmifpktay: a0zefoHk;oyfonfh pmwrf;rsm;
pmwrf;&Sirf sm;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; (Arm)
awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifh (&Sr;f )
OD;Zefxm&Sif (ucsi)f
OD;vset f yk f (csi;f )
ESihf
'*kewf m&m
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f

( Lian H. Sakhong)
pkaqmif; wifjyonf?
xkwaf 0ol
jynfaxmifpk wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyf
(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
Zif;r,f+rdK@/ xdik ;f Edik if H
2002 ckESpf
yxrt}urd f
tkyaf & 1000 tkyf
UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, THAILAND
2002
With generous support from:

National Reconciliation Program (NRP)
rmwdum
xkwaf 0ol.ed'ge;f
qvdkif; vsefr_ef; qmacgif;
- jynfaxmifpkjy\em. tajccH&if;jrpfrsm;udk avhvm
qef;ppfjcif;.................................................................................................... 1
- jynfaxmifpp k epf t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd suf .................................................... 2
- ordkif;qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm; (odk@r[kwf)
yifvn kH v D mcH ay:aygucf yhJ k.H ...................................................................... 4
- Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. yifvpkH mcsKyf t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd su.f .................... 8
- jynfaxmifpb k ,frmS vrf;v$cJ o hJ enf;.................................................. 12
- jynfaxmifpt k ay: jyefveS w f ek @f jyefcsurf sm;......................................... 14
- yifvw kH iG f ar#mrf eS ;f cJah om jynfaxmifppk epfqo D @kd .............................. 18
- aus;Zl;wifvm$ ........................................................................................... 20
tydkif; (1) vrf;!Gerf _ 7 csuf

(odk@r[kwf)
yifvpkH mcsKyf. t"dyg` ,u
f zkd iG q
hf jkd cif;
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef; ...................................................................... 21
tydkif; (2) jynfaxmifpw k iG ;f rS wef;wlaom&Sr;f jynf

awmif}uD; OD;xGef;jrifh (&Srf;)
ed'ge;f ......................................................................................................... 45
2³1 jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;........................................................... 52
- u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;aom jynfaxmifppk epf.......................... 52
- vrf;!Gejf yXmef;csut f qd.k .......................................................... 52
- 'Drukd a&pDqw kd m........................................................................... 55
- 'Dru kd a&pDz@GJ pnf;yHpk epf................................................................ 56
- jynfaxmifpp k epf......................................................................... 56
- tm%mcJaG 0enf;......................................................................... 57
- jynfaxmifpy
k gvrD ef................................................................. 58
- jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &................................................................... 59
- jynfaxmifpw
k &m;pD&ifr_......................................................... 60
- tajccHOya'jyifqifenf;......................................................... 61
- cJx
G u
G cf iG .hf ................................................................................... 61
- wjynfaxmifpepf.................................................................... 61
2³2 tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS jynfaxmifpkpepfudk
avhvmoH;k oyfEid_ ;f ,SOjf cif;........................................................ 63
(u) tar&duefjynfaxmifp.k .................................................... 64
- uGeu f &ufvw $ af wmf............................................................... 66
- tar&dueftpd;k &...................................................................... 68
- tar&dueforRw...................................................................... 69
- tar&duefw&m;pD&ifa&;........................................................ 70
- tar&duefjynfe,frsm;............................................................ 70
(c) qGpZf mvefEikd if .H ..................................................................... 71
- qGpjf ynfaxmifpy k gvrD ef........................................................... 74
- tm%mcJaG 0enf;....................................................................... 74
- qGpjf ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &............................................................. 75
- t+rw J rf;ppfwyfr&S.d .................................................................. 75
2³3 jrefrmjynfaxmifp.k ...................................................................... 77
- zm;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f .................................................................... 77
- jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;..................................................... 79
- wjcrf;yJjh ynfaxmifp.k ............................................................... 81
- wd@k ygvrD ef................................................................................... 83
- tm%mESit hf cGit hf a&;............................................................. 84
- u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &............................................. 84
- jynfaxmifpb k Àma&; ............................................................ 86
- tajccHOya'jyif=upd@k ................................................................. 87
2³4 u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;aomjynfaxmifp.k .................................... 88
tydkif; (3) 'Drukd a&pD ajymif;jyef
OD;Zefxm&Sif (ucsif)
ed'ge;f ....................................................................................................... 91
3³1 ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ordkif;aemufcH
- a&S;acwfjrefrmrif;rsm;ESifh ucsifvlrsdK;rsm; qufqHyHk.......... 93
- e,fcs@J t*Fvy d af cwfEiS u hf csiv f rl sKd ;rsm;.................................... 94
- zufqpf*syefacwf........................................................................ 95
- vGwfvyfaomacwfYaomif;usef;olrsm;udkwdkufcdkuf&m
wGiu f csit f rsKd ;om;rsm;}udK;yrf;cJyh kH......................................... 96
- vGwfvyfa&;wGif ucsifvlrsdK;rsm; yg0ifvm&jcif;.................. 98
3³2 vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 10 ESpftwGif; OD;Ekuay;aom
vlenf;pk(0g) awmifay:om;'Dru kd a&pD...................................... 105
3³3 jynfe,frsm;udk zsuq f ;D vdak omOD;Ek............................................ 114
3³4 'Dru kd a&pDajymif;jyef....................................................................... 121
3³5 w&kw-f jrefrme,fpyfjy\em...................................................... 130
3³6 w&kwf-jrefrme,fpyfjy\emESifh ywfoufI OD;Ek.trSm;... 146
3³7 OD;Ek. r[mtrSm;aemufwck&adS o;onf................................. 148
3³8 ygvDrefwGift,Hkt=unfr&Sdtqdk udkaxmufcHcJhaom
OD;Zefxm&Sif . 9-6-58 rde@f ceG ;f ............................................. 154
tydkif; (4) csi;f vli,frsm; t}uaH y;csuf

OD;vseftkyf (csif;)
ed'gef;
(odk@r[kwf)
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &;tzJ@G o@kd ay;yd@k onfph m.......................................... 165
4³1 yifvHkpmcsKyfjzpfay:vm&jcif;ta=umif;w&m;rsm;................... 169
4³2 1947-zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;......... 174
4³3 csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;xyfqifu h sqif;vmyH.k ................................... 187
4³4 awmfvSefa&;aumifpDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;a0zefcsu.f .................... 196
4³5 ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;................................................................... 202
4³6 umuG,af &;ppfwyfz@GJ pnf;a&;..................................................... 211
4³7 zJG@pnf;vwWHŒaom jynfaxmifpkwGif csif;trsdK;om;rsm;.
&yfwnfcsu.f ................................................................................... 213
4³8 zJ@G pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;............................................... 219
4³9 zJ@G pnf;yHtk ajccHOya' (rl=urf;)wifjycsu.f ................................ 223
tydkif; (5) '*kew

f m&m.jynfaxmifprk l
(odk@r[kwf)
atmufcsi;f iSuaf w;oH
'*kew
f m&m ..................................................................................... 237
tcef; (6) The Panglong agreement,1947 ..................................................... 241

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
jynfaxmifpjk y\em. tajccH&if;jrpfrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
vGwv f yfa&;&onfh tcsed rf pS I ,ae@wikd f u|Eykf w f @kd . wdik ;f jynfwiG f }uHKqHk

ae&aom taxGaxG EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk
zJ@G pnf; xlaxmifomG ;rnfenf; [laom Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qJG jyXmef;
a&;ESifh wenf;r[kwfwenf; qufpyfESD;EG,fae=uaom jy\emrsm; (Constitu-
tional Crisis) yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifq h ykd gu TEdik if aH wmf}uD;udk “jynfaxmif
pkpepf” jzifx h al xmifrnfavm/ od@k wnf;r[kwf “wjynfaxmifpepf” jzifh xlaxmif
oGm;rnffavm ³³³ [laom jy\emyifjzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;.ta&;ESihf jynfaxmifpk jy\em}uD;udk
rnfodk@rnfyHk ajz&Sif;oGm;&rnfenf; [laomar;cGef;udk av;eufpGm pOf;pm;avwdkif;
t+rJw, G u
f yfygvmaom aemufqufwaGJ r;cGe;f wckrmS Tjynfaxmifpu k kd rnfonfh
tajccHrlESifh vrf;pOfay:wGif rnfonfhtajccHta=umif;w&m;awGa=umifh pwifzJG@
pnf;xlaxmifcJhoenf; [laomar;cGef;yifjzpfygonf? xdkxuf&Sif;atmifqdkygu
Tjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk rzJG@pnf;cif/ odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfa&;r&cifu tb,fa=umifh
“yifvHkpmcsKyf” vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef vdktyfcJhoenf;? xdkrSwqifhqufI ar;&rnfh
ar;cGe;f rSm yifvpkH mcsKyfukd “wef;wla&;rl” tajccHI a&;xd;k cJyh gvsuf tb,fa=umifh
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkjzifh topfyl;aygif;zJG@pnf;xlaxmifcJhaom EdkifiHawmfonf
“ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk” jzpfrvmyJ wjynfaxmifpepfESifh a&m,SufoGm;aom
“twkta,mif jynfaxmifp”k jzpfomG ;cJ&h oenf;? ,if;ESit hf wl vlrsKd ;pkjy\emESihf
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhESifh tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;&_H;oGm;
&um jynfwGif;ppf}uD;onfvnf; jynfaxmifpk. zGg;zufawmftjzpf wJGuyfygvm
cJh&ygonf?
,if;odk@jzpfcJh&jcif;onf jynfaxmifpkpepf rSm;,Gif;jcif;ayavm/ odk@wnf;

r[kwf jynfaxmifpkpepfudk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkyHk rSm;,Gif;oGm;cJhjcif;avm/ odk@wnf;r
[kwf yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhpOfu tm;enf;csdK@,Gif;csufrsm; &SdcJhoavm?
rnfonfEh ikd if aH &;jzpfpOfEiS hf ordik ;f a=umif;w&m;awGa=umifh csi;f / ucsiEf iS hf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;
rsm;om yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=u+yD; tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
udk csefxm;oGm;cJhoenf;? rnfonfhtm%m rnfonfhOya'ESifh rnfonfhordkif;
a=umif;w&m;rsm;udk tajccHI Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u Arm (0g) jrefrm wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if xdkpOfu Burma Proper (or) Ministerial Burma [kac:qdkcJh
aom tkycf sKyfre_ ,fy,fxw J iG f yg0ifonfh u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;/ rGev
f rl sKd ;rsm;ESihf &cdik v
f rl sKd ;
rsm;udk yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif udk,fpm;jyKEdkifcJhoenf;?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;onf ordkif;qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;omruawmhyJ Oya'a&;&mESifh
Edik if aH &;oabmw&m;qdik &f m ar;cGe;f rsm;vnf; yg0ifaeygonf? xdak =umifh ‚if;ar;cGe;f
rsm;udk tajz&Smaomtcg bufaygif;pHkrS &_jrifoHk;oyf&ef txl;vdktyfvSygonf?
jynfaxmifppk epf t"dyg` ,zf iG q

hf ckd suf
“jynfaxmifpkpepf” udkt*Fvdyfbmomjzifh zvS,foHk;pJGaomtcg "Fed-

eral System" odk@wnf;r[kwf "Federalism" [k vG,fulpGmem;vnf=u&ygonf?
xdak =umifh “jynfaxmifppk epf” udt k "dyg` ,f zGiq hf jkd cif;rjyKcif ‚if; "Federal" [laom
pum;vH;k &if;jrpfEiS hf acwfopfEikd if aH &;odyw H` iG f rnfo@kd rnfykH oH;k pGv J mcJo
h nf qdak om
tcsufudk tenf;i,fqef;ppf&ef vdktyfvmygonf?
Federal System od@k r[kwf Federalism [laompum;vH;k udk 16 &mpkwi Gf
ay:aygucf ahJ om tawG;tac: jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;acwf (Renaisance) aemufyikd ;f wGif
Oa&mywdkufY tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifonfh EdkifiHawmfrsm; (Sovereign States)
ay:xGe;f cJ+h yD;rSom pwifo;kH pJaG om acwfopfEikd if aH &;a0g[m& pum;vH;k yifjzpfygonf?
‚if ; pum;vH k ; t&if ; tjrpf o nf "Foedus" [l a omvuf w if b mom pum;rS
qif;ouf vmcJhjcif;jzpfI t"dy`g,frSm oabmwljcif; (Agreement)/ tjyeftvSef
aps;qpfI ESpOf ;D ESpzf ufoabmwlq;kH jzwfjcif; (Bargain)/ ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf oabmwlnD
csujf zifh tusKd ;wlvyk if ef;rsm; aqmif&u G jf cif; (Contract)/ yÉdOmOfjyKjcif; (odk@r[kwf)
yÉdOmOfpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm; csKyfqdkjcif; (Covenant) [lIt"dyg` ,&f ygonf? od@k &mwGif
2
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
"Foedus" qdkaom pum;vHk;.t"dy`g,fonf omrefESpfOD;ESpfzuf oabmwlnDjcif;

r#udkom qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyJ xdkxufav;eufaoma=umifh‚if;udk "Fides" [laom
pum;vHk;ESifh tjyeftvSefvJvS,fI yl;wGJoHk;pJGavh&SdcJh=uygonf?
Fides [laomvufwifbmompum;vHk;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Faith
odk@r[kwf Trust [lIkjyefqdkavh&Sdum ,if;onf omrefoabmwlnDr_ tqifhudk
ausmfI “,Hk=unfpdwfcsjcif;” [laomt"dy`g,fudk aqmif,loGm;apcJhygonf?
xdka=umifh ‚if; Foedus ESifh Fides wdk@udktajccHI Federalism udk EdkifiHa&;odyH`
ynm&Sif rsm;u EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;wcktjzpf usifhoHk;aomtcg “ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tjyeftvSefav;pm; todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk tajccHI EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG
yl;aygif; xlaxmifjcif;ESifh ‚if;EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk tqifhqifhcJGa0oHk;pJGjcif;”
[lIt"dy`g,f zGifhqdkavh&Sd=uygonf? xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk tajccHI q&m}uD;
'*kefwm&mu jynfaxmifpkpepfudk atmufygtwdkif; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkoGm;cJhygonf?
“jynfaxmifpkqdkonfrSm- jynfaxmif (trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf)rsm;nD!Gwf

pnf;vH;k pGm }uD;i,fr[l wef;wljcif;tajccHjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom pkaygi;f Edik if H
awmfpepfjzpfonf? ”
xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifppk epfonf jynfaxmifrsm; (0g) trsKd ;om;Edik if aH wmf

rsm; (0g) wdik ;f jynfrsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f I Edik if aH wmfw&yfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif
jcif; jzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpkpepf. tajccHtkwfjrpfESifh av;eufaom tESpf
om& rsm;onf “wef;wla&;” yifjzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif “wef;wla&;” [laom pum;vH;k udk Edik if aH &;a0g[m&tjzpf oH;k pJG
aomtcg rnfonfh pHcsed f pHEe_ ;f rsm; &So d ifo
h enf; [laomtcsuu f kd xyfqifah vhvm
&efvdktyfvmygonf? rnfuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;w&m;ESifh ordkif;aemufcH
rsm;udk tajcjyKI vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;ESihf wrsKd ; “wef;wl” ae=uygonf[k ac:qdEk ikd rf nfenf;?
,if;onf EdkifiHa&;ody`Hqdkif&m ar;cGef;r#yif r[kwfawmhyJ ordkif;qdkif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh qufpyfESD;EG,faeaoma=umifh ordkif;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk xyfqifh
avhvm qef;ppf&ef vdktyfvmygonf?
3
ordik ;f qdik &f mar;cGe;f rsm; (od@k r[kw)f yifvn

kH v
D mcH ay:aygucf yhJ kH
EdkifiHa&;ordkif;&_a'gifhrS avhvmoHk;oyfaomtcg “wef;wla&;” udkrnfodk@

rnfyHk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&rnfenf;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom tajctaersdK;wGif
rnfonft h *F g&yfEiS hf jynfph akH om “vlrsKd ;” rsm;udk ordik ;f t& “wef;wlae=uygonf”
[kac:qdk Edkifrnfenf;?
acwfopf ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u “udv k ekd aD cwf rwdik cf ifu oD;jcm;vGwv f yf
aom vlrsdK;rsm;udk ordkif;a&;t&wef;wlaom vlrsdK;rsm;” [lI omreftm;jzifh
ac:qdak vh &S=d uygonf? oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;[k ac:qd&k mYvnf; rdrw d @kd .
bd;k bGm;ydik ef ,fajrrsm;wGif ordik ;f pOfqufvw G vf yfpmG aexdik cf =hJ u+yD; rdrw
d @kd .bmom
,Ofaus;r_ESifh trsdK;om;a&; vuQ%mrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xdef;odrf;az:aqmifEdkif
cJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;[k ac:qd&k mYvnf; acwfopfEikd if aH &; odyyH` nm&Sif
rsm;u t"dyg` ,f zGiq hf x
kd m;onfh “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if aH wmfrsm;” udx k al xmif
onfv h rl sKd ;rsm; jzpfcsirf S jzpf&ayrnf? rjzpfonfu rsm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm udv k ekd D
acwfrwdik cf ifu tm&S/ tmz&duESihf vufwiftar&du&Sd vlrsKd ;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf
acwfopf EdkifiHa&;ody`H&_a'gifhrS =unfhv#if “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfrsm;”
[k ac:qdkEdkif=urnf r[kwfaomfvnf; ordkif;pOfwav#muf rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif wDxGif
}uHq usifhoHk;cJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;jzifh rdrdwdk@bmom oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm
tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;om jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh “jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfopf” wckukd wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f xl
axmif&ef pOf;pm;wdik yf if=uaomtcg/ ‚if;ordik ;f qdik &f m ar;cGe;f rsm;udk +Adwo d #tpd;k &
u aomf‚if;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u aomf‚if;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ; acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;
u aomf‚if;/ tav;teufxm;I pOf;pm;cJ=h ua=umif; ordik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm;
t& od&EdS ikd yf gonf? ,if;uJo h @kd av;eufpmG pOf;pm;wdik yf ifc=hJ uaoma=umifh yifv#if
yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k &ef vkt d yfcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh “yifvpkH mcsKyf
.t"dyg` ,o f nf ” ³³³ udv k ekd aD cwf rwdik cf ifu oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsdK;rsm;onf udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGif oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfa&;&,lI oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk oD;jcm;pDxlaxmif
4
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
Edkif=uygaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk@ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom trsdK;om; EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk

oD;jcm;pD xlaxmifjcif; rjyKyJ/ wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfopf
wckudk twlwuG xlaxmifoGm;=urnf” [laom yÉd^mOfpmcsKyf pmwrf;}uD;yif
jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;udk aocsmpGmqef;ppf avhvmygu/ udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS
wdu k &f u
dk f vGwv f yfa&;&,lI trsKd ;om;Edik if aH wmfrsm;udk oD;jcm; xlaxmif&ef ordik ;f
a&;&_a'gifhrS tqifhoifhjzpfcJh=uaom csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf; vlrsdK;rsm;tjyif udkvdkeD
acwfrwdik cf ifu Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydik ef ufajrudk tajcjyKI zJ@G pnf;xm;cJah om
Burma Proper (0g) Ministerial Burma udk ud, k pf m;jyKonhf Interim Burmese
Government . t}uD;tuJ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJah =umif;
udk awG@&rnf jzpfygonf? qdv k okd nfrmS - csi;f / ucsiEf iS hf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo d #
tpdk;&u oD;jcm;pDjzifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;tcsdefumv
rsm;wGif odr;f ydu k cf =hJ uygonf? Oyrm - csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;udk oDaygrif; ygawmfr+l yD;aemuf
10 ESp=f umaomtcgro S m 1896 ckEpS w f iG f +Adwo
d #w@kd w&m;0iford ;f ydu k Ef ikd f cJyh gonf?
yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ESifh pyfvsOf;I ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm
ar;jref; Edik =f uygonf? ‚if;ar;cGe;f rsm;teuf Arm (0g) jrefrm r[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm; jzpf=uonfh u&if/ u&ifeD (u,m;)/ rGeEf iS hf &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
aom ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfygonf? ,if;ESifhqufpyfaom ar;cGef;rsm;rSm - rnfonfh
ordkif;a=umif; w&m;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rGefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;
tjyif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;udkyg yifvHknDvmcHwGif udk,fpm;jyKI vufrSwfa&;xkd; pmcsKyf
csKyf qdEk ikd cf o
hJ enf; [laom ar;cGe;f yif jzpfygonf? Tar;cGe;f ESihf ywfoufI rGeEf iS hf
&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;udk tvsifajz=um;&ygrnf?
rGefESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&u oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;pD odrf;ydkufjcif;rjyKyJ/ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS
vlrsKd ;rsm;tjzpf odr;f ydu k jf cif;cHc&hJ aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm - rGev f rl sKd ;
rsm;udk tavmif;bk&m;u 1575 wGif‚if;/ &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk b}uD;awmfbk&m;u
1784 wGi‚f if; odr;f ydu k cf yhJ gonf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk udv k ekd aD cwfwav#muf
vH;k oD;jcm;pDjzifh tkycf sKyfjcif; rjyKyJ Burma Proper xJwiG o f m xnfo h iG ;f I tkycf sKyf
oGm;cJhygonf? udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGifvnf; ‚if;vlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
5
+Adwo d #tpd;k &ESihf wdu

k &f u
dk o f ufqikd jf cif; r&Syd /J ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif; e,fy,frsm;
udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomtcg tvdktav#mufygoGm; oGm;&rnfhudpPr#om jzpfcJh
ygonf? xdak =umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ud, k pf m;
jyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf?
u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;. ta&;onf ordik ;f a=umif; t&a&m/ Edik if aH &; t&yg txl;
yif&y_ af xG;vSygonf? tusO;f csK;H I wifjy&ygu u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;onf rGeEf iS hf &cdik v f rl sKd ;
rsm;uJhodk@ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
odrf;ydkufjcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKI
odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? xdka=umifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
vnf; Burma Proper ESifh wJGzufrpOf;pm;yJ/ oD;jcm;pOf;pm; azmfaqmif&rnfh udpP
jzpfcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif udkvdkeDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; wdk;wufajymif;vJ
oGm;cJah om Edik if aH &;tajctae trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;. vGwv f yfa&;t}udK
umv trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSmvnf; wrsdK;wzHk ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygonf?
‚if; ajymif;vJoGm;aom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;teuf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
tem*wf uH=urRmudk trsm;qHk; &dkufcwfoGm;cJhaom tcsufrSm 1937 ckESpfwGif
1935 Burma Act udk w&m;0ifjyXmef;I Armjynfukd tdE, dN jynfrS cJx
G u G +f yD;/ oD;jcm;
bk&ifcH vufatmufwGif pwiftkyfcsKyfonfh tcsdefwGif jzpfygonf? 1935 Burma
Act udk jyXmef;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm - ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;.
ydik ef uf twGi;f +Adwo d #tpd;k &. tkycf sKyfa&;,E &W m; vnfywfr_ acsmarG@omG ;apa&;
yifjzpf ygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1935 Burma Act ESihf u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm; wdu k &f u kd f tusK;H 0if
p&m ta=umif; r&Scd ahJ y? od@k &mwGif xdak cwf u&ifynmwwf wcsKd @u 1935 Burma
Act t& zJ@G pnf;onfh +Adwo d #tpd;k &. twdik yf ifcaH umifpw D iG f u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm; trwf
ae&m &,ljcif;tm;jzifh u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;. ynma&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; ponfw@kd
wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;a&;twGufrsm;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk wGufcsufcJhaoma=umifh 1935
Burma Act udk u&ifvr l sKd ;rsm;twGuf tusK;H 0if vmapa&;udk txl;}udK;yrf;aqmif
&GufcJh=uygonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh +rdK@awmf &efukefa'ow0dkufwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
trsm;tjym; aexdkif=uaoma=umifhvnf; xdk}udK;yrf;csufrsm;rSm vG,fvifhwulyif
&&SdoGm;cJhygonf?
odk@&mwGif urBmppft+yD; EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk aumif;pGmoHk;oyf
csdefqEdkifcJhaom u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;u u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; 1935
6
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
Burma Act . Oya'abmifxw J iG f qufvufaeoGm;rnf qdyk gu u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;.

trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk taESmuft,Sufay;Edkif&Hkru/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
uH=urRmwckvHk;udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;vufxJodk@ ‚if;Oya' t& xdk;tyfoGm;&m usEdkif
a=umif;udk wGucf supf Of;pm;cJah oma=umifh 1935 Burma Act t& 1946 ckEpS w f iG f
usi;f yrnfh wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmfa&G;aumufyw GJ iG f u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;taejzifh yg0if
,SO+f ydKifjcif; rjyKyJ/ oydwaf rSmuf&ef u&ifvx l }k uD;udk pnf;&H;k v_@aH qmfcyhJ gonf? ,if;
onf omrefa&G;aumufyw GJ ckukd uef@uu G q
f ENjyjcif;r#om r[kwyf /J 1935 Burma
Act u&ifvr l sKd ;rsm;tay: Oya't& tusKH ;0ifywfoufr_ rSeo f r# tqH;k owfap&ef
}udK;yrf;aom tvGefyg;eyfonfh EdkifiHa&;wdkufuGuf wckyifjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu
apmbOD;}uD;. Edik if aH &;vrf;!Gerf u _ kd u&ifvx l }k uD;w&yfv;kH u vdu k af vsmemcHcyhJ gu
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;uH=urRm wrsdK;wrnf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJEdkif
cJhrnf jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;om 1935 Burma Act . =oZm
atmufrS vGwfxGuf oGm;EdkifcJhygu/ ‚if;wdk@. trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_ rSefor#udk
+Adwo d #tpd;k & ESihf wdu k &f u
kd af qG;aEG; oGm;=u&rnfjzpf+yD;/ u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;. tem*wf
uH=urRmudk Interim Burmese Government rSwqifh aqG;aEG;&efvdktyfawmhrnf
r[kwfcJhay? odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;. vdrRmyg;eyfvSaom EdkifiHa&;vrf;!Gefr_udk
u&ifvli,f wcsdK@u vdkufemvufcHjcif;rjyKyJ/ 1946 wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;
aumufyw GJ iG f yg0if,OS +f ydKifjcif; jyK&Hok mru/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifI zJ@G pnf;
cJah om =um;jzwftpd;k & wGif 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;udyk g 0if,o l mG ;cJ=h uygonf? xd@k a=umifh
u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;udk 1935 Burma Act t& Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u yifvn kH v
D mcHwiG f
‚if;wd@k . tpd;k &t}uD;tuJ tjzpf ud, k pf m;jyK vufrw S af &;xd;k Edik cf jhJ cif; jzpfygonf?
u&ifeD (u,m;) vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udprP mS Edik if aH &;t&a&m/ ordik ;f a=umif;
t&yg txl;&Si;f vif;vSygonf? ta=umif;rSm - u&ifev D rl sKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo d #tyg
t0if rnfonfhe,fcsJ@tpdk;&urS w&m;0if odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfjcif; rjyKEdkifcJhyJ/ rdrdwdk@
vGwfvyfa&;udk (wcsdK@aom u&ifeDa'orS vJGI) tpOfwav#muf xdef;odrf;xm;
Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkodk@ xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhjcif;rSmvnf; 1875 ckESpfwGif
+Adwo d #tpd;k &ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wd@k . oabmwlpmcsKyft&/ +Adwo d #tpd;k &u aomf‚if;/
jrefrmrif;rsm;u aomf‚if;/ u&ifeDvlrsdK; vGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf[k
oabmwl xm;cJhygonf? (‚if;pmcsKyfwGif rif;wkef;rif;udk,fpm; uif;0efrif;}uD;u
vufrw S f a&;xd;k cJyh gonf?) ‚if;pmcsKyf. oabmw&m;rSm - xdpk Oftcgu +Adwo d #
7
tpd;k &ESihf jyifopftpd;k & ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfq+kd yD;/ xdik ;f Edik if uH kd rnforl #
e,fcsJ@odrf;ydkuf jcif;rjyKyJ/ ‚if;EdkifiHudk +Adwdo#tifyg,mESifh jyifopf udkvdkeDe,f
t=um; =um;cHEdkifiHtjzpf xm;&rnf[laom pmcsKyfESifh oabmw&m;jcif; twl
wlyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;onf udkvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk; vGwfvyfcJh
aom vlrsKd ;rsm;omv#if jzpfcahJ oma=umifh ‚if;vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udpP
udk udv k ekd pD epf. u|eb f 0atmufrS vGwaf jrmuf&ef pdik ;f jyif;aeqJjzpfaom wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;.ta&;ESifh wef;wlxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&ef roifhavsmfaomt&myif
jzpfcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;udk yifvHknDvmcHodk@ w&m;0ifzdwfac: jcif;
rjyKcJah cs? yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f u&ifev D rl sKd ;rsm; vufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif; rjyKyJ csev f yS x
f m;cJh
jcif;rSmvnf;/ ‚if;vlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udk av;pm; todtrSwfjyKaoma=umifh
omv#ifjzpfygonf?
(yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif; u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm; jynfaxmifpk. tzJG@0if
trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yg0ifvm&jcif;rSmrl - yifvpkH mcsKyfEiS hf wdu k &f u
kd o f ufqikd jf cif;
r&SdyJ/ oD;jcm;jzpfay:cJhaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOf w&yfomv#ifjzpfaoma=umifh/ Tae&m
wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; rjyKyJ csefvSyfoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?)
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. yifvpkH mcsKyf t"dyg` ,zf iG q
hf ckd suf
txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; cdkifvHkaomordkif;a=umif;/ av;eufaom

EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfESifh raoGzDtyfaom Oya'w&m;rsm;tay: tajccHI udkvdkeDacwf
rwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopf wckudk twlwuGxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk; cJh=uygonf?
,cktcg yifvHkpmcsKyf. av;eufr_udk ayghysufapaom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkr_
trsKd ;rsKd ; udk =um;ae&ygonf? wcsKd @u yifvpkH mcsKyf. “pmom;”rsm;udo k m A[djk yKI
usO;f ajrmif;pGmjzifh t"dyg` ,f zGiq
hf akd e=uygonf? wcsKd @url yifvpkH mcsKyfxuf “yifvkH
pdwf"gwf” udkom tav;teufxm;oifha=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjy ae=uygonf?
rnfo@kd yifqakd p yifvpkH mcsKyf. Edik if aH &; tESpo
f m&udk av;eufpmG em;vnfoabm
aygu&f ef vdt k yfaom t"duaomhcsurf mS - ‚if;pmcsKyfukd taumiftxnfaz:onfh
8
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
taejzifh a&;qJGjyXmef;cJhaom 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk em;vnf

oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' ESpfckudk
oD;jcm;pD r=unfhyJ/ aiG'*F g;wck. acgif;ESifh yef;vdk ,SOfwGJ&_jrifEdkifrSom t"dy`g,fay:
vmrnf jzpfygonf? yifvpkH mcsKyf r&Syd gu 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf
rnfonfh Edik if aH &;wefz;kd r# r&So d vd/k 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' r&Syd gu
vnf; yifvpkH mcsKyf. tESpo f m& jynf0h pHv
k ifEikd rf nf r[kwaf y? xd@k jyif yifvpkH mcsKyf
ESihf 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' wd@k ukd aygi;f ul;qufpyfay;aom ordik ;f 0if
rSwfwrf;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmod&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? ‚if;ordkif;0if rSwfwrf;rsm;
teuf ta&;}uD;qHk;aom pmwrf;rSm vGwfvyfa&; zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk,fwdkifu wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhaom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' vrf;!Gefr_ (7) csuf yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh xdkpmwrf;udk
“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvHkpmcsKyf t"dy`g,f &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufpmwrf;” [lI
ac:qdkorkwf Edkifrnfjzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u yifvHkpmcsKyf. t"dy`g,fudk &Sif;vif;wifjy&mY -
‚if;pmcsKyfukd tajccHI topfz@GJ pnf;xlaxmif&rnfh Edik if aH wmfonf vGwv f yfItcsKyf
tjcm tm%mydkif orRwEdkifiH jzpf&rnfhta=umif; OD;pGm&Sif;vif; wifjycJhygonf?
xdrk El iS hf wqufwnf; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u wifjyxm;aomtcsurf mS - ‚if;zJ@G pnf;
&rnfh Edik if aH wmfopf}uD;onf “wjynfaxmifpepf” jzifrh [kwyf /J “jynfaxmifppk epf”
jzifhomv#if zJG@pnf;rnfhta=umif; atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymqdkoGm;
cJhygonf?
“jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf qdkuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ tckzJG@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk

tajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution) vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;
r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH qdkwJht"dy`g,f a&mufoGm;
ygw,f”
xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;/ trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;

aomtcg/ ‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;tm; “udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tm%m” tjynfh
t0 tyfEiS ;f &rnft
h a=umif;udv
k nf; &Si;f vif;cJyh gonf? qdv
k o
kd nfrmS - jynfaxmifpk
9
tzJ G @ 0if trsd K ;om;jynf e ,f r sm;onf rd r d w d k @ . trsd K ;om;jynf e ,f r sm;twG i f ;

tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mESifh Oya'jyK tm%mrsm; tjynfht0
&&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ ‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;
,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlrsdK;*k%ftifvuQ%mrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;tjynfht0
ay;tyf jyXmef;&rnfjzpfa=umif; udkvnf;wifjycJhygonf?
xdkxufydkI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &Sif;vif;csufudk av;eufapaomtcsuf
rSm - trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifp”k udzk @GJ pnf;xlaxmifaomtcg
tajccH&rnfrh rl mS “wef;wla&;” (Principle of Equality) jzpfa=umif;udk wifjyxm;
onfh tcsuyf ifjzpfygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u “wef;wla&;” rlukd &Si;f vif;&mY
rD;armif;xdk; wifjyxm;aomtcsufrSm trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;onf rdrdwdk@qENt
av#muf jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jzpfvm=u&rnf - [laom "Voluntary Associa-
tion" yifjzpfygonf? ,if;udpPESifh pyfvsOf;I atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;}uD;
ajymqdkoGm;cJhygonf?
“tJonfawmh onfupd EP iS hf ywfoufv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd wnfw h nfv h if;vif;

&S i f ; csif w muawmh Armjynf a xmif p k E d k i f i H v d k @ ac:wG i f b d k @ qd k + yD ; awmh
onftqdkxJrSm wifjyxm;ayrnfh onfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,f
awGygv@kd b,fe,fawG yg&rnfv@kd owfrw S x f m;jcif; r&Sad o;bl;? onfawmh
awmifwef;a'o uae+yD;awmh wufa&mufvm=uwJh udk,fpm;vS,f
awG[m bmr#onfudpPESifh ywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfp&m tvsOf; r&Sdbl;? onf
jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm udk,fygcsifrS udk,fhe,f qdkif&mrS ae+yD;awmh
ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ”
[lIvnf;aumif;/
“tJonfawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd ay;+yD;om; uwd ·/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabm
wlnDcsufudk awmifwef;e,fu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
v$wfawmfxJ a&mufvmwJh tcg/ aoaocsmcsm em;vnf apcsifwmu
b,fenf;ESifhr# u|efawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsdK;pkjzpfwJh vlawGu cifAsm;wkd@udk
·
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk qdkvdkonf?
10
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
twif;tm;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpx

k rJ mS roGi;f ygb;l ? oabmrwlbJ
raeEdkifwJh tajctaersdK;udk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;eJ@vnf; u|efawmf
wdk@ rvkyfygbl;qdkwm twnfhtvif; em;vnfapcsifw,f”
[lI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &Sif;jyoGm;cJhygonf? xdk@jyif
“tJonfawmh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudpPESifh ywfouf+yD;awmh u|efawmf

wd@k &@J apwem[m tifrwef &Si;f &Si;f xm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd wifoiG ;f wJh
tqdk+yD;wJhaemuf qufvuf+yD;awmhum jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;wJh ae&mrSm
jynfaxmifpkxJ ygcsifwJh jynfe,fawG[m b,fvdk tcsuftvufawG/
b,fvkd tcGit hf a&;awG/ b,fvkd tajccHawG tJonftcsut f vufawGt&
pkaygi;f oifw
h ,f qdw k uhJ pd aP wG aqG;aEG;wJt
h cgrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd wifoiG ;f wJh
tqdak wG/ wifoiG ;f wJh t}uH^m%fawG/ 'gawGukd oabmrusv@kd &&dS if oabm
rus wJt h wdik ;f awmifwef;e,f bufqikd &f m ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m oabm
&Sd ArmjynfEiS hf raygi;f bJ aecsiaf eEdik w
f ,f? 'g u|eaf wmf ,ae@ onfwikd ;f jyK
jynfjyK v$waf wmfxrJ mS onfpum;udk ajymjcif;yJ? u|eaf wmfw@kd apwemudk
b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; jywfjywf om;om; xm;w,f
qdkwm odapcsifvdk@ ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f”
[kajym=um;oGm;cJhygonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; rdrw d @kd qENtav#mufomv#if
jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;tjzpf yg0ifvmEdik af =umif; wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmf
wGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wifcJh&Hkomru/ ‚if; Voluntary Association . tajccHrl
jzpfaom “wef;wla&;” udk wqifw h ufI ckid rf mapaomtcsurf mS - yifvpkH mcsKyfudk
tajccHI a&;qJjG yXmef;cJah om 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGi“f cJx G u G cf iG ”hf
yd'k rf udk a&;qJG jyXmef;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh “cJxG u
G cf iG ”hf yd'k rf . qdvk &kd if;rSm
jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;onf xdjk ynfaxmifp. k tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f
rsm;tjzpf rdrw d @kd qENtav#muf yg0ifc=hJ uovd/k xdjk ynfaxmifpx k wJ iG f yg0ifjcif;tm;
jzifh rdrdwdk@jynfe,ftwGuf tusdK;pD;yGm;r&Sd[k ,lqvmaomtcg rdrdwdk@ qENt
av#muf vGwfvyfpGm cJGxGufoGm;Edkifonf [laomtcsuf yifjzpfygonf?
11
T cJx G u
G cf iG hf yd'k rf ESihf ywfoufI jy\em}uD;i,frsm;pGm ay:cJyh gonf?,if;
jy\emrsm;pGmteuf wckaom jy\emrSm - wcsKd@aomyk*d~Kvfrsm;u “cJGxGufcGifh
ydk'fr” udk &Srf;jynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,frsm;omv#if tyfESif;onf[k v$JrSm;pGm
,lqaoma=umifh jzpfay:vmaom jy\em yifjzpfonf? trSepf ifppf T “cJx G u
G cf iG hf
ydk'fr” EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGifhjyXmef; xm;jcif;rSm yifvHk
pmcsKyfudk ydkrdkav;euf cdkifrmapcsifaoma=umifhjzpfI xdktcGifhta&;udkvnf; jynf
axmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; tm;vHk;udk tyfESif;a=umif;/ ‚if; zJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' tcef; (10) ydk'fr (202) ESifh (203) wdk@wGif twdtvif; jyXmef;
azmfjyxm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif jy\emjzpfyGm;apaom ta=umif;tcsufwckrSm -
Ed k i f i H a wmf z J G @ pnf ; yH k . &S r f ; jynf e ,f E S i f h u,m;jynf e ,f r sm;qd k i f & m tcef ; rsm;
yd'k rf rsm;wGif T “cJx G uG cf iG hf yd'k rf ” rsm;xyfrH yg&adS oma=umifh wcsKd @u &Sr;f jynfe,f
ESifh u,m;jynfe,fomv#if “cJGxGufcGifh” &Sda=umif; v$JrSm;pGm xifjrif,lq cJh=u
ygonf? ,if;onf jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;pDjzihf a&;om;
jyXmef;jcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf
yl;wJGjyXmef;cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:aom 1947 EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
tm;enf;csuf a=umifhjzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;
om;jynf e,frsm;. jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' oD;jcm;pDjzifh a&;qJGjyXmef;
oifha=umif;udk atmufwGif xyfrHaqG;aEG;oGm;ygOD;rnf?
jynfaxmifpk b,frmS vrf;v$cJ o

hJ enf;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gerf l (7) csuf &Syd gv#uo f m;eJ@ tb,fa=umifh
topfzJG@pnf; xlaxmifcJhaom EdkifiHawmfonf jynfaxmifpkpepfrS vrf;a=umif;v$J
oGm;cJhoenf;/ wenf;tm;jzifh qdk&ygu tb,fa=umifh Tjynfaxmifpk}uD;onf
yifvHkwGif ar#mfrSef;cJhovdk ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk jzpfrvmyJ “twkta,mif
jynfaxmifpk” jzpfcJh&avoenf;?
ordkif;rSm avhvmod&Sd&oavmuf Tvrf;v$JrSm;,Gif;r_rsm; jzpfay:cJhjcif;
ta=umif;&if;rSm - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf
[k qd&k ayrnf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; vky}f uHc&H +yD;aemufyikd ;f wufvm=uaom Arm
EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJhodk@ tar#mftjrif}uD;rm;jcif;
12
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
r&SdcJh=uay? txl;ojzifh OD;Ek 0ef;}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcg ArmEdkifiHa&; avmurS

vuf0JpGef;ESifh vuf,mpGef;tkyfpkESpfck=um;u zdtm;udk ckcHausmfv$m;Edkifjcif; r&SdyJ
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;. ta&;omru/ jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;. ta&;jzpfaom
Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udyk g tavsmah y;vdu k af vsmcJIh jynfaxmifp}k uD;rSm
vnf; vrf;a=umif;v$JrSm;oGm;cJh&onf? ,if;odk@jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ouf&Sif
xif&mS ;pOfu zqyv nDvmcH}uD;wGif twnfjyKjyXmef;cJ+h yD;aom Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' rl=urf;udk OD;csefxGef;tm; topfwzef a&;cdkif;um jynfaxmifpk}uD;
tm; “jynfaxmifpkpepf” ESifh “wjynfaxmifpepf” a&mpyfxm;aom “twk
ta,mif jynfaxmifpk” jzpfoGm;cJh&ygonf?
1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tm;enf;csufrsm;teuf t"du
tusq;kH aom tm;enf;csu}f uD;rSm - jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;udk
ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf Edik if aH &; tm%mrsm;tjynft h 0 tyfEiS ;f jcif; r&Sad om tcsuyf if
jzpfygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gerf t l & - jynfaxmifp0k if trsKd ;om; jynf
e,frsm;onf rdrw d @kd . jynfe,f tpd;k &/ jynfe,f w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf jynfe,f Oya'jyK
cGiw hf nf;[laom Edik if aH &; tm%m oH;k &yfpvH;k tjynft h 0 &&Srd nft h jyif/ ‚if; Edik if aH &;
tm%mrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG usio hf ;kH jyXmef;cGihf &&Sad p&ef jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rdrw d @kd
. jynfe,f zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzihf a&;qGJjyXmef;I
vGwfvyfpGm usifhoHk;=u&ygrnf? odk@&mwGif 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
t& jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ EdkifiHa&;
tm%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f jcif; rjyK&Hrk sm;ru/ jynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;udv k nf;
oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;jyXmef;jcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'.
tpdyftydkif;tjzpf wif;=uyfpGm yl;wJGjyXmef;oGm;cJhygonf? Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpk
tzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;onf rdru d =H urRm rdrv d w G v f yfpmG jyXmef;cGihf rqdx k m;bd rdrw d @kd .
jynfe,fa&;&mrsm;udkyif vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcef@cJG EdkifcGifh &_H;qHk;oGm;cJh =uygawmhonf?
'kw,d tm;enf;csuf wckrmS - jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfxrJ S vlrsKd ;pk v$wf
awmf ac: txufvw $ af wmfwiG f trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;u v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
OD;a& tnDtr# apvGwf&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; atmufv$wfawmf uJhodk@ vlOD;a&
tcsdK;tpm;udk tajccHI a&G;cs,fapv$wfcJhaoma=umifh “wef;wla&;” [laom
tESpo f m& uif;rJch +hJ yD; vlO;D a& ydrk rkd sm;aom Arm (0g) jrefrm vlrsKd ;rsm;u txuf
v$waf wmfwiG af &m atmufvw $ af wmfwiG yf g Edik if aH &;t& v$r;f rd;k xde;f csKyfEikd cf yhJ gonf?
13
Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;. EdkifiHawmftm%m&yfrsm; pkpnf;&m A[dkjzpfaom

jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmfukd vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;xJ vufxo J @kd xd;k tyfouJo h @kd jzpfomG ;cJyh gonf?
xdkxufydkI qdk;0g;aomtcsufrSm - jynfaxmifpkpepft& trsdK;om;
jynfe,frsm;u rdrw d @kd jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;udk zJ@G pnf;+yD;/ xdu k o
hJ @kd jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;
udk vGwv f yfpmG zJ@G pnf;ydik cf iG &hf adS om trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yl;aygi;f I jynfaxmifpk
tpd;k &udk zJ@G pnf;&rnf jzpfaomfvnf;/ Arm (0g) jrefrm vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf jynfe,f
oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;jcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. tm%mwckvHk; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;tm;
vHk;0O\kH xdef;csKyfcGifhay;xm;cJhjcif; yifjzpfygonf?
jynfaxmifpt
k ay: jyefveS w
f ek @f jyefcsurf sm;
TpmtkyfwGif jyefvnfpkaqmif; wifjyxm;aom pmwrf;rsm;onf yifvHk

pmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h uaom csi;f / ucsiEf iS hf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;u yifvpkH mcsKyfukd
tajccHI a&;qJjG yXmef;cJah om Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESiw hf uG/ jynfaxmifpk
tay: jyefvnfo;kH oyfa0zefaom pmwrf;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? xd@k a=umifh Tpmwrf;
rsm;u jynfaxmifpkb,frSm vrf;v$JoGm;cJhoenf; qdkaom ar;cGef;udk av;eufpGm
qef;ppf ar;jref;=u+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;wGif xdkrSm;,Gif; vrf;v$JcJhr_rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk
jyifqif jznfhpGufoifha=umif; rD;armif;xdk; wifjyoGm;=uygonf?
pmwrf;&Sif toD;oD;onf rdrw d @kd . tjrifrsm;udk rwlnaD om tajctaeESihf
tcsdefumvrsm;wGif oD;jcm;pDwifjyoGm;cJh =uaomfvnf;/ pmwrf;&Siftm;vHk;.
tHh=obG,f aumif;avmufatmif wlnDaom apwemwckrSm - 1947 EdkifiHawmf
zJ@G pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk A[djk yKI xlaxmifcahJ om jynfaxmifpo k nf yifvw kH iG f ar#mf
rSef;cJhovdk ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk jzpfrvmcJhaomfvnf;/ xdkrSm;,Gif;csufa=umifh
jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk ausmcdkif;ypfy,fI oD;jcm;cJGxGufoGm;&rnf[k wdkufwGef;jcif;
tvsO;f rjyKyJ/ ‚if;tm;enf;csurf sm;udo k m oifah vsmo f vdk jyifqif+yD;/ yifvakH r#mrf eS ;f
csuf r sm;ud k jyef v nf t aumif t xnf azmf o G m ;&rnf ³³³ [l a om tcsuf y if
jzpfygonf? rnforl # jynfaxmifpx k rJ S cJx
G u G af &;udk rwGe;f =u? od@k aomf ppfreS af om
jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk jyifqifjyXmef;&ef OD;wnf
wifjyoGm;=uygonf?
14
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
xd@k jyif pmwrf;&Sit f oD;oD;u rdrw d @kd acwf/ rdrw d @kd tcsed u
f mvwGif ausmf
v$m; jzwfoef;cJhaom ordkif;tawG@t}uHKESifh rdrdwdk@vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&; ar#mfrSef;
csurf sm;udk tajccHI jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfvrf;a=umif;wnfrh wfay;&ef toD;
oD; wifjyoGm; cJ=h uygonf? xd@k a=umifh xdak cwf/ xdt k ajctaeu Edik if aH &; &du k cf wf
csufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfI rnfonfhpmwrf;&Sifu rnfonfhacwf tajctaewGif
rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh Tpmwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJh=ua=umif; em;vnfoabm
ayguf&ef txl;vdktyfvSygonf? odk@rSom pmwrf;&Sifrsm;. xl;jcm;tHh=obG,f
aumif;avmufatmif wlnDaom apwemrsm;udk em;vnf oabmaygufEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf?
T pmwrf;rsm;teuf yxrpmwrf;rSm - &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;) a&;om;jyKpkonfh pmwrf;yifjzpfygonf? OD;xGef;jrifhonf ol@pmwrf;udk
1957 ckESpfwGif a&;om;xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? 1957 ckESpfonf ordkif;&_a'gifh
rS=unfhv#if &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom ESpfyifjzpfygonf? 1947
zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& &Srf;jynfe,fESifhwuG jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jynfe,f
tm;vHk;udk ‚if;zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' twnfjyKjyXmef;+yD; 10 ESpf=umaomtcg
jynfaxmifpkxJrS “cJGxGufydkifcGifh” udk twdtvif; jyXmef;cGifhjyKcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh 1957 ckESpfonf “cJGxGufcGifh” tm%mudk &Srf;jynfe,fu w&m;0if
usio hf ;kH cGihf &&S&d ef wESprf #om vdt k yfaom ta&;}uD;onfEh pS f jzpfygonf? OD;xGe;f jrifh
omusO;f ajrmif;aom trsKd ;om;a&;0g'D wOD;jzpfcyhJ gu ol@pmwrf;vnf; wrsKd ;wrnf
jzpfomG ;cJ&h ayrnf? “yifvw kH iG f u|Eykf wf @kd ar#mrf eS ;f cJah om jynfaxmifppk epfukd xlaxmif
Edkifjcif; r&Sdaoma=umifh/ yifvHk oabmwlnDcsuftwdkif; aemifESpf 1958 ckESpfwGif
jynfaxmifpkxJrS &Srf;jynfe,f}uD; cJGxGufoGm;&ef &Srf;jynfolvlxk tm;vHk; jyifqif
=uavmh ³³³” [k tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f cJ&h ayrnf? od@k &mwGif awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifo h nf
tar#mftjrif }uD;rm;pGmjzifh &Srf;jynfe,f jynfaxmifpk}uD;rS cJGxGufoGm;a&;udk
wifjyjcif; rjyKcJ&h rkH #ru/ vrf;a=umif;v$rJ mS ;oGm;aom jynfaxmifpu k kd yifvpkH w
d "f gwf
jzifh jyefvnfrrG ;f rH jyifqifjyXmef;a&;udk OD;wnfI wifjyoGm;cJyh gonf? ,if;tcsuu f kd
ol@pmwrf;. aemufqHk;tcef;wGif “u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepf”
[laom acgif;pOfjzifh rD;armif;xdk; wifjyoGm; cJhygonf?
'kwd,pmwrf;rSm ucsiftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;Zefxm;&Sif. pmwrf;
jzpfygonf? OD;Zefxm;&Sio f nf awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifu h ohJ @kd Oya'&_a'girhf S jynfaxmifpk
15
pepf v$rJ mS ;oGm;yH/k txl;ojzifh jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmf zJ@G pnf;yHtk m;enf;csurf sm;udk
wdwyd y a0zefo;kH oyfjcif; rjyK cJah omfvnf;/ 1947 Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
tm;enf;csufa=umifh jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfwGif Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mrsm; csed cf iG v f #m rnDrr# jzpfomG ;um/ tkycf sKyfa&;
tm%mudk pJGudkifaom EdkifiHawmf0ef;}uD;csKyf OD;Eku tm%m&SifwOD;uJhodk@ rnfodk@
rnfyHk Oya'abmiftwGif;rS tm%mudk tvGJoHk;pm; vkyfEdkifcJha=umif; 0uF0kwWd
tvuFmjzifh “'Drdkua&pD ajymif;jyef” [k jynfaxmifpkvrf;a=umif; v$JrSm;cJhyHkudk
axmufjyoGm;ygonf?
OD;Zefxm;&Sif pmwrf;wGif txl;jyKaomtcsuw f ckrmS - jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &
. tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mudk pJu G ikd af eaom 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;u jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmf.
Oya'jyKtm%mudk rnfodk@rnfyHk v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,f+yD;/ ‚if;wOD;. oabmjzifh jynf
axmifpk tzJG@0ifjynfe,frsm;udkyg zsufvdkzsufqD; &nf&G,fcJha=umif; wifjycsufyif
jzpfygonf? jynfe,fr&Sdygu jynfaxmifpkvnf; r&SdEdkifay? ,if;onf jynfaxmifpk
tm%mwckvHk; (Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%m
rsm;) udk Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' tm;enf;csuaf =umifh tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mudk
udkifpJGaom EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfu rnfr#cs,fvS,f v$rf;rdk;Edkifa=umif;udk rD;armif;
xdk; wifjyjcif;yif jzpfygonf?
OD;Zefxm;&Sio f nf ol@pmwrf;udk 1958 ckEpS f zqyv tuJt G +yJumvwGif
a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifhol@pmwrf;wGif tav;teufxm; wifjyaom
tjcm;tcsufwckrSm - EdkifiHawmf. tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mudk pJGudkifaom 0ef}uD;csKyf
wOD;u jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf wckvHk;udk cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,fvS,fEdkifovdk
xdak cwfu tEdik &f ygwjD zpfaom zqyv tpd;k &u wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ta&;ESihf
jynfe,frsm;. tcef;u¾udk rnfr#vpfv#L&_xm;cJhyHk/ jynfe,frsm;. tcef;uÀ
rsm;udk vpfv#L&_jcif;tm;jzifh “jynfaxmifpkpepf” udkyg rnfr# OayuQm jyKcJhyHkudk
xdkacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk pJGudkifcJhaom EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekudk A[dkjyKI
avhvmoHk;oyf wifjyoGm;cJhygonf? xdk@jyif ol@pmwrf;wGif w&kwf-jrefrme,fpyf
rsO;f owfrw S cf phJ Ofu/ ucsiv f rl sKd ;rsm;. oabmxm; qENukd cH,jl cif;rjyKyJ 0ef}uD;csKyf
OD;Eku rdrw d OD;wnf; oabmjzifh ucsief ,f oH;k e,fukd w&kwv f ufxJ xd;k tyfcyhJ u
kH kd
em;usnf;pGm wifjyoGm;cJhygonf?
w&kw-f jrefrme,fpyfupd w P iG f ucsivf rl sKd ;. qENoabmxm; cH,jl cif;rjyKyJ/
16
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
ucsife,foHk;e,fudk w&kwfvufxJodk@ xdk;tyfjcif;onf jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;

om;jynfe,fwck. rdru d =H urRmudk rdrv d wG v f yfpmG zefw;D cGiw hf nf;[laom trsKd ;om;
jynfe,frsm;. tajccHtusq;kH aom tcGit hf a&;w&yfukd rdu k rf pJ mG csKd ;azmufcjhJ cif;yif
jzpfygonf? xdu k pd EP iS hf cyfqifqif tdE, Nd -jrefrme,fpyfupd w P iG vf nf; csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;.
qENukd cH,jl cif;tvsO;f rjyKyJ/ csi;f jynfukd tpdypf yd f ydik ;f jcm;jcif; cHc&hJ ygonf? ,if;udpP
udk csi;f trsKd ;om; OD;vset f yk f u ol@pmwrf;wGif tenf;tusO;f azmfjy xm;ygonf?
OD;vseftkyfonf ol@pmwrf;udk 1968 ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu
zJ@G pnf;ay;cJah om “jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uHay;tzJ@G ” od@k wifjy&ef/ csi;f vli,frsm;
udk,fpm;a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ol@pmwrf;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm - csif;vlrsdK;rsm;
onf +Adwo d #tpd;k &xHrS oD;jcm;vGwv f yfa&; &,lI rdrw d @kd . trsKd ;om;Edik if aH wmfukd
xlaxmifyikd cf iG hf &Scd yhJ gaomfvnf;/ rdrw d @kd qENtavsmuf yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;
xdk;I Tjynfaxmifpk xJwGif “wef;wl&nfwl” yg0ifaom vlrsdK;jzpfa=umif;/ xdk@
a=umifh csif;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh “csif;0daoowdkif;” tjzpfomv#if rauseyf rwif;
wdrfoifhyJ/ trsdK;om;jynfwcktjzpf xlaxmif&ef vdktyfa=umif;/ xdkodk@ csif;vlrsdK;
rsm; jynfaxmifpkxJrS wef;wlaom trsdK;om;jynfe,ftjzpf yg0ifvmEdkifa&;rSm
Tjynfaxmifpkudk ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk pepfjzifh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfa&;qJG jyXmef;rSom jzpfEdkifa=umif; wifjyoGm;ygonf?
OD;vset f yk o f nf ol@pmwrf;wGif &J&ifjh ywfom;pGmjzifh 1947 Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;
yHk tajccHOya' tm;enf;csufrsm;udk zGifhcsoGm;&Hkomru/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD.
vkyf&yf rrSefuefr_a=umifh csif;vlrsdK;rsm; xyfqifhedrfhusoGm;yHkudkvnf; xkwfjya0zef
oGm;cJyh gonf? ,if;onf tm%m&Sif Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; vufxufwiG f vH;k 0rvG,u f l
aom t&myifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh OD;vset f yk .f Adv k af e0if; ppftpd;k &udk &J&ifjh ywf
om;pGm tefwkawmfvSef&Jaom owdWudk csD;rGrf;axmyem jyK&rnfom jzpfygonf?
xdk &J&ifjh ywfom;r_. tajz&vm'frmS - OD;vset f yk Ef iS hf ol@pmwrf;wGif vufrw S af &;
xdk;cJhaom csif;acgif;aqmif &Spfq,fausmfudk Adkvfae0if;. ppftpdk;&u “zuf'&,f
cJGxGufa&;orm;rsm;” [k uifyGef;wyfum ESpf&Snfvrsm; axmifeef;pH apcJhygonf?
‚if;pmwrf;udv k nf; Edik if aH wmf +idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;udk csKd ;azmufaom w&m;r0if pmwrf;
tjzpf owfrSwfa=unmum/ ,ae@wkdif jynfwGif;wGif w&m;0ifxkwfa0 jzef@csdcGifh
ydwfyifxm;ygonf?
17
yifvHkwGif ar#mfrSef;cJhaom jynfaxmifpkpepfqDodk@

yifvHkwGif ar#mfrSef;cJhaom “jynfaxmifpkpepf”udk,ae@wdkif xlaxmifEdkifcJh
jcif; r&Sdao;yg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ar#mfrSef;csrSwfcJhaom EdkifiHawmf vrf;!Gefrl
(7) csufudkvnf; ,ae@wdkif taumiftxnf az:Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg? xdk@jyif yifvHk
pmcsKyfwiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h uaom csi;f / ucsiEf iS hf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &; &efcek o
f H
rsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)/ OD;Zefxm;&SifESifh OD;vseftkyf
wdk@. wifjycsufrsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wla&; wdkufyJGa&pD;a=umif;xJ
wGif ,ae@wdkifarsmygaeqJ jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wuG csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif
rsm; yifvw kH iG f ar#mrf eS ;f cJah om jynfaxmifppk epfukd ,ae@wikd f taumiftxnfaz:
Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;aoma=umifh u|Ekfyfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwGif tESpfig;q,f jynfwGif;ppfESifh
vnf; }uHKqHak ecJ&h +yD? 'Dru kd a&pD qdwo f ek ;f I wdik ;f oljynfom;tm;vH;k . tajccHv@l t
cGifhta&;udk ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. oHzaemifhatmufwGif zdESdyfeif;acsjcif;udkvnf;
cHc&hJ +yD? wdik ;f jynfrmS vnf; “zGwaf =umjympk/ c&kqu H |wf ” b0jzifh uke;f aumufp&m
r&Sdatmif qif;&JrJGaw aecJh+yD;/ ,if;wdk@. tusdK;qufrsm;tjzpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;
awmfyHk}uD;udkvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@ acwfvli,frsm;u qifEJGae&yg+yD?
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;ESit hf wl u|Eykf w f @kd acwfvil ,frsm;u jynfaxmif
pkpepf b,frmS vrf;a=umif;v$rJ mS ; oGm;cJI h / rnfo@kd rnfykH jyefvnfjyifqif rGr;f rHoifh
a=umif; topfwzef pOf;pm;wifjy ae=uygonf? ,if;pOf;pm;wifjycsufrsm;teuf
jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyf UNLD uvnf; tem*wf
jynfaxmifpkudk rnfodk@rnfyHk jyefvnfzJG@pnf;oifha=umif; vlxkxH wifjycJhygonf?
UNLD . wifjycsur f sm;rSm - Tpmtkyw f iG f jyefvnfpk aqmif;wifjyaom pmwrf;
rsm;udk tenf;ESifh trsm;tajccHI wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh awmif
}uD; OD;xGe;f jrif. h pmwrf;ESihf OD;vset f yk .
f pmwrf;rsm;onf UNLD ay:vpD csrw S &f m
Yrsm;pGm taxmuftul ay;cJyh gonf? od@k &mwGif UNLD taejzifh ‚if; pmwrf;&Sif
rsm;. wifjycsufudk w&m;aopJGudkifjcif;rsdK;um; rjyKvkyfcJhay? Oyrm - OD;vseftkyf
wifjycJhaom jynfaxmifpk v$wfawmfwGif “v$wfawmfw&yf” om&Sd&rnf [laom
18
xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
rlukd vH;k 0vufcjH cif; rjyKcJah y? ta=umif;rSm - jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfwiG f v$waf wmf
w&yfwnf;om xm;&Syd gu/ vlO;D a&ydrk sm;aom trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;u jynfaxmif
pktm%mudk tvG,w f ul v$r;f rd;k oGm;&rSmjzpf+yD; “wef;wla&;” tajccHryl g aysmuf
uG,foGm;Edkifonf[k oHk;oyfxm;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf?·
xdk@jyif TpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom pmwrf;&Sifrsm;u ppfrSefaom
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifppk epf jyefvnfxal xmifomG ;a&;udk txl;OD;pm;ay; wifjyoGm;
cJh=uaomfvnf;/ jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;aomtcg/
‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; taejzifh rdrdwdk@. jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;udk
jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh rqef@usifapyJ/ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm a&;qJGjy
Xmef; usifhoHk;&rnf[k &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif; rjyKcJh=uay? qdkvdk
onfrSm - jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;. jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'rsm;onf ‚if;jynfe,frsm;. oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom Edik if aH &;taqmufttHrk sm;
omjzpfI oD;jcm;pDjzifo h m a&;qJjG yXmef; =u&rnf jzpfygonf? jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'ESihf wxyfwnf; qufpyfI 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif
jynfe,frsm;. tcef;u¾udk jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHk. tpdyftydkif;rsm; tjzpfxnfh
oGif;jyXmef; cJhovdk jyefvkyfI r&paumif;ay? xdkuJhokd@ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'rsm;udk jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tpdyftydkif;rsm;tjzpf
jyXmef;oGm;ygu/ jynfaxmifpk tzJG@0iftrsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; vGwfvyfpGmjzifh udk,fh
=urRmudk zefwD;cGifhESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh wnf;[laom “wef;wla&;rl” tmrcH
csurf sm; yaysmufomG ;rnf jzpfygonf? ,if;onf 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'tm;enf;csuf jzpfI ‚if;trSm;rsdK;udk xyfrH rusL;vGefoifhay?
·
UNLD . rl0g'jzpfaom tem*wfzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;xlaxmifa&; vrf;!Gefrl (7)
csufudk “+idrf;csrf;pGm twlvufwJGaexdkifa&; rl0g'rSonf ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk pepfqDodk@”
twJG (1) ESifh (2) rsm;wGif avhvmzwf&_Edkifygonf?
19
aus;Zl;wifv$m
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh wifjyvdkaomtcsufrSm - Tpmtkyf. aemufqHk;tcef;
wGif az: jyxm;aom q&m}uD; '*kefwm&m. aqmif;yg;yifjzpfygonf? q&m}uD;
'*kew f m&m taejzifh ol@aqmif;yg;udk yifvpkH mcsKyfEiS hf jynfaxmifppk epf vrf;a=umif;
rSm;,Gif;r_tay: wdkuf&kdufwkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh a&;om;wifjcif;um; r[kwfcJhay?
u|eaf wmfu, kd wf ikd f csi;f r*~Zif; (wuUov kd rf sm; - &efuek )f xkwaf 0a&; wm0efct H jzpf
aqmif&GufpOfu 1982-83 ynmoifESpfwGif azmfjy&ef arwWm&yfcHI a&;om;ay;
cJhaom aqmif;yg;jzpfygonf?
xdkpOfu rdrdtaejzifh TpmtkyfwGif jynfvnfazmfjyxm;aom “csif;
vli,frsm; t}uHay;csu”f udk wdww f cd;k avhvmzwf&a_ ecsed f jzpfI/ zuf'&,fjynf
axmifppk epf ta=umif;ESihf pyfvsO;f I txl;odcsi/f em;vnfcsiaf oma=umif/h q&m
}uD; '*kefwm&m. jynfaxmifpkay: tjrifESifhoHk;oyfcsufrsm; ar;jref;cJhrdygonf?
,if;udk tajccHI tEkynmqefqefjzifh q&m}uD;u “atmufcsif;iSuf aw;oH”
[laom acgif;pOfjzifh ol. “jynfaxmifpkrl” udk&Sif;jycJhygonf? q&m}uD;. jynf
axmifpkpepfay: t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm - rdrdzwf&_avhvmbl;aom jrefrmpmjzifh
a&;om;onfh pmwrf;rsm;teuf t&Si;f qH;k ESihf txda&mufq;kH jzpfonf[k oH;k oyfrd
aoma=umifh ,ckvkd jyefvnfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf? xdak =umifh q&m}uD; '*kew f m&m
udk xyfrw H cg txl;aus;Zl;wif&adS =umif;ESihf xdpk mrlukd &&S&d ef q&m}uD;.aetdro f @kd
xdpk Oftcgu twlvu kd yf gay;cJah omoli,fcsi;f udo k m;}uD;ESihf qvdik ;f udpf (yf) wd@k ukd
vnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
xdk@jyif Tpmtkyfxkwfa0Edkifa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnDay;cJh=uaom
&Jabmf&zJ ufrsm;/ National Reconciliation Program (NRP) rSvyk af zmfuikd zf ufrsm;/
pmrludk uGefjyLwmjzifh &dkufESdyfpmpDay;cJhaom UNLD (LA) &Hk;csKyfrS pdkif;arm(ef)ESifh
pdkif;vHk wdk@udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; rSwfwrf;wiftyfygonf?
qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgif;
Lian H. Sakhong
Ed0k ifbmv (6) &uf/ 2001?

Zif;r,f+rdK@/ xdkif;EdkifiH?
20
vrf;!$ef 7 csuf
(odkŒr[kwf)
yifvHkpmcsKyf. t"dy`m,fudk zGifhqdkjcif;
Adv
k c
f sKyfatmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
vrf;!¸efr_ 7 csuf
yifvpkH mcsKyf. t"dyg` ,fuzkd iG q
hf jkd cif;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jrefrmEdik if aH wmftwGuf a&;qJ&G rnfh
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESifh ywfoufonfh vrf;!¸efjyXmef;csuf
awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf u&ifeeD ,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf

olEdkifiHawmfom;wdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@. tmoDoqEN
ESifhavsmfnDpGm/ EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qJG&ef tvdk@iSm
pHknDpka0;=uvsuf atmufygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf=ua=umif;?
(1) EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf

[kac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwEdkifiH.
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf? xdk@tjyif-
(2) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfwiG f zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'[k owfrw S af zmfjy
onfh woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;onf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif
owfrw S f azmfjyxm;onfEiS t hf r# ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tm%m &&Sad prnf?
xdk@jyif-
(3) tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik v

f w
G vf yfaomorRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmfEiS hf wuG tyg
t0ifjzpfonhf jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifhtm
%m [lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynffom;rSefor#onf vlr_a&;&mY‚if;/

pD;yGm;a&;&mY‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;&mY‚if; w&m;r#wr_&Sdapvsuf/ tqifhtwef;
tcGifhta&; Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif ql}uHK edrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwd wlnDap
&rnfhjyif/ w&m;Oya'ESifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;
21
tyfaom tusio hf ud mQ ESihf aomfvnf;aumif; rqef@usio f r# vGwv f yfpmG

}uHpnfyikd cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmf ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,H=k unfyikd cf iG /hf bmom
w&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe&SmrDS;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;
ydkifcGifh/ jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdk@ &&Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif -
(5) TzJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzd@k vHak vmufaom umuG,f

csufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef; xm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif -
(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajrwdk@

waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH. =unf;/ a&/
av wd@k ukd tcsKyftjcm pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfyikd cf iG u
hf v
kd nf;aumif;/ w&m;"rREiS w
hf uG
jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif -
(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom TjrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urBmwGif rdrd. *k%f

usuo f a&ESiahf vsmpf mG &oif&h xdu k af om tqift h wef;od@k a&muf&adS p&rnfh
jyif/ vlowW0gwdk@. wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;om jynfh0a&;wdk@udk
wm0eftav#muf apwemjzifh tpGr;f ukejf znfphf u G x f rf;&Guuf m jynfaxmif
csi;f csi;f qdik &f m w&m;"rREiS hf usi0hf wfou d mQ udk tajccHjyKI urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;
a&S@&v _ #uf Edik if wH umwd@k EiS hf rdw0f wf rysuf wJb G ufy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G rf u_ kd
cdkif+rJaomt"dXmefjzifh apmifhxdef; awmhtHh?
onftqdkudk u|efawmfwifoGif;&wJh ta=umif;uawmhum/ u|efawmfwdk@
te,fe,f t&yf&yfu vlrsKd ;pHu k ,
kd pf m;vS,w f @dk tp&Sod nftm;jzifh vma&mufpak 0;
+yD;awmh/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfqdk+yD; u|efawmfwdk@zJG@pnf;+yD;aemuf Armjynf&J@
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qJGzdk@qdk+yD; onfv$wfawmfrSm wm0efusvm
ygw,f?
,ckvm+yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJt h cgrmS b,fvt kd ajccHOya'ESihf u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if H
&J@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk b,fvdka&;qJG&rnfvJ qdkwmudk yXrOD;pGm
odxm;zd@k vdyk gvrd rhf nf? onfvkd tajccHtcsut f vuf qd+k yD; rodbEJ iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd
a&S@qufvuf+yD; Armjynf&J@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qJGr,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if
22
wa,mufwayguf qdw k o hJ abmrsKd ;jzpf+yD; bmr#tajccHr&Sb d ;l / vrf;pOfvnf; r&Sb d ;l /

vrf;pOfn¸efjyxm;jcif; r&Sdjzpf+yD;awmhum vdkcsif&mudk tjref&rSm r[kwfbl;? ,ck
u|efawmfwifoGif;wJhtqdk[m Directive Resolution aemuf onftpnf;ta0;
rSmbJ cef@&rnfh Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qJw G hJ tzJ@G toD;oD;udk vrf;n¸ef
trSmozG,f jzpfwhJ tqdo k mjzpfw,f? tJ'D aumfrwD toD;oD;awGu qufvuf+yD;
Armjynf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'xJrmS bmawGxnfo h iG ;f w,f qdw k m tao;
pdyt
f m;jzifh aomf‚if;/ rl tm;jzifh aomf‚if;/ aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;Edik w f t hJ cg tajccH
tm;jzifh b,ftay:rSm rl xm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&rnfqdkwm odxm;rS jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
wOD;ESifh wOD;od&Sdxm;wmcsif; rwlvdk@&Sdv#if/ u|efawmfwdk@ aumfrwDawG vkyfrnfh
vkyif ef;awG[m tifrwef tcuftcJawGukd awG@p&m&Syd gvrd rhf ,f? tJ'aD wmh tajccH
oabmtm;jzifh vrf;jywJh vrf;n¸ew f hJ qH;k jzwfcsuw f ckukd wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmf
uyif yXrOD;pGm qHk;jzwf&efvdkygvdrfhrnf? tJonfvdk vrf;n¸efwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf&+yD;rS
aumfrwDawG zJG@pnf;+yD; tvkyfudkqufvkyf&ygvdrfhrnf? onfvdkr[kwfv#if wcsdK@
aumfrwDu “orRw” pHepft& oabmrsdK;ESifh aqG;aEG;oGm;csifoGm;rnf? wcdsK@
uvnf; “&Sib f &k if” pHepft& aqG;aEG;csiaf qG;aEG;rnf? aemuf+yD;awmh “jynfaxmif
pkEdkifiH” oabmudk vufcHwJhvlawGu vufcH/ vufrcHwJh vlawGuvnf; olwdk@
oabm twdkif;vkyf/ qdkovdkjzpfv#if tzJG@trsdK;rsdK;u wdkif;jyK jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
jyef+yD; tpD&ifcw H thJ cgrmS qufpyfv@kd r&Edik w f hJ tpD&ifcpH m trsKd ;rsKd ;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd
b,fvdkrSvkyf+yD; qHk;jzwfwwfrSm r[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh 'DtajccHrludk jyXmef;+yD;
rSomv#if a&S@qufvuf+yD; Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk pDrzH efw;D vd@k
&Edkifygvdrfhrnf? onfawmh u|efawmfwdk@ onfvdktajccH vdkwJhtwGuf onfv$wf
awmfwiG f onftqdu k kd wifoiG ;f &jcif;jzpfygw,f? onftqdu k kd u|eaf wmfbJ pOf;pOf;
pm;pm;ESihf a&;qJ+G yD; wifoiG ;f xm;ygw,f? rlv yXrwke;f u u|eaf wmf wifoiG ;f &rnfh
tqd[ k m zqyv y%mr nDvmcHwek ;f u qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ tqdb k J jzpfygw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; tJ't D qdu k kd zwf=unfw h t
hJ cg jyifp&mvdak ewJh tcsKd @tcsuf
tvufawGudk awG@&ygw,f? zqyv nDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJh tqdkawGeJ@
ywfoufv@kd wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfuae+yD;awmh &du k +f yD;ay;xm;wJh pmtky&f ydS gw,f?
tJ'x D rJ mS =unfrh ,fqv kd @kd &v dS #iaf wG@ygvrd rhf nf? tJ'q D ;kH jzwfcsurf u l kd u|eaf wmfjyifqif
xm;ygw,f ? jyif x m;wmuawmh ed ' gef ; pum;csD ; rS m awmif w ef ; a'orsm;ES i f h
u&ifeeD ,frsm; tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmfol Edik if aH wmfom;wd@k . ud, k pf m;
23
vS,rf sm;onf/ wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k . tmoDoqENEiS hf avsmn f pD mG Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qJ&G eftvd@k imS pHn k pD ak 0;=u&Hak vmufuvJ+G yD; tjcm;
oabmryg0ifatmif jyifqifxm;ygw,f?
,ck State qdkwJh EddkifiHawmf}uD;udk u|efawmfwdk@ ArmjynfrSm rzJG@pnf;rd=u
ao;ygb;l ? tJ'aD wmh onfz@GJ pnf;rnfh Edik if aH wmfrmS b,fe,fawG b,fe,fawG ygrnf
qdw k m u|eaf wmfw@kd ususee owfrw S +f yD;om; rjzpfEikd af o;ygb;l ? ,ck u|eaf wmfw@kd
aqG;aEG;&ef tcsu[ f m “Edik if zH @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
Edik if H [kac:wGiaf paom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f orRwEdik if H zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH
Oya' jzpfap&rnf” qdkwJhtcsufudkom aqG;aEG;&ef jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf qdkwmudk u|efawmf txl;&Sif;jyaep&mrvdk
ygbl;? onfEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifpkawG pkxm;rnf qdkwJhoabmavmufygbJ?
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf qdu k wnf;u u|eaf wmfw@kd tck zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
[m Unitary Constitution vlwrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrdsK; r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if q H w kd hJ t"dyg` ,af &mufomG ;ygw,f? tJonfawmh u|eaf wmfuae+yD;
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpf zJG@pnf;tyfw,fvdk@ tqdkwifoGif;wJhudpPrSm ,ckºuG
a&mufvm=uwJh trwfrif;rsm;u ArmEdik if aH wmfukd onfvkd jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf
}uD;tjzpfEiS hf zJ@G pnf;tyfw,fv@kd qdw k thJ ajccHr[ l m oif-h roifu h kd onfvw $ af wmf
}uD;u pOf;pm;zdk@ygbJ?
u|efawmfwdk@tckjzpfaewJh Armjynf&J@ tajctaeawGudk axmufvdk@=unhf
v#if u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtjzpfESifh zJG@pnf;wnfaxmifrSomv#if
oifah vsmaf vsmufywfygvrd rhf nfv@kd ,lqwJt h wdik ;f onftajccHoabmudk onftqdk
xJrSm xnfhoGif;+yD; onfv$wfawmf}uD;rSm wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmf qdkonfrSm wifjyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ,ckonf wkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh awmifwef;a'orsm;u udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrif;rsm;[m onf
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif olwdk@oufqdkif&me,frsm;u yg0if+yD;om; jzpfoGm;rnf
vm; qdk+yD; oHo,&Sdaew,fvdk@ u|efawmfod&ygw,f?
tJonfawmh onfudpPESifh ywfoufvdk@ u|efawmfwnfhwnfhvif;vif;
&Si;f csiw f muawmh Armjynfaxmifpk Edik if v H @kd ac:wGib f @kd qd+k yD;awmh onftqdx k rJ mS
wifjyxm;ayrnfh onfjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJrSm b,fe,fawGygvdk@ b,fe,fawGyg&
&rnfv@kd owfrw S xf m;jcif; r&Sad o;ygb;l ? onfawmh awmifwef;a'ouae+yD;awmh
24
wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m bmr# onfupd EP iS hf ywfouf+yD; pd;k &drf

p&m tvsO;f r&Syd gb;l ? onfjynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmfxrJ mS ud, k yf gcsirf S ud,
k ehf ,fqikd f
&mrSae+yD;awmh ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ? onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf rzJG@pnf;rDStcgrSm
wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf zJ@G pnf;&eftvd@k imS u|eaf wmfw@kd oabmwlncD suaf wG pmcsKyf
trsdK;rsdK; csKyfwJhtcgwkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@
csKyfqw kd hJ pmcsKyft& qdv k @kd &v
dS #ijf zifjh zpfap/ aemuf+yD;awmh awmifwef; a'oqdik &f m
pHkprf;a&;tzJG@ tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@vufcHvmcJhonfh
twdik ;f jzpfap/ tJonfvkd vufcx H m;wJh onfpmoabmwGirf ubJ Not only the
letter of agreement onfpmoabmudk u|efawmfwdk@ oabmwlnDvmcJhonfwGif
rubJ u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSm qdkvdk@&Sd&if The sprit of agreement oabmwlnD
vmcJw h hJ wu,ft h &if;cH oabmw&m;udk vufc+H yD;awmhonftwdik ;f om onfwikd ;f
jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm vkyfrSmygbJ qdkwm awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
wnfw h nfv h if;vif; em;vnfapcsiyf gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ay;+yD;om;uwd/ em;vnf
+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk e,fcsJ@orm;vdk u|efawmfwdk@azgufzsufjcif; rvkyf
ygbl;? tJonfvdk ay;+yD;om; uwdESifh em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
azgufzsufrnfvm;vdk@ oHo,&SdwJhvlawG[m OuUÏ cGifhjyKcsuft& ajym&v#if
u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J Sense of honour, Sense of self- respect, Sense of pride wd@k ukd
apmfum;w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,lqygw,f? tJonf awmh u|eaf wmfw@kd ay;+yD;om;
uwd/ em;vnf+yD;om; oabmwlnDcsufwdk@udk awmifwef;e,fu udk,fpm;vS,f
awG[m wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfxJ a&mufvmwJt h cg/ aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsif
wmu b,fenf;ESirhf # u|eaf wmfw@kd ArmvlrsKd ;pk jzpfwv hJ al wG[m cifAsm;wd@k ukd twif;
tm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;? oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwJh
tajctaersKd ;udk vufwvH;k jcm; vdrw f ehJ nf;eJ@vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd rvkyyf g bl; qdw k m
twnfhtvif; em;vnfapcsifygw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)
onfae&mrSm u|eaf wmfxyf&iS ;f csiw f mu wae@wek ;f u u|eaf wmfw@kd qu D kd
pmwapmif a&mufvmygw,f? trSepf ifppfu u|eaf wmfw@kd awmifwef;e,f ud, k pf m;
vS,frsm;uajymvdk@vm;/ onfvdkrS r[kwfv#ifvnf; awmifwef;e,f qdkif&mXme
n¸ef=um;a&;0efu ol@zmomtaeomcsnf; jrif;urv_yf ckHuv_yfwmvm;/ 'gawmh
u|eaf wmfrajymwwfb;l ? od@k aomfvnf; wqifu h ae+yD;awmh awmifwef;a'oqdik &f m
25
udpaP wGEiS hf ywfouf+yD; wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfrmS aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrmS tifrwef pd;k &drf
a=umifhusaewJhta=umif; pmwapmif&ygw,f? onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf&Hk;
uvnf; &ovm; rajymwwfbl;?
tJ'pD mxJrmS bmygovJq&kd if u|eaf wmfrw S rf o
d avmuf ajym&&if awmif
wef;e,fqdkif&m udpPt&yf&yfudk onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; qHk;jzwfwJh
tcgrSm qdkif&mqdkif&me,f&J@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; pk&Hk;oabmwlnDcsufr&bJ ESifh
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; rqHk;jzwfEdkifbl;qdkwm u|efawmfwdk@awmifwef;e,f
pHpk rf;a&;tzJ@G wek ;f u axmufccH suaf y;cJyh gw,f? tJ'gvnf; trSepf ifppf u|eaf wmfw@kd
t}uHay;wJt h wdik ;f xnfch jhJ cif;jzpfygw,f? tJonfrmS qd&k if ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tcsi;f
csi;f bJ vlrsm;pk vlenf;pk rjzpfbEJ iS hf oabmuJv G wGJ ahJ e&mrSm nDwrl #wl oabmuJv G GJ
ae=uv#i/f b,fvekd nf;ESihf wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfuae+yD; qH;k jzwfrvJqw kd hJ ar;cGe;f
udk awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m onfudkawmhvmrar;=ubl;? odk@
aomfvnf; rqdik w f ahJ wmifwef;e,fqikd &f m Xmen¸e=f um;a&;0efuae+yD; Ed;_ aqmfcsuf
t& bk&ifcrH if;}uD;uae+yD; pdwyf +l yD;ar;w,f? u|eaf wmfo h abmrSm 'g[m enf;vrf;
pnf;urf; rrSefbl;vkd@ ,lqw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdk&if ,ckajymqdkaejcif;[mvnf;
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uae+yD;awmh t*FvdyfoGm;uyfw,fvdk@
u|eaf wmfrqdv k ykd gb;l ? od@k aomfvnf; onfwikd ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfu qH;k jzwfwu hJ pd rP mS
t*Fvdyf&J@ tumtuG,fudk igwdk@awmhjzifh ,lrS csrf;om&m&r,fvdk@xifv#if/
u|eaf wmff &Si;f &Si;f bJajymcsiyf gw,f? t*Fvyd [ f m trSepf ifppf taES;ESit hf jref ol@vuf
atmufcw H ikd ;f Edik if aH wGu xGuo f mG ;&awmhrmS bJ? b,fvb kd jJ zpfjzpf onfvjkd zpfae+yD;
urBmt h vm;tvm}uD;xJrmS onfvpkd w d x f m;&Sw
d v hJ al wG[m ud;k uG,&f m b,fenf;
ESifhr# &SdEdkifrnf r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk u|efawmf owday;vdkygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf ta=umif;ajym&&if b,f
t*Fvdyf&J@ tultnDESifhr# onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfudk vm+yD;awmh =oZmray;
Edik b
f ;l qdw
k m odapcsiyf gw,f? onfwikd ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfrmS awmifwef;qdik &f mudpP
awGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdk@oufqdkif&mawmifwef;e,fawGudk,fpm;
vS,t f csi;f csi;f b,fo@l b,forl S rJrombJEiS hf wlae=uw,fq&kd if onfvw $ af wmf
xJrSm zqyvtrwfrsm; qHk;jzwfwJhtwdkif; trsm;qHk;tzJG@&J@ acgif;aqmiftjzpfESifh
u|efawmfwdk@ wnfhwnfhvif;vif;ajymvdkwmu cifAsm;wdk@tcsif;csif; tJonfvdk
b,fo@l b,forl S rJrombJEiS hf rJ+ydKifae=uwJt h cgrmS / u|eaf wmfw@kd onfwikd ;f jynfjyK
26
v$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh twif;zd+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfapygbl; qdkwmudk u|efawmf

uwday;ygw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)
tJonfawmh awmifwef;e,fqikd &f mudpEP iS hf ywfouf+yD;awmh u|eaf wmfw@kd
&J@ apwem[m tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;xm;ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;wJhtqdk+yD;wJh
aemuf qufvuf+yD;awmhum jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;wJah e&mrSm jynfaxmifpx k J ygcsif
wJhjynfe,fawG[m b,fvdktcsuftvufawG/ b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG/ b,fvdk
tajccHawG tJonfvkd tcsut f vufawGt& pkaygi;f oifw h ,f qdwk u hJ pd aP wG aqG;aEG;
wJhtcgrSm u|efawmfwdk@wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;wJht}uHOm%f
awG/ 'gawGukd oabmrusv@kd &&dS if oabmruswt hJ wdik ;f awmifwef;e,fbufqikd &f m
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m oabm&Sd ArmjynfEiS hf raygi;f bJ aecsiaf eEdik w f ,f? 'gu|eaf wmf
,ae@ onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfxJrSm onfpum;udkajymjcif;bJ? u|efawmfwdk@
apwemudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;xm;w,f
qdw k mudk odapcsiv f @kd ajymqdjk cif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhwcsuf onfvckd ifAsm;wd@k
oabmrwlvdk@&Sdv#if rygcsifaevdk@ ajymwJhae&mrSmvnf; e,fcsJ@orm;awGudk
wbufuae+yD;awmhum rygcsifaeyguGm qdk+yD;awmh/ rygbl;vdk@xifwJhtcgusawmh
wbufu0if+yD;awmh r&_wb f ;l ? od@k aomf u|eaf wmfw@kd tjrifawmh&w dS ,f? b,fEikd if H
b,fe,frSmjzpfjzpf ,ckacwfrSm onfwdkif;EdkifiHrS urBm}uD;rSm jzpfaewJh0g'ESifh
urBm}uD;rSm jzpfaewJh ta&;awG&J@udpPawG&J@ *,uft&dkufudk rcH&wJhe,f&,fvdk@
&SdrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Drdkua&pD0g'/ 'Drdkua&pDw&m;awGacwfpm;aewJh 'DurBm}uD;rSm
'D r d k u a&pD o abmxm; rxm;Ed k i f w J h e ,f [ m taES ; ES i f h t jref tJ o nf e ,f r S m
&Sw
d v hJ al wG Ed;k =um;xºuGvm+yD; onfvu kd rBm}uD;&J@ oabmw&m;awGEiS hf jzpfysuaf e
wJh acwfoabmw&m;awGEiS hf qef@usib f ufoabmw&m;awGukd wGe;f vSeyf pf=urSm
bJqw kd m u|eaf wmferd w d zf wfxm;csiw f ,f? tJonfawmh onfvu kd |eaf wmfw@kd onf
em;vnfxm;wJt h wdik ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf twlwyl g+yD; rvkycf sib f ;l qdv k #if u|eaf wmf
wdk@ twif;rwdkufwGef;ygbl;? tJonfvdk ryg ygatmifqdk+yD;awmhum 'guawmh
Armpum; r[kwfbl;xifw,f? u|efawmfem;vnfoavmufawmh u&ifpum;
bJv@kd xifw,f? twif;eom;yg;,m;vkyw f hJ enf;rsKd ;vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd rvkyyf gb;l ?
tJ'gudk wnfhwnfhvif;vif; awmifwef;e,fbufu u|efawmhfrdwfaqGrsm;udk
u|efawmf em;vnfapcsifygw,f?
27
bmjzpfv@kd vq J v kd #if u|eaf wmfw@kd tifrwef &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;oabmxm;ae

wJh txJuae+yD;awmh &_wfatmifvkyfae=uwJhvlawGu ,ckwavmrSm awmfawmf
rsm;aeawmh 'gudk&Sif;onfxuf&Sif;atmif xyf+yD;ajym&jcif;jzpfw,f? u|efawmfh
rdwaf qGwa,mufu u|eaf wmfu h akd jymovdb k cJ ifAsm? tJonfvkd &Si;f &Si;f ajymwmudk
bJ/ ol@pdwfxJrSm &_wfaew,fqdkawmh tJ'gawmh rwwfEdkifbl;? (&,foHrsm;)
tJonfawmh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG yg&rnfqdkwm
u|efawmfwdk@onftxJrSm xnfhxm;wmvJ r&Sdao;ygbl;? ygcsifwJhvlawG yg=u?
t"dyg` ,u f e,fuo kd wfrf w S rf xm;bJEiS hf jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfv@kd omrn xnfx h m;
jcif;jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiHawmfvdk@ qdk&jcif;[m
vGwfvyfw,ffqdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk u|efawmfodwf+yD;awmh &Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;
xifayrnfh bmjyKvd@k tcsKyftjcmtm%m Sovereign power tcsKyftjcmtm%m
&S&d rnfv@kd xyf+yD;yg&ovJqv kd #if tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdw k m oabmw&m;trsKd ;rsKd ;
&Sdygw,f? trSefawmh State EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m
t}uHK;0if+yD;om;bJ? onfoabmw&m;ESifh &SdwJh[mvnf; &Sdygw,f? odk@aomfonf
Edik if aH wmfqakd yrnfh tm;r&/ rauseyfao;bJEiS hf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik w f hJ Edik if aH wmf
qdkrSomv#if jynfhpHkavmufwJh oabmw&m;rsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f?
yXroabmw&m;uawmhum Theory pmoabmavmufomjzpfyg w,f?
'kw, d oabmuawmh vufawG@jzpfwhJ oabmw&m;ygb?J b,fvkd vufawG@ jzpfwhJ
oabmw&m;rsd K ;awG bmvJ q d k & if onf v G w f v yf w J h E d k i f i H a wmf q d k + yD ; awmh
zJG@pnf;wnfaxmifvdkuf=uwJh EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;wdk@&Sd=uayrnf? tcsKyftjcm
tm%mESihf jynfph w kH hJ Edik if aH wmf Sovereign State tcsKd @Eikd if aH wGuawmh tJonfvkd
r[kwfbJESifh jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;qufoG,fwJh EdkifiHa&;pum;rSmqdkv#if Vassal
State vdk@qdkcH&ygw,f? Vassal qdkvdk@&Sdwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHawG oabmrsdK;bJ?
u|eaf yrnfv h @kd Colony vnf;r[kwb f ;l ? ol@bmomol ol@rif;ESihf ol@csi;f ESi/hf ol@tpd;k &
ESifhbJ/ tjyifbef;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&J@
=oZmv$ r f ; rd k ; r_ csKyf c s,f r _ u d k txl ; wvnf c H a ewJ h Ed k i f i H j zpf v d k @ Vassal State
vdk@ac:w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiH}uD; ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;
ay;&H k a vmuf j zpf w J h Ed k i f i H a wmf r sd K ;vnf ; &S d y gao;w,f ? Buffer State tJ ' D v d k
EdkifiHawmftrsdK;rsdK; vufawG@tm;jzifh&Sdw,fqdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@awG@&ygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@vdkcsifwmuawmhum EdkifiH}uD/;ESpfEdkifiH=um;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;&Hk
28
avmufjzpfwhJ Buffer State rsKd ;vdk e,fjcm;Edik if u H av;rsKd ;vnf; rjzpfcsib f ;l ? aemuf
+yD;awmh Edik if }H uD;wEdik if &H @J =oZmv$r;f rd;k r_ txl;wvnfc&H wJh Vassal State rsKd ;vnf;
rjzpfcsifbl;? u|efawmfwdk@ jzpfcsifwmuawmh qefr&Sd apmufpm;}uD;bJ ac:ac:
(&,forH sm;) u|eaf wmfw@kd jzpfcsiw f hJ Edik if u
H awmh vGwv f yf+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%m
ydkifwJh EdkifiHawmf jzpfcsifw,f? (=obmoHrsm;)
tJonf EdkifiHjzpfwJhtcgrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHawmfrSm orRwpHepf
tm;jzifh zJG@pnf;&rnf? wjcm;pHepft& zJG@pnf;wmudk u|efawmfwdk@ rvdkvm;ygbl;?
orRw pHepfqw kd m[m u|eaf wmfw@kd onfacwfonftcgusro S mv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd
ArmpmrSm ay:vmwJhpum;yg? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk wEdkifiHvHk;udk
rif;vkyt f yk cf sKyf&rnfh yk*K~d vfukd 4 ESpw f }udrjf zpfap/ 5 ESpw f }udrf jzpfap/ 10 ESpw f }udrf
jzpfap ponftm;jzifh tJonfvdk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufw,fqdkwJh xHk;pH[m ,ck
onfbuf acwfawGusrS ay:vmwJh pHepfrsdK;jzpfw,f?
tJonfawmh u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSmawmh (rif;) qdkvdk@&Sdv#if/ wdkif;oljynf
om; vkyfwJholawGu t&rf;v$wfxm;tyfwJh vlawGr[kwfbl;? tcsKyftcs,f&Sd
wefoavmuf &Sdoifhw,f? trSefpifppf EdkifiHawmfrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
ydkifwJhvlawG[m b,folawGjzpf&rvJ qdkvdk@&Sd&if/ u|efawmfwdk@,Hk=unf,lqcsufu
awmh Edik if aH wmfol Edik if aH wmfom;wd@k [m tJonfEikd if rH mS &Sw d hJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
ydkifqdkifwJhvlawGvdk@ ,lqygw,f? tJonfvdk ydkifqdkifwJhvlawGuae+yD; v$Jay;vdk@om
(rif;) tpdk;&wdk@ qdkwm ay:vm&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJonfvkd v$aJ y;wJt h wdik ;f (rif;) wd@k / tpd;k &wd@k ay:vmwJt h cgrmS tJonf
(rif;) wdk@ tpdk;&wdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mudkydkifxm;wJh EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;awGu
rvdkcsifwJhtcgrSm rvdkwJhtavsmuf wm;qD;EdkifwJh tajctaersdK;&Sd&r,f? tJonf
awmh u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSm qdkvdk@&Sd&if ArmEdkifiHtwGuf vdkvm;tyfwJhpHepf[m
tcsed t f cgtavsmuf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwhJ orRwpHepfuo kd mv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd
vdkvm;onfhtwdkif; onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm tqdkoGif;wJhtcgrSm orRwEdkifiH
qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk oGif;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
tJonfawmh yXrtyd'k u f qdv k #if “Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpEk ikd if [ H k ac:wGiaf om vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f
orRwEdik if . H zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHjzpfap&rnf” onft"dyg` ,u f awmh u|eaf wmf
wdk@wdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh EdkifiHtjzpf a=unmrnf?
29
tJonfEikd if [ H mvnf; orRwEdik if H jzpf&rnf? orRwpHepft& zJ@G pnf;xm;wJh

EdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,f- qdkwJh rlawGudk xnfhxm;ygw,f? onfEdkifiHawmf[mvnf;
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf jzpf&rnf?
'kwd,tydk'fjzpfwJh “jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'u owfrSwfaz: jyonfh woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf” tJ'gu
u|eaf wmfw@kd onf jynfaxmifpx k rJ mS b,fe,fb,fe,fawGygrvJ qdw k mudo k wfrw S f
&rnf? zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'awG a&;qJGwJhtcgrSm b,fe,fb,fe,f awGyg
r,f qdw k mudo k wfrw S &f rnf? tck rowfrw S &f ao;bl;/ ygcsiw f ehJ ,fawGomowfrw S f
&rnf? tck rowfrw S &f ao;bl;? ygcsiw f ehJ ,frS yg=uygqw kd m &Si;f ygw,f? “od@k owf
rSwaf z: jyxm;onfh woD;yk*v ~ jynfe,frsm;onf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH Oya'wGif
owfrSwfaz: jyxm;onfESifhtr# udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mrsm; &Sdap&rnf?”
xdzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rSm aemufu|eaf wmfw@kd tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;
wdik yf ifnE‡d i_d ;f qH;k jzwf+yD;wJah emuf owfrw S af z: jyxm;wJh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tm%m
rsm;vnf;&Sv d rd rhf nf? tJonfawmh onfupd rP mS &Si;f &Si;f em;vnfapcsiw f mu onfvkd
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmfxrJ mS woD;yk*v ~ jynfe,frsm;[m b,fjynfe,fawGvJ qdw k m
onftxJrmS rygao;bl;? b,fe,fawGu ygcsiv f @kd b,fe,fawGu rygcsib f ;l qdw k m
EdkifiHzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfaz: jyxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;[m
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tm%mrsm;&Sad p&r,f qdw k thJ wdik ;f tJonfu, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;
tm%mawGukd owfrw S b f @kd vakd o;w,f? txl;ojzifh awmifwef;e,fy,f ud, k pf m;
vS,frsm;ESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG;+yD; vkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfygw,f?
tJonfvdkvkyf+yD;rS oabmwlonfjzpfap/ aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufusonf
jzpfap/ tJonfvdk qHk;jzwf=uwJhtcgrSm owfrSwfaz: jyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tm%mrsm;ud k oabmwl a useyf v d k @ 0if v mwJ h jynf e ,f r sm;omygvd r f h r ,f ?
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if q H +kd yD; tJonfvo kd abmavmufom xnfx h m;w,f? b,fe,furkd S
u|efawmfwdk@ b,fe,fudkrS twif;xnfhxm;wm r[kwfygbl;?
(3) “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik v f w G v f yfaom orRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmfEiS w hf uG
tygt0if j zpf o nf h jynf e ,f r sm;ES i f h tpd k ; &tzJ G @ tpnf ; rsm;tm;vH k ; wd k @ .
tcGit hf m%m [lor#w@kd onf wdik ;f oljynfom;wk@d xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf” 'guawmh
u|eaf wmf,ckwiG u f ajymcJo h nft h wdik ;f vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f Edik if H
awmfv@kd zJ@G pnf;vdu k w f t hJ cgrmS tJonfEikd if aH wmfyikd w f hJ tJonfEikd if aH wmf vufxrJ mS
30
&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m b,folawG&J@ vufxJrSm b,folawGuomv#if

ydik q f ikd o
f ifw
h ,fqw kd hJ jy\emoabmw&m;udk u|eaf wmfajz&r,fqv kd @kd &&dS if wkid ;f ol
jynfom;awGuomv#if rlvblwtm;jzifh Edik if aH wmf&@J tcsKyftjcmudk ydik w f hJ vlawG
jzpfw,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@,lqw,f/ ,Hk=unfw,f?
&mZ0ifa=umif;vdu k =f unf/h Arm&mZ0ifa=umif;ud=k unfrh vm;/ urBm&h mZ0if
a=umif;udb k =J unf=h unf/h b,fvb kd =J unf=h unfh Edik if aH wmf&@J tcsKyftjcmtm%mawG
qdkwm rlvblwudk=unfhvdkufr,fqdkv#if wdkif;oljynfom;awGvufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdk
wmudkawG@&ygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmfwdk@ t,ltqrSmqdkv#if urBmtporRwrif;u
qdw k thJ wdik ;f orRwrif;udk vlawGuwifajr‡mufcw hJ mbJ? tJonftwdik ;f a&S@av#muf
+yD; jzpf&rSmbJ? tJonftwdkif; u|efawmfwdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyf
aom orRwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESifhwuG/ tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&
tzJG@tpnf; tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS
oufqif;ap&rnf qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJonfawmh onfoabmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd tckcsxm;vdu k w f t hJ cg jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf&J@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qJGwJhtcgrSm wdkif;oljynfom;awG
qDu tcGifhtm%m&w,fqdkwJhtcsufawGqdkvdk@&Sdv#if rygbl;qdkwJh t"dy`g,fbJ?
b,ftcsuf[mjzifhonfrlESifhqef@usifaernf/ rqef@usifbl;qdkwm tao;pdyfusrSbJ
aqG;aEG;=unfhEdkifrnf?
trSwf (3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m wdik ;f oljynfom;awGvufxrJ mS &Sw d ,f
qdkwJh oabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
(4) jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf. wdik ;f oljynfom; rSeo f r#onf vlra_ &;&mY‚if;/
pD;yGm;a&;Y‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;Y‚if;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sdapv#ufæonf u|efawmfwdk@zJG@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'a&;qJGbdk@ pDpOfwJh tcgrSm vlr_a&;&mY‚if;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mY‚if;/
EdkifiHa&;Y‚if; w&m;r#wr_&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;&w,f? t"dy`g,fu vlr_a&;&mY
w&m;r#wr_&Sdap&r,f qdkwJht"dy`g,fu u|efawmfwdk@tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&SifudpP
rsKd ;awG/ v,form;ESihf v,f&iS q f ufqw H u
hJ pd rP sKd ;awG tp&Sod nftm;jzifh vltcsi;f csi;f
aygi;f oif;qufqw H u hJ pd rP sKd ;awG wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf wef;wltcGit hf a&;&atmif
pDrHzefwD;xm;bdk@vdkw,f qdkwJhoabmygbJ?
pD;yGm;a&;Y qdkvdk@&Sdv#if wbufpD;eif;tm;jzifh vkyfEdkifwJhtajctaeawGudk
z,f&Sif;+yD;awmh pD;yGm;a&;Y tvkyfwlv#if tJonftwdkif; tcGifhta&; twlwljzpf
31
Edkifor# jzpfatmif qdkwJhoabmudk pDrHzefwD;xm;&ef jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf;

w&m;r#wbdk@vdkw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSm qdkvdk@&Sdv#if b,foluawmhjzifh rJr&xdkufbl;/
b,folujzifh rJ&xdkufw,f ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&;n‡if;qJr_awG csKyfcs,fr_awG r&Sdap&
bl;? aemuf+yD;awmh b,fol[m b,f&mxl;rsdK;udk r&ap&bl;/ b,folomv#if
&&r,fqdkwJh tJonfvdk csKyfcs,fr_awG[m EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_udk xdcdkufw,f?
tJonfawmh Edik if aH &;rSm Edik if o H El ikd if o
H m;jzpfwo hJ w l ikd ;f rdrw
d @kd t&nftcsi;f
a=umift h cGit hf a&; &oGm;Edik b f @kd b?J tm;vH;k &&ifvJ tm;vH;k &bd@k / onfoabmrsKd ;ESihf
w&m;r#wr_&Sd&r,f? aemuf tqifhtwef; Equality of Status tqifhtwef;rSm
vnf;wlnD&r,f? tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJh oabmuawmh olaÏ;&,f/
qif;&Jom;&,f/ bm&,ftp&Sdojzifh onfvdkuJGjym;xm;wmr&SdbJESifh olaÏ;&,f
qif;&Jom;&,fqdkwmu ypPnf;tajctaetavsmuf &Sdaewkef; &Sdaeayrnfh tqifh
twef;rSm qdv k @kd &&dS if wlnaD p&r,f? tqift h wef;rSm wlnaD p&r,f qdw k o hJ abm[m
u|eaf wmfw@kd ae&mrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ olaÏ;qd&k ifawmh b,fvykd +kd yD;awmh tcGit hf a&;&r,f/
qif;&Jom;qd&k ifawmh b,fvrkd &bl; ponfjzifh onfvrkd &Sad p&bJEiS hf tqift h wef;
wGif tm;vHk;ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwd wlnDap&r,fqdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?
aemuftcGit fh a&; Equality of opportunity tcGit hf a&;rSmvnf; wef;wl
&r,fqw kd t hJ "dyg` ,[ f m ynmoif=um;=uwJah e&mrSm Oyrmqd&k if Om%ft&nftcsi;f
csif;twlwljzpfvdk@&Sdv#if Om%f&Sdoavmufol@ynmtvdkuf&vdk@ tcGifhta&;[m
vnf; &So d ifw h ,fqw kd hJ oabmrsKd ;bJ? qif;&Jwo hJ al wmh qif;&Jw,fqv kd @kd tcGit hf a&;
r&bl;? csr;f omwJo h o l mv#if tcGit hf a&;&r,fqw kd hJ onfvo kd abmrsKd ; r[kwb f EJ iS hf
tm;vHk;tcGifhta&;rSm Opportunity tcGifhta&;ay;wJhae&mrSm r,lwwfv#if/
,lwwfwv hJ rl eS o f r# tcsKyftcs,rf &Sb d EJ iS hf ,lEikd w f t hJ cGithf a&;&S&d rnf qdw k o
hJ abm
w&m;omjzpfygw,f?
aemuf Oya'oufa&mufr_ Before the Law Oya'oufa&mufrr_ mS wlnD
&r,f qdw k o hJ abmuawmh Oya'a&S@arSmufY b,forl qdk orRwbJjzpfjzpf/ awmom;
bJjzpfjzpf Oya'pnf;urf;udk azguzf suw f t hJ avsmuf tjypf'%fc&H vdrrhf nf? aumif;
wmvkyfvdk@&Sd&ifvJ aumif;wJhtavsmuf Oya'&J@ csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&r,f? onfvdk Oya'
a&S@arSmufrmS qdv k #if b,forl qdk (rif;) jzpfjzpf/ qif;&Jom;jzpfjzpf/ olaÏ;om;jzpfjzpf
tm;vHk;[mwef;wljzpf&r,f qdkwJhoabmbJ?
32
tJonfvkd vlra_ &;&mY‚if;/ pD;yg;G a&;&mY‚if;/ Edik if aH &;&mY‚if;/ w&m;r#wr_

&Sad pv#uf tcGit hf a&;Oya' oufa&mufrw _ iG f yuwdwn l aD p&rnfjh yif w&m;Oya'
ESiahf omf‚if;/ trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf ud mQ ESiahf omf‚if; rqef@
usifor# vGwfvyfpGm}uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh/ ,Hk=unfydkifcGifh/ bmom
w&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKcGifh/ y&da,oe&SmrDS;ydkifcGifh/ pnf;&Hk;ydkifcGifh/ jyKrlaqmif
&GufydkifcGifhwdk@ &&Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf?
'guawmh u|efawmfwdk@ jynfolvGwfvyfa&;yg&rnf qdkwJht"dy`g,fygbJ?
onftxJrSm tusOf;&Hk;+yD; vGwfvyfpGm }uHpnfydkifcGifh/ xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh/
,Hk=unfydkifcGifh/ bmomw&m;udk;uG,fydkifcGifh/ 0wfjyKydkifcGifh/ y&da,oe&SmrDS;ydkifcGifh/
pnf;&H;k ydik cf iG /hf jyKrlaqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG v hf @kd qdxk m;ygw,f? aemufu|eaf wmfw@kd zJ@G pnf;tkyf
csKyfykH tajccHa&;qJw G thJ cgusv#if onfx h ufy+kd yD;awmh ususeeESihf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
u|eaf wmfw@kd a&;&ygvrd rhf ,f? tJonftcgusv#if Oya'oabm a&;qJ&G ygvrd rhf ,f?
onfawmhrS tusOf;r#ESifh b,fvdktcGifhta&;rsdK;awGESifh vlwdkif;vlwdkif;&SdxdkufwJh
tcGifhta&;rsdK;awGvJ ay;xm;&r,f qdk+yD;awmh !¸ef=um;jcif;r#om jzpfygw,f?
tJonfvdk n¸ef=um;wJhae&mrSm onfvdkvGwfvyfr_awGudk ay;wJhae&mrSm
Subject to Law & Public morality w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf‚if;/ trsm;jynfolwdk@.
apmif f h p nf ; tyf a om tusif h o d u Q m ES i f h a omf ‚ if ; rqef @ usif o r#/ u|ef a wmf w d k @
aemufusv@kd &&dS if wdik ;f jynfuwifajr‡mufvu kd w
f v
hJ w G af wmfw@kd / tJonfvw G af wmfu
vkyx f m;wJOh ya'/ aemuf+yD;awmh Oya'rvkyaf yrnfh u|eaf wmfw@kd vl@x;kH pHrmS rvkyf
tyfwJh oabmw&m;awG&Sdao;w,f? trsm;jynfolwdk@apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifh
oduQmESifhaomf‚if; rqef@usifor#/ Oyrmqdkvdk@&Sd&if vGwfvyfa&;&+yD qdk+yD;awmh
vGwv f yfpmG jyKrlaqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,f qd+k yD;awmh vlwa,mufuae+yD; ud, k wf ;kH vH;k
ESihf vrf;rrSmolav#muf+yD;awmh ajy;csiw f idk ;f ajy;vk@d rjzpfb;l qdw k m[m trsm;jynfol
wdk@ apmifhpnf;tyfwJh tusifhoduQmESifh qef@usifaew,f?
trSefuawmh onfvdkowfrSwfxm;wm r&Sdbl;qdk&if/ jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh
twdkif;qdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@ =unfhae&r,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if b,folrSvnf;
oGm;rxdcdkufbl;/ ol@[mol vGwfvGwfvyfvyfESifh jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhtwdkif;
vkyfwmjzpfaew,f? onfvdk[mrsdK;rSm tJonfvdkw&m;vGefvmwJhudpPrsdK;awG us
awmh trsm;jynfow l @dk apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf ud mQ ESihf qef@usiv f #if u|eaf wmf
wdk@ pOf;pm;=unfh&r,f?
33
tJ'gqef@usifw,fvdk@&Sd&if onfvdkae&mrsdK;rSm vGwfvyfr_qdkwdkif; wu,f

vGwv f yfr_ rac:Edik b f ;l / vGwvf yfr[ _ m trSepf ifppf pnf;urf;&Srd S vGwv f yfr_ jzpfEikd f
w,fvdk@ u|efawmf,lqw,f?
tJonfvdk pnf;urf;owfrSwf+yD;awmh vlwkdif;vlwdkif;vGwfvyfr_awGudk
owfrSwfay;yg qdk+yD;awmh onftqdkrSm n¸ef=um;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? tJonfvdk
+yD;wJah emuf trSwf (5) zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'rSm- vlenf;pktbd@k vHak vmuf
aomumuG,jf cif;rsm; xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;&Sad p&r,f? tJonfrmS vnf; u|eaf wmf
wdk@vlrsdK;a&;twGuf vlenf;pkqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f? onfawmh olwdk@wawGtwGuf
vnf; vHkavmufwJhumuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;bdk@ vdkygw,f? onfvdk
xnfh&ifawmh vHkavmufr,f/ b,fvdkxnfh&ifawmh rvHkavmufbl; qdkwJhudpP
t&yf&yfudk u|efawmfwdk@ aemufaumfrwDawGzJG@pnf;+yD; aqG;aEG;wJhtcgusawmh
tao;pdyfaqG;aEG;bdk@ jzpfygw,f? onfrSmawmh rltm;jzifh u|effawmfwdk@ vlenf;pk
twGufvnf; pOf;pm;+yD;awmh vlenf;pkumuG,fbdk@ tcsufawGvnf; xnfh+yD;
pOf;pm;cJhygvdk@ rSmcJhwJhoabmygbJ? trSefuawmh onftqdk[m aemufzJG@pnf;rnfh
aumfrwDawGudk rSmcJhwJh pum;omjzpfygw,f? bmawGbmawG vkyfvmcJhygqdkwJh
oabmawGygbJ?
eHygwf (6) uawmh “vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkiforRwjrefrm
EdkifiHawmf. e,fajrwdk@ waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udkvnf;aumif;/
EdkifiHawmf. =unf;/ a&/ av wdk@udk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif;/
w&m;"rREiS w hf uG jynfaxmiftcsi;f csi;f Oya't& xde;f apmifx h m;&Sad p&rnf? xd@k jyif”
'guawmh vdak wmhvw kd ,f? od@k aomfv f nf; u|eaf wmfy*k K~d vfoabm ajym&rnfqv kd #if
wrsdK;uawmh }uD;}uD;us,fus,fa&;wmwrsdK;ygbJ? trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwJh
OD;csex f eG ;f wd@k vykd *k K~d vfawGu }uD;us,o f nfxuf }uD;us,af tmif/ crf;em;onfxuf
crf;em;atmif xnfhxm;wmyg? 'guawmh odyf&Sif;aep&mrvdkygbl;? =unf;/ a&/
av onftxJrSm ygwJhtcGifhta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f? aemuf+yD;awmh According
to Justic and International Law jynfaxmiftcsi;f csi;f Oya't& w&m;"rREi Sw
hf uG
xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&r,f? u|efawmfwdk@ wkdif;jynfwnfae=uwmudk cef@cef@nm;nm;
wkid ;f jynfwnfaxmif&rSmud;k ? tJonfawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m =unf;/ a&/ av wd@k ukd
tcsKyftjcmpd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfyikd cf iG u hf v
kd nf;aumif;/ w&m;"rREiS w hf uG jynfaxmif tcsi;f
csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sd&rnf? wrsdK;uawmh Oya'a&;wJhtcgrSm wcrf;
34
wem;a&;&rnfh tcsuftvufawGygbJ? ta&;vnf;}uD;ygw,f? crf;crf;em;em;

vnf; a&;bdk@vdkygw,f?
aemufeHygwf (7) u “&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf
urBmwGif rdrd.*k%fusufoa&ESifhavsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odk@
a&muf&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@. wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;omjynfh0
a&;wd@k udk wm0eft f av#mufapwemjzihf tpGr;f ukejf znfphf u G x
f rf;&Guu f m/ jynfaxmif
tcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"rRESifhusifh0wfoduQmudk tajcjyKI urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;a&S@&_
v#uf EdkifiHwumwdk@ESifh rdwf0wfrysufbJ wJGbufyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk cdkif+rJaom
t"dXmeffwdk@jzifh xdef;awmhtHh?”
'guawmh O'gef ; usL;&if h w J h oabmrsd K ;ygbJ ? igwd k @ Ed k i f i H a wmf } uD ; [m
urBm}uD;&J@tv,frSm vlowW0gwdk@. aumif;usdK;csrf;omwdk@udkvkyfbdk@a&m/ urBmh
+idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@udk wnfaxmif+yD; t+rJwrf;apmifhxdef;rnf qdkwJh[mbJ? 'guawmh
EdkifiHwumwdkif;/ EdkifiHwumwdkif; }uD;}uD;us,fus,f ajymwJhpum;awGbJ? wu,f
vkyfovm;qdkawmh odyfrvkyf=uygbl;? (&,farm=uonf)
'guawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd vlrsm;=unfah umif;atmif/ urBmu =unfah umif;
atmifxnfh&r,f? zwfvdkuf&vdk@&Sd&if yg;pyfxJrSm jynfhoGm;atmif vkyfxm;wmbJ?
awmuvlawG zwf&ifawmh bmrSem;vnfrSm r[kwfbl;? (&,farm=uonf)?
ta&;}uD;wmuawmh eHygwf 1-2-3-4-5/ u|efawmfwdk@ eHygwf 1 u 5 txd/
u|eaf wmfjrifoavmuf The most practical points u wu,ft h oH;k t0ifq;kH tcsuf
tvufawG jzpfaew,f? onftoH;k 0ifwhJ tcsut f vufawG[m tqdx k rJ mS ygw,f?
6 ESifh 7 uawmh trSefpifppf pum;awG =unfhaumif;atmif cef@cef@nm;nm; oHk;
xm;jcif;bJvdk@ wenf;qdkEdkifygw,f?
onfawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd onf wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfuae+yD; ArmEdik if zH @GJ pnf;
tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'a&;qJbG @kd tzJ@G toD;oD;cef@xm;wJah e&mrSm onftwdik ;f pOf;pm;
+yD; onftcsuaf wGukd pOf;pm;+yD; cifAsm;wd@k t}uHOm%fawG ,lvmcJyh gv@kd rSmvdu k b
f @kd
twGuf onftqdkudkwifoGif;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? onftqdkudk pOf;pm;vdkufr,fqdk&if
tajccHtcsuaf wG ygayrnf/h onftajccHtcsuaf wGukd jynfjh ynfph pkH x kH nfw h m&Sw d ,f?
yXr 1- tcsufrSmqdk&if vGwfvyfonfhtcg tm%mydkiforRwEdkifiHvkyf&r,f?
tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik o f rRwEdik if jH zpf&r,f? aemuf+yD;awmh ArmEdik if u H kd jynfaxmif
pk EdkifiHawmfac:bdk@ tJonfrlwck ygw,f? rltm;vHk; av;ck ygw,f?
35
vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,f Independence? tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif

&r,f Sovereignty ? aemuf+yD;awmh orRwEdkifiHjzpf&r,f Republic? aemuf+yD;
awmhrSwcg jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpf&r,f? tJonfvdk rlav;ck &Sdygw,f? tJonfrl
av;ckukd tyd'k f (1) xJrmS tukev f ;kH oGi;f xm;w,f? oGi;f xm;awmhum u|eaf wmfw@kd
Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' a&;qJw G t
hJ cg onfral v;ckukd tajccHxm;+yD;
a&;qJyG gv@kd rSmjcif;jzpfygw,f? tJonfral v;ckEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd vGwv f yfwEhJ ikd if tH jzpf
a=unmr,fqdkwm onffwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; oabmusw,f/ auseyf
w,f/ rauseyfb;l ? pOf;pm;bd@k tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jynfph &kH r,f qdw k m oabmus
w,f/ rusb;l qH;k jzwfb@kd ? aemuf+yD; orRwEdik if t H jzpf zJ@G pnf;bd@k qw kd m oabmus
w,f/ rusb;l qH;k jzwfb@kd ? aemuf+yD; jynfaxmifpk Edik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;bd@k qdw k m[m
vnf; zJ@G pnf;xdu k f rzJ@G pnf;xdu
k f qdw k maqG;aEG;bd@k ygb?J tJ'g +yD;rS 'kw, d tcsuu f
onfjynfaxmifpEk ikd if x H rJ mS b,fe,fawG b,fe,fawGygv@kd b,fvt kd m%m &S&d rnf
qdkwm cifAsm;wdk@vm+yD; wifjyygvdk@ rSmvdkufjcif;jzpfygw,f? onftcsufrSm awmf
awmfbJ t&Sifvkyfxm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkv#if onftcsufxJrSm bmr#wdwd
usus rl &,fv@kd r&Syd gb;l ?
rlvu bmvJqdkv#if udk,fydkiftm%may;&rnf qdkwJhrlygbJ? b,fvdkay;
b,favmufay;qdw k m bmr#rygb;l ? cifAsm;wk@d pOf;pm;+yD; vmcJ=h uyg qdw k o hJ abm
rsKd ;ESihf t&Siv f yk +f yD; xm;ygw,f? b,fjynfe,fawG ygoifw h ,f qdw k mvJ t&Siv f yk f
+yD; xm;ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ rlv zqyvnDvmcHrSm wifwJhtqdkrSmawmh az: jy
xnfh xm;ygw,f? tJ'g u|efawmfwdk@ trSwfwrJh xnfhxm;rdwmygbJ? aemufjyef
pOf;pm;rdawmh rS jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHxJu onfe,fawG 0ifoGm;+yD;om; jzpfoGm;rnf
vm; qdk+yD;pOf;pm;rdwmESifh jzKwfypfcJh+yD; tckvdk omrnqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
(3) uawmh “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom orRwjrefrmEdkifiH
awmfESifhwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,ffrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;tm;vHk;wdk@.
tcGit hf m%m[lor#w@kd onf wdik ;f oljynfom;xHrS oufqif;ap&rnf” onfrmS awmh
rlu wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif wJhvlawGbJ qdkwJh rludk
xnfhxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? onfrlt& u|efawmfwdk@ EdkifiHzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya' a&;qJw G thJ cg onfro l abmrsKd ;ESihf t}uHOm%fawG a&;qJv G mcJyh gq+kd yD; rSmxm;
jcif; jzpfygw,f?
36
aemuftcsuf (4) u “jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf. wdkif;oljynfom;rSefor#

onf vlra_ &;Y‚if;/ pD;yGm;a&;Y‚if;/ Edik if aH &;Y‚if; w&m;r#wr_&v dS #u/f tqift hf wef;
tcGit hf a&;ESihf Oya' oufa&mufrw _ @kd wGif ql}uHKedrjhf rifrh &Sad p/ yuwdwn l aD p&rnfh
tjyif w&m;Oya'ESihf aomf‚if;/ trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;tyfaom tusio hf u
d mQ
ESiahf omf‚if;/ rqef@usio f r# vGwv f yfpmG }uHpnfyikd cf iG /hf xkwaf z:ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,H=k unf
ydik cf iG /hf bmomw&m;ud;k uG,yf ikd cf iG /hf 0wfjyKydik cf iG /hf y&da,oe&SmrS;D ydik cf iG /hf pnf;&H;k ydik cf iG /hf
jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdk@ &&Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif
tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf?”
'guawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd onftxJrmS rlawGuawmh vlra_ &;&mY w&m;r#w
r_&Sdapjcif;rl/ pD;yGm;r_ w&m;r#w&Sdapjcif;rl/ EdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_ &Sdapjcif;rl/ tqifh
twef;wGif ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd/ yuwd wlnDap&rnfhtjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomf‚if;/
trsm;jynfolwdk@ apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhoduQmESifhaomf‚if;/ rqef@usifor#
jynfolwdk@&J@ vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; &&Sdbkd@ rl (7) rlygw,f?
tJonfrl (7) rl&J@ tajccHoabmw&m; (7) csufay:wGif tajcjyKygvdk@
onftrSwf (4) uqdkjcif;jzpfygw,f? trSwf (5) uawmh “TzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tbdk@ vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnffhoGif;
jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf” qdkwmuawmh ,ckwGifu tcsuf (2) csuf&J@oabmrsdK;bJ
omrnbJ qdkxm;vdkufwmbJ? vlenf;pkawGtwGufvnf; vHkvHkavmufavmuf
xnfhoGif;xm;yg? bmvkyfyg qdkwm onftxJrSm u|efawmfwdk@ rxnfhao;ygbl;?
bmjzpfv@kd vq J vkd #if onfupd [ P m txl;wvnfbJ a&a&vnfvnf pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;
&rnfh tcsufawG jzpfygw,f?
'gwGif ruao;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@ tbdk@rSm txl;&Sif;vif;apcsifwm
uawmh onffvlpkawGtay:rSm t&Sif;qHk; pdwfxm;ygw,f? rvdrfhwygwfjzpfap/
ajc&_yv f @kd jzpfap/ b,fvb kd jJ zpfjzpf u|eaf wmfw@kd [m vufwvH;k =um;tm;jzifh vlenf;pk
awGtay:rSm rw&m;vkyb f @kd - qdw
k &hJ nf&, G cf suf apwemtvsi;f r&SEd iS ?hf olw@kd ajymqdk
csifwm olwkd@ajym+yD;awmhum/ vHkavmufwJh umuG,fcsufawGudk [kwfw,f
r[kwfbl;/ w&m;ojzihf tcGifhta&;awG [kwfw,f r[kwfbl;? 'gawGudkpdppf +yD;wJh
aemufrS u|efawmfwdk@ oabmwlvdk@jzpfap/ u|efawmfwdk@ oabmrwlvdk@jzpfap/
u|efawmfwdk@ qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm onfavmufbJ&Edkifr,f/ onfxufawmh ydk+yD; r&
Edik b f ;l ajymwJt h cgrmS onfvakd &a&vnfvnf aqG;aEG;rSomv#if oabmwlv@kd jzpfap/
37
rwlv@kd jzpfap tJonfvkd vkyb f @kd ygb?J onfrmS vlenf;pkawG twGuu f muG,cf surf sm;
qdk+yD; yg&Hkavmufom ygw,f? woD;wjcm; az: jyjcif; r&Sdygbl;?
onftwdkif; trSmoabmjzpfwJh onftqdkudk wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tckvdk
jzpfaewJh ArmjynfrSm vufiif;tajctaeudk tenf;i,f oHk;oyfbdk@ vdkygw,f?
tck vufiif; jzpfaewJh Armjynf&@J tajctae=unfrh ,f qdv k #if tckz@GJ pnf; pnf;a0;
aewJh wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmf}uD;[m tcsKyftjcm tm%mjynfhpHkwJhv$wfawmfvdk@
,lqw,f?
onftwdkif;vnf;aqmif&Gufaew,f? onfvdkaqmif&GufaewJhtcgrSm
onfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD;awmh Armjynf&J@ vGwfvyfa&;udk qHk;jzwf+yD;wJh
aemuf vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHwnfaxmifbdk@ a&mufwJhtcgusawmh wu,fhvufawG@
a&mufwt hJ cgusawmh tm%m[m onfwikd ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf vufxrJ mS r&Sad o;
bl;? bmjzpfv@kd r&Sad o;ovJqv kd #if onfwikd ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyfaewm bdvyf ygvrD efu
tkycf sKyfaeawmh bdvyfygvrD efuae+yD; onfwidk ;f jynfay:r,f tcsKyftjcm tm%m
ydkifwJhoabmrsdK;tjzpfESifh pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;cH&awmh bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaejcif;
&yfpyJ pf&r,f? &yfp+J yD;wJah emufrS u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynf[m tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik f
Edik if aH wmf tjzpfa&mufr,f? tcku|eaf wmfw@kd The status of the constitutent as-
sembly is that of a sovereign body tqift h wef;tm;jzifh onfwikd ;f jynf jyKv$wf
awmf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf jynfph w kH vhJ w
$ af wmfv@kd ,lqw,f? od@k aomf vnf;
tm%myg0gusawmh r&Sdao;bl;? tcGifhta&;uawmh r&Sdao;bl;? Oyrmonf
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm ajymqdkwJhpum;awG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymqdkEdkif
w,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ,lqw,f?
,lqxm;yif ,lqxm;jim;aomfvnf; Legal Sanction ac:wJh Oya'
tcGifhta&;tm%m&Sdovm;qdkawmh tJonfvdkawmh r&Sdbl;? tJonftwdkif;bJ
u|efawmfwdk@ wifoGif;qHk;jzwfwJhudpPawGvnf; qHk;jzwfawmh qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f?
qHk;jzwfwJhae&mrSm b,folrSvm+yD;awmh rwm;qD;Edkifbl;? raESmuf,SufEdkifbl;?
v$wfawmfxJrSm&SdwJh trwfawGuvGJv#if b,folrS rwm;qD;Edkifbl;? raESmuf,Suf
Edik b
f ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd ud,
k wf ikd f qH;k jzwfEikd wf ,f? onfvw $ af wmfrmS qdv
k #if u|eaf wmf
wdk@OuUX}uD;[m &Sifbk&ifbJ? oltm%mt&SdqHk;bJ? oluae+yD;awmh tpnf;ta0;
vkyfwJhae&mawGr,f tqHk;tjzwfoabmrsdK;ESifh =unfh&_qHk;jzwfoGm;&r,f?
38
ol@tqHk;tjzwfudk u|efawmfwdk@ em;axmif&r,f? tJonfawmhum v$wf

awmfrmS trwf bmrqdk qH;k jzwfcsiw f m qH;k jzwfEikd w f ,f? qH;k jzwf+yD;wJah emuf qH;k jzwf
csuf t wd k i f ; onf t wd k i f ; jzpf a tmif qd k w J h u d p P u awmh onf t cgusvd k @ &S d v #if
bdvyfygvrD efu tJonfvv kd ukd +f yD;awmh cifAsm;wd@k wawG usKyfw@kd tm%mv$yJ gw,f
qdw k o
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awmh &d;k &d;k enf;twdik ;f jzpfyu
kH kd u|eaf wmfajymjywmyg? 'gu wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf
wOD;ESifhwOD;/ wEdkifiHESifhwEdkifiH tus,fus,fpum;rrsm;=ubJESihf rdwfaqGoabm
tm;jzifh wOD;udw k OD; tm%mvJaG jymif;ay;rnfh tajctaersKd ; jzpf&rnfh oabmrsKd ;
udk ajymqdkjcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJonfawmh tJonfvdktm%mvGJajymif;ay;wJhudpPrSm pum;rsm;+yD;
tus,fus,fawG jzpfvm=uv#if/ tm%mvGJajymif;r_ tcuftcJawG ay:vmv#if
awmh onfhjyif wenf;wvrf; pOf;pm;wef pOf;pm;&vdrfhr,f?
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usKyfwdk@[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh tzJG@tpnf; jzpfwJhtwGuf usKyfwdk@bJ
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,ck tqdkwifoGif;aewJhudpPuawmh onfvdktwif;,lbdk@udpPudk u|efawmfrwdkuf
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onftwdkif; t=unftom tm%majymif;r_&atmifvkyf&r,f qdkwJhoabmrsdK;ESifh
u|efawmfonftqdkudk wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
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uwnf;u u|eaf wmfw@kd wrsKd ;oGi;f vmcJrh mS bJ? b,fvo kd iG ;f rvJ qdv
k #if onftzJ@G
}uD;u ,m,DtrdsK;om;tpdk;& ponftm;jzifh zJG@pnf;r,f/ 'gawGudk u|efawmfwdk@
zJG@pnf;r,f/ twif;vkyfp&mvdkv#if twif;vkyfr,f?
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vufawG@tm;jzifh ajym&r,fqdkv#if onfvdktjiif;tcHkrjzpfcsifayrnfh q,fa&;
wa&; udk;a&;w&m qdkovdk vkyfxm;bdk@ jyifqifcsufawG vdkao;w,f?
39
tJonfawmh vufawG@jyifqifcsuf vkypf &mqdw k mawG tyxm;+yD; wjcm;

pOf;pm;vdkufr,f qdkvdk@&Sdv#if tus,ftus,f r+idrf;bG,fqdk+yD; wa,mufESifh
wa,muf onf twif;t=uyfav#muf+yD; vkyaf e&rnfh udprP sKd ;awGqw kd m trSet f m;
jzihf u|efawmfwdk@ b,fvlrqdk vdkvm;rnfvnf; r[kwfygbl;? vdkvnf; rvdkvm;
tyfbl;? aemuf wdkif;jynf&J@ tajctaetm;vHk;udk=unfh+yD; t=unftomtm;jzifh
tm%mv$Jajymif; vdk@&Edkifr,f qdkvdk@&Sdv#if raumif;bl;vm;?
tJonfvkd t=unftomjzpfatmifq+kd yD; onftqdu k kd oGi;f wJt h cgusawmh
tm%mv$aJ jymif;bd@k jzpfEikd f rjzpfEikd f u|eaf wmfw@kd csed q f bd@k vdyk gw,f? t=unftom
tm%mv$aJ jymif;v#if tckjzpfaewJh urBm&J@ tajctae/ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &&J@ tajctae
tm;vHk;udk+cHK=unfhv#if t=unftomjzpfrSmbJvdk@ ,lqw,f? taES;ESifh tjrefbJ?
onftaES;ESihf tjref qdw k u
hJ pd [
P mvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd vyk w f hJ tay:rSmbJwnfw,f?
wjcm;rSmvnf; wnfw,f?
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wpnf;wvHk;wnf; wnDwnmwnf; tiftm;awmifhawmifhwif;wif;ESifh qdkvdk@&Sd
v#if ,lEikd w
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awmh onftqdx k rJ mS onfru l xkd nfv h ukd wf t hJ cgrmS tifrweftaESmuft,Suaf wG
udkawG@&w,f? onftaESmuft,SufawGawG@vmwJhtcgusawmh onftaESmuf
t,Suaf wGukd pOf;pm;+yD;awmhrS onftqdu k wkd ifoiG ;f wJt h cg tqd[ k m a&S@ub kd ,fvkd
rsm;jzpfrvJqw kd hJ tvm;tvmudk rawG;&Jatmif jzpfaewJh tajctaeudk a&mufae
ygw,f?
bmjyKvdk@vJqdkv#if onfwkdif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuae+yD; zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'awGudk qHk;jzwf+yD;wJhaemuf onftwdkif;twnfjzpfbdk@ rjzpfbdk@qdkwm
[m b,ftay:rSm wnfovJ qdv k @kd &&dS if u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k tay:rSm wnf+yD;awmh
rdrdtqifhtwef;&SdaewJh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif tqifhtwef;udk pum;oabmESihf
r[kwfbJ/ Oya'oabmESifh wu,fhvufawG@ vufa&mufjzpfatmif vkyfr,fqdkwJh
oEdMXmef&Sdbdk@ vdkygw,f? tJonfvdk &SdaerSomv#if u|efawmfwdk@ wdkif;jynfjyK
v$ w f a wmf t zJ G @ }uD ; tqH k ; tjzwf a y;wJ h qH k ; jzwf x m;wJ h t wd k i f ; jzpf a jrmuf
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,ckjrifaewJt h wdik ;f qd&k if tm%mv$aJ jymif;r_EiS yhf wfouf+yD; tcuftcJawG tenf;
ESifhtrsm; ay:vmygvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifw,f?
40
u|efawmf b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufESifh b,fol@tay:rSm b,fvdkpdwfxm;rS

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&S&d if awmifwef;a'oqdik &f m ud, k pf m;vS,af wGukd toH;k csrmS bJqw kd mudk u|eaf wmf
uyGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajymxm;vdyk gw,f? bmjyKvd@k vq J &kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd tckEikd if aH wmf
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jynfrSmqdk&if olwdk@u u&ifawGudk ajr‡mufay;rSmygbJ? awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,f
awGudkvnf; ajr‡mufay;r,f?
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ajr‡mufay;ajr‡mufay;/ u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@rSmawmh u|efawmfwdk@oGm;&r,fhvrf;udk
rSefrSef}uD;oGm;r,f? &_yfvdk@vnf; ydk&rSmr[kwfbl;/ ajcmufvdk@vnf; ydk&rSmr[kwfbl;?
b,fvv kd yk v
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oabmtwdkif; &_yfEdkif=uw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@uawmh u|efawmfwdk@oabmt& jyXmef;xm;wJh twdkif;oGm;
rSmbJ? tJonfvkd oGm;wJt h cgrmS vnf; b,fvt kd cuftcJawGEiS ahf wG@ae tcuftcJ
awGukd ausmef if;+yD;oGm;r,f? ajcmufv#iv f nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd ra=umufb;l ? ajr‡muf
v#ifvnf; rajr‡mufbl;? acsmhv#ifvnf; raysmhbl;? vrf;rSeftwdkif; rSefrSefoGm;r,f?
u|efawmfwdk@ vdkvm;wJhyef;wdkifxdatmif u|efawmfwdk@oGm;r,f?(=obmoHrsm;)
u|eaf wmfw@kd to J nfvo kd mG ;wJt
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awmifwef;a'obufurdwfaqGawG &Srf;tp&Sdonfhjyiff tm;vHk;udkajymcsifwmu
rdwfaqGoabmomru u|efawmfwdk@ESifh aoG;csif;om;csif;qdkv#ifvnf;rSefygw,f?
bmjyKvdk@vJqdkawmh a&S;uwnf;u &mZ0ift& armif*dkvD,HtquftEG,fu
qif;vmwJh vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpfygw,f? tJonfaoG;om;csi;f wlae=uwJv h al wGEiS hf aoG;csi;f
om;csif;rwlwJh vlawGrSm b,foluae+yD;awmh b,fol@tay:rSm apwemydkrnfqdk
wmudk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;bdk@vdkw,f? aemuf+yD;wcsufu u|efawmfwdk@uae+yD;
awmh tckaeaqmif&u G af ewJu h pd aP wG[m cifAsm;wd@k awmifwef;e,fuvlawGtwGuf
aumif;usdK;twGufvm; qdk;usdK;twGufvm;qdkwmudk pOf;pm;bdk@vdkygw,f?
41
vGecf w hJ hJ av;ig;vwke;f u bmr#tajctaera&&mwJh awmifwef;a'oqdw k hJ

e,fawGudk tajctajctae a&a&&m&mjzpfatmif u|efawmfwdk@ 0ifa&mufulnD
aqmif&Gufay;cJhw,f? onfvdkvkyfvmcJhwmawG[m u|efawmfwdk@ apwemESifh
vkyfwmbJ? apwemESifhvkyfwmvm;/ a0'emESifh vkyfwmvm;/ pOf;pm;bdk@vdkw,f?
tarSmifxJuae+yD; tvif;a&mifxJa&mufatmif aqmif&GufvmwJh[mudk tvif;
a&mifu tarSmifxJjyefa&mufatmif jyefoGm;csifw,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if u|efawmfwdk@ rSm
wm;ydik cf iG hf r&Sb
d ;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifwt hJ wdik ;f ajym&v#if u|eaf wmfw@kd u aqG}uD;rsKd ;
}uD; aoG;csif;om;csif;0wW&m;&Sdovdk aqmif&Gufwefoavmuf aqmif&GufcJhw,f?
tvif;a&mifu tarSmifxjJ yefomG ;csiw f ,fqv kd #if u|eaf wmfw@kd rwwfEikd f
awmhb;l ? tJonfawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd tbd@k rmS awmh b,ftxdapwem&Sw d ,f qdw k m
u|efawmfwdk@. tajccHOya'a&;qJGxm;wJhaemufrSmvnf; pdwful;xm;wmawG
tajrmuftrsm; &Sdygao;w,f?
tJonf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkwm[mvnf; trSefpifppftm;jzifh
vlawG&J@apwem/ vlawG&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf/ vlawG&J@vdkvm;csuftm;vHk;udk b,fenf;
ESirhf # ukepf ifatmif rxnfEh ikd b f ;l ? b,fOya'rSmrS jynfjh ynfph pkH &kH w dS hJ Oya'rsKd ;r&SEd ikd bf ;l /
No constitution in the world is perfect urBmw0Sr;f vH;k rSm&Sw d hJ b,fz@GJ pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHOk ya'xJrmS rS jynfjh ynfph pkH &kH wdS hJ Oya'&,fv@kd r&Sb d ;l ? trSm;t,Gi;f r&Sw d OhJ ya'&,f
vdk@ vHk;0r&Sdao;bl;? tJonfawmhum zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'xJrSm vdkor#tcsuf
awGukd tukev f ;kH u|eaf wmfw@kd rxnfEh ikd b f ;l ? wcsK@d [mawGukd xnfEh ikd af yr,fh wcsKd @
[mawGudk rxnfhEdkifbJ &Sdw,f?
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'udkvkyfwJhae&mrSmvnf; The letter of the consti-
tution and the spirit of the constitution 2 rsKd ;&Sw d ,f? Oya'rSm pmvH;k awGuv kd u kd +f yD;
awmh uyfo;D uyfoyff 0denf;vGww f hJ 0denf;vGw&f akH vmuf t"dyg` ,af umufwehJ nf;u
wrsdK;/ tJonfOya'udk vkyfvdkufwJh tcgwkef;u Spirit of the constitution
u|efawmfwdk@rSm &SdwJhapwem pdwfxm;twdkif; vkyfvmwJh zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH
Oya'udzk wfvu kd wf t
hJ cgrmS onf[m vlrsKd ;tcsi;f csi;f cdik cf ikd v f vkH kH nDn! D w G ! f w G Ef iS hf
aygif;oif;oGm;+yD;awmhum tvkyfvkyfbdk@ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ygvm;- vdk@
tJ o nf Spirit pd w f x m;rsd K ;ay:vmatmif a&;qJ G w J h O ya'rsd K ;qd k v d k @ &S d v #if
onfOya'rsdK;t&/ tJonfOya'pdwf"gwft& Spirit of constitution u|efawmfwdk@
onfpw d "f gwt f wdik ;f aemuftvkyv f yk o f mG ;wJh tcgusawmh Extra constitutional
42
understanding and convention onf Oya'tay:rSm wa,mufESifhwa,muf

em;vnf+yD; ,H, k =kH unf=unf vkyw f v
hJ yk if ef;awG/ aemuf+yD;xH;k wrf;pOfvm tajrmuf
trsm;awG vkyf&rnf? onftcgusvdk@&Sdv#ifvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ apwemudk awG@&
ygvdrfhr,f? odk@aomfvnf; tcktxd u|efawmfwdk@jyvmwJh apwemawGudkom
odapcsifw,f? onfawmhum u|efawmfwdk@uawmh aoG;csif;om;csif;tjzpfESifh
onfvdkapwem jycJhw,f?
onfvdkjycJhwJhae&mrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ tarSmifu tvif;a&mifa&muf
onfxufa&mufatmif apwem oef@oef@EiS hf vkycf w hJ mygb?J tvif;a&mifuae+yD;
tarSmifoGm;apvdkwJh apwem r&Sdygbl;? odk@aomfvnf; tvif;a&mifuae+yD;awmh
tarSmifudkoGm;csifvdk@ &nf&G,faewJh vlawGvnf;&Sdygw,f?
wae@u pmwapmif zwfvu kd &f ygw,f? e,fwe,fu t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf
uae+yD; vGwv f yfwhJ ArmEdik if aH wmfxrJ mS raecsib f ;l qdwk hJ tJonfvkd tpD&ifcpH mrsKd ;
u|efawmfwdk@awG@&w,f? awG@&awmhum onfvdk t*Fvdyfvufatmuf aecsif=u
w,f qdv k #ivf nf; oabmbJ? tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifxo J mG ;csif =uwJv
h al wG
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t*Fvdyf vufatmufrSmvnf; raecsifbl;? b,fvlrsdK; b,fEdkifiHjcm; vlrsdK;vuf
atmufrSmrS raecsifbl;? u|efawmfwdk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsifw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)
u|efawmfwdk@ twdtvif; a=unmvdkygonf? tJonfawmh tJonfvdk
vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHtjzpfESifh u|efawmfwdk@aeEdkifatmif qdk+yD;awmh onftqdkudk
wifoiG ;f wJth cgrmS tvif;a&mifxrJ mS aecsi=f uwJh vlawG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd tqdu k kd
axmufcHyg? tvif;a&mifuae+yD; tarSmifxJudk oGm;csifwJhvlawGawmh oabm
twdkif;ygbJqdkwm onftqdkudkwifoGif;&if; u|efawmfajymcJhygw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
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43
jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS
wef;wlaom &Srf;jynf
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jynfaxmifpkwGif;rS wef;wlaom&Srf;jynf
awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifh
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qdkonf?
u|efawmfonfvnf; EdkifiHa&;owW0g waumifyifjzpfonf? qdkif;oH=um;
v#if xucsifoluJhodkŒ u|efawmfonfvnf; udk,fa&;udk,fwm t=uyftwnf;awG
=um;rS &Srf;jynf trsdK;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; wv_yfv_yfjzpfwdkif; xIucsifygonf?
“&Srf;jynf” trsdK;om;a&;&m v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;onf 'Da&tvm; wvSdrfhvSdrfh
wufv#uf&Sdvmav+yD? “&Srf;qdk;”[kac:a0:aeonfh &Srf;olykefxr_}uD;onfvnf;
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nmcsuf wapmifwavrS u|eaf wmfrzwf&ao;yg? xdt k &yfa'orSa&muf&v dS maom
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buf. txifrSm;r_ +idKjiifr_udkpdk;&drfI ra&;jzpfcJhyg?
45
OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;)
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yk*~dKvf ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkŒwGifvnf; oD;jcm;orRwEdkifiH &kd;om;pGm xlaxmifvdkaom
qEN ,aeŒay:vGifv#uf &Sdavonf?
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&Sd=uonf? waeŒwGif oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf oD;jcm;tpdk;& oD;jcm;vlrsdK;rsm;yif &Sdawmh
rnf r[kwaf y?
&Sr;f trsKd ;om;rsm;onf ADZqEN tav#muf oD;jcm;orRwEdik if H xlaxmifvkd
=uonfudk rnfolu tjypfwif0efŒ=urnfenf;? vlrsdK;}uD;0g' uif;pifaom Arm
trsdK;om;rsm;uvnf; =unfjzLpGm cGifhjyK=uayvdrfhrnf? &Srf;oD;jcm;orRwEdkifiHudk
&Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;wGif vdkcsifqENjyif;jyvmonfrSm usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;0g'
a=umifh jzpfay:vmonf r[kwfyg?
&Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;wGif epfemcsufawG&Sdonf? xdkepfemcsufrsm;wGif oD;jcm;
orRwEdkifiHonf pwifI tjrpfwG,fvmonf? ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'ESifh zdESdyfa&;0g'
onf zGHŒ+zdK;}uD;xGm;vmatmif ajrawmifajr‡mufay;vdkufonf?
vlrsdK;}uD;0g'orm;rsm;onf rdrdwdkŒ. rSm;,Gif;aom 0g'udkrjrif/ &Srf;
trsdK;om;a&; qENudk e,fcsJŒya,m*[lI‚if;/ usOf;ajrmif;aom trsdK;om;a&;0g'
[lI‚if; ac:a0:orkwf=uonf? u|efawmfESifh &if;ESD;aom tvHeD&Jabmf wOD;.
vufoHk;pum;uJhodkŒ “a&$awmifa=umifh/ a&$a&mifawmuf&jcif;” yifjzpfygonf?
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'onf ,aeŒArmjynfwGif vufsm*kd%f;wGifomru vuf0J*kd%f;wGif
ay:aygufaeonf?
&Sr;f jynfwaJG &;cGaJ &; jyomemwGi‚f if;/ zqyv / yxp wGif omru yrnw
ESifhawmwGif;ygwDrsm;xJYyif vlrsdK;}uD;0g'&Sd=uonf? ,aeŒ &Srf;jynftrsdK;om;a&;
46
udpPwGif bDvl;pnf; vlŒpnf; cGJjcm;ay;vdrfhrnf? &Srf;jynfe,f trsdK;om;pdwf&Sdol

rSefor#onf &Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf epfemcsufrsm;&Sdonfudk em;vnf=uonf?
olŒ&_a'gihf ud, k &hf a_ 'girhf S epfemcsurf sm; az:xkw=f uonf? tajz&Sm=uonf?
odŒk ESihf vGwvf yfa&;&+yD; 12 ESpaf usmf 13 ESpo f Œkd csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvmonf?
tcsdKŒtpdyftydkif;u Armudk eif;uefrkef;ypfvdkufonf? vufeufpGJudkif olykefx=u
onf? Armqdk tukefowfcsifpdwfay:vmonf? vHkcsnf0wfxm;v#if &Srf;wdkif;&if;
om; rsm;udkyif csrf;omray; owfypfvdkufonf? tcsdKŒtpdyftydkif;onf awm
cdk olykefrxaomfvnf; &Srf;jynftajctaeudk t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒrS Arme,fcsJŒodkŒ ycHk;
ajymif;vdkufwmyJ[k jrif=uonf?
tcsdKŒuvnf; &Srf;jynfonf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh toifhtwifh&Sdonf/ Arm
udkvdkeD[k rac:qdkEkdifaomfvnf; a&S;acwfyÀmqufEdkifiH tqifhavmufwGif&Sdonf
[kqo kd nf? ,if;odŒk trsKd ;rsKd ; uGjJ ym;aeaom Oya'abmifwiG ;f &Sd &Sr;f jynftrsKd ;om;
a&;orm;rsm;onf ,aeŒqHkpnf;vm=uonf? tHh=obG,f&m wlnDaom jy\em
wckudk jrifawGŒvm=uonf?
xdkjy\emum; tjcm;r[kwf?
,aeŒ&Srf;jynf/ Armjynf yl;aygif;yHk yl;aygif;enf;onf &Srf;trsdK;om;wdkŒ.
qENESifh udkufnDaom yl;aygif;enf;r[kwf/ jynfaxmifpkzGJŒpnf;yHk enf;pepfvnf;
rrSefuef/ tm%mcGJa0r_vnf; rr#w [lI wnDw!Gwfwnf; az:xkwfvm=u.?
wlnaD om jy\emtwGuf wlnaD om tajz&&ef pkaygi;f I tajz&Smae=u av+yD?
&&Sdrnfhtajzonf jynfaxmifpktwGuf tusdK;&Sdrnfavm/ tusdK;rJhrnf
avm [lonfudk tajctaet&yf&yfu tqHk;tjzwfay;=uayrnf?
Armjynf&Sd ygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rsm;onf udk,fcsif;pmw&m; vufudkifxm;I
ulnDaz;r=uv#if jynfaxmifpktwGuf tusdK;&Sdrnfh tajzxGufvmayrnf? odkŒ
r[kwb f J vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' vufuikd x f m;I zdEydS zf suqf ;D v#if jynfaxmifpt k wGuf tusKd ;
rJhaom tajzxGufvmayvdrfhrnf?
vGefcJhonfh atmufwdkbmvtwGif;u usif;ycJhaom ygvDrefjynfolŒv$wf
awmf nD v mcH w G i f jynf a xmif p k z G J Œ pnf ; yH k tajccH O ya' jyef v nf p d p pf & ef u d p P
ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
rlvu w&kwf Arm e,fjcm;owfrw S af &;udp/P Ak'b < mom Edik if aH wmf bmom
jyKvkyfa&;udpPESifh tjcm;udpP 3-4 &yf twGufomtajccH Oya'udkjyifqif&ef
47
&nf&G,fcJhonf? od@k aomf &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ u,m; trsdK;om;rsm;wGifvnf;

‚if;wdk@ESifh oufqdkifaomu¾rsm;twGuf tajccHOya'udk jyifqifvdkvm=uonf?
xdtk ajctxd jyomemrSm odyrf }uD;vSao;yg? od@k &mwGif jyomemt&yf&yf
nd‡E_dif;&mrS vlrsdK;pkwdkif; wef;wlnDr#r_ r&Sdonfudk‚if;/ zGJ@pnf;yHkpepf rrSefuefonf
udk‚if; awG@jrif=uum/ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHwckvHk;udk jyifqifvdk=uonf txd
}uD;us,fvmcJhonf?
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u 0ef}uD; a'gufwmOD;at;armif acgif;aqmifaom
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&; aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;
yg0ifaom jynfe,frsm; jyefvnfoHk;oyfa&;aumfrDwDzGJ@um jynfe,fvlxkrsm;xHrS
t}uHay;csufrsm;udk a=unmIawmif;cHcJhonf? &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ pyfcGefcsdKu
xdkxufwqifhwufI us,fjyefŒpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf?
&Srf;jynfe,f trwfrsm;tm;vHk;/ trwfrsm;rJqENe,frS udk,fpm;vS,f 2-
OD;pD/ &Sr;f jynf&dS ygwD tzJŒG tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k rS ud, k pf m;vS,f 3 OD;pDEiS hf &Sr;f jynfa&;
wGif pdwyf g0ifpm;aom woD;yk*v ~ rsm;ESiw
hf uG yifvpkH mcsKyfa&;xd;k cJah om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/
,cif wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmftrwfrsm; tm;vHk;udk zdwfac:I trsdK;om;nDvmcH
oabmrsdK; usif;ycJhonf?
xdnk v D mcHobifoŒkd wufa&mufaom ud, k pf m;vS,f tm;vH;k uyif vuf&dS
zJŒG pnf;yHpk epfukd r}udKuf=uyg/ ydrk w
kd ud saom jynfaxmifppk epf (Federation) udv k ckd sif
a=umif;wifjy=uonf?
tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;udpPwGif wrsKd;om;vHk;onf wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
&S=d uonft h wdik ;f wlnaD omtajccHru l n
kd Ed‡ id_ ;f +yD; tajccHOya'udk vdt k yfovdk jyifqif
Ekdif&eftwGuf &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tm; t}uHay;&ef ygwDtzJGŒtpnf;wckv#if udk,f
pm;vS,f 3 OD;pDEiS hf woD;yk*v ~ 5 OD;yg0ifaom aumfrw D wD &yfukd xdn k v
D mcH obifrS
zJGŒpnf;vdkufonf? xdkaumfrDwDonf vkyfief;rsm;pwifv#uf &Sdayonf? vlrsdK;wdkif;
wef;wlnrD #ra_ y:wGif tajccHaom jynfaxmifprk u l kd &SmazG=uvdrrhf nf [k u|eaf wmf
xifonf?
rnfodkŒyifjzpfap trsdK;om;nDvmcHobifwGif trsm;uqENjyif;jyonfh
oD;jcm;&Srf;orRwEdkifiHudk aemufydkif;odkŒydkŒvdkuf+yD; wef;wlnDr#onfh jynfaxmifpkrl
udk vdv k m;=uonfrmS aumif;aomvuQ%m[k u|eaf wmfjrifygonf? trSerf mS u|ef
awmfwdkŒwawGonf 1947 ckESpfu tvkyfudk ,ckrSvkyfae=u&ygonf?
48
1947 ckESpf wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif u|effawmfwdkŒonf

(1) EdkifiHa&; tawGŒt}uKH Eke,fao;jcif;
(2) Oya'u|rf;usifr_ r&Sdao;jcif;
(3) zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ vGefuJjcif;
(4) wESpftwGif;vHk;0 vGwfvyfa&;&&efom aZm}uD;aejcif;a=umifh vuf&Sd
tajccHOya'udk cyfayghaygh yifvufcHvdkuf=uonf?
e,fcsJŒvufatmufu tjrefqHk;vGwf&efom ta&;}uD;onf/ e,fcsJŒr&Sd
onfh aemufyikd ;f aoG;&if;om;&if;/ nDtudk tcsi;f csi;f rl;wif;yJwif; vky=f uvdrrhf nf
r[kwf[k xifcJh=uonf?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGiu
f m; xdo k Œkd r[kwyf g/ yifvn
kH v
D mcHEiS hf
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif xm;&SdcJhaompdwfxm;rsm; yaysmufukef+yD; Oya'pum;
vHk;rsm;udkom twdtus ajymqdkvm=uayonf?
jynfaxmifpkaxmufyhHa=u;ESifh ywfoufI jynfe,frsm; txl;ojzifh
u|efawmfwdkŒ&Srf;jynfe,f wGif r=umc%qdkovdk yGpd yGpd jzpfonfudk ta=umif;jyK
+yD; Adv
k cf ifarmifuav; b¾ma&;0ef}uD; tjzpfaqmif&u G af epOfu Cabinet tzJŒG odŒk
pmwrf;wapmifwifjyonf[k od&onf? Adkvfcifarmifuav;u ‚if;pmwrf;wGif
vuf&dS zJŒG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESihf tm%mcJaG 0r_Z,m;rsm;udk tajccHum wGucf su+f yD;
jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &onf &S r f ; jynf t m; ay;&ef w m0ef bmr#r&S d o nf omru
&Srf;jynfuyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&odkŒ ESpfpOf odef; 50 ausmf jyefay;&OD;rnf [k
az: jyxm;a=umif; =um;od&onf? vuf&Sd zJGŒpnf;yHkpepfESifh Z,m;rsm;t& Adkvfcif
armifuav;. wGufcsufr_onf rSefaumif;rSefayvdrfhrnf?
vuf&Sd zJGŒpnf;yHkpepfwGif Armjynfe,fESifh Armtpdk;&[lI oD;jcm;r&SdbJ
Armtpd k ; &onf jynf a xmif p k t pd k ; &ES i f h vH k ; Ixm;vd k u f o nf ? Armjynf e ,f
Armtpdk;&[lI oD;jcm;rxm;&SdonfhtwGuf Armjynfe,f ESifh Armtpdk;&twGuf
toHk;p&dwfrsm;vnf; oD;jcm;r&Sday? rsm;aomtm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk toHk;p&dwf
tjzpf vH;k Ijyxm;vdu k &f m jynfe,ftm;vH;k ESihf qdik o
f nfh tcGeaf wmf&aiGrS jynfe,f
rsm;&&ef r&SdawmhbJ Adkvfcifarmifuav; wifjyouJhodkŒ jynfe,frsm;u jyefIyif
ay;&OD;rvdkvdk jzpfaeonf?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekuvnf; Adkvfcifarmifuav;uJhodkŒyif oabmxm;[efwl
onf? jynfe,frsm; axmufyHha&;bkwftzJGŒ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;Eku tajccHOya'
49
wGif axmufyahH =u;ay;&rnfvŒkd qdrk xm;bl;? usKyfwŒkd ay;csirf S ay;Ekid o f nf/ 'Davmuf
ay;wm cifAsm;wdkŒ aus;Zl;wifzdkŒaumif;onf [k ajyma=umif;=um;od&onf?
&Sr;f jynfe,f tpd;k &wGif jynfwiG ;f tcGeaf wmfuvnf; bmrSr&/ jynfaxmifpk
axmufyaHh =u;uvnf; ravmufriS jzpfaeI 0ifaiGyv kd m&ef &Sr;f jynfwiG f pD;u&uf
pufwpuf wnfaxmif&ef }uHpnfco hJ nf [kqo kd nf? xdpk ;D u&uf pufwpuf wnf
axmifv#if wESpfv#if0ifaiG odef;aygif;w&m cefŒ&&Sdrnf[k cefŒrSef;=uonf?
ESppf Of jynfaxmifpk axmufyahH =u;a&m jynfwiG ;f tcGeaf wmfygrS ode;f aygi;f
200 cefŒom0ifaiG&Sdaom &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tzdkŒ wESpfodef; 100 0ifaiG ydk&Sdv#if
jynfolŒtusdK;jyKvkyfief; ajrmufrsm;pGm vkyfEkdifvmrnf r[kwfygavm? odkŒaomf
xdpk ;D u&ufpuf pDru H ed ;f ESihf ywfoufI Armtm%mydik rf sm;u “&Sr;f jynfrmS cifAsm;
wdkŒpD;u&ufpufwnfcsif wnfEdkifw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DpD;u&uf pufuxGufvmwJh
pD;u&ufawGudk Armjynf vmra&mif;&bl;/ vma&mif;&if usKyfwdkŒtcGefaumuf
&r,f” [kajymonfhtwGuf xdkpDrHudef;ysufoGm;onf[k =um;od &onf?
vuf&zdS ŒGJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' t& &Sr;f jynfe,f tpd;k &onf puf&Hk tvky&f /Hk
owWKwGi;f vkyif ef;rsm; vkyEf idk cf iG rhf &S[
d k odem;vnf cJo h nf? ,ck jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &
acwfusrS a'gufwmat;armifu vkyfEdkifcGifh&Sda=umif; ajymonf[k od&onf?
odŒk aomf xdpk uf&/Hk tvky&f /Hk owWKwGi;f rsm; vkyu f ikd &f ef aiG&if;&SmazGciG Ehf iS hf xGuu f ek f
ypPn;f rsm; ArmjynfoŒkd vGwv f yfpmG a&mif;cGirhf &Sv
d #if OD;at;armif. vkyEf ikd cf iG &hf o dS nf
qdkjcif;onf rnfodkŒt"dy`g,f &Sdygawmhrnfenf;?
&Srf;jynfwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; rxGef;um;ao;I ukefusp&dwfumrdrnf
r[kwfojzifh avmyDwv#yfppf"gwftm;udk &Srf;jynfodkŒ v$wfay;Edkifrnf r[kwf
a=umif; 0ef}uD;OD;&m&Spfuajymonf [k qdkonf? Ttwdkif;om qdkv#if &Srf;jynf
tif;av;a&udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; jzpfay:vmaom avmyDwv#yfppf"gwftm;udk
&Srf;jynfwGif pufr_vkyfief;rsm; xGef;um;vmonfhumvrS toHk;jyKEkdifayawmhrnf?
TonfwdkŒum; vuf&SdzJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESifh ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'
wdkŒa=umifh &Srf;jynftwGuf epfemaeonfh tcsufwdkŒjzpfonf? tajccHOya'udk
jyefvnfpDppfI jyifqif&ef tcGifhta&; &vmonfhtcg 'Drdkua&pDudk av;pm;
aomtm;jzifh &SrS ;f jynftrsKd ;om; taygi;f wdŒk onf tajccHOya'udk oJorJ rJ J jyifqif
&ef }udK;yrf;=uonfrmS obm0vnf;usonf/ w&m;vnf;w&m;onf[k u|eaf wmf
xifygonf?
50
zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH Oya' jyifqifa&; (0g) wef;wlnrD #I wajy;nDpmG

wd;k wufaom jynfaxmifpjk zpfay:a&;tay:wGif &Sr;f jynftrsKd ;om; taygi;f wdŒk onf
trsdK;om;nD!$wfa&;udk wpnf;wvHk;wnf; wnfaqmufvdkuf=uay+yD? TtrsdK;
om;nD!Gwfa&;}uD;onf cdkifrm}uD; xGm;v#uf&Sdavonf? ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'.
vufyg;aprsm;onf TtrsKd ;om; nD!w G af &;}uD;udk +zdKcG&J ef }udK;yrf;=uayvdrrhf nf?
Armjynfolvlxktaygif;onf jynfaxmifpkwnf+rJa&;udk }uD;pGmtE W&m,f
jyKaom ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufzsufum wef;wlnDr#I wajy;nDpGm
wd;k wufaom jynfaxmifpk ay:ayguaf &;twGuf &k;d om;pGm}udK;yrf;aeaom u|eaf wmf
wdkŒ&Srf;jynftrsdK;om;rsm;tm; az;rulnDvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?
u|eaf wmfh taejzifh wef;wlnrD #I wajy;nDpmG wd;k wufaom jynfaxmifpk
}uD;ay:ayguaf &;udk taxmuftuljyKpdrahf omiSg Ekid if aH ygi;f 20 ausm. f zJŒG pnf;yHpk epf
ESifh urBmŒOya'ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;. pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; udkrSDjirf;jyKum &Srf;jynf
wrsKd ;om; vH;k vdv k m;aom “jynfaxmifppk epf” aqmif;yg;udk qufvufIa&;om;
az: jyvdkufygonf?
u|eaf wmfonf Oya'ynm wwfu|r;f em;vnforl [kwo f nfth m;avsmpf mG
u|efawmf.aqmif;yg;wGif t"dy`g,faz: jycsufESifh Oya'udk;um;csufrsm; rSm;,Gif;
aeygv#if Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;onf u|eaf wmft h m; cGiv
hf w$ =f uyg&ef av;pm;pGm}udKwif
I awmif;yefxm;tyfygonf?
***************
51
2³1 jynfaxmifpk oabmw&m;
u|eaf wmfw@kd vv
kd m;aom jynfaxmifppk epf
zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk jyifqif=u&mY “rl” udk rysupf ;D

apbJ jyifqif=u&rnf[k tpdk;&u pnf;urf;owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf xdk “rl”
ESifhywfoufI jy\emay:cJhonf? tajccHOya'. “rl” qdkwmbmvJ[k ar;=u
jref;=uonf? Oya'yg&*lwOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHawmf zJGŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'.
“rl” [m qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH wnfaqmufa&;bJjzpfonf[k tajzay;onf? tcsdKŒu
tajccHOya'. ed'gef;onf tajccHOya'. “rl” yifjzpfonf[k ajym=uonf?
txufygwdkŒrSm jy\emtajz tjynfhtpHkr[kwf/ tpdwftydkif;om jzpf
onf[k u|efawmf,lqonf?
1947 ckEpS f ZGev
f (16) &ufaeŒwdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf nDvmcHwiG f Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef; wifoiG ;f onfh vrf;!$ejf yÏge;f csuf tqdw k iG f yg&adS om tcsuf (7) csuf
onfom tajccHOya'. “rl” rsm;jzpfygonf?
vrf;!$efjyXmef;csuftqdk
awmifwef;om;rsm;ESifh u&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0if jzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiH

awmfol EdkifiHom;wdkŒ. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkŒ. tmoDo
qENEiS ahf vsmn
f pD mG Edik if aH wmf zJŒG pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccH Oya'udk pDpOfa&; qJ&G ef tvd@k imS
pHknDpka0;=uv#uf atmufygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwf=ua=umif;?
(1) Ed k i f i H a wmf zJ G @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y H k tajccH O ya'onf “jref r mjynf a xmif p k

EdkifiHawmf” [kac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
orRwEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpf&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(2) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmfwiG f zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'u owfrw S f

az: jyonfh woD;yk*v~ jynfe,frsm; yg0ifapv#u/f od@k owfrw S af z: jyonfh
52
woD;yk*~vjynfe,frsm;onf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwf

az: jy xm;onfEiS t
hf r# ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; tm%m&&Sad p&rnf? xd@k jyif-
(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f vGwv f yfaom orRwjrefrmEdik if aH wmfEiS hf wuGtyg

t0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzJG@tpnf;tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifh
tm%m[lor#w@kd onf wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k xrH S oufq
f if;ap&rnf? xd@k jyif-
(4) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. wdik ;f oljynfom; rSeo f r#onf vlra_ &;&mY
‚if;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mY‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;&mY‚if;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sdapv#uf tqifh
twef; tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufr_wdk@wGif ql}uHKedrfhjrifhr&Sd/ yuwd
wlnaD p&rnfh tjyif w&m;Oya'ESiahf omf‚if;/ trsm;jynfow l @kd apmifph nf;
tyfaom tusifhoduQmESifh aomf‚if; rqef@usifor# vGwfvyfpGm }uHpnf
ydik cf iG /hf xkwaf z:ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf ,H=k unfyikd cf iG /hf bmomw&m; ud;k uG,yf ikd cf iG /hf
0wfjyKydik cf iG /hf y&da,oe&SmrS;D ydik cf iG /hf pnf;&k;H ydik cf iG /hf jyKrlaqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG w
hf @kd
&&Sdwnf+rJap&eftwGuf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(5) TzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdk@ vHkavmufaom

umuG,fcsufrsm;xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwjrefrmEdkifiH. e,fajrwdk@

waygi;f wpnf;wnf; wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;ud‚k if;/ Edik if aH wmf. =unf;/ a&/ av
wdk@udk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk‚if;/ w&m;"rRESifhwuG jynfaxmif
tcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifhxm;&Sdap&rnf? xdk@jyif-
(7) &mZ0ifwiG f xif&mS ;cJah om jrefrmEdik if aH wmfonf urBmwGif rdr.

d *k%f =uuf
oa&ESihf avsmn f pD mG &oif&h xdu
k af om tqift h wef;od@k a&muf&adS p&rnfh
tjyif/ vlowW0gwdk@. wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usdK;csrf;omjynfh0a&;wdk@udk
wm0eftav#muf/ apwemjzifh tpGr;f ukejf znfph u G x
f rf;&Guu
f m jynfaxmif
tcsif;csif;/ qdkif&mw&m;"rR ESifh usifh0wfoduQmudktajcjyKI urBm@+idrf;
csrf;a&; a&S@&_v#uf EdkifiHwumwdk@ESifh rdwf0wfrysuf wJGbufyl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufr_udk cdkif+rJaom t"dÏmefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh?
53
vuf&Sd zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk xdkrl (7) csufESifh tnDt!Gwf

a&;qJGxm;a=umif; OD;Eku wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfnDvmcHwGif &Sif;vif;cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh tajccHOya'rlESifhygwfoufI u|efawmfwdk@onf tjiif;yGg;aep&m/ pdwf
wGif pEkd;paemifhjzpfaep&m rvdkawmhay?
vuf&Sd tajccHOya'udk u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfodk@
jyifqifajymif;vJ&mY Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; csay;cJah om tajccH “rl” rsm;ESihf qef@usif
p&m xdcdkufp&m r&SdEkdif[k u|efawmf,lqygonf?
Constitution udkjrefrmbmomjzifh “EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'” [k ac:a0:xm;&m t"dy`g,ftjynfht0 az: jyxm;+yD; jzpfonf? EkdifiHawmf
tm; b,fvykd pkH jH zifh zJ@G pnf;I b,fvkd “rl”/ b,fvkd “pnf;rsO;f ” jzifh tkycf sKyfrnf
ponfw@kd ukd a&;qJx G m;aom tajccHOya'onf (Constitution) yifjzpfonf?
rpPwmatmfpwifu tajccHOya'onf tpdk;& taqmufttHkudk wnf
aqmufay;onf[k qdo k nf? rpPwm'Dap; url Edik if . H tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm; udk
cJGa0&mwGif‚if;/ vufawG@usifhoHk;&mwGif‚if;/ wdkuf&kduf odk@wnf;r[kwf oG,f0dkuf
I oufqikd af paom pnf;urf;Oya' tm;vH;k udk tajccHOya' [kac:a=umif; t"dyg` ,f
az: jyxm;.?
urBmh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;. t"dy`g,faz: jycsufrSm u|efawmfwdk@vdk vl+ydef;
rsm;tzd@k odem;vnf&ef cufcyJ gonf? jrefrm tac:ta0: onfom zwfvu kd &f jHk zifh
t"dyg` ,f tvH;k pHu k kd iHrk o
d mG ;onf/ odem;vnf oGm;aponf[k u|eaf wmf,q l ygonf?
a&S; acgrynm&Sirf sm;onf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH pepfukd pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfol ta&twGuaf y:
rlwnfI cJjG cm;=uonf? tcsKyftjcm tm%monf vlwOD;wa,mufxw H iG f xm;&Sd
v#if {u&mZf pepf (Monarchy) [kac:wGi=f u+yD;/ vlwpkxw H iG f xm;&Sv
d #if t&pPwkd
ua&pD (Aristocracy) [kac:wGif=uonf? vlrsm;pkwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%m
tyfEx HS m;aom pepfukd ay:vDwo D @kd r[kwf 'Dru
kd a&pD [kac:wGi=f uonf? {u&mZf
pepfESifh t&pPwdkua&pD wdk@onf urBmajrjyifrS wjznf;jznf; wdrfaumyaysmuf
cJh+yD; jzpfonf?
rsufarSmufacwf zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pepfrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pDESifh tm%m&Sif
pepf 2 rsKd ;om awG@Eikd af yawmhonf? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfonfvnf; wdik ;f jynfwjynfEiS hf
wjynf rwluJGjym;jcm;em; =uonf? 'Drdkua&pD trsdK;rsdK; trnfemr trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
ac:wGif=uonf? Oyrm qdkAD,uf'Drdkua&pD/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pD/ 'Drdkua&pDopf/
54
qdk&S,fvpf'Drdkua&pD/ taemufydkif;'Drdkua&pDrsm;/ r=umrDu tif'dkeD;&Sm;orRw

qlumEduk (Guided Democracy) yJu h ikd 'f rD u
kd a&pD[k xGiv
f u
kd jf yefonf?
tm%m&Sipf epfwiG v
f nf; vlwef;pm;ay:wGif tajccHI zufqpftm%m&Sif
pepf/ ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepf/ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf [lI uJGjym;
avonf? r=umao;rDu tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif ppftm%m&Sifpepfonf acwfpm;
vmonf?
'Dru
kd a&pDd qdw
k m
tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfoljynfom;rsm;xHwGif wnf&Sdv#if omref
tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pD[I l em;vnf=uonf? od@k &mwGif t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJqENay;
I tpd;k &tzJ@G tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufciG &hf jcif;tm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDonf jynf0h +yD[k
r,lq Edik af o;ay/ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom tpd;k &tzJ@G tm; jynfojl ynfom;
rsm;u wenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnfcsKyfuikd x f m;Edik rf S 'Dru
kd a&pDonf jynfph +kH yD;[k qdEk ikd f
avonf?
'Drdkua&pDudk vufawG@usifhoHk;&mY 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH[lI ac:wGifaom
Edik if rH sm;wGiyf if wEdik if EH iS hf wEdik if H wlnrD r_ &S=d uacs? t*FvefwiG f usio hf ;kH aom 'Dru kd
a&pDonf tar&duefwGif usifhoHk;aom 'Drdkua&pDESifh jcm;em;onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm
urBmay:wGif 'Drdkua&pD tjynfht0qHk; qdkonfh qGpfZmvefEdkifiHwGif usifhoHk;onfh
'Drdkua&pDrSm t*Fvef/ tar&duefwdk@wGif usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifh rwljcm;em;
jyefonf?
wzef t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef tp&Sdonfh taemuf
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhoHk;onfh 'Drdkua&pDESifh ta&S@'Drdkua&pD [kac:onfh
qdAk , D uf ,le, D EH iS hf jynfo@l 'rD u
kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;wGif usio hf ;kH onfh 'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf tajccH
tm;jzifh jcm;em;jyefonf?
55
'Dru
kd a&pD zJ@G pnf;yHpk eH pf
'Drdkua&pDay: tajccHI zJG@pnf;xm;aom tkyfcsKyfyHkpHepfrsm;wGif Federal
ac: jynfaxmifppk eH pfEiS hf Unitary ac: wjynfaxmifpeH pf (0g) tpd;k & wzJ@G wnf;[lI
2 rsKd ; 2 pm;&S=d uonf?
qdAk ,
D uf ,le,D /H tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k qGpZf mvef/ uae'g/ ,l*q kd vm;
AD;,m;/ =opawvfvD;,m; tp&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkpHepfjzifh zJG@pnf;
xm;=uonf? +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ b,f*sD,H/ csufudkqvdkaA;uD;,m;/ tDwvD/ w&kwf
jynf ponfw@kd rmS wjynfaxmifpeH pf (0g) tpd;k &wzJ@G pHepfjzifh zJ@G pnf;xm; =uonf?
jynfaxmifpk pHepf
jynf a xmif p k p H e pf q d k o nf r S m tcsKyf t jcmtm%myd k i f vG w f v yf a om

EdkifiHrsm;/ wef;wl&nfwl qENtav#muf yl;aygif;zJG@pnf;um A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh
jynfe,frsm;t=um; tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; twdtus cGJa0ay;xm;aom
pHepfjzpfonf?
yx0Dtaetxm; jcm;em;r_a=umifh‚if;/ EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;rwlnDr_
a=umifh‚if;/ vlrsdK;a&; uJGjym;jcm;r_a=umifh‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkpHepfudk a&G;cs,f zJG@pnf;
=uonf?
jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif yg0ifzJG@pnf;aom jynfe,frsm;. vlOD;a& tenf;
trsm;/ e,ftus,ft0ef; ponfwdk@onf wef;wlnDr#r_twGuf twm;tqD;
jzpfp&m ta=umif;r&Sdacs?
u|efawmfwdk@&Srf;jynfwGif ArmonfvlOD;a&rsm;jym;I ArmESifhaygif;v#if
tpOft+rJ epfemaernf[k ,lqolrsm;&Sb d o
d uJo
h @kd jrefrmjynfwiG v
f nf; e,fpyfa'o
jynfe,frsm;wGif vlOD;a& tvGefenf;ojzifh ArmESifh wef;wltcGifhta&; ray;xdkuf
[k ,lqolrsm;&Sd=uonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif eDAm;'g;jynfe,fonf vlOD;a& woef;ydkydkom
&Sdonf? 0dkif,dkrif;ESifh 'Jvm;0J,m;wGif ESpfodef;cGJ pDom&Sd=uonf? e,l;a,muf
jynfe,frSm 13 oef;cJG&Sdonf?
56
qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpw k iG vf nf; (Cahton) ac: jynfe,f 22- e,f&o dS nfh

teuf Zl ; &pf E S i f h bef ; jynf e ,f r sm;rS m e,f } uD ; rsm;jzpf + yD ; aA;av;rS m e,f i ,f
uav;omjzpfonf?
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGifvnf; &k&Sm;jynfe,fpkorRwEdkifiHonf tvGef
}uD;rm;+yD; tufpwdk;eD;,m;orRwEdkifiHrSm tvGefao;i,fygonf?
jynfe,ft}uD;ti,f vlO;D a& tenf;trsm;rSm jynfaxmifppk eH pf zJ@G pnf;a&;
wGif ta&;r}uD;yg? A[djk ynfaxmifpk tpd;k &ESihf jynfe,ftpd;k & t=um; tm%mESihf
tcGifhta&;rsm; r#r#ww cJGa0r_omv#if ta&;}uD;ygonf?
tm%mcJGa0enf;
jynfaxmifppk eH pfwiG f tm%mESihf tcGit

hf a&; cJaG 0yHk cJaG 0enf;rSm 3 rsKd ; 3
pm; &Sdonf?
(1) jynfaxmifpkppfppf EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Extreme type of federal system )
A[dkjynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;om
ay;xm;+yD; useftm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk; (Residual Pow-
ers) udk jynfe,frsm;wGif tyfESif;xm;onf?
Oyrm- qGpfZmvef/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ =opaw;vD;,m;?
(2) jynfaxmifpk rppfwppfEdkifiHrsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk taysmhpm;

EdkifiHrsm;wGif (Weak type of federal system) jynfe,frsm;tm; toifh
twifh tm%mESihf tcGit hf a&;rsm; cJaG 0ay;+yD; uset
f m%mESihf tcGit
hf a&;
tm;vHk;udk A[dkjynfaxmifpku odrf;ydkufxm;onf?
Oyrm- uae'g/ awmiftmz&du jynfaxmifpk/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH?
(3) A[dkjynfaxmifpktwGuf oD;oef@tm%mrsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf

oD;oef@tm%mrsm;[lI cJjG cm;owfrw S x
f m;onfomru A[djk ynfaxmifpk
a&m jynfe,frsm;yg aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tm%mrsm; (Concurrent Pow-
ers) [lI owfrw S f xm;onf?
Oyrm- qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/
57
,if;odk@ 3 rsdK;/ 3 pm; tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; cJGa0=uaomfvnf;

rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm; jynfaxmifpkbJjzpfjzpf jynfe,frsm;twGuf cJGa0xm;aom
tm%mESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd A[dkjynfaxmifpkrS 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh r&Sdacs?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;. jynfwiG ;f a&;udprP sm;udk 0ifa&mufcs,v f ,
S cf iG hf r&Sad y?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;onf vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sd=uonf?
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkpHepfwGif jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fydkif
tkycf sKyfa&; (Complete Autonomy) &&S=d uonf qdak omfvnf; jynfaxmifpk rppf
wppf pHepf (0g) jynfaxmifpk taysmhpm;pHepfwGif jynfe,frsm;onf tcGifhtm%m
rsm; tvGefenf;yg;+yD;/ tiftm;enf;vGef;onfhtwGuf jynfe,ftqifhrS yÀmquf
EdkifiH (Vassal State) tjzpfo@kd ‚if;/ vufatmufceH ,fy,f (Province) tqifo h @kd ‚if;/
usa&mufukef=uonf?
Oyrm- uae'g/ jrefrm/ awmiftmz&du/
jynfaxmifpkpHepf qdkonfhtwdkif; oD;jcm;jynfaxmifrsm; pkaygif;xm;&m
jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &[lI‚if;/ jynfe,f tpd;k &[lI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpk ygvrD ef[I l ‚if;/
jynfe,fygvDref[lI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpk w&m;&kH;[lI‚if;/ jynfe,fw&m;&kH;[lI‚if;/
oD;jcm;pD &Sd=u&avonf?
jynfe,frsm;onf ,if;uJhodk@ oD;jcm;tpdk;& (tkyfcsKyfa&;)/ oD;jcm;ygvDref
(Oya'jyKa&;)/ oD;jcm;w&m;&kH; (w&m;pD&ifa&;) rsm;xm;&Sd+yD; vHk;0udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&; &Sdjcif;onfyif jynfaxmifpkpHepf. t"du tESpfom& jzpfayonf?
jynfaxmifpk ygvrD ef
jynfaxmifpk ygvDrefrsm;wGif v$wfawmf 2-&yf yg0if=up+rJ jzpfonf? xdk

v$wfawmf 2 &yfudk wdkif;jynfftrsdK;rsdK;wGif trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:wGif=uonf?
vG,fulap&ef txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmf [lIyif ac:a0:=uygpdk@?
atmufv$wfawmfudk vlOD;a&ay: tajcwnfI a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf
=uonf? Proportional Representation jynfe,frsm;onf vlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;
tvdkuf trwfOD;a&apv$wfcGifh &=uonf? txufv$wfawmfonf jynfe,frsm;
}uD;onf-i,fonf r[l/ wlnaD om trwfO;D a& apv$w=f uonf? txufvw $ af wmf
onf jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; }uD;Edik f i,f!O‡ ;f qJrsKd ; r&Sad p&ef atmuf
58
v$wfawmftm; rJwif;ay;&eftwGuf zJG@pnf;jcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,f

rsm;tm; umuG,f&ef zJG@pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh v$waf wmf 2 &yfukd oabmw&m;tm;jzifh wef;wl&nfwl tcGihf
tm%mwl xm;=uonf? od@k &mwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh v$waf wmf 2 &yfonf tcGihf
tm%mcsif; rwl=uay?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wfawmf
xuf ydIk tcGit hf m%m &Sod nf? ydI k *k%&f o
dS nf? atmufvw $ af wmf trwfrsm;onf
wae@wGif txufv$wfawmftrwfjzpf&ef ar#mfrSef;=uonf?
qdAk ,D uf,el ,
D EH iS hf qGpZf mvefwiG o f abmw&m;a&mvufawG@yg v$waf wmf
2 &yfonf wef;wl&nfwl &Sd=uonf? wlnDaom tcGifhtm%m &Sd=uonf?
use&f adS om jynfaxmifprk sm; (uae'g/ =opaw;vD;,m;/ awmiftmz&du/
jrefrmEdik if )H wGif atmufvw $ af wmfonf txufvw $ af wmfxuf tm%mydI k &Sod nf?
tajccHOya'wGif aiGOya'=urf;rsm; atmufvw $ af wmfwiG o
f m pwif wifoiG ;f &rnf
[k jyXmef;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH tajccHOya'wGif xdkxufuJI jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&onf atmufv$wfawmfudkom wm0efcHa=umif; jyXmef;xm;onf?
txuf v$wfawmfodk@ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,fwe,fv#if
trwf 2 OD;pD‚if;/ uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGif 24 OD;pD‚if;/ qGpfZmvef jynfaxmifpk
wGif 2 OD;pD‚if;/ =opaw;vD;,m; jynfaxmifpkwGif 6 OD;pD‚if;/ awmiftmz&du
jynfaxmifpkwGif 8 OD;pD‚if;/ toD;oD; apv$wfcGifh &êd=uonf?
jrefrmjynfwGif (rl) Eêifh tcsdK;tpm; r&Sday?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &wd@k wiG f orRwtm; tm%mtvk;H pHk tyfEiS ;f aomtpd;k &
ESifhygvDreftm; tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&[lI 2 rsKd; 2 pm;&Sdonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf orRwtm; tm%mtyfESif;aom
tpd;k & trsK;d tpm;jzpf+yD;/ tjcm;jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &rsm;onf ygvrD eftm; tm%m
tyfESif;aomtpdk;& trsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpf=uonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkorRwa&G;aumufyHk a&G;aumufenf;rSm urBmay:
wGifrnfonfh EkdifiHESifhrSrwl wrljcm;ayonf? tar&duef orRwa&G;aumufyHk
59
a&G;aumufenf;udk a&S@wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkta=umif; avhvmo!fhtcg

tus,faz: jyygOD;rnf?
tar&dueforRwonf jynfaxmifpkygvDref v$wfawmfw&yf&yf. trwf
jzpf&efrvdk/ wdkif;oljynfom;u wdkuf&kdufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwonf
rdrd.tpkd;&tzGJ@udk rdrdpdwf}udKuftwkdif; trwfr[kwfolrsm;xJrS cef@tyfxm;onf?
orRwtpdk;&onf ygvDreftm; wm0efrcHay/ ygvDref. Oya'=urf;ESifh jyÏmef;csuf
rsm;udyk ,fcs&ef orRwwGif ADwt kd m%m&Sad vonf? orRwu ADwt kd m%mjzifh y,fcs
vduk af om Oya'=urf;rsm;udk v$waf wmf 2 &yfu 3 yHk 2 yHk rJjzifh jyefI qk;H jzwfv#if
orRwu oabmrwlaomfvnf; twnfjzpfavonf? Tenf;jzifh orRwtm%m
udk ygvrD efu odr;f uGyx f m;onf? tjcm; jynfaxmifptk pd;k &rsm;onf ygvrD eftm;
tm%mtyfESif;aom tpdk;&rsm;jzpfonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@onfygvDreftm; wm0efcH
&onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf ygvDref. tm%matmufwGif&Sdonf?
0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;onf ygvDreftrwfrsm; jzpf&onf? ygvDrefwGif rJqEN
trsm;pk. axmufcHr_&rSom tpdk;&tzGJ@onf wnfwHhcdkif+rJEkdifavonf?
jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifr_
urBmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpk Ekid if rH sm;wGif ( jrefrmjynfrt

S y ) A[djk ynfaxmifpk
ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf w&m;&kH;rsm; oD;jcm;&Sd=uonf? A[dkjynfaxmifpk twGuf
tjrifhqHk; w&m;&kH; (w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf) rS aemufqHk;w&m;&kH;txd wpifwzG@J&Sd
ouJo h @kd jynfe,frsm;wGivf nf;tjrifq h ;kH w&m;&k;H (w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf) rS aemufq;kH
w&m;&kH;txd wpifwzGJ@ oD;jcm;pD&Sd=uonf? jynfaxmifpkw&m;&kH; rsm;onf jynf
axmifpkESifh oufqdkifaom tr_udpPrsm;udkom w&m;pD&if=u+yD; jynfe,fw&m;&kH;
rsm;od@k 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufjcif;rðy=uay? jynfe,ftwGi;f w&m;pD&ifro _ nf jynfe,f
w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfrsm;wGifyif tqHk;owf=uonf?
60
tajccHOya' jyifqifenf;
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt

kH ajccH Oya'jyifqifjcif;ESiyhf wfoufI tajccHOya'udk 2rsK;d
2 pm;cGjJ cm;=uonf? tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm; jyKouJo h @kd ygvrD efrS tvG,f
wul jyifqifEikd v f #if ‚if;tajccHOya'udk jyifqifv, G af paom tajccHOya' (Flexible
Constitution) [kac:onf/ +AdwdefjynfESifh tDwvDjynfwGif tajccHOya'udk omref
Oya'rsm; twnfðy jyifqifouJhodk@ ygvDrefu jyifEdkifaom tm%m &Sd=uonf?
tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif (Oyrm-tar&duef/ jyifopf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ qGpfZm
vef/ jrefrmEkdifiH) tajccHOya'udk tjcm;Oya'rsm;enf;wl jyifqifEdkifcGifhr&Sdacs?
tajccHOya'jyifqifEdkifaomenf;udk tajccHOya'wGif txl;owfrSwf
jyXmef;xm;avonf? xdktajccH Oya'rsKd;udk =uyfwnf;aom tajccHOya' (Rigid
Constitution) [k ac:wGi=f uonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH tajccHOya'rsm;udk txl;ojzifh tvG,fwul
jyifqifjcif;rðyEdkif&ef jyÏmef;xm;=uonf? xdka=umifh jynfaxmifpkygvDref tajccH
Oya'rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh =uyfwnf;aom tajccHOya'rsm; jzpf=uonf?
cGJxGufcGifh
jynf a xmif p k E d k i f i H q d k o nf r S m vG w f v yf a omjynf a xmif p k r sm; qEN
tav#muf yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfay&m/ oabmw&m;tm;jzifh qENtav#muf
jyefvnfcxJG u
G f Edik cf iG v
hf nf;&S&d ayrnf? od@k aomf ,ck rsuaf rSmuf umvwGif qdAk , D uf
,leD,H/ ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpkESifh jrefrmjynfaxmifpkwdk@. tajccHOya'
rsm;wGio
f m jynfe,frsm; cGx J u G v f u
kd cGx J u
G Ef ikd af om tcGit
hf a&;rsm; jyÏmef; az: jy
xm;avonf?
wjynfaxmifpHepf
u|ef a wmf w d k @ vd k v m;aom jynf a xmif p k p pf p pf r sKd ; rS r&v#if vuf & d S
jynfaxmif pkrppfwppftwdkif; qufaernfhtpm; cGJxGufjyD; oD;jcm;orRwEkdifiH
xlaxmifv#if xlaxmif/ odk@r[kwf Unitary ac: wjynfaxmifpHepfvkyfypfvdkuf
[lI pdwfvdkuf rmefyg ajymqdkaomyk*~dKvftcsdK@ &Srf;jynfwGif &Sd=uonf?
61
Unitary ac: wjynfaxmifpepf (0g) tpdk;&wzGJ@pepf qdkonfrSm tm%m

ESihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk A[dt k pd;k &onf wOD;wnf;tm%mydik t f jzpfjzifh toH;k jyKonf?
rdro d abmtav#muf a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&; tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;+yD; tm%mtyfEiS ;f vdu k
tyfEiS ;f Edik o f nf? a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&; tzG@J rsm;od@k tyfEiS ;f xm;aom tm%mrsm;udk
vnf; tcsdefra&G; jyefvnf&kyfodrf;Edkifavonf? a'oE W&tkyfcsKyfa&;rxm;bJ wkdif;
rif;}uD; c&dkif0efrsm;rSwqifh tkyfcsKyfapvdkuvnf; tkyfcsKyfapEdkifavonf? wenf;
tm;jzifhqdkv#if wjynfaxmifpHepfwGif a'oE W&tpdk;&rsm;onf A[dktpdk;&. vuf
ckww f iG ;f rS a&uJo h @kd oGev f okd eG f arSmufvakd rSmufEikd af om b0wGif usa&mufaeonf?
“usm;oem;rS EGm;csrf;om” b0rsdK;yif jzpfonf/ wjynfaxmifpHepfrSm oabm
w&m;a&;tm;jzifh ,if;od@k jzpfaomfvnf; vufawG@tyk cf sKyf=u&mwGif +Adwed /f jyifopf/
b,fv*f s, D H Edik if rH sm;&Sd a'oE &W tpd;k &rsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k dS jynfe,f
rsm;enf;wl udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%mrsm; &&Sdae=uonf[k qdk=uonf?
wjynfaxmifpHepfonf vuf&Sd jrefrmjynfaxmifpktwGuf b,fenf;ESifhr#
roifhav#mfay? ArmjynfrwGif vlrsdK;}uD;0g' v$rf;rdk;aeor#umvywfvHk; jynfe,f
rsm;wGif Armtay:rouFmr_ESifhpdk;&drfr_ v$rf;rdk;aeor# umvywfvHk; wjynfaxmif
pHepfonf atmifjrifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay? tajctaeydkIyif qdk;oGrf;apvdrfhrnf?
***************
62
2 ³2 tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;rS jynfaxmifppk epfukd

avhvmoHk;oyfEd_if;,SOfjcif;
jynfaxmifpkpHepfudk avhvm=uonfhtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ qGpfZm
vefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk pHerlemtjzpfxm;+yD; avhvmavh&Sdonf? uae'gESifh
=opaw;vD;,m;wdk@udk t&Hjynfaxmifpkrsm;tjzpfxm;+yD; avhvm=uonf?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpk
wdk@rSm jynfaxmifpk ppfppf}uD;rsm; jzpf=uI‚if;/ uae'gESifh=opaw;vD;,m; wdk@rSm
jynfaxmifpq k akd omfvnf; tm%mcGaJ 0yHk cGaJ 0enf;rSm wjynfEiS w hf jynf ajzmifah jzmifh
qef@usifhaeI‚if;/ om"uwifjy&ef vG,fulaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
qdAk , D uf,el , D o H nf urBmay:wGif tjrifrh m;qH;k jynfaxmifppk eH pfjzpfonf
[k qdk&ayrnf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf tar&duef/ qGpfZmvefwdk@uJhodk@ vGwfvyfI
tcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom (jynfe,frsm;) pkaygif;xm;onf omr[kwf xdkxuf
ru vGwfvyfItcsKyftjcm tm%mydkifaom (Federal Republics) jynfaxmifpk
rsm; pkaygif;xm;avonf?
qdAk ,D uf,el , D o H nf jynfaxmifpk 3 qifjh zpfonf [k qd&k ayrnf? Oyrm-
qdAk ,D uf,el , D w
H iG f yg0ifaom &k&mS ;jynfaxmifpw k iG f ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyfa&; a'orsm;
aygi;f pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpo k rRwEdik if H (12) Edik if H yg0ifv#u&f o Sd nf? ,lu&de;f /
tZmbdik *f se/f wm*sp/f cgZwf/ bdik v f &kd &k mS ;/ wyfcrif;/ cgZpf orRwEdik if H rsm;onfvnf;
tvm;wl jynfaxmifprk sm; jzpf=uonf? qdAk , D uf,el , D w H iG f yg0ifaom jynfaxmif
pk orRwEdkifiHrsm;onf vGwfvyf pGmcGJxGufEdkifaom tcGifhta&;&Sd=uonfomru
EdkifiHjcm;rsm;ESifhwdkuf&kdufqufoG,fcGifh oHwrefvJvS,fcGifhrsm; &&Sd=u+yD; udk,fydkif
ppfwyfrsm; zG@Jpnf;cGifhyif &&Sdxm;=uavonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmjynfaxmifpo k nf vuf&t dS ajctaet& qdAk , D uf,el , D H
uJo h @kd jrifrh m; wd;k wufaomtqifo h @kd wufveS ;f &efrar#mrf eS ;f Ekid af o;yg/ tar&duefEiS hf
qGpfZmvef jynfaxmifpk ykHpHrsKd;&&SdEdkif&ef txl;óud;yrf;=u&ayOD;rnf?
tar&duef jynfaxmifpEk iS hf qGpZf mvef jynfaxmifpw k @kd . yHpk EH iS hf pHepfrsm;udk
t=urf;tm;jzifh avhvm=unfhygpdk@?
63
(u) tar&duef jynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf tar&duef vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJrS aygufzGm;
vmcJo h nf? vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyJG rwdik rf u SD qdv k #if aemifwiG f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
[kac:wGifaom jynfe,f (13) e,frSm+Adwdo#. oD;jcm;udkvdkeDrsm; jzpf=uonf?
udkvdkeDwckv#if oD;jcm;bk&ifcHESifh oD;jcm;Oya'ðytzGJ@&Sd=uonf?
1776 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f 4 &ufae@wiG f udv k ekd D (13) e,fonf pkaygi;f I “vGwf
vyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;}uD;”udk wnDw!$ww f nf; xkwjf yef a=unmvdu k =f uonf?
odk@jzifh +Adwdo#udkvdkeD (13) e,frSmtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom
EdkifiHtoD;oD; jzpfvm=uonf? odk@&mwGif vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ qkH;cef;wdkifatmif
qufvuf qifE&J$ efEiS hf &jyD;aom vGwv f yfa&;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,&f eftwGuf (13)
Ekid if o
H nf yl;wGaJ qmif&u G &f ef vdtk yfonft h wdik ;f 1777 ckEpS /f Ek0d bFmv 15 &ufae@
wGif rdwfo[m, yÉdnOfpmcsKyfw&yfudk a&;qGJcsKyfqdk=uonf?
pmcsKyftydk'f (1) wGif Trdwfo[mtzGJ@tm; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[k
ac:wGiaf p&rnf[k az: jyxm;onf? od@k &mwGif xdt k csed tf xd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
rSm “jynfaxmifpk” (Federation) r[kwfao;ay? rdwfo[mtzGJ@ (Confedera-
tion) omjzpfao;onf?
pmcsKyftyd'k f (2) wGif jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf rdrw d @kd .tcsKyftjcmtm%m
ESihf vGwv f yfa&;udk rdrw d @kd .vuf0,fwiG x f m;&Sad =umif;/ xd@k jyif jynfaxmifpk uGe*f
&ufv$wfawmfodk@ twdtus v$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mESifhtcGifhta&; tm;vkH;udk
odrf;ydkufxm;a=umif; az: jyxm;onf?
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif
vGwv f yfaom Ekid if rH sm;tjzpf qufvufwnf&+dS yD; tm;vH;k ESio hf ufqikd af om udprP sm;
avmufom uGef*&ufv$wfawmfodk@ v$Jtyfxm;=uavonf?
rnfonfu h pd rP sm;ukd v$tJ yfxm;onfukd az: jyxm;jcif;r&Sb d J uGe*f &ufvw $ f
awmfwiG f pka0;=uonfh tcgwiG rf S rnfonfu h pd rP sm;udk twlwuGaqmif&u G =f urnf
[lIom oabmwlxm;=uonf?
pmcsKyftyd'k f (3) wGif tusK;d wly;l wGu J muG,af &;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ cdik +f rJa&;ESihf
tjyeftvSef odk@r[kwf trsm;tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk@twGuf cdkifrmaom r[mrdwftzGJ@
64
tjzpfzGJ@pnf;a=umif;/ usL;ausmfapmfum;r_ wdkufcdkufr_tE W&m,frsm; ay:ayguf

vmv#if wOD;udkwOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlnDa=umif; az: jyxm;onf?
vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJ}uD; +yD;qkH;oGm;onfhaemufydkif;wGif ppfab;ppf'%fESifh
jy\emt&yf&yfwdk@udk ajz&Sif;onfhtcg uGef*&ufodk@v$Jtyfxm;aom tm%mrsm;
rvHkavmuf jzpfvmavonf? odk@aomf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDb0rS vGwfvyfcgp jynfe,f
rsm;onf woD;yk*~vpdwf"gwf jyif;xefaeqJjzpfonf? wcsKd@ jynfe,frsm;onf
uGef*&uftm; v$Jtyfxm;onfh xdkr#avmufaom tm%mudkyif rsm;ao;onf
[k ,lq=uonf? jy\emESihf tcuftcJrsm;onf }uD;rm;onfxuf}uD;rm;vm&m/
1787 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D wGif usi;f yaomuGe*f &uf v$waf wmfu rdwo f [mtzG@J onf
jynfaxmifpw k nf+rJa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&; udpt P &yf&yftwGuf tjynft h 0 jznfph rG ;f Edik f
jcif;r&Sdonfudk awG@&Sd&a=umif;/ xdka=umifhrdwfo[mtzGJ@ yÉdnOfpmcsKyfudk jyefvnf
pDpOf oHk;oyf+yD; jynfaxmifpkwnfwef@cdkif+rJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; udpPt&yf&yftwGuf
vHak vmufaom jyÏmef;csurf sm; yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpt k ajccHOya' w&yfukd a&;qGJ
&efvmrnfharvwGif zDvm'JvfzD;,m;òrd@Y nDvmcHobifusif;y&ef qHk;jzwfa=umif;
a=unmavonf?
xdknDvmcHobifwGif a*smh0g&Sifweftm; nDvmcHobif. OuUXtjzpf
a&G;aumuf wifajr‡muf=uonf? rdwo f [m,tzG@J yÉdnOfpmcsKyfukd jyefvnf rpDppf
awmhbJ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya'topfwckudk a&;qGJvdkuf=uonf? vuf&Sd
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'onf xdt k cgupI ayguzf mG ;
vmcJhonf?
,ck jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if w H iG f tcsi;f csi;f pk;d &drrf _ r,H=k unfrr_ sm; &So
d vdk
xdkpOfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk (13) jynfe,fwGifvnf;&SdcJh=uonf? Oya'jyKtzGJ@/
tkycf sKyfrt
_ zG@J EiS hf w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J rsm; oD;jcm;vGwv f yfr&_ =dS uaomfvnf; tqH;k pGef
tm%mrsm; ay;rxm;bJ/ wXmeESifh wXme tjyeftvSef csKyfxdef;xm;=uonfudk
tar&duef tajccHOya'wGif awG@jrifEdkifayonf? (Checks and Balances)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=uonfhyk*~dKvfrsm;onf
atmufygrl}uD; 4 csufudkpGJpGJ+rJJ+rJ ESvHk;oGif;xm;cJh=uonf?
1 ? tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk jynfoljynfom;rsm;u ydkifqdkifa&;?
2 ? jynfoljynfom;wdkif; vHk;0 wef;wlnDr#r_&&SSda&;?
3 ? tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@u tm%mudkrw&m;aomenf;jzifh odrf;ydkufjcif;/
65
tvGo J ;kH pm;jyKjcif;wd@k rS umuG,af &;?

4 ? jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk A[dkjynfaxmifpkrS 0ifa&mufpGuf
zufjcif;rS umuG,af &;?
uGef*&ufv$wfawmf
tar&duefueG *f &ufukd vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyJG twGi;f uzG@J pnf;cJo h nf? rlvu
zG@J pnf;cJph Ofu ,ckacwf ygvrD efuo hJ @kd aqmif&u G &f ef &nf&,G I f zG@J pnf;jcif;r[kwaf cs?
ygvDrefuJhodk@ aqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fcJhv#if ygvDref[lIyif trnfay;aumif;
ay;cJ h a yrnf ? tar&d u ef acgif ; aqmif r sm;onf uG e f * &uf [ l a om trnf u d k
wrifuvma&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? txufwGifaz: jyouJhodk@ (13) jynfe,frsm;onf
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;&ef r}uH&G,fcJhyg/ rdwfo[m, tzGJ@rsKd;om zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdk
a=umifh ,ckacwfEkdifiHa&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wyfaygif;pkzGJ@onfh enf;wl wlnDaom
vkyfief;rsm; yl;wGJaqmif&Guf&ef uGef*&ufzGJ@=ujcif;jzpfonf?
txufwiG f az: jyonft h wdik ;f vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfy+JG yD;f onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif
tajctaet& ydkrdk wdusaom jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&ef vdktyfcJhonf?
xdka=umifh wdusaom tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=uonff?
uGe*f &ufonf rlv&nf&, G cf o
hJ nfrS v$aJ jymif;cg ygvrD ef toGio f @kd jzpfvm
cJo
h nf? tar&duefueG *f &ufwiG f txufvw $ af wmf (Senate) ESihf atmufvw $ af wmf
(House of Representatives) [lI v$waf wmf 2 &yfyg0ifonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pwifwnfaxmifpOfu jynfe,f (13) e,fomyg
0ifcJhaomfvnf;/ ,cktcg jynfe,faygif; (50) jynfhoGm;av+yD? atmufv$wfawmf
twGuf vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;t& trwfrsm;a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&&m trwfOD;a&
pkpak ygi;f 437 a,muf&o dS nf? txufvw $ af wmftwGuf jynfe,fwe,fv#if trwf
OD;a& 2 a,mufpD a&G;aumuf=u&ojzifh txufv$wfawmftrwf pkpkaygif; 100
&Sdonf?
txufv$wfawmftrwf.oufwrf;onf 6 ESpf jzpfaomfvnf; txuf
v$waf wmfonf tpOft+rJwnf&adS eonf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf txufvw $ af wmf
trwfoHk;yHkwyHkonf 2 ESpfw}udrf tvSnfhusE_wfxGufay;&+yD; topfjyefvnf
a&G;aumuf&aoma=umifh jzpfavonf? Tenf;jzifh tar&dueftxufv$wfawmf
wGif tawG@t}uKH&ifhusufaomyk*d~Kvfrsm; tpOft+rJwnf&Sdaeonf?
66
atmufv$wfawmf trwf.oufwrf;rSm 2 ESpfom&Sdonf/ atmufv$wf

awmf w&yfv;kH . a&G;aumufyu JG kd 2 ESpf w}udraf &G;aumuf&onf? tar&duef orRw
udk 4 ESpw f }udrf a&G;aumuf&&m atmufvw $ af wmf trwftm;vH;k ESihf txufvw $ f
awmftrwf oHk;yHkwyHkudk orRwESifhwcsdefwnf; w}udrfa&G;aumuf=u+yD; orRw.
oufwrf; w0ufwdwdwGif w}udrfa&G;aumuf&onf?
tar&duefv$wfawmf 2 &yfpvHk;onf Oya'ðy&eftm%mwef;wl &&Sd=u
onf? odk@aomf aiGOya'=urf;rsm;udk atmufv$wfawmfwGifom pwifwifoGif;Ekdif
onf? Oya'=urf;rsm;udk v$waf wmf 2 &yfpvH;k rS twnfðy+yD;onfah emuf orRwxH
odk@ vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef ay;ydk@&onf? orRwonf ADwdktm%moHk;+yD; Oya'=urf;udk
y,f c sEk d i f c G i f h & S d o nf ? wenf ; tm;jzif h vuf r S w f r xd k ; bJ a eEk d i f o nf ? od k @ &mwG i f
v$wfawmf 2 &yfonf oHk;yHk ESpfyHkrJjzifhjyefI twnfðyv#if xdkOya'=urf;rsm;onf
orR w vuf r S w f r xd k ; aomf v nf ; tvd k t av#muf tuf O ya'tjzpf twnf
jzpfavonf?
tar&duef 'kw, d orRwonf &mxl;tav#muf txufvw $ af wmf.OuUX
jzpfonf? tar&duef txufv$wfawmf. xl;jcm;csufrSm txufv$wfawmfonf
Oya'jyKa&; udpw P ckwnf;omru w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mrsm;vnf;
&&Sdxm;onf? w&m;pD&ifEkdifcGifh qdk&mY omrefw&m;pD&ifa&;udk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg/
orRw/ 'kwd,orRwESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;wdk@tay: jypfwif pGyfpGJcsufrsm;ay:
aygufvmaomf txufv$wfawmfonf w&m;pD&if&onf? txufv$wfawmfwGif
pDrHcef@cGJa&;aumfrwD/ b¾ma&;aumfrDwD/ EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;aumfrDwD/ ppfa&;
aumfrDwD ponfjzifh tm%mtjynfhtpHk&SdaomaumfrDwDrsm; zGJ@pnf;xm;&ojzifh
tk y f c sKyf a &;Xmersm;tay: }uD ; rm;pG m =oZmouf a &muf r _ & S d a vonf ? xd k @ jyif
tar&duef txufvw $ af wmfuom orRwcef@tyfaom 0ef}uD; tp&So d nfh &mxl;
}uD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;ESifhcsKyfqdkaom pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk twnfjyK&avonf/
xdk@a=umifh tar&dueftxufv$wfawmfonf vufawG@Y atmufv$wfawmfxuf
ydkItm%m&Sd+yD; ydkI*k%f&Sdonf[k qdk=uonf? atmufv$wfawmfrSm txufv$wf
awmf. oabmwlnDr_r&Sdv#if bmr#rvkyfEkdifacs?
67
tar&dueftpdk;&
tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k nf jynfaxmifpk ppfppfjzpfonft h wkid ;f A[dt

k pd;k
&onf trsm;ESifhqkdifaom tm%mESifh tcGifhta&; tuef@towftenf;i,fom
,l+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;odk@ tyfESif;xm;onf? xdk@
a=umifh tar&duef A[dt k pd;k &wGiXf me 10 ckEiS 0hf ef}uD; 10 OD;omxm;&Sad vonf?
‚if;Xme 10 ckrmS (1) aiGwu dk Xf me/ (2) ppfXme/ (3) pmwdu k Xf me/ (4) a&wyfXme/
(5) jynfxJa&;Xme/ (6) pdkufysKd;a&;Xme/ (7) tvkyform;Xme/ (8) ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;Xme/ (9) w&m;a&;Xme/ (10) EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme wdk@jzpfonf?
xdkXmet}uD;tuJrsm;udk tjcm;EkdifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfIjzpfap/
jrefrmtac:ta0:ESijhf zpfap/ tpd;k &tzG@J 0if0ef}uD;rsm; ac:a0:aomfvnf; trSepf ifppf
tar&dueforRw. twGif;a&;twGif;0efrsm; omjzpfonf? xdk0ef}uD;rsm;onf
uGef*&ufv$wfawmf trwfrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ uGef*&ufv$wfawmfudkvnf; wm0ef
rcH/ orRwudkom wm0efcH=uonf?
xk0d ef}uD;rsm;onf tar&dueforRwu txufvw $ af wmf. “ oabmwl
nDcsuf ” jzifch ef@tyfxm;olrsm; jzpfonf/ txufvw $ af wmf. oabmwlncD suq f kd
onfrmS trSepf ifppf vl=um;aumif;&krH #omjzpfonf? orRw.oabmtwkid ;f cef@tyf
olrsm;udk txufv$wfawmfu vdkuf+yD;oabmwlay;&jcif;om jzpfonf?
txuf v $ w f a wmf o nf trwf r sm;yg0if z G J @ pnf ; xm;aom aumf r D w D
toD;oD;rSwqifh Ttpdk;&Xmersm;udk =oZmay;Ekdifavonf? 'kwd,orRwonf
&mxl;tav#muf txufvw $ af wmf. OuUXjzpfav&m/ orRw r&So d nfh tcg=urSom
wm0ef0wˆ&m; aqmif&Guf&onf r[kwfbJ/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;tm; wdkuf&kduf}udK;
udkifEkdifcGifh&Sdonf?
68
tar&dueforRw
tar&dueforRwjzpf&eftouf 35 ESpfjynfh&rnfhtjyif tar&duef jynf

axmifpw k iG f 14 ESpw f ikd wf ikd f aexdik o
f v l nf; jzpf&avonf? xd@k jyif tar&duefEidk if H
om;tjzpf cH,lxm;olr[kwf&bJ arG;uwnf;u EkdifiHom;jzpfolom orRwtjzpf
ta&G;cHEkdifcGifh &Sdavonf? tar&dueforRwESifh 'kwd,orRwwdk@tm; 4 ESpfw}udrf
a&G; aumufwifajr‡muf&onf? a&G;aumufyHk a&G;aumufenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfonf?
tar&dueforRwESihf 'kw, d orRwudk jynfojl ynfom;rsm;u wdu k &f u
dk f a&G;
aumufonfqakd omfvnf;/ trSet f m;jzifh 2 qifh a&G;aumuf&onf? yXr tqifw h iG f
jynfe,frsm;onf rdrw d @kd jynfe,f. uGe*f &ufvw $ af wmf 2 &yfo@kd apv$wcf iG hf &Sad om
trwfOD;a&ESifhtnDtr# a&G;cs,fol Electors rsm;tm; trsm;jynfol rJqENjzifh
a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&onf? Oyrm jynfe,fwe,fonf uGef*&ufv$wfawmfodk@
trwf 30/ txufv$wfawmfodk@trwf 2 OD; apv$wfcGifh&Sdv#if xdkjynfe,fwGif
a&G;cs,fol 32 OD; a&G;aumufwif&onf?
a&G;cs,o f rl sm;onf uGe*f &ufvw $ af wmfw&yf&yf. trwf od@k wnf;r[kwf
tusKd;tjrwf&mxl;wckckY xrf;&Gufaeolrsm; r[kwfap&yg? 'kwd,tqifhtae
jzihf xdak &G;cs,o f rl sm;u wzef rdrw d @kd }udKufEpS o
f ufaom orRwESihf 'kw, d orRwudk
rJqENay;=u&onf?
,cktcg tar&duefuGef*&ufwGif txufv$wfawmftrwf 100 ESifh
atmufv$wfawmftrwf 437 OD;&Sd&mvGefcJhonfh Ekd0ifbmv 7 &ufae@wGif tar
&duefrJqEN&Sif 67 oef;ausmfwdk@onf jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif a&G;cs,folaygif;/ 537
OD;udk v#Kd@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf?
'Drukd &ufwpf orRwavmif; uae'Donf rdru d rkd aJ y;rnfh a&G;cs,o f o l ;kH &m
ausm&f xm;onft h wGuf orRwjzpfrnfo h [l I l urBmu todtrSwðf yxm;=uonf?
tajccHOya't&qdkv#if orRwa&G;cs,f&ef a&G;cs,folrsm;onf vmrnfh
Zefe0g&Dv 'kwd, weif;vmae@wGif oufqdkif&mjynfe,frsm;Y pka0;I rJqEN
ay;=u&ygrnf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ygwpD epfEiS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDusio hf ;kH r_ tvGe&f ifuh suf
aeIom Tpepfonfatmifjrif+yD; ,ckuyif uae'Dtm; orRwjzpfrnfhol[lI
69
a=unmEkid jf cif; jzpfavonf? Armjynfvkd ae&mrsK;d rSmomqdv

k #if Ek0d bFmv 7 &ufae@
'Dbufydkif;wGif ta&G;cH&aom a&G;cs,folrsm;tm; wnf+rJ oef@&Sif;uGJpOfu trwf
rsm;uJhodk@ wHwdkif; txyfxyfumxm;jyD; txl;apmifha&Smufxm;&ayvdrfhrnf?
tar&dueforRw&mxl;onf ,cktcgurBmhuH=urRmudk zefwD;EkdifpGrf;&Sd
avmufatmif wefcdk;xufjrwfaeayonf? 4 ESpfoufwef;twGif; tar&duefjynf
olwdk@tay: tm%m&Sifwr# wefcdk;=oZm=uD;rm;ayonf?
tar&duefw&m;pD&ifa&;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfaxmifpk w&m;&kH;rsm;wpifwzGJ@ oD;jcm;/

jynfe,fw&m;&kH;rsm; wpifwzGJ@oD;jcm; xm;&Sdavonf? jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$wf
awmfcsKyfonf tcGifhtm%m 3 &yfom,lxm;onf?
(1) tajccHOya'/ w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;rS ay:ayguf
vmaom udpPrsm;?
(2) oHwrefrsm;ESihf yifv,fa&a=umif; pD&ifyikd cf iG t
hf m%mESiohf ufqikd af om
udpPrsm;?
(3) jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,ftjiif;yGm;r_/ odk@r[kwf jynfe,ftcsif;csif;
tjiif;yGm;r_/ odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkESifh EkdifiHjcm;rsm; tjiif;yGm;r_udpPrsm;?
tajccH Oya'tm; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;onf tar&duef w&m;v$wf
awmfcsKyf. t"duwm0efjzpfayonf?
tar&duef jynfe,frsm;
tar&duefjynfe,f 50 rSmvHk;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &SdaomorRwEkdifiH

rsm;jzpf=uonf? jynfe,forRwrsm;udk ,cifudkvdkeD tpOftvmwdkif; a*:0gem
(Governor) [kac:a0:=uonf? jynfe,forRwrsm;onf trsm;jynfol qENrJjzifh
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc&H +yD; jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif jynfaxmifpo
k rRwuJoh @dk yif wefc;kd
tm%m tvGef}uD;rm;ayonf?
70
jynfe,fwdkif;onf ol@tajccHOya'ESifhol twdtus&Sd=uonf? Oya'jyK

vGwfawmfrsm;vnf; txufv$wfawmfatmufv$wfawmf [lI&Sd=uonf? w&m;&kH;
rsm;vnf;w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfrS atmuf&;Hk txd wpifwzG@J &S=d uonf? jynfe,frsm;
onfu, kd yf ikd u
f muG,af &;tzG@J rsm; (Militia) xm;Ekid cf iG &hf o
dfS nf? od@k aomf tar&duef
jynfe,frsm;onf qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSmuJhodk@ EkdifiHjcm;ESifhwdkuf&kduf oHwrefqufoG,f
cGifhESifh cGJxGufEkdifaom tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;cGifh r&Sd=uacs?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif A[dkESifhjynfe,frsm; tm%mcGJa0a&; ESifhywf
oufI rpPwmb&kdufpfu jynfe,frsm;onf trsm;qHk;&jyD; A[kdonftjrifhqHk;udk
,lxm;onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh Ïme 2 ckt=um;csdefcGifn‡mudk xdef;odrf;xm;onf
[kajymqdkavonf?
The state gets the most but the nation the highest so that the balance
between the two is preserved.
***************
(c) qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpk
qGpfZmvef jynfaxmifpk. tajccHOya'onf urBmay:wGif 'Drdkua&pD

tjynfh0qHk; jzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf qGpfZmvefjynfwGif
jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk wdkuf&kduftoHk;ðycGifh&Sdjcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf? (Direct Democracy)
'Drdkua&pDtm%mudk 3 enf; 3 rsKd; wdkuf&kduftoHk;jyK=uonf?
(1) Landsgemeide ac:vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;yI qHk;jzwfenf;?
(2) Initiative rJqEN&iS rf sm; vufrw S af &;xk;d I awmif;qdek nf;?
(3) Referendum jynfol@ qENay;yGJusif;yI qHk;jzwfenf;?
eHygwf 1 ESihf 2 rSmurBmay:wGif qGpZf mvefwjynfwnf;Yom usio hf ;kH onf?
jynfol@qENay;yGJrSm tcsKd@EdkifiHrsm;wGif oD;jcm;udpPtwGuf usif;yay;avh&Sdonf?
jrefrmjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'wGif jynfe,fcGJxGufa&;udpPudk qHk;jzwfonfhtcg
jynfoh @l qENay; qH;k jzwfap&ef jyÏmef;xm;onf? jynfov l x
l u
k 'Dru
kd a&pD tm%mudk
wdkuf&kduftoHk;jyKEdkifjcif;onf qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpk. txl;jcm;qHk;vuQ%m
jzpfonf?
71
jynfe,f 6 e,fwGif ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; {+yDvaemufqHk;ywf we*FaEGae@wGif

uGif;jyifY vlxkpnf;a0;I Landsgemeide usif;yavh&Sd=uonf? xdkvlxk pnf;a0;
yGJwGif trsm;jynfolESifhoufqdkifaom udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;avh&Sd=uonf? ta&;
}uD;aom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S =f uonf? vdt k yfv#if jynfe,f. tajccH Oya'udyk if
xdktpnf;ta0;u jyifqif=uonf? w&m;Oya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;onf? tcGeftwkwf
udk pnf;=uyfcef@cGJonf? jynfe,ftpdk;&tay: xdxda&mufa&muf }udK;udkif=uonf?
xkv d x
l pk nf;a0;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; pnf;urf;usus Áa¹EN&& odumQ org"&d &dS dS
jzifhusif;y=uavonf? xdka=umifh ygarmuQb&$wf (Prof.Brooks) u xdkpnf;a0;yGJ
rsm;ESifh ywfoufI “'Drdkua&pD. tvGefobm0usaom/ tvGefta&;yg t&m
a&mufaom tvGefESpfvdkbG,faumif;aomvuQ%m jzpfygayonf” [k xkwfaz:
ajym=um;avonf?
useftjcm;jynfe,frsm;wGif vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ usif;yr_rsKd;r&Sdaomfvnf;
vufrw S af &;xd;k awmif;qdek nf;ESihf jynfo@l qENay;yGJ usi;f yenf;wd@k ukd us,u f s,jf yef@
jyef@ toHk;jyK=uavonf?
jynfe,f 11 e,fwGifw&m;Oya'rsm; twnfjyK&efjynfol@qENay;yGJ rvkyf
rae&ay/ jynfe,ftm;vH;k onf w&m;Oya' jyKay;&ef vufrw S af &;xd;k awmif;qdEk idk f
cGi&hf =dS uonf? omrefw&m;Oya'twGuf rJqEN&iS o f ;kH aomif; vufrw S af &;xd;k awmif;
qd&k +yD; tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGu/f ig;aomif;u vufrw S af &;xd;k awmif;qd&k av
onf? jynfaxmifpktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;wGif jynfol@qENay;yGJ rusif;ybJ
twnfrjyKEdkifacs?
qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpo k nf 1848 ckEpS f rwdik rf DS jynfaxmifpk r[kwaf o;
yg/ a&S;wHk;uqdkv#if tJvfyfpf (Alps) awmifwef;wav#mufwGif wnf&Sdaom
jynfaxmifuav;rsm;onf tusKd;wlvkyfief;rsm;twGuf “wyfaygif;pk” oabm
zG@J pnf; aexdik =f uonf? jyifopfb&k if eydv k ,D o H nf qGpZf mveftm; 0ifa&muford ;f
yduk +f yD;aemuf &S&d if;jynfaxmifrsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f um e,ferd wd t f opf owfrw S af y;jyD;/
18 c&kdif zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf? xdkaemuf wjynfaxmifpHepf (Unitary) tajccHOya'
a&;qGJay; vdkufonf? qGpfZmvef trsKd;om;rsm;u vufrcH jiif;y,f=uonf?
eydkvD,Hbk&ifonf xdktajccHOya'udk jyKjyif+yD; twif;t"rR vufcHapjyefygonf?
od@k aomf ratmifjrifacs? wzef eydv k ,
D b
H &k ifonf jynfaxmifrsm;tm; cG+J yD; tajccH
Oya'wckpDjzifh tkyfcsKyfjyefonf/ eydkvD,Hbk&if usqHk;onfESifhw+ydKifwnf; ol.
72
pHepfvnf; ysuo f ek ;f oGm;avawmhonf? eydv k ,D .H pd;k rd;k r_atmufwiG f qGpZf mvef

jynfaxmiftcsi;f csi;f vufwJG aqmif&u G cf surf sm;onf aemifjynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;&ef
rsKd;aphcsay;cJhonf?
qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifrsm;onf wyfaygi;f pktzG@J ukd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;=uonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tpOD;ydkif;uJhodk@ tusKd;wlvHk+cKHa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmf apmf
um;r_rsm;rSumuG,fa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ xdef;odrf;a&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf0yfydjym;a&;wdk@
twGuf yl;wGJvkyfaqmif=uonf? jynfaxmiftoD;oD;um; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/
udk,fydkiftajccHOya'jzifh tkyfcsKyf=uonf?
Federal Diet ac:wyfaygif;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ap
v$wfjcif;rjyKbJ jynfaxmifrsm;. oHwrefrsm;qefqef awG@qHk=uonf? xdkumv
twGif; tcsKd@jynfaxmifrsm;onf vHk;0cGJxGufI oD;jcm;aevdk=uonf? tcsKd@u
wyfaygif;pkoabmudk zsufodrf;+yD; ydkIpkpnf;aom 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH xlaxmifvdk=u
onf?
1846 ckESpfwGif cGJa&;orm;ESifh wGJa&;orm;rsm; jynfwGif;ppfcif;=uonf/
wGJa&;orm;uEkdif+yD; qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkudk 1848 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;vdkuf=u
onf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. erlemtwdkif; jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif txuf
v$waf wmf (Council of States) ESiahf tmufvw $ af wmf (National Council) [lI
zG@J pnf;vdu
k o f nf? atmufvw $ af wmfukd vlO;D a&tvdu k f a&G;aumuf wifajr‡muf+yD;
txufv$wfawmfudk tar&duef txufv$wfawmftwdkif; Canton ac: wjynf
axmifv#if 2 OD;=ua&G;aumuf=uonf/ 0ef}uD; 7 OD;yg0ifaom A[dktpdk;&tzGJ@
jzifhtkyfcsKyf=uonf?
1848 ckESpf tajccHOya'onf tajccHOya'xuf r[mrdwfpmcsKyfESifh ydkI
wlonf[kqdk=uonf? jynfaxmifrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk0ifoabmxuf tcsKyf
tjcmykid f vGwv f yfaomEdik if t
H jzpf ae=uonf? A[kt d pd;k &onf jynfaxmifpyk gvrD ef
ukd wm0efrcH/ ygvrD efEiS hf qufo, G vf rkd S qufo, G o f nf? tpd;k & tzG@J 0if0ef}uD;rsm;
onfvnf; trsm;tusK;d xuf ud, k uf ;kd uG,af ombmom/ ud, k ahf e&if; a'otusK;d
udkydkI onfydk;aqmif&Guf=uonf?
26 ESpfwdkifcGJa&;wGJa&; yÉdyuQonf qufvufjyif;xefcJhonf/ aemufqHk;
wGif jynfaxmifpkorm;rsm;uatmifjrif+yD; 1874 ckESpfwGifvuf&Sd qGpfZmvefjynf
axmifpk tajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qGJvdkuf=uonf?
73
qGpfjynfaxmifpkygvDref
qGpfjynfaxmifpkwGif uefwHkac: jynfe,f 19 e,fESifh uefwHk0uf 6 e,f/

wenf;tm;jzifh uefwHk 22 e,f yg0if=uonf?
National Assembly ac: jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif txufv$wfawmfESifh
atmufv$wfawmfyg0ifonf/ txufv$wfawmfodk@ uefwHkwe,fv#ifudk,fpm;vnf
2 OD;pDuefwHk0uf we,fv#if 1 OD;pD apv$wfEdkifonf? xdkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;.
vpmESihf p&dwu f kd oufqikd &f mjynfe,fu usc&H onf? atmufvw $ af wmfo@kd vlO;D a&
tvdkufa&G;aumuf&m vlOD;a& 22000 v#ifudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;us a&G;aumuf
Edkifonf? odk@aomfvlOD;a& 11000 xufydkv#if wOD;a&G;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf?
tm%mcGJa0enf;
jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm; tm%mESifhtcGifhta&; cGJa0yHkcGJa0enf;rSm

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESihf =opaw;vD;,m;jynfaxmifpk wdk@uJhodk@yif jynfaxmifpk
tm; tm%mrsm; uef@owfay;+yD; jynfe,frsm;u uset f m%m tm;vH;k ukd ,lxm;
=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfaxmifpk tpk;d &ESihf jynfe,frsm; yl;wGv J yk af qmifEikd af om
tm%m rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? (Concurrent Powers)
jynfaxmifpkygvDrefonf tpdk;&tzGJ@/ EdkifiHawmforRw/ 'kwd,orRw/
ppfaoemywdcsKyfEiS hf w&m;0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd tm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? jynfe,f
rsm;wGif &mxl;xrf;&Gufv#uf&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm;tm;vnf; jynfaxmifpkygvDref
trwftjzpf ta&G;cHEdkifcGifhðyxm;onf?
qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif xl;jcm;csuf 2 csuf&Sdonf?
1) rdrdwdk@a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvkdufaom tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD;rsm;tm;
jyefvnfjzKwfcs EdkifcGifhr&Sdjcif;?
2) w&m;Oya'rsm;tm; t+yD;owftwnfðyEkdifjcif;?
jynfov l x
l tk m; 'Dru
kd a&pDtm%mukd wdu k &f u
dk uf sio
hf ;kH Edik cf iG jhf yKxm;ojzifh
ygvDrefu w&m;Oya'rsm;udk t+yD;owftwnfjyKI r&Edkifjcif;jzpfonf?
74
qGpfjynfaxmifpktpkd;&
jynfaxmifpktpdk;& tzGJ@udkv$wfawmf 2 &yfaygif;xm;onf/ jynfaxmifpk

ygvDrefu a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&onf? tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif 0ef}uD; 7 OD;yg0ifI
0ef}uD;rsm;onf v$wfawmfw&yf&yf. trwfrsm;rjzpfap&bJ/ trwftjzpfta&G;cH
EdkifcGifh t&nftcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkaom wdkif;oljynfom;xJrS jzpf&onf?
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,ftm;tEdkifusifhr_ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ oabmrsKd;
r&Sad pjcif;iSg qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'wGif tpd;k &tzG@J 0if 0ef}uD;tjzpfjynf
e,fwe,fwnf;rS wOD;xufydkI wifajr‡mufcGifhr&Sda=umif; jyÏmef;xm;avonf?
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&Ïme 7 Ïmeom&Sdonf/ ‚if;wdk@rSm (1) EdkifiHjcm;a&;/
(2) jynfxaJ &;/ (3) w&m;a&;ESiyhf v k yd Ïf me/ (4) ppfa&;/ (5) b¾ma&;ESihf taumuf
awmfcGefÏme/ (6) pdkufysKd;a&;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;Ïme/(7)
pmwdkuf ESifh rD;&xm;Ïme?
tpdk;&tzGJ@0if0ef}uD; 7 OD;onf wOD;v#ifwÏmepDudkif=u&onf/ tpdk;&t
zGJ@wGifEkdifiHawmf 0ef}uD;[lIr&Sday? ygvDrefu0ef}uD; 7 OD;teufrS/ EdkifiHawmf
orRwESihf 'kw, d orRwudk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwESihf 'kw, d orRwwd@k .
oufwef;rSm 12 vom&Sjd yD;/ 'kw, d t}udrf wqufwnf;jyefvnf ta&G;cHciG hf r&Sad cs/
EdkifiHawmf orRw onfyif tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif obmywd tjzpfaqmif&Guf&onf?
obmywd qdak omfvnf; Edik if aH wmforRwtm; txl;tm%mrsm; ay;tyfrxm;ay?
7 Ïme teuf ‚if;ESifhqdkifaomÏmewck twGufom tm%m&Sdonf? wenf;tm;
jzifh EdkifiHawmforRwonf wESpfwmtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@. obmywdtjzpfaqmif
&Gufjcif;omjzpfonf?
t+rJwef; ppfwyfr&Sd
qGpfZmvef jynfaxmifpkwGif t+rJwef;ppfwyf [lIxm;cGifhr&Sday? tajccH

Oya'yk'fr (13) wGiftwdtvif;jyÏmef;xm;onf? yk'fr (18) t& qGpftrsKd;om;
tm;vHk;onf ppfr_xrf;&Guf&onf? A[kdjynfaxmifpktaejzifh t+rJwef;ppfwyf
rxm;&Sad omfvnf;/ jynfe,frsm;onf vH+k cKHa&;twGuf ppfom;tiftm; 300 xuf
rydkaom ppfwyfrsm;xm;EdkifcGifhjyKxm;avonf?
75
qGpfZmveffjynfaxmifpkonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;wGif xl;jcm;pGmwnfaer_/

xl;jcm;aomzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'/ cdkif+rJaom=um;aea&;0g'/ xl;jcm;aom
qGpv f rl sK;d wd@k . pdw"f gww
f @kd a=umifh eydv
k #.
H usL;ausmrf _ aemufyikd ;f wGif ppfab;ppf'%f
ESifhuif;v$wfum +idrf;csrf;om,maom jynfaxmifpktjzpf wnfwHhvmcJhavonf?
qDGZmvefjynf. 'Drdkua&pDwdkuf&kduf usifhoHk;r_rSm t"Gef@&SnfpGmwnfwHhayvdrfhrnf?
***************
76
2 ³ 3 jrefrmjynfaxmifpk
urBmt&yf&yf jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya' erlemrsm;udk t=urf;tm;
jzifhavhvm+yD;onfhaemuf/ u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyf
yHktajccHOya'udk qufvufavhvm=unfhygpdk@?
zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;
u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'udk tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;
3 enf;jzifh pHcsdefudk=unfhv#ifjynfaxmifpkrppfwppftrsKd;tpm; (0g) jynfaxmifpk
tajymhpm;jzpfa=umif; txufwGif az: jycJh+yD;jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif xyfavmif;I
zG@J pnf;yHk yHpk EH iS hf csed x
f ;kd =unfyh grl jynfaxmifpt
k ajymhpm; yifr[kwaf wmhbJ “zg;wydik ;f
ig;wydik ;f ” pepftjzpf awG@jrif&ayrnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd wiG f usO;f ajrmif;aom vlrsK;d a&;
0g'w&m; zHk;v$rf;aeI ,if;uJhodk@awG@jrif=uonf r[kwfyg?
1947 ckESpfwdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJ=upOftcg
tajccHOya' t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom (0g) tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&m
wGif t"duwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhaom ,ckEdkifiHawmfw&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;
0ef}uD; tjzpf aqmif&Gufv#uf&Sdol “owdk;r[moa&pnfol” OD;csefxGef;u-
“u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ tajccHOya'[m oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifppk eH pf
jzpfayrJh vufawG@wGifwjynfaxmifpHepfjzpfygw,f” [kajymjya=umif;? &efukef
wuUov kd &f mZ0if ygarmuQ a[mif;wifu h m; Hugh Tinker u ol. jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if aH wmf The Union of Burma pmtkyw f iG x
f w
k af z: a&;om; xm;onf?
(The Constitutional Advisor, Chan Htoon observed much later that
“Our Constitution though in theory federal, is in practice Unitary ”)
xdka=umifh zg;wydkif;ig;wydkif;pHepfrSm u|efawmfwdk@.tjrifoufoufr[kwf
OD;csefxGef;vdkyk*d~Kvfuvnf; xkwfaz:0efcHxm;+yD;jzpfonf? ,if;uJhodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm
rawmfwqa=umifv h nf;r[kwf u|eaf wmfw@kd vrl sK;d pkrsm;u vkv
d m;aoma=umifv
h nf;
r[kwaf y? Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHKenf;yg;+yD; Oya'ynm em;rvnfaom u|eaf wmfw@kd
77
tm; Armacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;u “vSnfhpm;vdkufwmbJ” [k

u|efawmfwdk@ xifjrifvm=uygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;ae=upOfwHk;u vGwfvyf+yD;onfhaemuf rnf
onfhyHkpHrsKd;jzifh-wdkif;jynfudkwnfaxmif=urnfenf;[k awG;awm}uHq=uonfhtcg
ArmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Armjynfvdkwdkif;jynfi,fav;tbdk@ vlrsKd;pkrsm;
tcGcJ t JG jcrf;jcrf; tkycf sKyfonfh rl udrk }udKuf=uyg wpnf;wvH;k wnf; yHpk wH rsK;d wnf;
aomtkycf sKyfa&;rsK;d wenf;tm;jzifh wjynfaxmifpeH pftpd;k & wrsK;d wpm;pHepf (Uni-
tary) ukdvdkvm;=uonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u u|eaf wmfw@kd tm; wpnf;wvH;k wnf;om 5 ESppf rD H
udef; 2 }udrfajrmufaqmif&Gufvdkuf&v#if tm;vHk;wdk;wufrnf? Armjynfrxuf
wqif h e d r f h u saeaom e,f p yf a 'o&S d v l r sKd ; pk r sm;onf v nf ; ArmES i f h w ef ; wl
wdk;wufvmrnf[k ,Hk=unfa=umif; ajymjybl;ygonf?
u|efawmfwdk@ &yv acgif;aqmifrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &kd;om;
aomapwemud, k =kH unf=uonf/ av;pm;=uonf? od@k aomf &Sr;f trsK;d om;rsm;tae
ESifhtajctaeu wrsKd;jzpfae=uygonf?
&Srf;vlrsKd;ESifhArmvlrsKd;onf vlrsKd;jcif;rwl jcm;em;onf &Srf;jynfa'oESifh
Armjynfa'oonf ukef;jyifjrifhESifhajrjyef@jcm;em;onf? &mZ0ift& &Srf;rsm;onf
Armrsm;tay:pd;k &dr=f uonf? ouFmruif;&S=d uonf? tESpf 60 ausmef ,fcs@J orm;.
aoG;cGJr_a=umifh aoG;uGJae=uonf/ vGwfvyfa&; usKd;yrf;ae=upOf e,fcsJ@jAL&kdu&uf
rsm;. aoG;cGJr_ ajcxdk;r_tE W&m,fuvnf; }uD;rm;aeonf? u|efawmfwdk@ &yv
acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; Armolv#KdawG Armudka&mif;pm;olawG [lI apmfbGm;tcsKd@u
pGyfpGJaecsdefvnf; jzpfonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. apwemudkvnf;aumif;/ jynf
axmifpHepfr_udk vnf;aumif;/ oHo,r&Sd=uyg? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom
ArmjynfESifh u|efawmfwdk@&Srf;jynftm; wjynfaxmifpHepft& yl;aygif;apumrl
u|efawmfwdk@tbdk@ pdk;&drfylyefp&mr&Sd[k u|efawmfwdk@,lqonf? vlyk*d~Kvfydkif; tajc
taet& xdkodk@jzpfaomfvnf; wuJhjzpf&yftajctaet& qdkv#if jynfaxmifpk
oabmw&m;uv$JI tjcm;rjzpfEkdif[k u|efawmfwdk@ &yv uqHk;jzwf=uonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ &yv uatmufygjynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk a[majym
yGJrsm;jzifh‚if;/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh‚if;/ &Srf;jynftESHtjym;odk@ csjyvdkufonf?
78
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
(1) ArmjynfrESifhjynfaxmifpkpHepft& yl;aygif;rnf?

(2) ,if;odk@yl;aygif;onfhtcg-
(u) tcGifhta&;ESifh tqifhtwef;wl jzpf&rnf?
(c) &Srf;jynftm; vHk;0 udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;&rnf?
(*) cGJxGufvdku-tcsdefra&G;cGJxGufcGifh ay;&rnf?
(3) A[dktpdk;&tm; atmufygXmersm; v$Jtyfay;rnf?
(u) EdkifiHjcm;a&;
(c) umuG,fa&;
(*) pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;
(C) vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;
(i) aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;
(p) qdyfurf;taumufawmfcGef
&yv .jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfvlxktwGif; euf&SdKif;pGm
0ifoGm;onf? Armqdkv#if tvGefrkef;+yD; ArmjynfESifh raygif;vdkaom yk*d~Kvfrsm;yif
v#if Tjynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk vufcHvm=uonf? &yv . jynfaxmifpk
oabmw&m;onf &Srf;jynfe,ferdwfrS ausmfvGefum e,fpyfa'o wav#mufvHk;
okd@jyef@ESH@oGm;cJhonf? &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif; acgif;aqmifrsm; yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom
awmifwef;om; pnf;vH;k nD!w $ af &; OD;pD;tzG@J csKyf (SCOUHP) uvnf; jynfaxmif
pkoabmw&m;udk vufcHvm=uonf?
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;. tESpfom&onf emrnfausmf yifvHkpmcsKyf
wGif ygvm&onf? +Adwdo#avbmtrwf &dpfyDvsH acgif;aqmifaom e,fpyfa'o
pHkprf;a&; aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmwGifvnf; jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk a&S@wef;
xkwfI az: jyxm;&onf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tp/ OD;Ek tv,f/ OD;csefxGef; tqHk; ArmtrsKd;om;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmh jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk r}udKuf=uyg? OD;baz/ a'guf
wmAarmf/ ocifApdefwdk@vdk vufsm*kd%f;om;rsm;uvnf; r}udKuf=uyg? odk@aomf
OD;atmifqef; OD;Ekwdk@ESifh OD;baz OD;barmfwdk@. tajccHapwemcsif;rSm jcm;em;
=uygonf? vlrsKd;pkrsm;.jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;udk y,fzsufI r&Edkifawmhyg?
79
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tajccHOya'vrf;!$ef

jyÏmef;csuf tqdkwifoGif;onfhtcg tydk'f 2 wGif jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;ukd
xnfo h iG ;f xm; &avonf? od@k aomf Adv k cf sKyfw@kd usq;kH oGm;+yD;aemuf tajccHOya'udk
t+yD;owf a&;qG=J uonft h cg u|eaf wmfw@kd tm; rvdrw hf ywf ESyvf u kd o f nf[k u|ef
awmfawmh pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ ,lqaeqJ jzpfonf?
toGiftm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@e,fpyfa'otm; ESpfodrfhap&ef jynfaxmifpk
toGiaf y;xm;+yD; tESpo f m&tm;jzifh wwfEikd o f r# wjynfaxmifpeH pfjzpf&ef zefw;D
xm;onf[k u|efawmfxifonf?
OD;csexf eG ;f u jynfe,frsm;tc%f; cGx J u G cf iG t
hf c%f;rsm; tajccHOya'wGif
yg0ifxnfhoGif;xm;jcif; ta=umif;ESifhywfouf+yD; EdkifiHa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;t& trSefvdk
tyfIr[kwfa=umif; e,fpyfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;. oHo,pdwfudk av#mhyg;ap&ef
twGuo f mjzpfa=umif; Armrsm;tay: ESpyf &dap>'=um&Snpf mG pGpJ +JG rJ+rJxm;&Sv d maom
r,Ho k uFmpdwrf sm;ukdk awmifay:om;rsm;onf &kww f &ufpeG @f vw $ Ef ikd jf cif; r&Sad =umif;/
xkrd ouFmpdwrf sm;udk ukpm;aomenf;wenf;omjzpfa=umif; [lI ajym=um;a=umif;
jzifh “ygarmuQ a[mif;wifu h m” uol. pmtkyw f iG q
f ufvuf az: jyxm;avonf?
xkrd #ru OD;csex f eG ;f onf wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfwiG f “u|eaf wmfw@kd ,ckvuf
&Sd tajctaersm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh tpd;k &wzG@J wnf;u tkycf sKyfwm[m
b,favmufbJaumif;w,fqdkom u|efawmfwdk@tm;vHk; ,Hk=unf=uapumrl ,ck
tcsdefrSmjzpfv#if jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHudkomv#if zGJ@pnf;bdk@&mjzpfaeygw,f ”[lI‚if;
wzefqufvuf+yD; “u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k u ody+f yD; rESp+f cdKufaomfvnf; ,ckvuf&dS
tajctaet& jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwnfcJh&wJhtwGuf aemifudktajctaet& wOD;
wnf; tpkd;& wzGJ@wnf;utkyfcsKyfwhJ EdkifiHrsKd;[mydk+yD;vdkvm;tyfw,f Armjynfudk
=unfhvdkufv#if urBmESifhpmv#iftifrwefi,fvdk@ aemifudktpkd;&wzGJ@wnf;ESifhjzpf
EdkifwJh Unitary EdkifiHrsKd;udkjzpfcsifygw,fqdkv#if jynfe,fawGu oabmwlv#if
u|efawmfwdk@ zefwD;oGm;bdk@&efonf Oya'rSmyg&Sdygw,f ”[lI‚if; &Sif;vif;ajymjy
oGm;cJhygonf?
tajccHOya't}uHay;t&m&Sjd zpf+yD; tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mwGif t"duwm0ef
xrf;aqmifcahJ om OD;csex f eG ;f onf jynfaxmifppk eH pfukd tb,fr#rvkv d m; rESp+f cdKuf
onfudk ol.pum;rsm;jzifh ay:vGifapygonf?
80
e,fpyfa'orSvlrsKd;pkrsm; qENjyif;jyI‚if;/ rv$Jra&SmifomI‚if;/ wenf;

tm;jzifh e,fpyfa'orS vlrsKd;pkrsm;oHo,uif;ap&ef &aohpdwfajzjyKEdkif&eftwGuf
jynfaxmifpkyHkpHukd xnfhwGif;xm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf Armacgif;aqmifrsm;.
vdktifqENtwdkif; wjynfaxmif oabma&mufEdkifor# a&mufap&ef zefwD;ay;
cJhjcif; yifjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'onf ,if;uJo
h @kd
zg;wydik ;f ig;wydik ;f jzpfro
_ nf e,fpyfa'o vlrsK;d rsm;wGif ude;f atmif;aeaom oHo,
ruif;r_udk rajyaysmufaponfhtjyif wdk;Iyif}uD;rm; vmapcJhygonf?
wjcrf;yJhjynfaxmifpk
u|efawmfwdk@. tajccHOya'onf oabmw&m;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk[k

ac:qdkEdkifjcif;rSm-
(1) &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;jynfe,frsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;jcif;/
(2) jynfe,frsm;wGif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;toifhtwifhcGifhjyKxm;jcif;/
(3) jynfe,faumifpDac: Oya'jyKtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;jcif;/
(4) &Srf;ESifhu,m;jynfe,frsm;tm; jynfaxmifpk.tjrifhqHk;tqifhjzpfonfh
cGJxGufEdkifcGifhay;xm;jcif; rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?
Tr#avmufom uGuu f uG u f av;=unfv h #if urBmay:&Sd tjcm;jynfaxmif
pkrsm;ESifh toGiftm;jzifhwloa,mifa,mifjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkqdkonfrSm jynf
axmif a c: jynf e ,f r sm; pk a ygif ; xm;jcif ; jzpf o nf ? tjcm;vl r sKd ; pk r sm;twG u f
oD;jcm;jynfe,frsm; zG@J pnf;xm;aomfvnf; vlrsm;pkjzpfaomArmrsm;tbd@k jynfe,f
[lI oD;jcm;r&Sdacs? oD;jcm;ygvDrefESifh oD;jcm;tpdk;&vnf;r&Sdacs?
&kwfw&ufqdkv#if Armrsm;u tepfemcH&oa,mif oabmaygufayrnf?
eufeufeJeJ pOf;pm;=unfhygu Armrsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tm%mudk vHk;axG;
,lvu kd +f yD; vlrsK;d pkrsm; tay:tkypf ;D vdu
k jf cif;om jzpfygonf? Tonfuakd xmuf&I _
OD;csefxGef;u “vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepfjzpfonf” [kqdkvdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
xdka=umifh u|efawmfu jynfe,frsm;onf Armjynf.yÀmquf EdkifiHrsm;
tqifhodk@ usa&mufukefonf[k qdkvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? yÀmqufEkdifiHac: Vassal
State ESifh ywfouf+yD; u|efawmftaeESifh txl;t"dy`g,fzGifhjyp&m rvdkyg? AdkvfcsKyf
81
atmifqef; ruG,fvGefrSD wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif t"dy`g,fzGifhjycJhonfuydkI

t"dy`g,fav;eufygonf?
Vassal State qdkwmu wynfhu|efEdkifiHvdkoabmrsKd;bJ u|efqdkayrJhvdk@
Colony udkvdkeDvnf;r[kwfbl; ol@bmomol ol@rif;ESifhol@csif;ESifh ol@tpkd;&ESifhbJ
tjyifbrf;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f? odk@aomfvnf; EdkifiH}uD;wEdkifiH&Jh =oZm
vGrf;rdk;r_csKyfcs,fr_udk txl;wvnfcHae&wJh EdkifiHjzpfvdk@ Vassal State vdk@ac:w,f?
ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ESihf yÀmqufEikd if [
H al om pum;rsm;udu k |eaf wmfu (wdik ;f
jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf nDvmcHrSwfwrf;/ pmwJG 1/ tpnf;ta0;trSwf 4/ pmrsufESm
77 wGif&_) wrif xGifvdkfufonf[k u|efawmhrdwfaqGrsm;u qdk=uonf? trSefrSm
Tpum;vHk;rsm;udk u|efawmfu xGifvdkufonfr[kwfyg? jynfaxmifpkjrefrm
EdkifiHawmf. 10 ESpfausmf b0rSaygufzGm;vmaom pum;vHk;rsm;om jzpfygonf?
Armrsm;twGufoD;jcm;jynfe,f/ oD;jcm;tpdk;&/ oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJ@ [lI
oD;jcm;rxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufI OD;csefxGef;uyif Armacgif;aqmifrsm;. ukd,fpm;
wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;jycJhygonf?
“Armjynfr}uD;u tifrwef}uD;+yD; yg0ifrnfhjynfe,fawGu tifrwef
tus,t f 0ef;rSm i,faewmukad wG@&ygw,f? Armjynfr tus,t f 0ef;[m &Sr;f jynf/
ucsijf ynfe,f/ u&ifejD ynfe,f onfjynfe,fo;kH jynfaygi;f v#iaf wmifrS ArmjynfrmS
usefwJhe,fawG&Jh tus,ft0ef;eJ@qdkv#if oHk;yHkwyHk av;yHkwyHkavmufbJ&Sdw,f?
vlOD;a&tm;jzifhqdkv#if om+yD;uGmjcm;ao;w,f? vlOD;a& 17 oef;&SdwJhteuf
Armjynfru 15 oef;&Sdw,f? &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ u&ifeDjynfe,fu &Sdv#if 2
oef; avmufb&J w dS ,f +yD;awmhb¾ma&; udpt P ajctaerSmvnf; ,ckvuf&dS tajc
taeudk =unfrh nf qdv k #if &Sr;f jynfrmS tawmfoif&h adS omfvnf; ucsijf ynfe,f qdvk #if
b¾ma&;tajct aerSmtrsm;}uD;csKd@wJhaeygw,f EkdifiHa&; A[kokwukd =unfhjyef
awmhvnf; tawmfbJ uGmjcm;aewm&dSw,f”[lIOD;csefxGef;u Arm jynfrESifh
jynfe,frsm;uGmjcm;r_udk &Sif;jy+yD;/ tu,fI ArmjynfrtwGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,f
xm;&v#if Oya'ðyr_twGuf trwfrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfr_twGuf tr_xrf;rsm;/ w&m;pD
&ifrt _ wGuf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ trsm;tjym;vdrk nf jzpfonft h wGuf vlrvHak vmuf
a=umif; A[dkjynfaxmifpkESifh ArmjynfrtwGufukd 3 XmecGJxm;&v#if b¾ma&;
ESpfqydkIukefusrnf jzpfa=umif; qufvuf&Sif;jyonf?
82
xd@k a=umifh “useof nfjh ynfe,fawGrmS vdk ArmjynfrtwGuu f kd oD;oef@jynf

e,fwcktjzpf rxm;bJESifh A[dktpdk;&u A[dkOya'ðytzGJ@uae+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfwJh
A[dt k pd;k &ESihf aygi;f xm;wJh waygi;f wpnf;wnf; Edik if jH ynfr jzpf&rnf”[k OD;csex
f eG ;f
u &Sif;vif;cJhygonf?
[dkpOfu u|efawmfvnf;[kwfEkd;a,mifa,mif vufcHcJhygonf? Armrsm;
wu,ftepfemcHyguvm; [ktxif}uD;cJyh gonf? eufeufeeJ J ezl;ay:vufwif pOf;
pm;=unfhrS jynfe,frsm; arsmufavmif;jzpfukefonfukd awG@jrif&ygonf?
trSerf mS Armrsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fz@JG pnf;+yD; Armjynfe,f/ &Sr;f jynf
e,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f ponfh jynfe,frsm; yl;aygi;f
um jynfaxmifpkzGJ@ygrS wuJhjynfaxmifpk. t*F gESifh nD!$wfayrnf? ,ckrlum;
Armjynfe,f[lI ryg&SdonfhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@. tajccHOya'onf toGiftm;
jzifhyif t*F grpHk wjcrf;yJh jynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfaeavonf?
Tum; yxrOD;pGm awG@&Sd&onfh csKd@,Gif;csuf}uD; jzpfygonf?
wdk@ygvDref
u|eaf wmfw f @kd jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efz@JG pnf;yHrk mS vnf; obm0rusay? tjcm;
jynfaxmifpk ygvrD efrsm;wGif v$waf wmf 2 &yfxm;&Sjd cif;rSm atmufvw $ af wmfonf
'Drdkua&pDoabmt& tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;ouf&rnf
qdok nfth wdik ;f jynfov l x
l w
k &yfv;kH tm; ud, k pf m;jyK&efjzpf+yD; txufvw $ af wmfrmS
jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;t& jynfe,frsm;tm;udk,fpm;jyK&ef jzpfayonf?
jynfe,f}uD;u jynfe,fi,frsm;tm; tEdkifusifhr_r&Sdap&ef txufv$wf
awmfodk@ udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& tnDtr# apv$wf=uonf? v$wfawmfw&yf&yfonf
tm%mukd tvGet f uJ toH;k rjyKEdik &f eftwGuf v$waf wmfw&yfu tjcm;v$waf wmf
w&yftm; xdef;uGyfEdkif&ef tcGifhtm%mwl ay;xm;=uonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd . txufvw $ af wmfo@kd jynfe,frsm;onf trwfO;D a& tnD
tr# apv$wEf ikd cf iG hf r&S=d uyg ? Armjynfe,f[I l oD;jcm;r&Sjd cif;onfyif jynfaxmifpk
txufvw $ af wmf zG@J pnf;r_udk }uD;pGm&kyqf if;ysuaf pavonf? wjynfe,fv#if trwf
OD;a& tb,fr#pDapv$wf&rnf[k tajccHOya'wGif jyÏmef;vdkufv#if Armjynfe,f
r&SdI jynfaxmifpktxufv$wfawmfwGif Armudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwfacs?
83
u|efawmfwdk@. txufv$wfawmfonf atmufv$wfawmftm; xdef;uGyf

Edik af om tm%mvnf;r&S/d jynfe,frsm;tusK;d udk umuG,Ef ikd pf rG ;f vnf; r&S/d jzpfae
av&m ,cktwdkif;omqdkv#if EdkifiHawmforRwuJhodk@ wefqmqifxm; &Hkom&Sdae
ayrnf? Tum; 'kwd,csKd@,Gif;csufwnf;?
tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;
jynfaxmifpk ppfppfEdkifiHrsm;wGif A[dkjynfaxmifpktm; trsm;ESifhqdkifaom

tcGifhtm%mrsm;omay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u odrf;ydkufxm; =u
onf? uae'gjynfaxmifpkwGifom A[dkjynfaxmifpktm;vnf; tm%muef@owf
ay;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;ukd A[dkuodrf;ydkufxm;onf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpOk ya' jyKpm&if;/
jynfe,fOya'jyKpm&if; [lI cGJjcm;+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;udk A[dkjynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&odk@ay;tyfxm;&m uae'gjynfaxmifpkESifh tm%mcGJa0enf;wGif twlwl
yifjzpfonf? tajccHOya'rlEiS hf ywfoufI &Si;f jypOf OD;csex f eG ;f u uae'gjynfaxmif
pk vrf;pOfudk vdkufxm;a=umif; 0efcHcJhavonf?
xkdvrf;pOfudk rvdkufIvnf; rjzpfay? Armjynfe,f[lIoD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;
jcif;r&Sd jzpfav&m jynfaxmifppk pfppf rl twdik ;f A[du k t
kd m%mvH;k 0 uef@owfay;
vdkuf+yD; useftm%mrsm;tm;vHk;ukd jynfe,frsm;tm;ay;vdkufv#if Armjynfr
twGuf tkyfcsKyfI jzpfEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfacs?
Tum;u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'. wwd,csKd@,Gif;csufyifjzpfayonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpt

k pd;k &
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;& tzGJ@rsKd;ukd tjcm;rnfonfh jynfaxmifpk

EdkifiHwGifrSmrS rawG@&yg?
jynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfonfh tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H/
=opaw;vD;,m;wdk@wGif‚if;/ jynfaxmifpktaysmhpm;jzpfonfh uae'gwGif‚if;/
jynfaxmifpk tpk;d &tzG@J wiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd tpd;k &tzG@J uJo
h @kd jynfe,f0ef}uD;Ïmersm;
yg0if zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sd=uyg?
84
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f OuUXrsm;onf jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tzG@J wiG f jynfe,f

0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifae=uonf? u|efawmfwkd@jynfaxmifpkwGif EkdifiHawmforRw
onf jy&kyfr#omjzpf+yD; tm%mt&SdqHk;yk*d~KvfrSm EkdifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfonf?
yk'rf 56 (2) t& Edik if aH wmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyfu trnfwifoiG ;f aom
yk*d~Kvfwdk@udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@0if tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfcef@xm;&rnf?
yk'fr 56 (3) t& EdkifiHawmforRwonf 0ef}uD;csKyf. t}uHay;csuft&
jynfaxmifpktpdk;& 0ef}uD;wOD;OD;.&mxl;E_wfxGufpmudk vufcH&rnf/ odk@wnf;
r[kwf &mxl;rS &yfpJap&rnf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd . t&yfom;pum;qdv k #if 0ef}uD;csKyfu }udKufEpS o f ufI a&G;
cs,folrsm;om 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpf&+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfutvdkr&Sdonfh wae@wGif 0ef}uD;
&mxl;rS E_wfxGufay;&rnf? u|efawmfwdk@jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfu
oabmwlrS 0ef}uD;jzpfEdkifonf/ 0ef}uD;csKyfu oabmrwlonfhtcg 0ef}uD;rjzpf
Edik af cs? xd@k a=umifh jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf. oabmqENtwdik ;f aqmif
&Guf=u&onf? jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;&SdI jynfaxmifpk
tpkd;&onf jynfe,ftwGif;a&;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifhr&Sd [k qdkaomfvnf;
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;. t}uD;tuJjzpfol jynfe,fOuUXrsm;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyf.qENESifh
qef@usiaf omudprP sm; bmrSrvkyEf idk f jzpf=u&m jynfe,frsm;. ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;rSm
t"dy`g,fuif;rJh aeayonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;csKyfonf jynfe,ftwGi;f a&;udprP sm;udk
wdu k &f udk f 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaep&mrvd/k rdrw
d @kd tpd;k &tzG@J wiG yf g0ifaeaom jynfe,f
0ef}uD;rsm;rSwqifh =oZmv$rf;rdk;Edkifavonf? oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh 0ifa&muf
pGufzufEdkifavonf?
Tonfyif wjynfaxmifpeH pfukd xif&mS ;pGm az: jyaeavonf? xd@k a=umifh
OD;csex f eG ;f u vufawG@wiG f wjynfaxmifpeH pf Unitary jzpfaeygonf [k ygarmuQ
wifhum tm; ajymjycJhayonf?
Tum; u|efawmfwdk@ tajccHOya'. pwkwˆcsKd@,Gif;csuf jzpfonf?
85
jynfaxmifpk b¾ma&;
tm%mESifhtcGifhta&;cGJa0enf;uJhodk@yif b¾ma&;cGJa0r_onfvnf; jynf

e,frsm;tm; jynfe,ftcGeaf wmfpm&if; [lI cGaJ 0uef@owfay;xm;+yD; uset f m;vH;k
udk A[kdu ,lxm;vdkufavonf? Armjynfe,f[lI oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ
jynfaxmifpk [lI a&maxG;zGJ@pnf;xm;av&m A[dkÏmersm; [lI oef@oef@cGJjcm;&ef
cufcaJ yonf? xd@k a=umifh A[djk ynfaxmifpEk iS hf oufqikd af om tcGeaf wmf0ifaiGrsm;udk
b,fo@kd caJG 0I A[kjd ynfaxmifpEk iS hf oufqikd af omÏmersm;twGuf b,fo@kd usc&H rnf
udk wdwdusus owfrSwf&ef rvG,fulawmhay?
tajccHOya'yk'rf 96 ¹cGi;f csuw f iG o
f m jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &onf “axmufyhH
&efvdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwfowfrSwfaom taxmuftyHhaiGrsm;udk” jynfe,ftpkd;&
rsm;tm; ay;Edkifonf [k az: jyxm;onf?
‚if;jyXmef;csuft& &&Sdaom taxmuftyHhaiGrsm;jzifhom jynfe,frsm;
touf&SLae=u&onf? TaxmufyHhaiGrsm;ukd A[kdtpdk;&u ay;vdku ay;Edkifonf?
ray;bJ aevku d vnf; aeEdik o
f nf? Tenf;jzifh A[dt k pd;k &onf jynfe,ftpd&k rsm;.
toufaoG;a=umukd xdef;csKyfxm;vdkufonf? Tonfudk axmuf&_Ivnf; OD;csef
xGef;u vufawG@wGif wjynfaxmifpHepf jzpfonf [k ajym[efwlavonf?
jynfe,frsm; txl;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@&Srf;jynf. rauseyfcsufrsm;onf
b¾ma&;cGJa0r_ tay:wGif jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf?
tjcm; jynfaxmifpk tajccHOya'rsm;wGif b¾ma&;cGJa0r_ESifh ywfoufI
twdtus jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sd=uacs? jrefrmjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGifom
twdtus jyXmef;xm;+yD; twdtusvdkufemae=uonf?/
Tum; tajccHOya'. yÌr csKd@,Gif;csufjzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,fb¾m

a&;cGJa0r_ESifh ywfoufI‚if;/ oD;oef@aqmif;yg;a&;ygOD;rnf?
86
tajccH Oya'jyif=updk@
&Srf;jynfe,f. epfemcsuf rauseyfcsufrsm; ajyvnfap&ef vuf&SdtajccH

Oya'udk jyefvnfppD pfI jyifqif=u&ayrnf? ,if;od@k jyifqifonft h cg txufwiG f
u|efawmfavhvmqef;ppfxm;aom csKd@,Gif;csuf}uD; 5 csufudk OD;wnf+yD; jyifqif
=u&ayvdrfhrnf?
,if;csKd@,Gif;csuf 5 csufwGift}uHK;0ifaom tc%f;u¾rsm;/ yk'frrsm;/
Z,m;rsm; tm;vHk;ukdjyifqifjcif;/ jz!fhpGufjcif;/ E_wfy,fjcif;rsm; jyK&ygvdrfhrnf?
qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifp. k 1848 ckEpS t
f ajccHOya'udk 1874 ckEpS w
f iG f tajc
taet& jyefvnfjyifqifouJhodk@yif jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
,if;uJhodk@ jyifqifjz!fhpGuf E_wfy,fvdkufv#if u|efawmfwdk@vdkvm;aom
jynfaxmifpk}uD;onf t=urf;tm;jzifh atmufygyHko¾meftwdkif; ay:vGifvmyg
vdrfhrnf?
***************
87
2 ³ 4 u|eaf wmfw@kd vdv

k m;aomjynfaxmifpk
(1) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif-
1) jrefrmjynfe,f/
2) &Srf;jynfe,f/
3) ucsifjynfe,f/
4) u&ifjynfe,f/
5) u,m;jynfe,f/
6) csif;jynfe,f/
&) &ckdifjynfe,f/
8) rGefjynfe,f rsm;yg0if=urnf?
(2) Tjynfe,frsm;onf wef;wl&nfwljzpf=u+yD; A[kdjynfaxmifpkokd@ v$Jtyf

xm;aomtm%mrsm;rSty vHk;0tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orRwEdkifiHrsm;
jzpf=urnf? (qGpfZmvefESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrsm;uJhodk@)
(3) jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif oD;jcm;tajccHOya'rsm;/ oD;jcm;Oya'jyKtzGJ@rsm;/

oD;jcm;tpkd;&tzGJ@rsm; &Sd=urnf?
(4) jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efwiG f jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkvw

$ af wmf [lI v$wf
awmf 2 &yfyg0ifrnf? jynfo@l vw $ af wmfukd vlO;D a&tvdu k f a&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufI vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfodk@ jynfe,frsm;onf udk,fpm;vS,f OD;a&
tnDtr# apv$wf=urnf?
v$wfawmf 2 &yfpvHk; wef;wltm%m &Sd=urnf?
(5) v$wfawmf 2 &yfyl;wGJusif;yaom tpnf;ta0;rS jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJ@

ESifh Edik if aH wmforRwudk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufrnf? tpk;d &tzG@J yHpk rH mS qGpf
Zmvef tpkd;&ESifh cyfqifqifjzpfrnf? odk@aomf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk tpkd;&
tzGJ@onf ygvDrefudkwm0efcH&rnf/ tpdk;&tzGJ@ 0ef}uD;rsm;onf ygvDreft
88
rwfrsm;omjzpf&rnf?
(6) atmufygÏmersm;ukd jynfaxmifpkÏmersm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;rnf?
1) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;
2) umuG,fa&;
3) aiGpuULESifh aiG'*F g;xkwfvkyfa&;
4) pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;
5) rD;&xm;ESifh ava=umif;qufoG,fa&;
6) qdyfurf;cGefaumufcHa&;
&) jynfaxmifpk b¾ma&;
8) jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&;
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJ@onf jynfaxmifpkppfppftpdk;&tzGJ@jzpfav&m
jynfe,f0ef}uD;Ïmersm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay?
(7) jynfe,frsm;tm;vH;k onf Complete Autonomy vH;k 0uk, d yf ikd f tkycf sKyfa&;
&S=d urnf? jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f uaomf‚if;/ jynfaxmifpu k aomf‚if;/ jynfe,f
twGi;f a&;udprP sm;wGif 0ifa&muf pGuzf ufEikd cf iG hf r&Sad p&? jynfe,ftyk cf sKyf
a&; t}uD;trSL;rsm;ukd jynfe,forRwrsm; [k ac:wGifaprnf?
(8) jynfe,fwdkif;onf jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufEdkifaomtcGifhta&; &Sd=urnf?
(9) qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkrSmuJhodk@ jynfaxmifpk t+rJwef; ppfwyfxm;&Sda&;
r&Sda&;udk jynfaxmifpkygvDrefu tav;teuf pOf;pm;rnf?
Tum; u|efawmfwdk@jyifqifvdkaom jynfaxmifpkyHkpHt=urf; jzpfygonf?
ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESihf Oya'ynm&Sif}uD;rsm;u tacsmudkif+yD; &kyfvHk;az:ay;=uvdrfh
rnf [k u|efawmf txl;ar#mfvifhygonf?
wef;wlnDr#I wajy;nDpGmwdk;wufaom jynfaxmifpk}uD; tjrefay:ayguf
ygapownf;?
&Srf;jynftrsKd;om; taygif;wdk@pnf;vHk; nD!$wf=uavmh-
xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;)

***************
89
'Drdkua&pDajymif;jyef
ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;Zefxm;&Sif
OD;Zefxm&Sif
ed'gef;
u|efawmfonf pma&;q&m r[kwfyg? pdwful;,Oform;vnf; r[kwfyg?

odk@&mwGif wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;}uD;vmv#if v,form;yif xGefwHk;xGefwefudk
ypfI vufeufudkif+yD; ppfwdkufxGuf&ouJhodk@ jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJrnfhab;udk
jrifawG@&aoma=umihf 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm; rqH;k &_;H ap&ef 'Dru kd a&pDukd umuG,f
vdak omtm;jzifh T “'Dru kd a&pD ajymif;jyef ” pmtkyu f kd a&;om;jyKpk&jcif; jzpfygonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if [ H k ac:&jcif;onf jynfrESihf jynfe,frsm; pkaygi;f xm;
jcif;udk tpGJjyKI ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkv#if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
wGif rSSDwif;aexdkif=uukefaom &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u,m;/ csif;/ &cdkif/ rGef/ jrefrm/
ytdk@0f/ awmifol/ em* ponfh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;udk pnf;vHk;+yD;v#if wdkif;jynf
wjynftjzpf wnfaxmifxm;jcif; jzpfayonf?
TuJhodk@ jynfrESifh jynfe,frsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif; vlrsKd;toD;oD;udk pkpnf;
xm;jcif;jzifh wnfaxmifxm;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk}uD; r+ydKuGJ rysufpD;atmif
xdef;odrf;&efrSm jynfaxmifpkom;wdkif;Y vnf;aumif; vlrsKd;pkwdkif;Yvnf;aumif;
wm0efonf tpOft+rJ&b dS o d uJoh @kd jynfow l @kd . tm%mjzifh wufvmaom tpd;k &
tzGJ@Y ‚if;tpdk;&tzGJ@. OD;pD;r¾dKifrsm;jzpf=uaom 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh orRwYvnf;
aumif; tvGe}f uD;av;pGmaom wm0efonf &Sad v.? Tod@k wm0efukd apmifo h Ed ikd f
&efrmS vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDukd rjywfwap cg;0wfyq k ;kd uJo
h @kd +rJcikd Ef ikd rf o
S mv#if jzpfavrnf?
qm;onf &Sib f &k ifEiS hf olaX;olºuG,rf sm;pm;v#iv f nf; iHonf? v,form;
tvkyform; vlwef;pm;rsm; pm;v#ifvnf; iHonf? zkef;awmif; ,mpum Elem0JpGJ
olqif;&Jrsm; pm;v#iv f nf; iHonf? {0&ufawmifxyd w f iG f wufxikd I f pm;v#iv f nf;
iHonf? xdek nf;wlpmG ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDreS v f #if xdyq f ;kH rS atmufq;kH vlwef;pm;
91
ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;Zefxm&Sif
txd 'Drdkua&pDt&omudk wlnDpGmcHpm;cGifh &Sd&ayrnf? jynfh0r_ &Sd&ayrnf/ ajrjyef@

a'o/ awmifay:a'ora&G; tnDt!Gwf &Sd&ayrnf?
odk@aomf ,ae@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHY rnfr#yif 'Drdkua&pD&Sdygonf[k
yg;pyfru S ek ;f atmfaeapumrl A[dyk gvrD efwiG f 119 rJukd 127 rJjzifh tEdik , f al eaom
1
tcsdef . tvGefeD;uyfaom ra&S;raESmif;umvckY 10 rJ udk 7 rJ u tEdkif,l
&efvnf;aumif; 2/ jynfaxmifp}k uD;. wm0eft&Sq d ;kH yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u um,uHajrmuf
usL;vGev f u kd jf cif;onf jynfaxmifp}k uD;. &mZ0ifukd trnf;uGux f ifap&ef vky}f uH
tm;xkwv f u kd jf cif;yif jzpfawmh.? xdw k iG rf u jynfe,fOuUXrsm;udk jynfe,faumifpD
ESihf !dE‡ id_ ;f wdik yf ifI cef@&rnf [k twdtvif;a&;xm;aom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH
Oya' udyk if x&D;'dik rf if;&Si;f (ac: ) oH;k bufjrif rSeaf jymif;jzifh =unfu h m ud,k vf &kd mod@k
qGJaqmifazmufzsufonftxd EdkifiH.wm0eft&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf azmufjyefvm
avawmh.?
xd@k a=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDukd cspjf rwfE;kd I jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk wnfwchH ikd +f rJapvdk
aom jynfaxmifpkom; wa,muftaeESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfaxmifpk w0ef;vHk;
vSnf;ae/ avSatmif;/ jrif;aZmif;rusef tjynfht0ay;Edkifaom tpdk;&aumif;
wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifaumif;udk ar#mfrSef;wrf;wvsuf jynfaxmifpkol jynfaxmifpk
om;wdkif;tm; tultnD awmif;&jcif; jzpfygownf;?
OD;Zefxm&Sif
ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;a[mif;
1? xdkpOfu OD;Ekonf ygvDrefwGif twdkuftcHtiftm;pkxuf rJ &SpfrJ tomjzifhom

tpdk;&zJG@pnf;xm;&aom tcsdefjzpfonf?
2? xdkpOfu ucsifjynfe,fwGif vlrsdK;pkESifh jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf pkpkaygif; 17 OD;uom
tm%mvuf&Sd OD;Ektpdk;&udk axmufcH+yD; 10 OD;rSm twdkuftcHjzpfaeaom umv
jzpfonf?
92
3 ³ 1 ucsiv
f rl sKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ordik ;f aemufcH
a&S;acwfu jrefrmrif;rsm;ESihf ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;qufqHyHk
jrefrmtp waumif;u qdo k nfph um;t& waumif;acwf yk*aH cwfupI
aemufq;kH a&$brkd if;quftqH;k rif;wke;f ESihf oDaygrif;rsm;txd rif;tqufquf tkyf
pd;k vmcJah om jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufwiG f ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;.
vufatmuf=oZmcHrsm; r[kwcf =hJ uyg? ucsi'f 0l g trsm;tjym;onf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;
ESifh r[mrdwftaeESifhom qufqHcJh=uonf? ppfa&;ppf&mY r[mrdwftaeESifhom
xda&mufpmG ulncD o hJ nf? wefc;kd }uD;aom jrefrmbk&iftcsK@d . tkycf sKyfrt _ m%monf
{&m0wDjrpfa=umif; c&D;jzifh txufodk@ Aef;armf aumif;wHktxd/ ukef;vrf;c&D;jzifh
rd;k !‡i;f / rd;k aumif;txdom ysŒH ES@H co hJ nf? +rdK@pm;rsm;taeESihf rd;k !‡i;f +rdK@pm;/ rd;k aumif;
+rdK@pm;rsm;vnf; &Srf;Armrsm;om jzpfcJhonf? xdk +rdK@pm;rsm;tay: Yyifv#if jrefrm
bk&ifrif;qufrsm;wGif rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ }uHKI wefc;kd arS;rSed af om bk&ifrsm;vufxuf
Y =oZmranmif;cJhay?
ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;onf rnfonfh jrefrmbk&if. vufatmuf=oZmcH r[kwf
cJhaomfvnf; ta&;}uD;aomppfyGJrsm;Y r[mrdwftaeESifh jrefrmbk&ifrsm;ESifh
vufwGJI wdkif;jynf. &efoludk xda&mufpGm umuG,fwdkufcdkufcJhonf?
oufaotaxmuftxm; wckjy&aomf jrefrmtmoHppfyJG t*Fvyd f jrefrm
yxrppfyGJrsm;Y ppfol}uD;r[mAE<KvESifhtwl xdyfqHk;rSae csDwufwdkufcdkufcJhaom
[l;aumif;e,f ucsi'f 0l gwpfO;D jzpfonfh 'dik zf m'l0gEiS hf ucsipf pfonfawmf tajrmuf
tjrm; yg0ifcjhJ cif;rSm txift&Sm;jzpfonf? 'kid zf m'l0gonf oD[ol&bG@J rS pI vufsm
ausmx f ifb@JG rsm;txd &&Scd o hJ nf? ‚if; bG@J wq H yd af wmfrsm;ESihf ppfo;kH "m;rsm;onf,ck
wdik f 'kid zf m'l0g. ajr;jrpfrsm;vufxufwiG f use&f pfco hJ nf? 'dik zf m'l0g rsK;d &d;k pOfqufY
use&f pfcahJ om &mZ0ifpum;t&qdv k #if t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J ppfom;rsm; onf jrefrmjynf
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oodk@ a&mufaeojzifh ‚if;wdk@tm; ckcHwdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf rif;}uD;
r[mAE<Kvonf tmoHjynfbufrS ppfa=umif;vSnI hf jrpf0u|e;f ay: a'otxdppfcsD
&mwGif tmoHjynfppfa=umif;Y uGyu f wJ u kd cf u
kd &f ef 'dik zf m'l0gukd Adv k rf LS ;}uD;tjzpfEiS hf
tm%mukef vGt J yfxm;cJo h nfq. kd ? 'dik zf m'l0guyG u f J wdu k cf u
kd af eaom ppfa=umif;Y
t*Fvdyfwdk@onf tustqHk;rsm;pGmESifh a&S@odk@rwdk;EdkifbJ &Sdaom[l.? Tum;
jrefrm&Sifbk&ifrsm;ESifh ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;qufqHcJh&yHk tusOf;csKyfr#omjzpf.?
93
e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfacwfESifh ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfwdk@onf txufArmjynfudk odrf;ydkufI jrpfzsm;a'oodk@

csDwuf=u&mY ucsifrsm;aexdkif&ma'oodk@ a&mufonfESifh ucsif'l0grsm; OD;pD;aom
rsK;d cspu f csit f rsK;d om; trsm;tjym;onf t*Fvyd w f yfukd pwif wdu k cf u
kd af wmhonf?
{&m0wDjrpfa=umif;jzifh csw D ufvmaom t*Fvyd w f yfrsm;udk xdjk rpfa=umif;wav#muf
wGifaexdkif=uaom ucsif'l0grsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ awmifay:wav#muf&Sd ucsif
'l0grsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ &Srf;jynfe,f odEDMbuf0ifvmaom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk
qufIqufI wdkufcdkufcJh=u.? 1927 ckESpfwGif ajrmufydkif;}wd*He,fudk t*Fvdyf
rsm; wdu k cf u kd of rd ;f ,laom t*Fvyd Ef iS hf ucsiw f @kd .ppfyoJG nf aemufq;kH ppfyJG jzpfonf?
‚if;ppfyGJtxd t*FvdyfESifh ucsifrsm;onf ppfyGJaygif;rnfr# wdkufcdkufcJhI
ESpzf ufpvH;k rS vlaygi;f rnfr# usq;kH cJ&h onfukd pkaqmif;a&;om;rnfqv kd #if pmtky}f uD;
wtkyfyif jzpfEdkifayonf? vufeuftiftm;rr#Ivnf;aumif;/ taotcsm avh
usix hf m;jcif;r&SI d vnf;aumif; t*Fvyd Ef iS hf ucsipf pfyrJG sm;wGif aemufq;kH Y t*Fvyd f
wyfom;rsm;uom tEdkif&&SdcJh=uonf?
od@k aomf vlO;D a&tm;jzifh tvGeef nf;yg;I urBmwGif wdrjf rKyfaeaom vlrsK;d
wpfrsKd;u aer0iftifyg,mudk wnfaxmifI wcsdefu urBmwv$m;wGif EdkifiHaygif;
tajrmuftjrm;udk odrf;ydkufatmifjrif+yD; ppfo&zlaqmif;um armfºuGm;EdkifcJhaom
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;. wyfrawmf}uD;tm; ESpfaygif; 30 ausmfr# [ef@wm;EdkifcJhjcif;onf
ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;tzdk@ txl;yif *k%f,lavmufaom tcsuf}uD;w&yf jzpfawmhonf?
Tum; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@acwfwGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@tm; ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh
wdu k cf ukd cf ahJ om ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;. wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w d "f gwf tusO;f r#om azmfjyjcif;
jzpf.?
94
zufqpf*syefacwf
ajcvsifwyfjzifh wdkufcdkuf&mwGif urBmwGif taumif;qHk;[k EdkifiHwumu

cs;D usL;jcif;cHc&hJ aom t*Fvyd w f yfw@kd onf oJaomifjyifwiG f tajy;avhusix hf m;aom
jrif;udk tjcm;ajrjyifY avhusichf &hJ aomjrif;rsm;u t&_;H ay;&ouJo h @kd 1941 ckEpS w f iG f
zufqpf*syefwyfrsm;ESihf awG@aomtcg r&_rvS&;H_ edrI hf av;ig;vtwGi;f jrefrmjynfukd
vufvw $ f ajy;&awmhonf? xdu k ohJ @kd t*Fvyd w f yfrsm;tm; jrefrmjynfrS armif;xkwf
EdkifcJhI urBmursufvHk; rsufqHjyL;+yD; =unfhae&aom *syefedyGefwyfr[mwdk@tm;
ucsijf ynfe,ftwGi;f od@k a&mufonft h cg ppfrmefp, G u f kd csK;d ESrd af csre_ ;f Edik of rl sm;onf
ucsiaf jymufusm;wyfrsm;yif jzpfco hJ nf? ucsijf ynfe,fwiG f ESpEf pS af usmrf # tkycf sKyf
cJ&h aom *syefppfwyfrsm;onf rdrw d @kd tm; &yfwnf&mr&atmif ppfyw JG ikd ;f Y atmifjrif
pGm acsr_ef;EdkifcJhaom ucsifajymufusm;wyfrsm;tm; &efwHk@jyef&ef rnfodk@r# rwwf
EdkifcJh =uyg? aemufqHk;Y r[mrdwfwyf Armjynf awmfvSefa&;wyfESifh ucsifajymuf
=um;wyfrsm;. '%fudkrcHEdkifbJ qkwfcGmxGufajy;&aom *syefwyfrsm;onf ucsif
qdkv#if rnfr#yifa=umufcJh=uoenf;[lrl toHxGufqifwl,kd;rSm;jzpfaom cgcsOf
aumifudkyif a=umuf&onftxd jzpfoGm;aom[l.?
&Srf;jynfe,frS jzwfoef;I ,kd;',m;jynfodk@ xGufajy;oGm;aom *syefwyf
rsm;onf &Gma&mufwikd ;f “cgcsOrf &Sb d ;l vm;/ cgcsOaf emf tm;}uD;raumif;bl;/ cgcsOb f ;kH
bH;k vkyw f ,faemf/ edyeG rf mpwm trsm;}uD;ao+yD” qdI k ta&;w}uD;ar;jref;avh &S. d ?
wcsKd@u ucsifudkajymrSef;rodI *syefppfom;u “cgcsOfr&Sdbl;vm;” [kar;v#if
“&Sdw,f[dkrSm” qdk+yD; opfyifay:u cgcsOftHkudk jyvdkuf=u.?
xdtk cg *syefppfom;rsm;u opfyifay:od@k aoewfjzifh ypfcwf&ef }uHou l }uH
xGufajy;&ef vkyfoluvkyfonf[kyif ajymae=u.?
ESpEf pS af om tcsed t
f wGi;f *syefppfwyfrsm;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@EiS hf Aef;armf+rKd@
rsm;wGif wyfrsm;tcdik t f rmcsonfrt S y ucsiaf wmifay:od@k rwuf&=J uay? wcgw&H
wufjyefv#ifvnf; wyfom;trsm; aysmufIom jyefavh&Sd=uonf?
Tum; zufqpf*syefacwfwiG f ucsirf sm; taeESihf zufqpftm; awmfveS f
wdkufcdkufjcif;udk tusOf;r# azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf?
95
vGwfvyfaomacwfYaomif;usef;olrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif
ucsiftrsdK;om;rsm; }udK;yrf;cJhyHk
vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD; wESpfavmuftcsdef 1949 ckESpfupI jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f tpd;k &tm;vufeufpu JG ikd I
f ykeu
f efrr_ sm;onf wck+yD;wck rar#mv f ifh
bJ ay:aygufvmcJhonf? uGefjrLepftvHeD/ uGefjrLepftvHjzL/ autif'Dtdk/ trf
tef'Dtdk/ rl*sm[pf ponfjzifh aomif;usef;ykefuefoltzGJ@rsm; rsm;vGef;I aemuf
qH;k a&mifpo kH yl ek rf sm;3 [k emr0daoe ay;&onftxdjzpfonf ? xdktcsdefwGif jynf
axmifp}k uD;. uH=urRmonf eHeufapmapm yde;f &Guaf y:wGif wnf&adS eaom ESi;f ayguf
yrmvnf;aumif; oJuE mW &Y txD;wnf;ayguI f jyif;xefaom avrkew f ikd ;f '%fukd
cHae&aom opfyifi,fyrmvnf;aumif; usvkusvk vJvkvJvkESifh wxdwfxdwf
jzpfcJh&onf? tpdk;&u aumif;rGefpGm tkyfcsKyfEdkifaom ae&m[lIum; &efukef+rKd@
avmufom usef&Sdawmhojzifh &efukeftpdk;& [lIyiforkwfjcif;udk cHcJh&onf?
TuJo h @kd tusyt f wnf; awG@ae&onfh tcsed w f iG t
f }uHuek f *VKefqm;csuf
3? 1948-50 ckESpfrsm;twGif; vufeufudkif aomif;usef;olrsm;. tiftm;
tzJG@ 1948 (rwf)- 1949 1949-1950 (=o*kwf)
uGefjrLepf (tvHjzL) 3000 5000 10000

awmcdkwyf - 3000 5000
&JabmfjzL - 5000 15000
uGefjrLepf (tvHeD) 1000 1000 1500
autif'Dtdk (u&if) - - 10000
rl*sm[pf - 1000 1500
trftif'Dtdk (rGef) - - 1500
ytdk0fh - - 1000
pkpkaygif; 4000 15000 45500
96
k vdk ucsijf ynfe,f0ef}uD; qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif 4tm; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xmeudk

qdo
udik af pvsuf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@/ Aef;armf+rdK@/ ar+rdK@rsm;wGif wyfpx
JG m;aom ucsipf pfwyf
rsm;udk av,mOfysHjzifh tacgufacguf tcgcgo,f,lvmI +rdK@awmf&efukefudk
xde;f odr;f apcJ&h onfomru/ av;bufav;wef ppfrsuEf mS zGiI hf vnf; aomif;use;f
olrsm;udk wdkufapcJh&jyefonf? odk@jzifh tpdk;&tm%mESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;onf wjznf;
jznf; us,jf yef@IvmcJo h nf? jynfaxmifpw k yfrawmfwiG f ucsipf pfAv kd /f ucsi&f aJ bmf
tajrmuftjrm;onf usew f ikd ;f &if;om; nDtpfukd ppfonfawmf rsm;ESit hf wlvufwJG
yg0ifI aomif;use;f r_uEkd rdS ef if;cJo h jzifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if . H vGwv f yfa&;onf
qHk;&_H;jcif;odk@ra&muf wnfwHhcdkif+rJawmhonf? jynfaxmifpk}uD;twGuf opPm&Sd&SdESifh
wdkufckdufcJh=uaom wyfrawmfxJwGif jynfe,frsm;rSqdkv#if ucsifwyf/ csif;wyf/
u,m;wyf/ a*:&cg;wyfrsm;onf txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfcJhonf? xdktcsufudk rnfolr#
rjiif;Edkifay? puULjzLay:wGif rifteufjzifha&;xifxm;aom &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;
4? qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif?
ucsiftrsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? 1914 ck azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@
jrpf}uD;em;c&dkif qrm;&GmwGif tz ucsif'l0g}uD; *Grfqdkif;vDESifh trd 'l*sefrdaumfxl;wdk@rS zGm;jrifonf?
Ak'b< mom bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? 1929 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D wGif
qrm;awmifwef;'l0gtjzpf cef@tyfxm;jcif; cH&onf? odk@aomf +Adwdo#tpdk;& qef@usifa&;
aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;a=umifh 1935 ckEpS wf iG f xd&k mxl;rS pGe@f vw
$ cf o
Jh nf? jrefrm/ &Sr;f ESihf ucsiw
f ikd ;f &if;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifonfh jynfol@pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;a&;tzJG@ (y,uz)
udkzJG@pnf;cJhonf? jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom zqyv
tzJG@odk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpfwGif e,fjcm;a'o pHkprf;a&; aumfr&SiftzJG@0if tjzpf bk&ifcHu
cef@tyfonf? 1947 ck wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfodk@ trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; tajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;
aumfrwDEiS hf yJu h ikd af umfrwD0ifjzpfonf? 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemuf ucsijf ynfe,fOuUÏESihf
ucsif j ynf e ,f 0 ef } uD ; tjzpf a&G ; cs,f w if a jr‡ m uf j cif ; cH & onf ? xd k @ aemuf jynf x J a &;ES i f h
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf tcsdeftcdkuftwef@r# ,m,Dwm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif
jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf o d k @ jyef v nf t a&G ; cH & onf ? 1953 ck Z l v d k i f v 28 &uf a e@wG i f
ucsifjynfe,fOuUÏtjzpfrS EkwfxGufcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGwGif jrpf}uD;em;taemuf
rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmf trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1955 ck arv 2 &ufae@rS 1958 ck
atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufae@txd OD;Ektpdk;& tzJG@wGif wdkif;&if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;/
u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?
Who's Who in Burma 1961.
97
aysmufysufoGm;apumrl bk&m;w&m;ESifh orRma'0 ewfaumif;ewfjrwfrsm;tm;

&dkaoav;pm;aom jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;. pdwfESvHk;wGif raysmufEdkifay? opPm&Sd
aom ucsi/f csi;f / u,m;/ a*:&cg;&Jabmfrsm;. taoG;onf jynfaxmifp. k ae&m
tES@H tjym;wGif oGecf I hJ tom;onf ae&m tES@H tjym;wGif jr‡Kyfco hJ nf? touf&iS f
aepOfuopPm&Sad om olrsm;onf ao&GmrS aeIvnf; opPm&S=d urnfrmS ,Hrk mS ;p&m
r&Sday?
vlenf;pk ucsifvlrsKd; jynfaxmifpkom;rsm; taeESifh ukd,fh&nfaoG;I
ajym&rnfhtpm; EdkifiHawmf. txGÉftxdyfjzpfol 0ef}uD;csKyf. wdkif;jynfvlxkodk@
rde@f =um;cJah ompum;rsm;udk oufaoxljy&aomf ydrk I kd oifah vsmaf yrnf? 1949 ckEpS f
rS 1953 ckEpS t f xd 0ef}uD;csKyf. jynfaxmifpak e@red @f ceG ;f rsm;/ tmZmenfae@ rde@f ceG ;f
rsm;wGif jyef=unfhaomf atmufygtwdkif; ygrnfjzpfonf? “jynfaxmifpk}uD;
acsmufxu J sz@kd vufEpS v f ;kH avmufvwkd thJ cgrmS jynfe,frsm;u opPm&S&d /dS owW&d &dS EdS iS hf
awmifhcHxm;vdk@ vGwfajrmufvmcJh&w,f” ponfjzifhyg&Sdvsuf ucsifjynfe,f
od@k vmonft h cg rde@f =um;aom rde@f ceG ;f rsm;ESihf Edik if aH wmforRwESihf 0ef}uD; csKyfw@kd u
ucsijf ynfe,fae@ txdr;f trSwrf sm;od@k ay;yd@k aom o0%fvm$ rsm;wGif “txl;ojzifh
jynfaxmifpk wyfrawmfxrJ mS yg0ifaewJh ucsi&f aJ bmfrsm;[m jynfaxmifp}k uD;tm;
u,fwifcJholrsm;tjzpf jynfaxmifpkvlxk}uD;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifygw,f” ponf
jzifh a&;om; ay;ydk@cJhonf? Tpum;wdk@onf rSefuefaompum;rsm;jzpfonf?
Tonfum; jynfaxmifp}k uD; wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf xm;&Sad om ucsif
vlrsKd;rsm;. uwdopPmt&if;cH t¹rGufr#omjzpfonf?
vGwfvyfa&;wGif ucsifvlrsKd;rsm; yg0ifvm&jcif;
ucsiv
f rl sK;d rsm;onf acwftqufqufY rnfonfv h rl sK;d rsm;. tkypf ;kd r_urkd #
rcHcJh&aom/ wOD;ESifhwOD;. csKyfcs,fr_uif;vGwfaom 'Drdkua&pDwGif tajccHxm;I
vGwfvyfpGmaecJh&aom vlrsKd;wrsKd;jzpfonf? wenf;qdkaomf 'Drdkua&pDe,fuav;
tajrmuftjrm; pkaygif;xm;aoma'ojzpfcJhonf? xdk@uJhodk@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
aecJhaom vlrsKd;wrsKd;onf vufeuftiftm;rr#r_a=umifh t*Fvdyfrsm;. vuf
atmufodk@ a&mufoGm;cJh&m tb,frSmv#if ESpf+cdKufaysmfydkufEdkiftHhenf;? t+rJvGwf
vyf vd=k u.? vGwv f yfa&;&&eftwGuf t+rJenf;vrf;&Sm=urnf jzpfonf? t*Fvyd f
98
vlrsKd;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;udk EdkifEdkifeif;eif; tkyfcsKyfEdkif=uI enf;y&d,m,fwGif

olrwlatmif ºuG,0f aomvlrsK;d rsm;jzpfonf? tacsmt h jr‡LY tvGepf rG ;f aom vlrsK;d
rsm;jzpf=uonf? rnfr# y&d,m,faumif;I rnfr# acsmjh r‡L=uapumrl ucsiv f rl sK;d rsm;
onf txufuazmfjyonfhtwdkif; rwwfomIomcHae&aomtcsdefY cHcJh&aomf
vnf; vGwfvyfa&;&zdk@ csufaumif;ay:vmaomtcg wnDw!Gwfwnf; vGwfvyf
a&;udk t&,l&ef qHk;jzwfvmcJhonf?
yifvykH xrnDvmcH 5/ yifv'kH wk ,d nDvmcHESifh 6 yifvpkH mcsKyf/ 7 ar+rdK@ pHpk rf;a&;
aumfr&Sif 8 wGif tppfccH surf sm;onf ruG,af ysmufEikd af om oufaorsm;jzpfonf?
5? yifvHkyxrnDvmcH? ? 1946 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif &Srf;jynfyifvHk+rdK@Y yxrt}udrf pnf;a0;
aom apmfbGm;rsm;nDvmcHjzpfonf? xdknDvmcHodk@ jrefrmjynfrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf ocifEk/
OD;b*srf;ESifh ref;bcdkifwdk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? xdknDvmcHY jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;u +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ
wdk@. 0g'jzef@r_a=umifh awGa0em;a,mifaeaom &Srf;trsdK;om;rsm;udk nD!Gwfa&;twGuf qJGaqmif
cJh=uonf?
(jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; wJG 6/ pm 444-448)
6? yifvHk'kwd,nDvmcH? ? 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufae@ vef'efwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;

cJhaom atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyfwGif e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh jrefrmjynfrwdk@ aygif;pnf;qufqHa&;
twGuf e,fjcm;&Sd vlrsm;.acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk ar;jref;&rnf pojzifh yg&adS vonf?
xkda=umihf 1947 ckazazmf0g&Dv 6 &ufae@rS pwif+yD; yifvHkY 'kwd,t}udrf nDvmcHudkusif;yonf?
xdknDvmcHodk@ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ajrjyef@a'orS acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &Srf;/
ucsiEf iS hf csi;f trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ +Adwo
d #tpd;k &u tuJcwf&ef apv$wf
aom 'dkrDeD,eftwGif;0efuav; aAmhwGrfrav trSL;&Sdaom +Adwdo#t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;/ tar&duef
aumifppf0efESifh ppfbufqdkif&mt&m&Sdrsm; wufa&muf=uonf?
xdknDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;&Sd&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGm wdkufyJG0ifoGm;=u&ef awmifwef;a'o udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;cJhonf?
(jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;- wGJ 15/ pm 285-289 ESifh wJG 6/ pm 444- 448)
7? yifvHkpmcsKyf? ? 1947 ck azazmf0g&v D 12 &ufae@ eHeuf 10 em&Dtcsed w

f iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ESifh awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,f 21 OD;wdk@onf wdkif;&if;om;nD!Gwfa&; taqmufttHkudk
wnfaqmufrnfh yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf?
(jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;- wJG 6/ pm 444-448)
99
jrefrmjynfrwGif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ t*Fvdyfvuf

xuf *syefvufxufY tajrmuftjrm;ay:ayguf cJhzl;aomfvnf; vlenf;pkrsm;
awmifwef;om;rsm;ta=umif;udk pdw0f ifpm;ol r&So d avmuf&mS ;cJ&h mrS zufqpf*syef
tm; awmfveS &f ef zG@J pnf;vdu
k af om zqyv tzG@J }uD;onf vlenf;pkrsm; awmifwef;
om;rsm;udkyg vdkufvHpk&Hk;I nD!Gwfr_udk &,lcJh.?
zqyvtzG@J csKyfOuUX Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf csi;f / ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/
&Sr;f paom awmifwef;om;rsm;xHomG ;I aoG;pnf;r_ukd &,lc. hJ ? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
onf xufjrufaom Om%fynm&Siw f OD; jzpfonfEiS t hf nD wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vH;k nD
!Gwfa&;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;}uD;qHk;[kjrifojzifh r&ru}udK;
yrf;aqmif&u G I f wnfaqmufc. hJ ? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1946 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv
wGif jrpf}uD;em;odk@vmI ucsifvl}uD;rsm;ESifhtwl ucsifvlxkESifhawG@+yD;v#if ucsif
vlx. k nD!w G rf u
_ kd t&,lc.hJ ? ol. atmifjrifrw _ iG f vufeuf}uD;rsm;um; Tod@k
jzpf.?
1? nDtpfudk ucsifvlrsKd;taygif;wdk@? u|efawmfwdk@onf nDtpfudkawG jzpf=u
onf? a&S;rqGu wdbufjynf/ rGef*dkvD;,m;jynfrS qif;oufvmpOftcg
wrdwzrS arG;zGm;aom nDtpfudkrsm; jzpf=uygonf? cifAsm;wdk@. yHkyef;
o¿mef/ cifAsm;wdk@. taoG;ta&mifESifh u|efawmfwdk@. yHkyef;o¿mef
taoG;ta&mifw@kd onfvJ cJjG cm;vd@k r&Edik af tmifwv
l w
S ,f? Armwa,muf
8? ar+rdK@pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Si?f ? atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyft& jrefrmEdik if v H wG v

f yfa&; &aom
tcg rnfonfyh pkH rH sKd ;jzifh Edik if u
H zkd @GJ pnf;&rnfukd avhvmpHpk rf;&eftwGuf +Adwo d #tpd;k &u awmifwef;
om;rsm; pHkprf;a&;aumfrwDw&yf cef@tyfcJhonf? xdkaumfrwDwGif 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD; D.R Rees
Wiliams u OuUÏESifh Mr. W. B . J. Ledwidge u twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?
awmifwef;om;rsm; pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD (&D;pfaumfrwD Rees Committee [k vnf; twdkaumuf
ac:onf?) jrefrmEdkifiHawmifwef;om; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. oabmxm;udk vufawG@uGif;qif;
avhvm pHpk rf;+yD;aemuf tem*wfjrefrmEdik if u H kd wdik ;f &if;om;awmifwef;rsm;ESihf ajrjyef@a'oom;rsm;
twlwl yl;aygif;yg0ifaom jynfaxmifpk (Union) yHkpHrsdK;jzifh zJG@pnf;oifhyga=umif;jzifh 1947 ck {+yDv
4 &ufae@wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&odk@ tpD&ifcHcJhavonf?
(^m%fxuf? ? “jrefrmhtajccHOya'rsm;ta=umif; odaumif;p&m” vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf

owif; 8/ 11/ 89)
100
onf ucsiaf cgi;f aygi;f aygi;f I ucsiv f 0kd wfvu kd af omtcg ucsif jzpfomG ;
w,f? ucsifwa,mufonf Armvdk0wfI armifh=uufoa& acgif;aygif;
aygif;vdkufaomtcg ArmjzpfoGm;w,f? cJGjcm;vdk@r&yg? ajymqdkaeaom
bmompum; uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;&SdonfrSm wpkESifhwpkcGJcGm+yD; aexdkifvm
wm=umawmh eD;pyf&meD;pyf&mvdkufI uGmjcm;oGm;jcif;r#omjzpfonf?
ta&;}uD;cg aoG;eD;&mqdo k vdk ,ae@vw G v f yfa&;&zd@k tvGet f a&;}uD;ojzifh
u|efawmfwdk@ nDtpfudkwpk pnf;&Hk;zdk@ta&;}uD;vm+yD jzpfonf?
2? cifAsm;wdk@ ucsifrsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@ArmawG=um;xJrSm e,fcsJŒt*Fvdyf
u aoG;cGx J m;aom Armraumif;bl;/ ArmeJ@aygi;f &if rif;wd@k vel nf;pkawGukd
Armu zdESdyfvdrfhr,f/ csKyfcs,fvdrfhr,f/ Armu tm;}uD;npfywfw,fqdkwJh
[mawGvJajcxdk;r_rsm;om jzpfygw,f? ,Hkp&mr&Sdyg? wu,fvdk@ ucsif
awmifwef;rSm wm0efusa&mufwJh Armt&m&Sdrsm; ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;tay:
apmfum;armfum;vkyfr_/ tEdkifusifhr_rsm; &Sd&ifvJ arhypf=uyg? 'gawGu
a&S;a[mif;ArmawG e,fcsJ@&J@aus;u|efawGomjzpfygw,f? ,ck Arm[m
Armopf 1946 ck Arm jzpfyg+yD? 'ga=umifh ,H=k unfpw d cf spmG aygi;f =u&atmif?
cifAsm;wdk@ vlenf;pkawGtaeESifh vlrsm;pkawG ArmawGu vlenf;pkawG
ucsifawGudk zdESdyfvdrfhr,fvdk@ r,HkouFmpdwf oHo,pdwf&Sd=uwmudk uif;
&Sif;oGm;atmif vlrsKd;}uD;u vlrsKd;i,fudk Edkifpm;vdk@r&wJh vlenf;pkawG&J@
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk Oya'vky+f yD; ygvrD efrmS jyXmef;xm;ay;cJrh ,f? u|eaf wmf
aooGm;onfw h ikd af tmif Oya'u raoEdik o f jzifh bmrSa=umufp&m r&Syd g?
3? ,ckvdk vGwfvyfa&;r&wJhtcsdefrSm cifAsm;wdk@ awmifwef;om;awGESifh
u|efawmfwdk@[m ynma&;/ }uD;yGm;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm tqifhtwef;csif;
tif r wef uG m vS y gw,f ? vG w f v yf a &;&vmv#if tcG i f h t a&;wef ; wl /
omwlnrD # aumif;pm;cGihf &r,f? Armwusy&f &if ucsiw f usy/f &Sr;f wusy/f
csi;f wusyf &r,f? tcGihf ta&;wef;wl &zd@k &ef vGwv f yfa&;&zd@k vdyk gw,f?
4? ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;taeESihf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; t*FvdyfawGjyefoGm;&if t*Fvdyf
awG&J@ ae&mrSm Armrsm;tpm;xdk;+yD; Armrsm;u tkyfpdk;oGm;vdrfhr,fqdkwJh
oHo,pdwf &Sdvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdkrjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;r,f? cifAsm;wdk@
ucsifvlxk pdwf}udKuf cifAsm;wdk@vlrsKd;xJu a&G;cs,f+yD; rdrdwdk@vlrsKd;ESifh
rdrw d @kd tyk cf sKyf+yD; ud, k =hf urRm ud,
k zf efw;D cGihf &&Srd ,f? jynfe,fawG owfrw S f
101
ay;r,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;wdk@taeESifh r,HkouFmr&Sd=uygeJ@? ,Hk,Hk=unf

=unfeJ@ u|efawmfwdk@eJ@aygif;+yD; vGwfvyfa&; &,l&atmif?
txufygAv kd cf sKyfatmifqef;. pum;rsm;onf ucsiv f x l }k uD;. OD;aESmuf
xJ/ pdwfESvHk;x/J oHrd_ESufovdk0ifa&mufoGm;I AdkvfcsKyf. tajymtqdkwdk@onf
arwWmppf arwWmrSefjzifh ajymaejcif;jzpfojzifh/ ucsifvlxk}uD;onf AdkvfcsKyftay:
,Hk=unfr_ tm;xm;r_jyif;jyvmonf? ol@pum;udkvufcHum ArmESifhyl;aygif;+yD;
vGwv f yfa&; yef;wdik u f kd t&,l&ef&mcdik Ef e_ ;f tjynfq h ;kH jzwf+yD; Advk cf sKyftm; uwdjyK
vdkuf=uonf? ucsifvlxktaeESifh AdkvfcsKyftay:rSm wu,ftpfudk}uD;ESifh rjcm;
tm;udk;,Hk=unfvsuf vGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkifodk@ csDwuf=u.? AdkvfcsKyftaeESifhvnf;
ucsifvlxktay:rSm rnfr#auseyfonf/ rnfr#,Hk=unfonfudk jrpf}uD;em; refc&if
aus;&GmY ucsit f rsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf Adv
k cf sKyftwl wG&J u kd cf ahJ om "mwfyo kH nf oufao
9
cHvsu&f .dS ? oGm;ay: atmif&,f&ef cJ,Of;vSaom Adv k cf sKyfonf tvGeo f abmus
aomtrlt&mjzifh &,fjycJhavonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfonf ay;cJah omuwdrsm;udk rysurf uGuf vkyaf y;cJ. h ? jynfe,frsm;
ESifh vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyXmef;ay;cJhonf? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;/
tcsKyftjcmtm%mrsm;udk owfrSwfay;cJhonf? odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD jynf
axmifp}k uD; wckv;kH twGuf rar#mv f ifah om uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusco hJ nf? ‚if;rSm u|Eyfk f
wd@k . vGwv f yfa&;zcif/ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; rorm vlwpku vky}f uH
owfjzwfcI hJ Advk cf sKyfusq;kH cJ&h onf? xdt k csed w
f iG f jynfr&Sd vlxYk 0rf;enf; a=uuGJ
cJhovdk ucsifvlxkYvnf; 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh&onf? jynfrvlxkY ,lusKH;r& jzpfI
rsuf&nfusovdk ucsifvlxkvnf; rsuf&nfuscJh&onf? wwdkif;jynfvHk; }udrfrD;tHk
ovdk jzpfcJhonf? ylaqG; 'kuQjzpfcJhonf? vlxktrsm;Y vGwfvyfa&;yJ &OD;rvm;/
e,fcsJ@ t*Fvdyf&J@ tm%myJwnf+rJawmhrvm; ponfjzifh awG;awmylyef =uonf?
odk@aomf zqyv tzGJ@csKyf}uD;&J@ wAdkvfus wAdkvfwufpepfjzifh pma&;q&m}uD;
9? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@odk@ 1946 ck Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif a&muf&SdcJhonf?

1964 ck 'DZifbm 1 &ufae@ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ refc&ifaus;&GmY txufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifaom rdef@cGef;
ajym+yD;aemuf xdkae@rSmyif ucsif0wfpHkjzihf ucsiftrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl ordkif;0if"gwfyHkudk
t&dkufcHcJhonf?
(The Mass Journal, January 1957)
102
ocifEk10 udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ae&mwGif zqyvtzGJ@csKyfOuUXESifh eef;&if;0ef

tjzpf a&G;cs,I f wifajr‡mufco hJ nf? zqyv tzG@J }uD;. aqmif&u G rf /_ qH;k jzwfro
_ nf
rrSm;Edkif[k ,Hk=unfcsuf}uD;jzifh ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;onfvnf; AdkvfcsKyftay:
tm;udk;cJhor# ,Hk=unfcJhor#/ ocifEktay:rSm yHktyfI zqyv aemufodk@ vdkuf+rJ
twdkif; vdkufcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkif;jynfodk@ uwday;cJhaom wESpftwGif;
vGwv f yfa&;&rnf [laom uwdtwdik ;f 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 4 &ufae@rmS vGwf
vyfa&; &cJhonf?
vGwv f yfa&;um; &av+yD? jynfo@l tusK;d jyK ygvrD ef ESp&f yfvnf; ay:vm+yD?
trsKd;om;tpdk;&tjzpf jynfrtpdk;& jynfe,frsm;. tpdk;&rsm;[lI ay:ayguf
vmav+yD? ocifEkacgif;aqmifaom zqyvtpdk;&. wm0efonf +yD;qHk;+yDavm?
r+yD;qH;k ao;yg? wdik ;f jynfukd +idrof ufatmif Ekid ef if;pGm tkycf sKyf&rnf? }uD;yGm;wd;k wuf
atmifzefw;D &rnf? vGwv f yfa&;r&rD &S+d yD;aom Oya'a[mif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;
10? OD;Ek (ocifEk )? ? *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf &kyfao;tpdk;&vufxuf 1943 ckESpfwGif

EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;ESifh 1944 ckESpfwGif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhaom OD;Ekonf
'kwd,urBmppf+yD;I jrefrmEdkifiHtm; t*Fvdyfwdk@jyefodrf;+yD;aomtcg EdkifiHa&;avmuudk pGef@cGmI
pma&;om;&ef jyif;jyv#uf &SdcJhonf? ol.Zmwd 0g;c,fr+rdK@odk@jyef+yD; “ig;ESpf&moD jrefrmjynf”
ud k a&;om;cJ h o nf ? xd k t cg ol . a&mif ; &if ; &J a bmf r sm;u zqyv tzJ G @ tpnf ; twG i f ; &S d
tzJG@tpnf;oHk;ck (jynfol@ &JabmftzJG@/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD/ uGefjrLepfygwD) udk xdef;ay;rnfh yk*d~Kvftjzpf
aqmif&Guf&ef qJGaqmifojzifh OD;Ekonf zqyv tzJG@. 'kwd,OuUÏ jzpfvmonf? (xdkpOf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm OuUÏ jzpfonf?)
1947 ckESpf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyJGrsm; usif;yaomtcg OD;Ekonf
yg0ifvmjcif; rjyKcJyh g? olonf pma&;om;jcif;udo k m jyefvnfvyk u f ikd &f ef pdwt
f m;xufoefaeojzifh
OD;Zefxm&Sifu “pma&;q&m}uD; ocifEk” [k uifyGef;wyfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?
a&G ; aumuf y J G + yD ; I r=umrD +rd w f r J q EN e ,f r S v$ w f a wmf t rwf OD ; armif a rmif c if
uG,fvGefojzifh ‚if;vpfvyfoGm;aom rJqENe,frS ta&G;cH&ef OD;Ektm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
twif;tusyf wdkufwGef;um =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyJGY yg0if,SOf+ydKifaponf? OD;Ekonf +ydKifbufr&Sd
ta&G;cH&ojzifh v$wfawmfOuUÏ jzpfvmonf?
OD;Ekonf ocifEktrnfjzifh tpOfwpdkuf xif&Sm;vmcJh&mrS 1952 ck rwfv 13 &ufae@rS
pwifI ocifEktrnfudk pGef@+yD; OD;Ektrnfudk cH,lcJhonf?
(*g;'D;,ef; OD;pdef0if;a&; “tuJGt+yJZmwfvrf;” pm 16-17)
(Who's who in Burma. 1961)
103
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf a&;qGx J m;aom tajccHOya'onfvnf;aumif; vGwv f yfa&;

&+yD; vufawG@usifhoHk;aomtcg jynfolvlxktwGuf oifhawmfonf rawmfonf
tusK;d jyKonf rjyKonf aocsmpGm ppfaq;&rnf? ppfaq;+yD; roifah wmfaom tusK;d
rjyK Oya'rsm;udkjyKjyifI tusKd;&Sdvmatmif vkyf&rnf? oifhawmfI tusKd;&Sdaom
Oya'rsm;udk qufvufoHk;&rnf? jynfe,ftoD;oD; vlenf;pktoD;oD;. auseyfr_
&Sdonf r&Sdonf/ epfemcsuf&Sdonf r&Sdonfudk t+rJrjywf=unfhI jyKjyifay;onfh
tcgwdkif; jyKjyifay;&rnf? ulnDay;oifhonfh tcgwdkif; ulnDay;&rnf? tb,f
a=umifhqdkaomf tm%mtjynfhtpHk&Sdaom trsKd;om;tpdk;& jzpfvmojzifh jynfol
w&yfvHk;. tusKd;udk t+rJ=unfh&rnf?
odk@aomf zqyvtzGJ@}uD;onf vlrsKd;pkrsm; tusKd;rjyKaom jyifqif&efvdk
aom Oya'rsm;udk vpfvsL&_co hJ nf? vlenf;pkrsm; awmifwef;om;rsm;. epfemr_ukd
rsm;pGm *&krpkud cf ahJ y? ta&;qdjk yefv#iv f nf; olw@kd . tiftm;onf tvGe}f uD;rm;ae
ojzifh rnfol@udkr# *&krpdkufcJhay? vlenf;pkrsm;onf jynfe,frsm;onf rauseyfr_
tajrmuftjrm; &Sdapumr_ 0ef}uD;csKyftm; ajym=unfhI rxl;jcm;onfh aemufqHk;
jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;udk a&S@&_I qlylr_rvkyfbJ +idrfae=uonf?
ocifEkacgif;aqmifaom zqyvtzGJ@}uD;onf rdrd. zqyvtzGJ@0ifrsm;
epfemr_ ay:ayguv f monft h cg ta&;qdv k monft h cg Oya'wckukd q,fcgruxyfcg
xyfcg ygvDrefxdkifwdkif; jyif&ef 0efrav;cJhay? t&mcyfodrf;onf zqyvtzGJ@wGif;
}udKwifaqG;aEG; qHk;jzwf+yD;om;rsm;omjzpfI 0ef}uD;tzGJ@Yvnf;aumif; ygvDrefwGif
vnf;aumif; wifaomtcg zqyv udk axmufcaH eaom vlenf;pkrsm; onf0ef}uD;
jzpfap trwfrsm;jzpfap tvdt k avsmuf oabmwl&onf? jynfe,frsm; vlenf;pk
rsm;ta&;rSm *&krpdu k f ta&;rvky&f oavmuf olw@kd ta&; usvmaomtcg ysmysm
ovJ jr‡L=uacsm=h u qG,w f wf=uonf? Tod@k aom jy\em[lor#rmS tzG@J . OuUÏ
vkyfol tpdk;&.0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfolrSm wm0eft&SdqHk; jzpfygonf?
ocifEo k nf pum;t&mY tvGeaf wmf.? rsuEf mS ay; tvGev f .
S ? tvGef
csppf &m aumif;.? wzufom;. rauseyfrr_ sm;udk rsuEf mS csKjd zifh ausmowfzifyw k f
jzifh ajyvnfatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifaom owWd&SdvS.? ocifEkESifh tvkyfvkyf&jcif;
onf tcsed o f mukeo f mG ;I jy\em&yfrsm;. tjzpfonf trSeu f kd rajz&Si;f Edik af omf
vnf; ol@t}udKufjzpfatmifum; zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sd.?
***************
104
3 ³ 2 vGwv
f yfa&;&+yD; 10 ESptf wGi;f u ocifEak y;aom
vlenf;pkrsm; (0g ) awmifay:om;rsm; 'Dru
kd a&pD
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;I 4-5 ESpjf zpfaom 1951-52 ckEpS w f iG f jynfaxmifp}k uD;

wckv;kH wGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD; jzpfvmonf? a&G;aumufy}JG uD;wGif ,SO+f ydKif
ta&G;cH&aom Edik if aH &;tzG@J toD;oD;. ,H=k unfcsuo f nf vlxt k rsm;qH;k axmufcrH _
&I trwftrsm;qHk; &aomtzGJ@onf wdkif;jynf. tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk &&rnf?
Tum; 'Drdkua&pD. t&om ppfppfjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf; tm;vH;k onf vlxt k rsm;qH;k . axmufcrH _
&atmif }udK;pm;=uonf? pnf;&Hk; =uonf? rJawmif; =uonf? jynfrY ,SOf+ydKif
ta&G;cHaom tzGJ@rsm;teuf zqyv tzGJ@onf rJtrsm;qHk;&ojzifh wdkif;jynf.
tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mudk &,lc. hJ ? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o
H nf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H jzpfojzifh
jynfaxmifpk. tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfaom jynfe,frsm;onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pD &Sd&ay
rnf? jynfrrSm vlxktrsm;qHk;. axmufcHr_&I trwftrsm;qHk;&aom tzGJ@onf
tkycf sKyfrt
_ m%mudk &ouJo h @kd jynfe,frsm;wGiv f nf; vlxt k rsm;qH;k . axmufcrH _
&aomtzGJ@/ trwftrsm;qHk;&aom tzGJ@onf jynfe,f. tkyfcsKyfr_udk &&Sdrnf
jzpfonf?
odk@aomf jynfe,frsm;onfvnf;aumif; vlenf;pkjzpfaom csif;0daoo
wdik ;f onfvnf;aumif; rdrw d @kd qENt&r[kwb f J 0ef}uD;csKyf vkyo f .
l qENt& 'Dru kd
a&pD ESihf qef@usipf mG cHc=hJ u&.? wenf;tm;jzifq h akd omf vlenf;pkrsm; jynfe,fom;
rsm;. 'Drdkua&pDt!Gef@udk OD;Ekonf ajymifajymif}uD; &dkufcsKd;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf?
‚if;udk &Sif;ygtHh?
1951-52 wGijf yKvkyaf om taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG uD;wGif ucsijf ynfe,fY
,SOf+ydKifta&G;cH&aom tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 4 zGJ@&Sd&m ‚if;tzGJ@toD;oD;. &&Sdaom
trwftiftm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.?
105
(u) autifpD 11 (ac: ) ucsiftrsKd;om; uGef*&uftzGJ@

(1) 'l0gaZmfveG ;f 12 jynfol@v$wfawmf Aef;armfta&S@ykdif;
(2) OD;Zefxm&Sif ‚if; jrpf}uD;em;ajrmufydkif;
(3) OD;}uD;xdefeef vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf Aef;armf(ucsif)
(4) OD;'def&wef ‚if; jrpf}uD;em;ajrmufykdif;
(5) 'l0ga&Smif*sKH; ‚if; ‚if; ta&S@ydkif;
(6) q&m*Gef*rf ‚if; ‚if; awmifydkif;
(7) OD;xGef;wif ‚if; ‚if; awmifydkif;
(c) ucsifjynfe,f zqyv tzGJ@

(1) OD;vS}udKif jynfol@v$wfawmf Aef;armfaemufydkif;
(2) ocifjyeff@ vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf jrpf}uD;em; ajrmufydkif;
(3) OD;bdk;csKH ‚if; ‚if; taemufydkif;
(4) OD;baomif; ‚if; Aeff;armfajrmufydkif;
(5) OD;bcif ‚if; ‚if; awmifydkif;
(*) y,uz (jynfol@pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdk;wufa&;) tzGJ@ 13

(1) qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif jynfo@l vw $ af wmf jrpf}uD;em; taemufyikd ;f
11? Kachin National Congress (KNO)
12? 'l0gaZmfvGef;? ? 1910 ck pufwifbmv 10 &ufae@wiG f Aef;armfc&dik f yef[w k &f mG Y arG;zGm;onf?
1933 ckESpf Aef;armf t*Fvdyfjrefrm tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; txufwef;pmar;yJG/ 1934 ckESpfwGif
tv,fwef;jyq&m jzpfoif pmar;yJGrsm;udk atmifjrifonf? 1945 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@
0ifa&muf+yD; *syefzufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESifh +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@atmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
wufºuGpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@ ordkif;0ifyifvHkpmcsKyfwGif
yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;onf? 1952 ckESpfwGif Aef;armfta&S› rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf
tjzpfta&G;cH&onf? ucsif trsdK;om;uGef*&uf (KNC) OuUÏjzpfonf? 1953 ckwGif w}udrfESifh
1958 ck Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxufwGif w}udrf/
ucsijf ynfe,fOuUÏtjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1956 ckEpS w
f iG f xdik ;f bk&ift
h pd;k &. a&$o&zlb@GJ wq H yd f
csD;jr‡ifhjcif; cH&onf?
13? ? yu,z jynfol@pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_wdk;wufa&;tzJG@ Peple's Economic and
Cultural Development Organization (aygifa,mifukefzeftzJG@ [kvnf;ac:onf)
106
(2) Adkvfatmifcdk ‚if; ‚if; awmifydkif;

(3) OD;bpdef vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf ‚if; awmifydkif;
(4) 'l0gywpfvawmif ‚if; ‚if; taemufydkif;
14
(C) ucsifvli,f (aygifa,mif)
(1) 'l0gaZmf&pf 15 jynfo@l vw$ af wmf jrpf}uD;em; tv,fyidk ;f
(2) 'l0gv0rfvD ‚if; ‚if; ta&S@ydkif;
(3) 'l0gu&defaemf vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf ‚if; tv,fydkif;
TuJhodk@ ,SOf+ydKifta&G;cH=uaom tzGJ@rsm;wGif ucsiftrsKd;om;uGef*&uf

tzG@J onf tm;vH;k aomtzG@J rsm;xuf trsm;qH;k &&S=d u.? xdak =umifh trsK;d om;uGef
*&uf tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf trwfrsm;. ,H=k unfcsurf mS jynfe,f. tkycf sKyfrt _ m%mudk
rdrdwdk@u &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unfcJh=u.?
,Hk=unfcJhonfhtavsmuf zqyvtzGJ@rS ta&G;cHaomzqyv trwf
ig;a,muftm; awG@qI kH rdrw
d @dk EiS hf yl;aygi;f I tpd;k & zG@J &ef aphpyfawmh.? jynfe,fwiG f
zqyv tzG@J 0if rsm;onfvnf; autifpt D zG@J EiS hf omyl;aygi;f vdak =umif; autifpD
tzG@J . 0g'vrf;pOfonf zqyvtzG@J csKyf}uD;u csrw S af omvrf;pOfEiS hf 0g'twdik ;f jzpf
14? ucsifvli,f (aygifa,mif)? ? aygifa,miftzJG@ Pawng Yawng National Union (PYNU)

(aygifa,mif&rf&Gwf- nD!Gwfwdk;wufaom ucsifvli,frsm;tzJG@ [kvnf;ac:onf?)
15? 'l0gaZmf&pf? ? ucsifjynfe,f 'l0gt}uD;tuJwOD;. om;jzpfonf? jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ tpdk;&

txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? ucsiv f il ,frsm;. acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? 1947
ckESpfwGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfodk@ ta&G;cH&onf? 1948-52 ckESpfrsm;wGif ucsifjynfe,f
aumifpD0ifESifh ucsifjynfe,ftpdk;&tzJG@ pD;yGm;a&;0eff}uD;jzpfonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif jrpf}uD;em;ta&S›
rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmf trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1953 ckESpfwGif aygifa,mif trsdK;om;
tzJG@ (PYNU) udk OD;aqmifzJG@pnf;+yD; ‚if;. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf? 1956 ckESpfwGif
jrpf}uD;em;tv,fydkif; rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmf trwftjzpf jyefvnfta&G;cH&onf? 1958
ckESpf ZGefv 5 &ufae@wGif Ek-wif tpdk;&tzJG@0if ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif; cH&+yD;
1958 ck atmufwdkbm 2 &ufae@wGif xdk&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhonf? 1960 ckESpfwGif jrpf}uD;em;
tv,fydkif; rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmf trwftjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cH&onf?
107
a=umif; xd@k a=umifh ucsijf ynfe,f tpd;k &zG@J a&;wGif autifpED iS hf aygi;f rnfjzpfa=umif;
ajymjy=u.?
1962 ckEpS f rwfvwGif v$waf wmfEpS &f yfv;kH ac:I jynfe,ftrwfrsm;tm;
vHk; &efukefodk@a&mufvm=u.? autifpDtrwfrsm;onf 1952 ckESpf rwfv 2
&ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkESifh awG@qHkI ucsifjynfe,ftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;ESifh ywf
oufI rdrw d @kd tzG@J onf ucsijf ynfe,fvx l k trsm;qH;k axmufcI H trwf trsm;qH;k
&aom tzGJ@jzpfojzifh ucsifjynfe,f. tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk &oifha=umif; wifjy
=uonf? ocifEkuajymonfrSm cifAsm;wdk@tzGJ@udk r,Hk=unfIawmh r[kwfyg? odk@
aomfvnf; usKyfwdk@taeESifh qrm;'l0gudkyJ ucsifjynfe,fOuUXtjzpf qufvuf
cef@csifw,f? cifAsm;wdk@vnf; jynfrrSm 0ef}uD;csKyf. ygvDreftwGif;0ef wae&mudk
,lyg? ucsifjynfe,frSm qrm;udk twdkuftcHrvkyf=uygeJ@? cifAsm;wkd@ tcsif;csif;
nD!Gwf=uygvdk@ ajymygonf?
autifpt D rwfrsm;u jyefajymonfrmS “0ef}uD;csKyf 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynfjzpf
wJhtwdkif; trwfrsm;&mu tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk &&r,fr[kwfvm;? ,ckawmh
trwfav;a,mufyJ&wJh qrm;udk jynfe,fOuUX jyefwifawmh 'Drdkua&pD usygh
rvm;? u|efawmfwdk@taeESifhu trwftrsm;qHk; &xm;wmuwa=umif; +yD;awmh
ucsifjynfe,fu ta&G;cH&wJh zqyv trwfig;a,mufuvnf; u|efawmfwdk@ESifh
yl;aygi;f &ef ajymxm;+yD; jzpfwt hJ wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd tzG@J u ucsijf ynfe,f&hJ tkycf sKyf
a&;tm%myJ &&r,f” vd@k jyefajymygonf? 'Dawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfocifE[ k m “cifAsm;wd@k
tzGJ@u trwftrsm;qHk;&wmawmh [kwfyg+yD? usKyfvnf; rjiif;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh
jynfe,fu zqyvtrwfrsm;[m olw@kd oabmESihf vkyv f @dk r&bl;? zqyvXmecsKyf
u!Ge=f um;onft h wdik ;f vdu k &f r,f? zqyvXmecsKyfuvnf; wjcm;ajymrSm r[kwf
bl;? ,ck igajymwJt h wdik ;f qrm;udyk aJ xmufczH @kd ajymrSmyJ” [k jyefajymvdu k o f nf?
'DaemufrmS autifpt D rwfrsm;onf jynfe,frS zqyv trwfig;a,muf
qDomG ;+yD; “b,fe@J v?J cifAsm;wd@k [djk ynfe,frmS wke;f uawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J aygi;f
r,fqw kd ,f r[kwv f m;? ,ck 0ef}uD;csKyfuawmh cifAsm;wd@k ukd qrm;'l0guykd J axmuf
cH cdik ;f r,fqykd gvm;” [komG ;ajym=uonf? jynfe,fu zqyvtrwf 5 a,mufonf
“u|eaf wmfw@kd taeESihf cifAsm;wd@k autifpt D zG@J ukd axmufccH siw f ,f? cifAsm;wd@k
ESifh yl;aygif;csifw,f? 'gayr,fh zqyvXmecsKyf OuUXvJjzpf EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfvJ
jzpfwJh ocifEk&Jh trdef@udkawmh b,fvGefqefEdkifrvJ” [k jyefajymygonf?
108
'ga=umifhaemufqHk;wGif “ucsifjynfe,frS a&G;aumufvdkufwJh vlxkudk,f

pm;vS,frsm;. qENt& r[kwfygvm;? 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfwJhol&Jh qENtwdkif;ygvm;”
vdk@ 0rf;enf;pGmESifh autifpDtrwfrsm;onf ucsifjynfe,fwGif twdkuftcHtzGJ@
jzpfvm&ayonf? ra&S;raESmif;aom tcsed t f wGi;f ucsijf ynfe,ftpd;k &tjzpf qrm;
'l0gqif0g;aemifonf tpdk;&zGJ@pnf; Edkifawmh.? EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEku au
tifpD acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ol. ygvDreftwGif;0ef&mxl; wae&m,lI ucsif
jynfe,faumifpDwGifvnf; aumifpDobmywd,l&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? qrm;'l0gudk
0dkif;0ef;axmufcH&ef em;cscJhonf?
autifpDtrwfrsm;taeESifhu ucsifjynfe,fonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
trdef@&SdcJhovdk ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ }uD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&; tppt&m&mY tifr
wef atmufusaemufusjzpfcJhojzifh &&Sdor#aom b¾mawmfaiGrsm;jzifh ‚if;vlxk
tusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;udk tjrefaqmif&Gufcsif=u.? qrm;'l0gtaeESifh ‚if;yxr
vky&f rnfh ta&;}uD;aom vkyif ef;rsm;udk vpfvsL&_cI hJ ol. ,m,Dtpd;k & tcsed w f iG f
armfawmfum; wnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;/ *sufav,mOfysH wnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;/
rD;oabFm/ rD;&xm;acgi;f wJvG yk &f ef pDru
H ed ;f / a&$w;l &ef aiGw;l &ef pDru
H ed ;f rsm;udo
k m
yxr cscJh.?
TudprP sm;a=umifh autifpt D zJ@G onf qrm;'l0gtm; raxmufcEH ikd af =umif;
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEktm; ajymjycJh&m 0ef}uD;csKyfu “at;uGm 'gawGu olrSm;wmyJ?
ol@&ŒJ 'DprD u
H ed ;f awGukd ig&yfcikd ;f ygrh ,f/ ,ckup+yD; cifAsm;wd@k vv kd m;wJh vltusKd ;jyKvkyf
ief;awGudk yxrvkyfzdk@ igajymjyr,f” [kajym.? wzef autifpDtrwfrsm;u
“aumif;+yD 0ef}uD;csKyf/ olprD u H ed ;f awG &yf+yD; wu,fjynfe,fvx l tk wGuf avmavm
q,f ta&;}uD;wJv h yk if ef;rsm;udk pwifvyk rf ,fq&kd if vkyw f mESihf w+ydKifeuf u|eaf wmf
wdk@u axmufcHr,f” [kuwday;xm;cJh.?
od@k &mwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEo k nf qrm;'l0g. pDru H ed ;f rsm;udk r&yfapEdik o
f nf
omru qrm;'l0g. 8 rdik f r&rf;uke;f puf&zkH iG yhf w GJ iG f ocifEok nf qrm;'l0g}uD;tm;
[dr0E Wm csD;rGrf;cef;zGifhawmhonf? autifpD trwfrsm;taeESifhum; 0ef}uD;csKyf
ocifEkonf tajymwrsdK; tvkyfwrsdK;[lI Ttcgu podcJhonf?
ucsijf ynfe,fxuf ydrk q kd ;kd aom udpP &Syd gao;onf? ‚if;rSm tjcm;r[kw?f
csi;f rsm;ta&;yifjzpfonf? csi;f awmifonf jynfe,fr[kwb f J jynfr wGiyf g0ifaom
109
0daoowdkif; 16 wckjzpfonf? xdk 1951- 52 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;wGif csif;

awmifY ta&G;cHaom EdkifiHa&;tzJG@ESpfck&SdcJhonf? OD;Zm&JvsH 17 acgif;aqmifaom
csif; trsdK;om; uGef*&uftzJG@onf trwf 10 a,muf&I ppfAdkvfxGuf uy`wdef
ref;wHEk ;Hk u olEiS ahf ygi;f trwf 2 a,mufom &&Scd o hJ nf?
csif;trsdK;om;uGef*&uftaeESifh olwdk@onf trwftrsm;qHk;jzpfI csif;
a&;&m0ef}uD;udk olwdk@&Edkifrnf[k ,Hk=unfcsuf}uD;}uD;jzifh &efukefqif;vm=u.?
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkESifh awG@aomtcg csif;uGef*&uftzJG@rsm;onf olwdk@u trwf
trsm;qH;k &Ivlxq k ENtrsm;qH;k axmufcrH _ &&Sad oma=umifh rdrw
d @kd tzJ@G omv#if csi;f
a&;&m0ef}uD;udk&I csif;0daoowdkif;. tkyfcsKyfa&;udk udkif&rnfjzpfa=umif; udk
wifjy=u.? 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEku csif;uGef*&uf. tzJG@acgif;aqmif Zm&JvsHonf
toufi,f ao;onf? tdrfaxmif r&Sdao;bl;/ EdkifiHa&;A[kokw r&Sdao;bl;/
16? csi;f 0daoowkid ;f ? ? +Adwdo#wdk@onf csif;awmifwef;a'oudk 1892 ckESpfwGif t+yD;

tydkif odrf;ydkufcJh+yD;aemuf 1896 ckESpf csif;awmifrsm; pnf;rsOf;Oya' The Chin Hills Regula-
tion, 1896 udk a&;qJGI ESpfaygif; 50 r# pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonf? 1948 ck Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcm tm%m vGwfvyfa&;&onfrSpI e,fcsJ@+Adwdo#wdk@.
csif;awmifrsm; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk csKyf+idrf;ap+yD; 1948 ckESpf csif;0daoowdkif; tufOya' The Chin
Special Division (Extension of Laws) Act, 1948 udk jyÏmef;cJo h nf? xdOk ya'Y csi;f trsKd ;om;
wdk@. rd&dk;zvm usifhoHk;cJhonfh ya'o&mZfqefpGm a&S;usaom &SDvm Shillanh (ac: ) u|efpepfudk
todtrSwfjyKonfh u|efjyKr_ tufOya' The Slavery Act rsm;yif yg0ifv#uf &SdcJhonf?
1974 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae@u twnfjyK jyÏmef;cJhaom jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpf
orRwEdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& ,cif csif;0daoowdkif;udk csif;jynfe,ftjzpf xlaxmif
vdkufonf?
(OD;0rf;wifa&; “xif;&_;eH@oif;wJh csif;wdk@ajr” pm-44-46)
17? OD;Zm&JvsH? ? csif;trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif jzpfonf? 1923 ck azazmf0g&Dv 23
&ufae@ ajrmufyikd ;f csi;f awmifa'o zmvrf;+rdK@e,f uavmufaus;&GmY zGm;jrifonf? tz Zma[muf
t}uD;tuJ OD;wefwdkufvsHESifh trd a':rifZdkif; jzpfonf? ar+rdK@ t*Fvdyf tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS
10 wef;atmif+yD; 1941 ckEpS w f iG f tdE,
Nd Edik if o
H @kd xGucf mG I 'kw,
d Adv
k t
f qifjh zifh ppfrx
_ rf;cJ+h yD;aemuf
1947 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiH +rdK@jytkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&Sd/ 1949-51 uefyufvufc&dkif0eftjzpf
aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ 0ifa&muf+yD; csif;trsdK;om; uGef*&ufudk
wnf a xmif I OuU Ï jzpf o nf ? xd k E S p f r S m yif zmvrf ; ajrmuf rJ q EN e ,f r S jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf
trwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf?
110
'ga=umifh 0ef}uD;tjzpf vufrcHEdkifyg? uy`wdef ref;wHkEHk;udkom 0ef}uD;ay;rnf

jzpfa=umif; jyefajymvdkuf.?
csif;uGef*&uftrwfrsm;uvnf; xdkodk@vkyfjcif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDrusa=umif;/
trwfrsm;&mtzJG@omv#if 0ef}uD;jzpfoifha=umif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf qENt& r[kwfbJ
vlx. k qENt&om jzpf&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymaomtcg ocifEu k “rif;wd@k bmem;
vnfovJ wdwfyg” [kaigufirf;cJh.?
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk taeESihf trwfEpS af ,mufom&Sad om uy`wed f ref;wHEk ;kH
udk 0ef}uD;cef@v#if t&kyfqdk;rnf[k jrifaomtcg nD!Gwf+yD;om;jzpfaom csif;
f ef; 18 udk wdww
uGe*f &uf tzJ@G rS OD;&Sed x f qdwaf c:,lI 0ef}uD;ae&mESiahf wmh cifAsm;yJ
oifhawmfw,f/ cifAsm;u toufvnf;}uD;+yD; A[kokwvnf;&Sdw,f[k ta=umif;
trsdK;rsdK;jyI cJGxkwfcJh.? xdktcg nD!Gwf+yD;om; csif;trsdK;omuGef*&uf tzJG@onf
ESpfjcrf; uJGoGm;cJh.? uJGvmaomtcg OD;&Sdefxef;udk csif;a&;&m0ef}uD; cef@cJh.?
0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk. tcJG tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf TwGifatmifjrifoGm;.?
18? OD;&Sdefxef;? ? csi;f trsKd ;om; Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfonf? 1895 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv
24 &ufae@wGif awmifydkif; csif;awmifa'o &rfyef&GmY tz OD;&SdefuD;&Sdef trd a':vufxef;xkefwdk@rS
zGm;jrifcohJ nf? 1904-1911 ckEpS rf sm;wGif pdeyf w D mt*Fvyd f txufwef;ausmif;/ 1916 ckEpS f yckuLU +rdK@
0ufpav,ef txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;pmar;yJG atmifjrifcJhonf? txufcsif;wGif;e,f
uif;wyf+rdK@Y ausmif;q&mtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? yxrurBmppftwGif;Y trSwf (17) bm;rm;
&dik zf ,fvw f yf (17th Burma Rifles) wGif ppfrx _ rf;cJI
h +Adwo
d # tpd;k &u atmifyw GJ q
H yd /f taxGaxG
ppfr_xrf;wHqdyf/ qÏrajrmuf a*smhbk&if. bdodufcHyJG wHqdyf (A. T. M) (tr_xrf;aumif;rif;rsm;)
wHqdyfrsm; csD;jr‡ifhcH&onf? 1949 ckESpfwGif txl; opfawmrif;}uD;tjzpfrS tem;,l+yD; EdkifiHa&;
avmuodk@ 0ifa&mufI csif;trsdK;om; uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif wOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1952
ckESpf csif;trsdK;om; uGef*&uf uJGI ‚if;rS E_wfxGufcJhonf? 1951 ckESpf taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJGwGif
uefyufvuf rJqENe,frS ta&G;cH&+yD; 1952 ckESpf {+yDv 21 &ufae@wGif OD;Eku csif;a&;&m0ef}uD;
tjzpf cef@tyfcJhonf? 1954 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 14 &ufae@wGif u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&m
csxm;a&; 0eff}uD;/ 1956 ck ZGefv 12 &ufae@wGif jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@tyfjcif;
cH&onf? 1958 ckESpf ZGefv 4 &ufae@ zqyv tuJGt+yJY OD;baqG-OD;ausmf+idrf; (wnf+rJ) tkyfpkESifh
yl;aygif;cJhonf? 1960 ckESpf taxGaxG a&G;aumufyJGY v$wfawmf trwftjzpf jyefvnf
ta&G;cH&onf?
111
odk@&mwGif 0ef}uD; OD;&Sdefxef;bufrS trwfOD;a&enf;I OD;Zm&JvsH bufrS

trwfrsm;ojzifh aumifpDwGif tvkyfvkyfvdk@ rjzpfaomtcg tcsdefr=umrDtwGif;
OD;&Sed x
f ef;udk jynfr tjcm;Xme wckay;I csi;f uGe*f &uftzJ@G . acgi;f aqmif Zm&JvsH
udkyif csif;a&;&m 0ef}uD;cef@ay;&.?
csif;ESifh ucsifudkom Todk@vkyfonf r[kwfyg? u&ifudkvnf; xdkxufydkrdk
qdk;&Gm;atmif vkyfcJh.? u&ifjynfe,f19 onf 1954 ckESpf ZGefv 1 &ufae@rSm
jynfe,f jzpfay:vm.? u&ifjynfe,f jzpfay:vmonfESifh u&ifjynfe,fwGif u&if
jynfe,f 0ef}f uD;ac: u&ifjynfe,fOuUÏ cef@tyf&ayrnf? u&ifjynfe,f OuUÏ cef@&m
Y u&if jynfe,frS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJu yk*d~Kvf
wa,mufa,mufudk a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&ayrnf? tajccHOya'uvnf; xdkodk@cGifhjyK
xm;I xdkodk@ jzpfrSomv#if obm0usayrnf?
19? u&ifjynfe,f? ? u&ifjynfe,fukd owfrw S &f mwGif (1) yxrOD;qH;k oHviG cf &dik u
f kd u&ifjynfe,f
tjzpf owfrSwf&ef zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHjyifqifcsuf Oya'udk EdkifiHawmforRwu vufrSwf a&;xdk;aom
1952 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 7 &uf/ (2) 'kwd, bm;tH/ v_dif;bJG@/ zmyGefESifh oHawmif+rdK@e,frsm;udk
u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf wkd;csJŒ owfrSwfaom 1954 ckESpf ZGefv 1 &uf/ (3) wwd, aumhu&dwfESifh
=umtif;qdyf}uD; +rdK@e,frsm;tm; u&ifjynfe,ftjzpf wdk;csJŒowfrSwfcJhaom 1955 ckESpf Zlvdkifv
1 &uf/ ponfjzifh tajccHae@ oHk;&uf&SdcJhonf?
jynfvHk;u|wf qENcH,lyJG}uD; usif;yI 1974 ck Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufae@wGif twnfjyK
jyÏmef;vdkufaom EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& u&ifjynfe,f jzpfay:&ef OD;pGmzefwD;ay;+yD;
u&ifjynfe,f. yËdoaE<wnfonfh Edk0ifbm 7 &ufae@udk u&ifjynfe,fae@tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf?
(apmausmfat;/ “34 ESpfajrmuf u&ifjynfe,fae@” vkyfom;jynfol@ae@pOf owif;pm 7-11-89)
112
od@k &mwGif xdok @kd r[kwbf J u&ifjynfe,f OuUÏae&mwGif jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'o

20
rS ta&G;cH&aom OD;atmify udk u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;ESifh u&ifjynfe,fOuUÏ
cef@co
hJ nf? Tod@k vyk &f mwGif u&ifjynfe,fvx l o
k nfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,f ud, k f
pm;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; rauseyfI uef@uGufcJhonf? odk@aomf tcsnf;tESD;om
jzpfcJhonf?
aemufqHk;Y aumifpDwGif tvkyfvkyfIrjzpfawmhrS OD;atmifyudk ac:,l+yD;
jynfrwGif usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xmeay;I u&ifjynfe,frS a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
cJhaom a'gufwmapmvSxGef; 21 udk u&ifjynfe,fOuUÏ cef@cJhonf?
20? OD;atmify? ? u&iftrsKd ;om; Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfonf? 1919 ck {+yDv 13 &ufae@
[oFmwc&dkif anmifukef;aus;&GmY tzOD;zdk;xif trd a':rif;pdef wdk@rS zGm;jrifonf?
1935 ckESpfwGif [oFmw atbDtrf u&iftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;
atmifI 1941 ckEpS w f iG f *syq
f ifaumvdyrf S (bDat) bJ@G &+yD; [oFmw urf;rif; txufwef;ausmif;
ESifh zJhvfyf (Phelp's) txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif q&mtjzpf tr_xrf;cJhonf? u&ifvli,f
tpnf;t&Hk;udk xlaxmif+yD; 1947 ckESpf wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf?
jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&Hk; 'kwd,OuUÏ jzpfonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif ygvDreftrwf
tjzpf jyefvnfta&G;cH&+yD; usef;rma&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 'Drdkua&pD a'oE W& tkyfcsKyfa&; 0ef}uD;Xme.
ygvDreftwGif;0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;&Gufonf? 1953 ck rwfv 12 &ufae@wGif u&ifjynfe,f
0ef}uD;ESifh jynfe,f OuUÏ/ xdkaemuf 1955 ckESpfwGif usef;rma&;0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?
1956 ckESpfwGif usdKufvwf rJqENe,frS v$wfawmftrwftjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cH&onf? 1956
ck ZGefv 12 &ufae@rSpI jynfol@vkyfief;ESifh aqmufvkyfa&;Xme 0ef}uD;/ 1958 ck ZGefv 5
&ufae@rSpI a&a=umif;ydk@aqmif qufoG,fa&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpf xrf;&Guf+yD; xdkESpf atmufwdkbm
20 &ufae@wGif xdk&mxl;rS EkwfxGufonf?
21? a'gufwm apmvSxGef;? ? 1906 ck =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@wiG f tz OD;+idr;f armif trd a':cgOwd@k rS
zGm;jrifco
hJ nf? armfv+rdKif+rdK@ *syq
f iftxufwef;ausmif;ESihf &efuek +f rdK@tpd;k & aq;twwfoifausmif;
wdk@wGif wufa&mufcJh+yD; 1932 ckESpfwGif q&m0efbJG@ LMP (Licensed Medical Practitioner)
&cJhonf? usef;rma&;XmewGif tr_xrf;cJhonf? *syefacwftwGif;Y oHvGifta&S›e,fwGif zufqpf
*syefrsm;tm; awmfveS &f mY acgi;f aqmif yg0ifcohJ nf? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;aemuf u&ifaomif; use;f ol
rsm;tm; ESrd ef if;&mwGif ajymufusm;wyfrsm; pkaqmif;zJ@G pnf;onf? 1952 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1956 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
=umtif;qdyf}uD; rJqENe,frS v$wfawmftrwftjzpf ta&G;cH&onf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 9
&ufae@wGif u&ifjynfe,fOuUÏESifh u&ifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;jzpfvmonf? zqyv uJGaom tcg
wnf+rJtkyfpk0if 0ef}uD;rsm;ESifhtwl 1958 ck ZGefv 4 &ufae@wGif tpdk;&tzJG@rS EkwfxGufcJh&onf?
113
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkonf jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ vlrsdK;pkudk,fpm;vS,f

rsm;ESihf awG@wthJ cgwikd ;f rif;wd@k tm;vH;k udk igcspyf gw,f? oem;ygw,f? rif;wd@k tay:
rSm aoG;cJpG epf (Divide And Rule) udo k ;kH +yD; tkycf sKyfaewm r[kwyf gb;l [k r=um
c%ajymavh &Sdaomfvnf; wu,fhvufawG@usaomtcg nD!Gwf+yD;om; jynfe,f
om;rsm;/ nD!Gwf+yD;om; vlenf;pkrsm;udk uJG+yJatmif zefwD;ay;cJhonf? 'Drdkua&pD
tppfudk ray;bJ 0grdkua&pDudkom ay;cJh.?
***************
3 ³ 3 jynfe,frsm;udk zsuq
f ;D vdak om OD;Ek
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEkonf jynfe,fESifh vlenf;pkrsm;udk tm;ay;I ajrawmif

ajr‡mufay; &rnfhtpm;/ jynfe,frsm;udk wnfwhHcdkif+rJatmif vkyf&rnfhtpm;/
jynfe,fawGudk zsufqD;csifonfh pum;/ jynfe,fawGudk rxm;csifonfh pum;udk
ygvrD efxrJ mS a&m/ ygvrD ef tjyifrmS a&m ajymcJo
h nf? ygvrD efrmS ajymaompum;wGif
atmufygpum;w&yfudk oufaotjzpfjy&aomf
1957 ckEpS f rwfv (7) &ufae@ 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek. rde@f cGe;f xJrS aumufEw
k cf suw
f ck
“u|efawmfwdk@uae+yD; ,ck &cdkifjynfudk OD;xGef;vSjzLwdk@ESifh

u|efawmfhrdwfaqGrsm; jzpf=uwJh trwfrif; OD;ausmfrif;wdk@&JŒ
tzJG@uvdkvm;wJh &cdkifjynfudk jynfe,ftjzpfESifh u|efawmfwdk@
ray;wJh OpPm[m &cdik vf rl sKd ;awGukd rke;f vd@k r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudk
yxrtaeESihf tpD&ifccH siyf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J v
kd #if u|eaf wmf
trSeftwdkif;ajym&v#if jynfe,fqdkwJh OpPm[maumif;wJhOpPm
r[kwyf gb;l / jynfe,fukd a&S;OD;pGmyxr u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynf
jyKv$wfawmfrSm &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsif jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f
tp&SdwJh jynfe,fawGudk ay;pOfwkef; u u|efawmfhrdefcGef;udk
jyef=unfhyg? onfvdk jynfe,fawGudk u|efawmfwdk@uay;&w,f
qdwk m[m u|eaf wmfw@kd oabmusveG ;f vd@k ay;wm r[kwyf gb;l ”
114
Ttwdik ;f ygvrD efrmS ajym+yD;aemuf 1958 ckEpS f {+yDv (8) &ufae@ armfv
+rdKifrSm usif;yonfh rGef nDvmcHrSm/ rGef&mrn trsdK;om;rsm;u 0ef}uD;csKyftm;
*k%fjyKaom vufzuf&nfyJGxJrSm rdef@cGef;ajymonfhtcgrSmvnf;
“rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;[m rGefjynfe,fvdkcsif=uw,f? jynfe,f qdk
wmraumif;ygb;l ? jynfe,fqw kd m tdraf emufaz;ESihf wlygw,f?
rD;zdak csmifavmufEiS o hf m wlygw,f? 'ga=umifh rGet f rsKd ;om;rsm;
[m jynfe,fudk rvdkcsif=uygeJ@”
vdk@ajymcJhygonf?
Tod@k jynfe,frsm;udk zsuq f ;D vdo k nfh pum;ajymaom OD;Ekonf vufawG@
tm;jzifh bmvkyo f vJ qdvk #if jynfe,fawG pdwyf suv f matmif vkyyf gonf? jynfe,f
awG[m }uD;yGm;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rSm
wdk;wufvm&eftwGuf aiGvdkygonf? aiGrsm;rsm;&rS tvkyfrsm;rsm;vkyfEdkif+yD; jynf
e,fawG wd;k wufrnf? od@k &mwGi0f ef}uD;csKyfocifEo k nf jynfe,fawG tvkyrf sm;rsm;
rvkyfEdkifatmif axmufyHha=u;enf;enf;omay;ygonf?
0ef}uD;csKyf ocifE. k vufatmufrmS cef@xm;onfh jynfe,frsm; axmufyhH
a&;bkwt f zJ@G qdo k nfrmS vnf; t"dym` ,f r&Sad om bkwt f zJ@G omjzpfygonf? rnfo@kd
t"dym` ,fr&So d enf; qdv k #if bkwt f zJ@G qo kd nfrmS tzJ@G 0ifv}l uD;rsm;tm;vH;k aqG;aEG;
cGi&hf +dS yD; rdrwd @kd . xifjrif&m ,H=k unf&mwifjy+yD; qH;k jzwfEikd cf iG hf &S&d ygonf? od@k &mwGif
ocifEu k cef@xm;aom jynfe,frsm; axmufyahH =u;ay;a&;bkwt f zJ@G rmS tzJ@G 0ifrsm;
tjzpfESifh jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;/ jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;Xme twGif;0efrsm; yg0ifygonf?
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twdkif; a0,l=u+yD; jyef=u&ygonf? jynfe,fawGu axmufyHha=u; ravmufonfh
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115
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*%ef;awGtrsm;}uD; [dw k uG jf y/ 'Dwu
G jf yjzifh jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; acgi;f rl;atmif vky+f yD;
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0g;om vmvmcH+yD; awmif;=uovJ? oGm; rif;wdk@udk ay;p&m
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Tum; 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk. jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm cspfygonf/ =uifemyg
onf qdkaom pum;.t"dy`g,fudk ay:vGifapaom pum;&yfjzpfygonf?
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jynfrESifh jynfrtm;vHk;qdkifwJh bHkvkyfief; A[dkvkyfief;jzpfwJh
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p&dwfwdk@twGuf jynfe,frsm;rS odef;aygif; 100 ay;&r,f?
'Dawmh rif;wd@k jynfe,fawGqu
D vH;k 0rawmif;bJe@J jynfruom
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ponfjzifh wGufjywwfygonf?
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uyg ydkifqdkifaomaiGrsm; jynfrrSm&Sdygonf? u|ef;opf a&mif;&onfhaiG/ qefpyg;
a&mif;&onfah iG/ yifv,f taumuftcGe/f uke;f taumufceG /f tjrwfawmfa=u;cGe/f
ponfw@kd rmS jynfaxmifp}k uD; wckv;kH ESihf qdik yf gonf? ‚if;bHak iGxrJ S txufuazmfjycJh
aom A[dv k yk if ef;awGtwGuf E_w+f yD;/ useof nfah iGukd jynfrESihf jynfe,frsm; tcsKd ;us
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axmufyHha=u;rnfygonf? ,ckawmh Todk@r[kwfbJ ay;zdk@vHk;0r&Sdatmif wGufjy
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116
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xkwfvkyfa&;tzJG@u EdkifiHjcm;a&mif;vdkufonfh u|ef;opfawGxJrS ucsifjynfe,f/
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tukefwGufxnfh+yD; a&mif;vdkufjcif;omjzpfonf? odk@a=umiffh EdkifiHjcm;rS vmonfh
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e,f[m ,cif t*Fvdyfvufxufuwnf;u wajy;wnf;aqmifae &ygonf?
'gawG 'gawGa=umifh jynfe,frsm;[mvnf; tvum;oufouf awmif;ae
jcif;r[kwfbJ awmif;oifh awmif;xdkufvdk@ awmif;jcif;om jzpfygonf?
jynfe,frsm;. tcGeaf wmfpm&if;udk =unfv h ukd of nft h cgrmS t"dutm;jzifh
(1) v,fceG f (2) ajrcGef (3) tif;cGef (4) ul;wd@k ceG f (5) ,pfrsKd ;cGef (6) opfawmcGef
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rajymyavmufonfh tao;tzJG awGomjzpfygonf? TtcGeaf wmf 6 rsKd ;udk wckpD
qef;ppfvu kd o
f nfth cgrmS vnf; ,cktajctaet& tm;ud;k tm;xm; jyKEdik af vmuf
onfh tcGefawmf wckrSr&Sdyg?
jynfe,frsm;[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmifay:a'orsm; jzpfjcif;a=umifh
v,fcGefvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Edkifyg? jynfe,fawGrSm ajruayg vlxkuenf;ae
onft h wGuf ajrwefz;kd r&Syd g? ajrcGeaf qmifEikd af tmif ajrudt k oH;k csjcif; enf;yg;onfh
twGuf ajrcGefuvnf; ar#mfvifhp&mr&Sdyg? jynfe,fawGonf awmifay:a'ojzpf
onfhtwGuf tcGefawmf aumufcHEdkifatmif ig;&Sdaom tif;awGvnf;r&Sdyg? xdk@
a=umifh tif;cGev f nf; ajymyavmufatmifr&Syd g? jynfe,fol jynfe,fom;rsm;onf
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117
vnf; &SmrS&mS ;ygonf? jynfe,frsm;Y awmifwef;om;rsm;u rdrw d @kd . bmombm0

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ojzifh tcGefaumufEdkifatmif t&ufaopmrsm;udkvnf; a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;
rvkyfEdkifyg? opfcGefwckomv#if tenf;i,f &Edkifygonf?
Oyrm ucsijf ynfe,frmS TtcGeaf wGukd tpGr;f ukef aumufvu kd o
f nfth cg
wGif ode;f aygi;f 50 avmuf&ygonf qdyk gp@kd ? ynma&;wckwnf;rSmyJ toH;k p&dwu f
odef;aygif; oHk;q,fausmf av;q,fcef@jzpfygonf? odk@jzpfv#if tjcm;usef;rma&;/
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;/ v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;/ opfawmjyKpka&;wdk@udk rnfodk@aqmif
&Gufygrnfenf;? tawmfyif tcuftcJawG@ae&ygonf?
Todk@ jynfe,frsm;onf vkyfcsifwdkif; rvkyfEdkifI tcuftcJawG@vmv#if
pdwyf su+f yD; jynfe,f rvdck sib
f /J jynfe,fzsuof rd ;f csiv
f matmif ocifEk tpd;k &[m
jynfe,faxmufyHha=u; enf;enf;om ay;jcif;jzpfygonf?
jynfe,frsm;udak y;aom axmufyahH =u;rsm;udk aygi;f vduk of nft h cgrmS jynfr
0ef}uD;Xmewck. vufatmufrSm&Sdaom XmecJGav; wckavmufwGif oHk;onfh aiG
avmufr# r&Sdyg? Oyrm 1957-58 ckESpf bwf*sufp&if;udk =unfh&mwGif jynfrrS
&JtzJ@G . omreftoH;k p&dwu f usyaf iGaygi;f (1330˜ 09˜ 000) jzpfygonf? r wnf
aiG&if;[m usyfaiGaygif; (293˜ 70˜ 000) jzpfygonf? omreftoHk;p&dwfESifh r
wnf aiG&if;aygif;vdkufonfhtcgrSm usyfaiGaygif; (1623˜ 79˜ 000) jzpfygonf?
jynfr ynma&;Xme. toHk;p&dwfudk=unfhjyefv#if omreftoHk;p&dwfu
ode;f aygi;f 1182 (1182˜ 75˜ 000)ESihf r wnfaiG&if; ode;f aygi;f 37 (37˜ 00˜000)
pkpkaygif; odef;aygif; 1219 (1219˜ 00˜ 000) jzpfygonf?
‚if;ESpfrSm jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;udk axmufyHhonfhaiGonf tm;vHk;twGuf
ode;f aygi;f 308 (308˜ 00˜ 000)omjzpfygonf? Tae&mwGif *syefppfavsmaf =u;aiG
wGufxnfhay;xm;ojzifh ,ckavmufrsm;&jcif;jzpfonf? csif;0daoowdkif;onf
e,fajr tus,t f 0ef;tm;jzifh ucsijf ynfe,f. w0ufr# r&Syd g? ucsijf ynfe,fonf
33˜ 903 pwk&ef;rdkif&Sd+yD; csif;wdkif;onf 12˜ 763 pwk&ef;rdkifom&Sdygonf? vlOD;a&
tm;jzifhvnf; ucsifjynfe,fonf 577˜ 803 &Sd+yD; csif;0daoowdkif;[m vlOD;a&
230˜ 115 om&Syd gonf? od@k aomf csi;f awmifonf jynfe,fr,lbJ jynfrxJyg0ifae
onfhtwGuf csif;awmiftm; wESpfwESpfrSm ay;onfhaiGonf ucsifjynfe,fudk
ay;aom aiGxufrsm;ygonf?
118
Tod@k jynfe,frsm;udk pdwyf suaf tmif vkyo f nfomru 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk

onf 1957 ckESpf ZGefv 3 &ufae@rSm usif;yaom 0ef}uD;tzJG@ tpnff;ta0;wGif
jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; jynfe,frsm;. b¾ma&;tm%mudk &kyfodrf;+yD; jynfrudk jyef
tyfzdk@ ajymcJhygonf? jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;[m csufcsif;}uD; rnfodk@ jyefajym&rnf
rodonft h wGuf tcsed af y;yg[I l tcsed o f mawmif;+yD; xGuv f mcJ=h uygonf? aemuf
wae@wGif jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;tm;vHk;onf &Srf;jynfe,f0ef}uD;. &Hk;cef;rSm pnf;a0;
wdik yf if +yD;v#if 0ef}uD;csKyf. pum;udk jyef=um;&ef 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf t&if;tES;D qH;k jzpf
onfh &Sr;f jynfe,f0ef}uD; p0fceG cf sKd 22 ud0k ef}uD;csKyfqv D w $ vf ukd +f yD; atmufyg twdik ;f
ajymcdkif; vdkufygonf?
jynfe,frsm;onff b¾ma&;ay:rlwnf+yD; jynfe,faumifpD qdo k nfh Oya'jyK
jcif;ESihf aiGcaGJ 0cGihf jyKay;wJh aumifpED iS hf ‚if;aiGuo kd ;kH +yD; jynfe,fvx l &k @J }uD;yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;rsm;udk aqmif&u G zf @kd twGuf jynfe,ftpd;k & qd+k yD; zJ@G xm;=uygw,f?
b¾ma&; tm%m&kyo f rd ;f vdu
k o f nfEiS hf w+ydKifeuf aumifpv D nf; xm;zd@k rvdak wmh
yg? jynfe,ftpdk;&vnf; xm;zdk@rvdkawmhyg? xdkaumifpDESifh tpdk;&r&SdwmESifh
w+ydKifeuf jynfe,fawGvnf; tvdt k avsmuf zsuo f rd ;f +yD;om; jzpfygrnf? jynfe,f
awG zsuo f rd ;f v#if jynfe,fvx l u k cHrnf r[kwb f ;l ? Tod@k jzpfv#if jynfaxmifp}k uD;
+ydKuJG ysufpD;zdk@om&Sdonf? xdka=umifh 0ef}uD;csKyfonf xdkjynfe,fawG. b¾ma&;
22? p0fcGefcsdK? ? 1912 ck =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@wGif ajrmufydkif;&Srf;jynf rdk;rdwfapmfbGm;

p0fcifarmif (C. I. E, K. S. M) (usufoa&aqmif a&$pvG,f&rif;) ESifh r[ma'0D p0feef;tdrf
(rdk;ukwf+rdK@ tr_xrf;aumif;rif; A. T. M bJG@& ywWjrm; ukefonf OD;rSwf.orD;) wdk@rS zGm;jrifol
jzpfonf? ar+rdK@ t*Fvdyf txufwef;ausmif;/ Framlingham College, Suffolk, 1927 bDat
(Magdalene College, Cambridge) 1934 trfat (Cantab) 1937 bJG@&cJhonf? 1937
azazmf0g&DvwGif rdk;rdwfapmfbGm;t&mudk qufcHcJhonf? 1947 wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyK trwfjzpfonf?
1947 Zlvdkif 22 &ufwGif e,fjcm;a'o twdkifyifcHjzpfonf? 1947 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif Ek-
tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdk&mwGif jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,f tjzpf yg0ifonf? 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrS
1958 atmufwdkbmv 27 &uftxd &Srf;jynfe,f OuUÏjzpfonf? 1949 Y EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/
1948 ckrSpI apmfbGm;rsm; aumifpDOuUÏ/ 1952 ckY vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmftrwf/ &Srf;jynfe,f OuUÏESifh
EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;/ 1956 Y rdk;rdwftrwf/ 'kwd, 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; jzpfonf?
1958 atmufwdkbm 28 &ufwGif EkwfxGufcJhonf? 1960 wGif vlrsdK;pk v$wfawmftrwftjzpf
ta&G;cH&onf? 1960 {+yDv 11 &ufae@wGif &Srf;jynfe,f OuUÏESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;jzpfonf?
119
tm%mudk &kyfodrf;zdk@udk r}uHpnfv#ifaumif;rnf? u|efawmfwdk@taeESifh ,Hk=unf

onfrmS jynfe,frsm; wnfwchH ikd +f rJrS jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwhH ckid +f rJrnf? jynfe,fawG
}uD;yGm;rS jynfaxmifp}k uD; }uD;yGm;rnf? jynfe,frsm;onf e,fpyfa'o wav#mufrmS
+cHpnf;&d;k yrm wnfaeygonf? +cHpnf;&d;k rsm; ckid rf S +cH[mvHyk gonf? xd@k a=umifh 0ef}uD;
csKyfonf jynfe,frsm;. b¾ma&;udk zsufodrf;&ef ajymonfhpum;udk jyef&kyfodrf;
oifhygonf[k arwWm&yfcHcJh=uygonf?
xdt k cgwiG f 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu
k “aumif;+yD/ wESpaf wmh csr;f om&m&ap”
[k wESpfawmh ,cifutwdkif; vkyfcGifhjyKvdkufonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf. pum;twdkif;
qdkv#if 1958- 59 ckESpf bwf*sufrSpI jynfe,frsm;. b¾ma&;tm%mudk
&kyof rd ;f +yD; jynfrudk tyfz@kd jzpfygonf? ,ckrmS rl zqyv ESpjf crf;uJoG jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyf
ocifEku ygvDrefrSm rJ 8 rJr#Edkifxm;onfhtwGuf ol@tm;axmufcHaom awmif
wef;om; rJwcsdK@&Sdao;ojzifh xdkudpPudk tprazmfjcif;om jzpfonf? TonfrSm
0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk. jynfe,fawG zsufodrf;csifaom pDrHudef;rsm; jzpfavonf?
***************
120
3 ³ 4 'Dru
kd a&pD ajymif;jyef
zqyv ESpjf crf;uJ+G yD; Ek-wiftyk pf /k aqG-+idr;f tkypf k [lIay:ayguv f m&mwGif

0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: rauseyfEdkifI u&ifjynfe,f
0ef}uD; a'guw f m apmvSxeG ;f ESihf ucsijf ynfe,f0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Siw f @kd onf &mxl;rS
EkwfxGufcJh=u+yD; aqG-+idrf; tm;axmufcHcJh=uonf?
zqyv uJGptcsdef 1958 ck/ arv 10 &ufae@/ n 7 em&DtcsdefwGif
0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k ucsijf ynfe,f 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Siu f kd 0ef}uD;csKyf. aetdro f @kd
ac:I ,ck zqyv ESpjf crf;uJcG +hJ yD/ zqyv trwf 150 &Sw d t hJ eufrmS u|eaf wmfawmh
60 yJ,lr,f/ 90 udk aqG-+idrf; bufay;vdkufr,f/ u|efawmfhbufu yrnw rJ/
&Srf;jynfe,frJ tm;vHk;/ u&ifjynfe,frJ tm;vHk;/ &cdkifrJ tm;vHk;&r,f/ 'ga=umifh
u|efawmfwdk@bufu tpdk;&qufvufzJG@EdkifrSmyJ/ cifAsm;wdk@ jynfe,fOuUÏawGu
u|eaf wmfu h kd qufvufaxmufc&H if &mxl;u xGuzf @kd rvdb k ;l / 'Dw
d ikd ;f yJ wnf+rJaer,f/
cifAsm; b,fvo kd abm&ovJ[k ar;vdu k o f nf? 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Siu f jyefajym&m
wGif “0ef}uD;csKyf ,ckvkd zqyv uJ&G wmu ,cktcsed rf mS rawmfygb;l ? uJv G @kd aumif;
wJh tcsed rf [kwyf g? bma=umifq h &kd if aomif;use;f wJhoal wG vufeufcstvif;0ifwhJ
23
tcsdef jzpfw,f? ,ckvdk vufeufcsaewJh tcsdefrSm tpdk;&tzJG@jzpfwJh zqyv
}uD;[m ESpjf crf; uJo G mG ;r,fq&kd if zqyv[m b,fbufrmS rS tiftm;r&Sad wmhb;l ?
'Dvdk tiftm;r&Sdvmwmudk jrif&if awmuarmifaomif;usef;wdk@vJ vufeufcs
tvif; r0ifawmhbJ &yfwef@oGm;r,f? 'Dvdkjzpfjcif;[m jynfaxmifpk}uD;&J@ +idrf;csrf;
a&;&r,fh tcsdeftcgrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;udk [ef@wm;vdkufwmeJ@ wlw,f? 'ga=umifh
tcsif;csif;yJ jyefvnfaphpyf+yD; onf;cH=uv#uf tpdk;&tzJG@udk zqyv uawmifhcH
xm;zd@k aumif;w,f? t&ifo;kH av;ESpw f ek ;f u uJcG &hJ ifvJ wrsKd ;aumif;w,f? +yD;awmh
23? 1958 ckESpfwGif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS A[dkaumfrwD0if Adkvf!Gef@armif. wdkif; (3) tkyfpk/
autif(ef),l ygwDrS apmarmifwdk; tkyfpk/ &JabmfjzL wzJG@vHk;/ &cdkif/ rGef/ ytdk0fh tzJG@rsm; tpkvdkuf
t+yHKvdkuf vufeufcsvm=u&m 1955-56 wGif aomif;usef;oltiftm; (19000) ausmf&Sdae&mrS
1958 ckESpfwGif (7500) odk@ av#mhusoGm; cJhonf?
121
vmrnfh a&G;aumufyJG}uD; 1961 ckESpfavmufrSm uJG=u&if udpPr&Sdbl;? 'ga=umifh

0ef}uD;csKyftaeESifha&m zqyv OuUÏtaeESifha&m jyefvnfaphpyfzdk@ }udK;pm;zdk@
t}uHay;vdkygw,f” [kajymqdk arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? xdktcg 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk[m
“0ef}uD;&J@ t}uHay;csufu aumif;aomfvnf; tcsdefaESmif;+yD/ rjzpfEdkifawmhyg?
'ga=umifh cifAsm; b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ b,fbufaxmufcHr,f qdkwmyJ ajymjyyg”
vdk@jyefajymygonf? 'Dawmh 0ef}uD;OD;Zefxm&Sifu “'DudpP[m u|efawmfwa,muf
wnf; qHk;jzwfvdk@ rjzpfyg? u|efawmfhrSm tzJG@&Sdygw,f? olwdk@ESifhwdkifyif+yDd;rS ajymyg
&ap” vdk@jyefajym+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyftdrfu xGufvmcJhonf?
aemufw&uf arv 11 &ufae@nwGif wcg0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k ucsijf ynf
e,f 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Sifudk ac:,l+yD; atmufygtwdkif; ajymqdkjyefonf? ('Dw}udrf
ac:&mwGif qrm;'l0g/ 'l0gaZmf&pf/ Adkvfatmifcdkwdk@yg ac:xm;.) “uJ OD;Zefxm&Sif
rae@u usKyfajymcJo h vdyk J cifAsm;u u|eaf wmfw@kd bufukd axmufc&H if ucsijf ynf
e,f OuUÏae&mrSm wnf+rJatmifvyk af y;r,f? cifAsm;r,Hrk mS pd;k vd@k cifAsm;&J@ twdu k f
tcHjzpfwhJ qrm;'l0g qif0g;aemf/ 'l0gaZmf&pfEiS hf Adv k af tmifcw kd @kd vJ ac:xm; ygw,f?
tu,fIcifAsm;om u|efawmfwdk@bufudk axmufcH&if olwdk@udkvnf; twdkuftcH
rvkyfap&ygbl;? (Tae&mwGif ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;. pdwfxJrSm =oæ t&ifu
twdu k tf cHvyk cf w
hJ mu ocifEk cdik ;f vd@k ayud;k [kpw
d u f ;l ay:vmonf) “uJ qrm;'l0g
wd@k bufuvJ ajymyg” vd@k ocifEk uajymvdu k o f nf? 'Dtcg qrm;}uD;ESihf Adv k af tmifckd
wd@k u “[kww f ,f/ ,ckvkd zqyv uJ&G wmu [db k ufuaumifawG tvGen f pfywf
vGef;vdk@ uJG&wmjzpfwJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,fawG[m awmifwef;om;
awG[m 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k ykd J qufvufaxmufc=H u&if aumif;w,f? cifAsm;tae
eJ@ bmrSpdwful; rrSm;eJ@? ocifEkudk cifAsm;axmufcHw,fqdk&if u|efawmfwdk@vnf;
cifAsm;udk twdkuftcH rvkyfawmhbl;/ axmufcHr,f? cifAsm;r,Hk&if pmcsKyfwck
uae@ ncsKyfr,f” vd@k ajym=u.? 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEu k wcg “aumif;om;yJ OD;Zefxm
&Sif/ cifAsm;twGuf tvGefaumif;wJh[mbJ? 0ef}uD;&mxl;rSmvnf; wnf+rJr,f/
twdkuftcHvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm b,favmufaumif;ovJ? tu,fI olwdk@
pmcsKyfvkyf&if usKyfygvufrSwfxdk;r,f? cifAsm;taeESifh au/ tif/ pD tzJG@udkvJ
tm;rud;k eJ@? cifAsm;wd@k &@J acgi;f aqmif}uD; 'l0gaZmfvrG ;f vJ eufjzef oefbufcgqo kd vdk
uef@uGufr_a=umifh &_H;awmhr,f” [kjyefajym.? OD;Zefxm&Sifu “0ef}uD;csKyfESifh
vl}uD;rif;rsm;u ,ckvkd u|eaf wmft h wGuf aumif;&maumif;a=umif; zefw;D ay;r,fh
122
[m =um;&vdk@rsm;pGmrS aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'gayr,fh u|efawmfwdk@u EdkifiHa&;

vkyfwmrSm &mxl; &a&;/ &mxl;wnf+rJa&;udk r=unfhyg? wdkif;jynftwGuf aumif;
r,fh[mudkom =unfh&ygr,f? +yD;awmh rae@unrSm 0ef}uD;csKyftm; ajymcJhovdk
u|eaf wmf&t ›J zJ@G EiS hf wdik yf ifq;kH jzwfyg&ap” vd@k ajymvduk +f yD; vlxEk iS hf xGuv f mcJo h nf?
‚if;aemuf arv (12)&uf ae@wGif jrpf}uD;em;odk@oGm;+yD; (13) &ufae@wGif au/
tif/ pDtzJ@G csKyf tr_aqmif vl}uD;rsm; tpHt k nDEiS hf wae@v;kH tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;+yD;
aqG-+idrf;udk axmufcH&ef qHk;jzwfcJh=u.?
,ckvdk 0eff}uD;csKyfocifEktm; raxmufcHEdkifbJ E_wfxGufoGm;aom u&if
jynfe,f0ef}f uD;ESihf ucsijf ynfe,f0ef}uD;wd@k .ae&mwGif olw@kd Ew _ xf u G o
f mG ;+yD; aemuf
24
w&ufY u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;tjzpf OD;apmvlvl ESihf ucsijf ynfe,f0ef}uD; tjzpf
'l0gaZmf&pf udkcef@xm;cJh.? TuJhodk@vkyfjcif;rSm tajccHOya'ESifh qef@usifa=umif;/
0ef}uD;csKyfonf tajccHOya'udk azmufzsufaea=umif;/ uef@uGufcJh.? jynfe,f
0ef}uD;ac: jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; cef@xm;&mY tajccHOya'u atmufygtwdkif; qdk
xm;.?
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yk'fr 173? ?
0ef}uD;csKyfonf ucsijf ynfe,faumifpED iS hf ndE‡ id_ ;f wdik yf ifI ygvrD ef. ucsif
jynfe,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;teuf ucsiftrsdK;om;trwf
wOD;OD;. trnfpm&if;udk wifoGif;aomtcg/ xdkodk@ trnfwifoGif;jcif;
cH&aom trwfudk EdkifiHawmf orRwonf “ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD;” [k
24? OD;apmvlv?l ? u&iftrsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfonf? 1917 ckESpf arv 22

&ufae@wGif oHvGifc&dkif zmyGef+rdK@Y arG;zGm;onf? zcifrSm oHvGifc&dkif t+idrf;pm;v,f0ef OD;cspfwD;
jzpfonf? 1935 ck armfv+rdKif+rdK@ *syfqif txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef;atmif+yD;/ 1936-44
ckESpfrsm;wGif tpdk;& tr_xrf;cJhonf? 1944-45 zufqpfawmfvSefa&;Y yg0ifcJhonf? 1947 ckESpfwGif
oH v G i f c &d k i f rJ q EN e ,f r S wd k i f ; jynf j yKv$ w f a wmf trwf t jzpf ta&G ; cH & onf ? 1948 ck E S p f
atmufwdkbmv 16 &ufae@wGif u&ifa&;&m0ef}uD;Xme. ygvDreftwGif;0ef/ 1951 ckESpfwGif
w&m;a&;Xme. ygvDref twGif;0ef cef@xm;jcif;cH&onf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 9 &ufae@rSpI
u&ifjynfe,faumifpD obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?
123
ac:wGi&f rnfh jynfaxmifpk tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@xm;&rnf? xdo

k @dk
cef@xm;jcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;onf TtajccHOya'. udprP sm;twGuf ucsif
jynfe,fOuUÏvnf;jzpf&rnf?
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yk'fr 181/ tydk'f (2)? ?

0ef}uD;csKyfonf u&ifjynfe,faumifpDESifh nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifI ygvDref&Sd u&if
jynfe,f trsdK;om;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,fqdkif&m trwfrsm;teuf trwf
wOD;OD;. trnfudkwifoGif;aomtcg/ xdkodk@ trnfwifoGif; jcif;cH&aom
trwfukd Edik if aH wmf orRwonf “u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;” [k ac:wGi&f rnf
jzpfaom jynfaxmifpk tpdk;& tzJG@0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tjzpf cef@xm;&rnf?
TuJo h @kd aumifpED iS hf ndE‡ id_ ;f wdik yf if&rnf[k twdtvif;a&;om;xm; aomf
vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEo k nf aumifpED iS hf vH;k 0wdik yf ifjcif; r&Sb d J jynfe,f 0ef}uD;rsm;
(jynfe,f OuUÏrsm;) udck ef@c. hJ ? Tta&;ESiyhf wfouf+yD; rauseyfI u&ifEiS hf ucsif
trwfrsm;onf w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfo@kd tqH;k tjzwfawmif;cJ. h ? Edik if aH wmf orRw
uvnf; w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. tqHk;tjzwfudkawmif;.?
w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu aemufqHk;Y qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGif EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyfonf u&ifESifh ucsifjynfe,fOuUÏrsm;cef@&mwGif tajccHOya'udk rqef@
usifa=umif;/ EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf. vkyfaqmifr_rSm rSefuefa=umif; tqHk;tjzwf
ay;vdu k &f .? “aumifpED iS hf ndE‡ i_d ;f wdik yf if&rnf” [ktajccHOya'wGif wdwv d if;vif;
a&;om;xm;vsufESifh aumifpDESifh nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyifjcif; rjyKbJ cef@jcif;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfY
trSm;r&Sad =umif; tqH;k tjzwfay;jcif;onfyifv#if 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEo k nf w&m;a&;
0ef}uD;Xme wckv;kH udo k mru w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfYyif rw&m;=oZm rnfuo hJ @kd ay;
aea=umif; omrefvlrsm;yif awG;IjrifEdkif.? jynfe,frsm; taeESifhu rauseyf
ao;aomfvnf; aemufxyf wuf&efae&m/ od@k r[kwf w&m;&H;k r&Sad wmhojzifh rwwf
Edik o
f nft
h qH;k bk&m;uyJ odygap[k bk&m;udo k m w &.?
TuJo h @kd aumifpED iS hf rwdik yf ifbJ jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;udk cef@jcif;ESihf ywfouf
I 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk. ta=umif;jycsufrSm ESpf&yf&Sd.? yxr ta=umif;jycsufrSm
xGufoGm;aom jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;.ae&mwGif OuUÏopfrsm; csufcsif;rcef@ ygu
jynfe,frsm;onf tkycf sKyforl &Sb d J rif;rJw h ikd ;f jynfrsm;jzpfomG ;rnf? 'kw, d ta=umif;
124
jycsufrSm aumifpDrsm;udk jynfe,fOuUÏrsm;omac:EdkifI aumifpD ac:ay;&efvdktyf

onfhtwGuf ,m,Dcef@&jcif;jzpfonf? aumifpDac:+yD;I aumifpDxdkifcgeD;rSm Ekwf
xGufcdkif;rnf[k ta=umif;jycJh.? Tta=umif;jycsuf ESpf&yfrSm tajctjrpfr&SdbJ/
rcdkifvHkbJ wdkif;jynfodk@ vdrfjcif;}uD;jzifh vdrfvdkufjcif;jzpf.?
yxr ta=umif;jycsuftwdkif; rif;rJhwdkif;jynf rjzpfEdkifyg? zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'yk'fr 120 wGif/ 0ef}uD; wOD;OD; EkwfxGufoGm;cJhaomf vlpm;rcef@rcsif;
EkwfxGufoGm;aom 0ef}uD;onf 0wW&m;udk qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifygonf[k yg&Sd
av&m aumifpw D iG f enf;vrf;wus Oya't& a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom jynfe,f
OuUÏrsm; rcef@rcsif; xGufoGm;aom 0ef}uD;rsm;onf 0wW&m;rsm;wGif qufvuf
aqmif&GufEdkif.?
'kw, d tcsurf mS vnf; ucsiEf iS hf u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm; Ekwx f u
G o
f mG ;+yD;
aemuf aumifpDac:&ef tcuftcJawG@rnfpdk;aoma=umifh qdk&mrSmvnf; xGufoGm;
aom 0ef}uD;ESpOf ;D onf olw@kd rxGucf ifu aumifpaD c:xm;+yD; jzpfc. hJ ? Tta=umif;
rsm;a=umifh 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEk. ta=umif;jycsufonf rw&m;oufouf vdrfjcif;
r#om jzpf.?
xdu k ohJ @kd jyKvky+f yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyfocifEu k cef@xm;aom ,m,DaumifpD
rsm;udk ac:awmh.? ucsiEf iS hf u&ifjynfe,f aumifpD 2 ckpvH;k udk Zlvikd v f 4 &ufae@
wGif &efukefwGif usif;y&ef ac:cJh.?
ucsifjynfe,faumifpDtaeESifh ajym&v#if 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;
&onfEh pS rf S pI 1957 ckEpS t f xd &efuek wf iG w
f nf&cdS .
hJ ? xdok @kd &efuek wf iG f wnf&jdS cif;
jzifh &Hk;cef;rsm;/ aumifpDobmywdaexdkif&ef tdrfrsm;/ trwfrsm;. toGm;tjyef
c&D;p&dwfrsm;ESifh ae@wGufp&dwfrsm; tukeftusrsm;vGef;ojzifh 1958 ckESpfwGif rdrd
wd@k . jynfe,fjzpfaom ucsijf ynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;od@k ajymif;a&GŒ&H;k pdu k cf . hJ ? ,ckvnf;
jynfe,fESifh ywfoufonfh rnfonfhjy\emrqdk jynfe,fwGif qHk;jzwfEdkifvsufESifh
&efuek o f @kd aumifpaD c: jcif;rSmvnf; em;rvnfEikd af tmif&v dS .S ? TuJo h @kd &efuek o
f @kd
ac:xm;&mrS 1958 Zlvikd v f 4 &ufae@rmS 0ef}uD;csKyf. tdraf tmufwiG f pnf;a0;rnf
[k Zlvikd v f 3 &ufae@n 06;30 tcsed w f iG f trwfrsm;xH zdwpf mrsm; a&mufvm.?
trwfrsm;onf tcsed rf &awmhojzifh bmr#rvky&f bJ aemufw&uf eHeuf 11 em&D
wGif 0ef}uD;csKyf. tdrfatmufodk@ OD;wdkufoGm;&awmh.?
125
au/ tif/ pD trwfrsm;ESihf zqyv wnf+rJtrwfrsm;onf TuJo h @kd vyk jf cif;

rSm rw&m;a=umif;/ ucsifjynfe,fvlxk/ ucsifjynfe,fvlxk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh
zJG@pnf;xm;aomaumifpDudk apmfum;&musa=umif;/ Oya'jyKcGifh b¾mawmf cJGa0
oHk;pJGydkifcGifh&Sdaom tcsKyftjcmtm%m&Sdonfh aumifpDudk 0ef}uD;csKyf. twdkifyifcH
aumifpD uav;b0od@k ra&mufapoifah =umif;/ e,fcs@J t*Fvyd af cwfwiG f jynfe,frsm;
onf bk&ifcH. vufatmuf&Sd e,fjcm;a'o twdkifyifcH aumifpDuav;rsm;om
jzpfco hJ jzifh ‚if;udk rcHEikd I f r}udKufI v$wv f yfa&;,lc=hJ ua=umif;/ ,ckvnf; jynfe,f
aumifprD sm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyf. tdraf tmufrmS pnf;a0;apjcif;jzifh xdt k qift h wef;rsKd ;
odk@ jyefa&mufapjcif; ponfjzifh ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jyI uef@uGufcJh.? ‚if;tjyif
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; aemuf 10 ESpv f ;kH vH;k jynfe,faumifprD sm;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfu, kd w
f ikd f
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wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfvmjcif;rSmvnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfrsufESmESifh tm%mudk toHk;jyKI tEdkif
usifhrnfqdkjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sda=umif; ajymqdkcJh.? “nd‡Ed_if;wdkifyifI” qdkonfh
ae&mrSm pmESifhwdkifyif&a=umif;?
,cifvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;rS 10 ESpfvHk;vHk; jynfe,faumifpDrsm;wGif usifhoHk;cJh
aom tpOftvmrSm jynfe,f0ef}uD;ac: jynfe,fOuUÏrsm; vpfvyfv#if 0ef}uD;csKyf
&Hk;rS jynfe,faumifpD&Hk;odk@ pma&;vdkuf.? jynfe,fOuUÏcef@&ef vlwa,mufudk
aumifprD S a&G;ay;&ef pmvmaomtcg aumifpw D iG f jynfe,fOuUÏtwGuf trnf
pm&if; wif=u&ef a=unm+yD; &ufcsed ;f ay;&.? csed ;f qdx k m;aom ae@&ufwiG f a&muf
aomtcg ygwDtoD;oD;rS jynfe,fOuUÏ wifcsifolrsm;. trnfudk tqdkoGif;ol
axmufcHol ESpfOD;. trnfESifh tqdkv$mrsm; oGif;=u&.? wa,mufwnf; jzpfI
,SO+f ydKifol r&Sv d #if xdo k . l trnfukd 0ef}uD;csKyfxyH @kd ay;I 0ef}uD;csKyfu orRwxHy@kd +yD;
jynfe,f0ef}uD; (jynfe,fOuUÏ) cef@&.? wOD;xufyI kd ,SO+f ydKifol ay:ayguv f mv#if
aumifpw D iG f rJc&JG .? rJc&GJ mwGif Edik o
f . l trnfukd 0ef}uD;csKyfxyH @kd / ‚if;u orRwxHy@kd I
0ef}uD; cef@ay;&.? Tum; tajccHOya't& jynfe,frsm;Y usifhoHk;cJhaom 'Drdku
a&pD tpOftvmwckjzpf.?
,ck zqyv uJ+G yD;rS usi;f yaom u&ifEiS hf ucsiaf umifpw D iG f xdo k @kd r[kw?f
jynfe,fOuUÏ twGuftrnfwifap+yD; tkyfpkESpfzufpvHk;rS &&Sdaom emrnfrsm;udk
0ef}uD;csKyfqyD @kd ay;? aumifpw D iG v
f nf; jynfe,fOuUÏtwGuf tqdv k m$ ESpcf &k &Sad =umif;
‚if;tqdv k m$ ESpcf u k kd 0ef}uD;csKyfqyD @kd I olvckd siw
f vhJ ul kd cef@ygapvk@d om a=unmcJ. h ?
126
‚if;udk wzuftrwfrsm;onf rJcJG&efawmif;qdkcJh.? odk@aomf rJcJGrcHbJ aumifpDudk

twif;a&$@qdkif;vdkuf.? aemufw&uf aumifpDxdkifaomtcg jynfe,fOuUÏtjzpf
b,fo@l ukd cef@vu
kd af =umif;ESihf a=unm+yD; aumifpu D kd twif;t"rR &kyo f rd ;f vdu k .
f ?
ucsifaumifpDwGifqdkv#if aumifpDobmywdtay: t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdkwifoGif;
xm;.? ‚if;tqdkudk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf Zlvdkifv 10 &ufae@wGif &ufcsdef;ay;+yD; 9
&ufae@wGif aumifpDudk twif;t"rR &kyfodrf;vdkuf.?
TuJhodk@ tpdk;&vkyfolrsm;bufu npfywfI tpdk;&vkyfolrsm;udk,fwdkif
'Dru
kd a&pD ususa&;xm;+yD;/ aumifpw D iG f qH;k jzwfjyÏmef;xm;aom aumifpeD nf;Oya'
udk rvdkufemawmhojzifh twdkuftcHrsm;onf ‚if;tpdk;& udk,fwdkifrvdkufemaom
enf;Oya'rsm;udk tvS=unfh&ef rSefabmiftwGif;Y rxm;EdkifbJ/ ucsifaumifpD
trwf trsm;pku rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfI ‚if;enf;Oya' pmtkyrf sm;udk rD;wif&KdS @ vdu k =f u.?
tpnf;ta0; cef;raqmifrSmvnf; “tm%m&Sif obmywd tvdkr&Sd/ tm%m&Sif
jynfe,fOuUÏ tvdrk &S/d jynfe,f 'Dru kd a&pD zsuq f ;D ol OD;Ek/ 'Dru
kd a&pD qdwo f Ok ;f I
jynfe,f qlylvm&if OD;Ekw&m;cH” [k [pfatmf aºuG;a=umf qENjycJh=u.?
ucsifaumifpDwGif rJcJGrnfqdkv#ifæ
aqG-+idr;f udak xmufcaH om trwfrsm;u 10 a,muf/ Ek-wifbufraS xmuf
cHaom trwfrsm;rSm 9 a,muf/ ‚if; 9 a,muf teuf obmywd 1
a,mufEw k f v#if 8 a,muf/ ‚if; 8 a,mufteuf qrm;'l0g qif0g;aemif
vnf; jynfe,fOuUÏ cef@jcif;udk rauseyfI aumifpDrwufcJhojzifh 7
a,mufom &Sd.? rJcJGv#if aqG-+idrf; tkyfpkrS 10 rJ&I Ek-wif tkyfpkrS 7
rJ&rnfjzpf.? OD;Ekonf 7 rJ &&Sad ombufu wifvu kd af om 'l0gaZmf&pfukd
jynfe,f OuUÏ cef@vdkuf.?
xdkenf;wlpGm u&ifaumifpDwGifvnf; rJcGJrnfqdkv#ifæ

aqG-+idrf;axmufcHaombufrS trwf 14 a,muf/ Ek-wifaxmufcHaom
bufrS trwf 10 a,muf jzpfc&hJ m/ vlenf;pkjzpfaom trwf 10 a,muf
bufrSwifay;aom OD;apmvlvludk OD;Eku u&ifjynfe,f0ef}uD;tjzpf cefŒ
vdkuf.?
127
OD;Ekonf ygvrD efwiG f 8 rJEiS hf tEdik &f &So

d jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf+yD; tpd;k &qufvyk f
&.? 8 rJ rajymESihf 1 rJwnf;/ od@k r[kwf 2 rJwnf;Edik v f #ivf nf; olyJ 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk f
&rnfjzpf.? Tum; 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynf jzpfjcif;a=umifh jzpf.?
OD;Ekonf olEikd af eaomtcg 'Dru kd a&pDukd taumif;yuwd wnfw h nfh rwf
rwf,l+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD/ 'Drdkua&pD[k ºuGm;0gae.? ol@bufu&SHK;aomtcg
ucsifESifh u&ifaumifpDrsm;wGif 'Drdkua&pD pum;rajymbJ 0ef}uD;csKyf.
tm%mjzifh twif; t"rR 'Drdkua&pDudk "g;jywdkuf+yD; rJenf;onfhbufudk
tpdk;&tm%may; vdkuf.?
wenf;tm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk ajymif;jyef aZmufxdk;vkyfay;vdkuf.? T
onfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrwfE;kd onfqakd om pum;udk yg;pyfzsm;wGif t+rJajym
aeaom OD;Ek. 'Drdkua&pDajymif;jyef jzpf.? tajymwrsdK; tvkyfwrsdK;
OD;Ek[kom rSwfcsuf csvdkuf.?
***************
128
tm%m&Siq
f efaom OD;Ek
zqyv tzJ@G wiG v f nf;aumif;/ uJbed uf 0ef}uD;rsm;tzJ@G wiG v

f nf;aumif;/
25
OD;Ekonf tm%m&Sifqefonf[k 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;xGef;az u wdkif;jynfodk@ ol@
owif;pmuae wifjyzl;.? omrefwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;/ olESifhtvkyftwl rvkyfzl;
olrsm;onf Tpum;udk ,Hk=unf&ef cJ,Of;cJh.? Tr# orm"d&SdI/ bk&m;w&m;ESifh
t+rJaeolonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# tm%m&Sif rqefEdkif/ r#r#ww &Sdrnfhyk*d~Kvf
jzpfonf[I l ‚if;/ tcsi;f csi;f rwnfI
h ajym=uwmygumG [lI‚if;/ ajym=urnf jzpf.?
OD;Ek tm%m&Sifqefonf [laompum;udk pma&;oludk,fwdkif r,Hk=unfcJhay? odk@
aomf udk,fwdkif0ef}uD; jzpfvmaomtcgusrS ,Hk=unf&awmh.? r}uD;us,faom
jy\emrsm;Y tm%m&Sifqefonfudk rajymvdkyg? wdkif;jynf. ta&;}uD; jy\em
rsm;wGif oltm%m&SifqefyHkudk ajymjyvdkygonf?
25? OD;xGef;az? ? rdwDˆvmc&dkif rv_dif+rdK@e,f o&ufaumif;yifaus;&GmY 1900 jynfhESpf

=o*kwfv 5 &ufae@wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? 1918 ckESpfwGif rE Wav;+rdK@ Ak'<omoeEk*~[ txuf
wef;ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifI &efukefwuUodkvfodk@ wufa&mufonf? 1920 ck &efukefwuUodkvf
ausmif;om;oydwf acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf “atmhbq f m;Am;” t*Fvyd o f wif;pmESihf
ol&d,owif;pmrsm;wGif owif;axmufcsKyf jzpfcJh+yD; ppftwGif; Armhacwfowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf
jzpfonf? ppf+yD;aemuf [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'w D m jzpfonf? 1947 wdik ;f jyKjynfjyK v$waf wmfo@kd
trwftjzpf [oFmw taemufrJqENe,frS ta&G;cH&onf? 1948 ck pufwifbmvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
owif;pmq&mtoif; OuUÏ jzpfonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif 0ufvufrJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmf
trwftjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cH&onf? 1952 ck rwfv 16 &ufae@wGif ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD; tjzpf
a&G;cs,fcef@tyfjcif; cH&+yD; 1953 ckESpf =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif tpdk;&tzJG@rS EkwfxGufcJhonf?
xGef;ae@pOf owif;pmudk xlaxmif+yD; t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?
129
3 ³ 5 w&kwf - jrefrm e,fpyfjy\em
1954 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekonf w&kwjf ynfo@kd oGm;cJo h nf?

xdktcg 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf w&kwfjynf0ef}uD;csKyf acsmiftifav;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm
twlaea&; rlig;csuu f kd pmcsKyfcsKyfqo kd nfh 0ef}uD;csKyfEpS Of ;D wd@k . xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf
wGif &mZ0ifuxm;cJhaom e,fpyfjy\emrsm;udk wdkif;jynfESpfck tpdk;&onf
cspf=unfpGm rdwfrysuf aqGrysuf ajz&Sif;+yD;jywfap&ef[k ygvmonf?
1955 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 20 &ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;
usaom 0e,fxJudk w&kwfeD wyfom;rsm;0ifvmonfESifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH
wyfrawmfom;rsm;ESifhawG@I tcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufypfcwf=uonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf tpd;k &u w&kwef w D yfrsm;onf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if tH wGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufonfukd uef@uu G If wyfjyefqw k af y;&ef w&kwt f pd;k &
odk@ awmif;qdkonf?
w&kwt f pd;k &u ,ck olw@kd wyfom;rsm; 0ifaeaomae&m[m w&kwu f ydik f
onf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHu ydkifonfudk aocsmpGm r&Sif;vif;ao;yg? w&kwf
jynftpd;k & taeESihf olw@kd yikd o f nf[k ,H=k unfojzifh wyfukd rqkwEf ikd af =umif; pmjyef
onf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmtpd;k &u 0e,fonf 1941 ckEpS f w&kwt f pd;k &ESihf jrefrm
jynftpdk;& (t*Fvdyf) wdk@u csKyfqdkxm;aom pmcsKyft& jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH
uom ydkifonf[k ta=umif;jyefonf?
wzef w&kwt f pd;k &u ‚if; 1941 ckEpS pf mcsKyfonf w&kwt f pd;k & cseaf u&Sw d f
tm; t*Fvyd w f @kd u t"rR tEdik u f siI
hf csKyfqx kd m;aom pmcsKyfjzpfojzifh todtrSwf
rjyKEdkifa=umif; pmjyefvmonf?
xdkodk@ ESpfEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm; tjyeftvSef pma&;aeonfh tcsdefwGif jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ucsifjynfe,f. ajrmufbuf tpGefqHk; ylwmtdke,f/ vHkqdkif;
a'ood@k erfev D cgawmif=um;vrf;jzifh w&kwef w D yfom;tcsKd @u jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiH twGif;odk@ 0ifvmonf?
TuJhodk@ tpdk;&tcsif;csif; v#dK@0Sufpm tjyeftvSef a&;aeonfhtcsdefwGif
1956 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 31 &ufae@xw k f “ae;&Si;f ” owif;pmrSm w&kwef w D yfom;rsm;
u jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvma=umif;/ 0 e,fwGif
130
wyfrawmfESifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf&a=umif; a&;om;az: jyvmonf? TawmhrS wdkif;

jynfu odvm=uonf? tpdk;&u jiif;qdkcJhonf?
1956 ckEpS f =o*kwvf 4 &ufae@pjGJ zifh w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H 0ef}uD;csKyf
acsmiftifav;u xdkpOfu zqyvOuUÏjzpfaom OD;Ek 26 xH pmwapmifa&;vdkuf
onf? ‚if;pmxJwGif-
(u) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if rH S owif;pm tcsKd @[m w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdifk if EH iS hf

cspf=unfa&;ysufjym;apatmif a&;om;=uojzifh wm;jrpfay;&ef?
(c) w&kww f yfom;rsm; taeESihf usL;ausmjf cif;r[kwb f /J tcsKd @ tenf;tusO;f
rSm;,Gif;jcif;r#om jzpfonf?
(*) vuf&Sd tajctaetwdkif; wdkif;jynfESpfckonf at;csrf;pGm twlaeoGm;
&ef paom tcsufrsm;ygonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH tjcm;owif;pmrsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;owif;pmrsm;Y

yg w&kwfwyfrsm; usL;ausmfr_udk a&;vm=uonf?
26? zqyv OuUÏjzpfaom OD;Ek? ? 1948 ck Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSpI tpdk;&tzJG@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhaom OD;Ekonf wcsdefwnf;
rSmyif zqyv tzJG@csKyf. OuUÏvnf;jzpfonf? aemifwGif zqyvtwGif; tuJGt+yJ oHo,
yËdyuQrsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;vmojzifh zqyvtzJG@udk jyefvnfzJG@pnf;&efESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk
0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf tvSnfhusaqmif&GufEdkifap&efqdk+yD; OD;Ekonf 1956 ck ZGefv 12 &ufae@wGif
0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcJhonf? wESpfwmr# zqyvOuUÏtjzpf tcsdefjynfhwm0ef,l&ef
[kqdkcJhonf? xdkumvtwGif; w&kwfjynfESifh oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm) EdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf?
OD ; Ek 0ef } uD ; csKyf t jzpf r S Ek w f x G u f p Of w G i f OD ; AaqG 0ef } uD ; csKyf j zpf v m+yD ; 'k w d ,
0ef}uD;csKyfrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf+idrf;/ ocifwifESifh p0fcGefcsdKwdk@ wm0ef,lcJh=uonf? xdkumvtwGif;
OD;EkESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ yËdyuQ ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmum ordkif;wGifaprnfh pmESpfapmif tjyeftvSef ay;ydk@cJh
=u&rS aygufuJGvktajctaeodk@ a&mufvmcJhonf?
1957 ckESpf rwfv 1 &ufae@wGif v$wfawmfY OD;Ek0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cH&m
OD;AaqGonf 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf jyefvnf wm0ef,lvdkufjcif;jzifh zqyv acgif;aqmifydkif;
yËdyuQray:bJ ,m,D+idrf;csrf;a&; &&SdoGm;cJhonf?
(*g;'D;,ef;OD;pdef0if;a&; “tuJGt+yJZmwfvrf;” pm-41-43)
131
1956 ck =o*kwv f 8 &ufae@Y OD;Ekonf zqyv OuUÏtaeESihf a=unm

csuf wckxw k o
f nf? tusO;f csKyfrmS e,fpyfupd u P kd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf w&kwf
Edik if w
H @kd onf rdwaf qGEikd if rH sm; taeESihf tjrefq;kH +yD;jywfatmif ajz&Si;f rnf? ESpEf ikd if .
H
em;vnfry_ sujf ym;apaom ta&;tom; tajymtqdrk sm;udk a&Smif&mS ;=uzd@k owif;
pmq&mrsm;ESifh jynfolvlxktm; arwWm&yfcHa=umif; ponfjzifh jzpfonf?
1956 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f 29 &ufae@pjGJ zifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H tpd;k &u
w&kwftpdk;&odk@ pma&;jyefonf?
(u) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufaeaom w&kwpf pfwyf rsm;udk
jyefvnf qkwfay;&ef?
(c) 1941 ckESpf rsOf;a=umif;udk todtrSwfjyK&ef?
1956 ckEpS f =o*kwv

f 29 &ufae@pjGJ zifh w&kwt
f pd;k &u jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkfifiHtpdk;&odk@ pmjyefvdkuf&mwGif-
(u) 1941 ckEpS f rsO;f a=umif;udk todtrSwf rjyKEdik yf g? od@k aomf wdik ;f jynfwjynf
ESiw
hf jynf csp=f unfa&; rysuaf p&efEiS hf txifrvJaG p&eftwGuf rsO;f a=umif;
. wbufukd w&kww f yfrsm; qkwcf ikd ;f rnf? Tw&kww f yfrsm; qkwo f mG ;wJh
ae&mrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH wyfom;rsm;r0ifap&ef?
(c) 1911 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f tpd;k &u w&kwt f pd;k &ok@d ay;xm;aompmt& zDarmf/
a*:vH/ uefzef &GmoH;k &Gm e,fajronf w&kwt f pd;k &ydik jf zpfonf? T&Gmrsm;
wGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if rH S wyfawGpaGJ eonf? xdAk rmwyfawGuv kd nf;
qkwfay;yg?
(*) 1954 ckESpf 0ef}uD;csKyfESpfOD;. oabmwlnDcsufawGudk azmufzsuf+yD;v#if
jrefrmjynf. ajrmufydkif;usaom e,fajrrsm;xJrS jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH
ppfwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwyfpJGaeonf? ‚if;wyfawGudkvnf; qkwfay;yg?
ckvdkqkwfoGm;onfh ae&mrsm;rSm w&kwfwyfawGvnf; r0ifygbl;?
(C) e,fpyfjy\emtm;vH;k udk ajz&Si;f zd@k ESpEf ikd if o
H abmwl aumfr&Siw f ckcef@&ef
w&kwftpdk;&u oabmwlonf?
132
,ckvdk w&kwf jrefrme,fpyfjy\emESifh ywfoufI ESpfEdkifiHtpdk;&onf

oabmxm;uJGvJGcsufrsm;/ tqifrajyr_rsm; &Sdvmojzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
awmf tpd;k &onf w&kwt f pd;k &. oabmxm;udk odap&ef zqyv OuUÏ}uD;OD;Ekukd
w&kwfodk@ apv$wf&ef pDrHcJhonf? w&kwftpdk;&uvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; em;vnfr_
&&Sdap&ef zdwfvm.? xdk@a=umifh cspf=unfa&;rpf&Sif[k trnfay;um OD;Ektm;
acgif;aqmifapv#uf OD;Ek.ZeD; a': jr&D/ w&m;0ef}uD; OD;jrifhodef;27 (,ck w&m;0ef
}uD;csKyf) ESifhZeD;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;&Hk; t+rJwef; twGif;0ef OD;xGef;&Sdef/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;&Hk;
e,fpyfqdkif&m txl;t&m&Sd OD;cif!Gef@/ zqyvtzJG@ wdkif;rSL; Adkvfwifarmif}uD; wdk@
yg0ifonfh rpf&SiftzJG@udk 1956ckESpf atmufwdkbmv aemufqHk;tywfwGif w&kwf
jynfodk@ apv$wfcJh.?
Tod@k OD;Ek.tzJ@G tm; w&kwjf ynfo@kd apv$w&f mY Edik if jH cm;a&;&k;H e,fjcm;
qdkif&m. wifjycsufay:wGif qyfuufbdeuf. 1959 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 21
&ufae@tpnf;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsut f & OD;Ek. rpf&iS t
f zJ@G tm; atmufyg !¸e=f um;csuf
wckudk csrSwfay;vdkuf.?
27? w&m;0ef}uD; OD;jrifhodef;? ? 1990 jynfhESpf azazmf0g&Dv 24 &ufae@wGif tz OD;ydef K.S. M,

A. T. M, (usufoa&aqmif a&$pvG,f&rif;/ tr_xrf;aumif;rif;) ESifh trda':rdrdwdk@rS zGm;jrifonf?
&efukefaumvdyf/ +AdwdefEdkifiH bk&ifraumvdyfESifh uif;b&pf wuUodkvfrsm;odk@ wufa&muf+yD; M.
A, LLB, bGJ@rsm;udk 1925 ckESpfwGif &&SdcJhonf? 1925-30 twGif; &efukef+rdK@r txufwef;
ausmif;tky}f uD;/ xdak emuf 1937 ckEpS rf pS I tpd;k &w&m;a&;XmewGif tr_xrf;cJo
h nf? 1942 ckEpS w
f iG f
ppfr_xrf;&ef t&efwyfwGif Adkvf}uD;tqifh xdkrS AdkvfrSL;}uD;tjzpf wdk;jr‡ifhI +rdK@jyumuG,fa&;
rif;}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif CAS(B) tpdk;&vufxuf w&m;a&;t&m&Sd/
rdwDˆvmc&dkif puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;/ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya' t}uHay;t&m&Sd/ e,fjcm;a'orsm;twGuf
jrefrmtpdk;&tzJG@wGif wJGzuftwGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1948 ckESpfwGif w&kwforRwEdkifiH
(eefuif;+rdK@) odk@ yxrOD;qHk;aom jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf apv$wfcH&onf? 1950 ckESpfwGif
w&kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH (yDuif;+rdK@) wGif jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; jzpfonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif
w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;jzpf+yD; 1957 ckESpf ZGefv 6 &ufrSpI w&m;0ef}uD; jzpfonf?
1951 ckESpfwGif owdk;r[mpnfol bJG@ESifh 1958 ckESpfwGif t*~r[mpnfolbJG@rsm; &&SdcJhonf?
(Who's Who in Burma, 1961.)
133
1? w&kwftpdk;&. oabmxm;udk odEdkifatmifom pHkprf;&ef?

2? w&kwftpdk;&u &mZ0ifjy+yD; e,fajrrsm;udk [dkawmif; 'Dawmif; awmif;
vmv#if oabmwlnDcsuf bmr#ray;bJ jy\emrsm;udk jyef,laqmif
vm&ef?
3? 1949 ckEpS f rsO;f a=umif;udk w&kwt
f pd;k & taeESihf todtrSwjf yKa&; twGuf
em;vnfatmifajymjy&ef?
4? 1948 ckEpS f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H vGwv
f yfa&; &onft
h csed u
f e,ferd w
d f
twdkif; ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJaea&;udk w&kwftpdk;&tm; em;vnfatmif
ajymjy&ef ponfwdk@ jzpfavonf?
T!¸ef=um;csufawGudk OD;Ekuvnf; oabmwl vufcH+yD; !¸ef=um;pm
wapmifudkvnf; ,loGm;avonf?
OD;EkESifh tzJG@rsm;onf w&kwfjynf yDuif;+rdK@odk@a&mufonfhtcg tpdk;&ESifh
w}udrf ESp}f udrf e,fpyfjy\emudk aqG;aEG;cJ. h ? Tod@k aqG;aEG;&mwGif w&kwt f pd;k &
onf OD;Ektm; txufazmfjyonfh 1911 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u w&kwftpdk;&
tm; a&;ay;cJah om pmudjk yvsuf zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef e,fo;kH e,fukd awmif;awmh
.? xdt k cg OD;Eku 0ef}f uD;tzJ@G uay;vdu
k af om !¸e=f um;csurf sm;tm; arhypfI tusKd ;
ta=umif; tqdk;taumif; avhvmjcif;r&SdbJ csufcsif;yif w&kwfjynftpdk;&u
awmif;qdkcsuf[m pmESifhayESifhjyEdkifonffhtwGuf w&m;w,f? igoabmwlw,f[k
ajymvdkufonf? olESifh vkdufygvmolrsm;onf w&kwfrsm;a&S@wGif csufcsif;ajym&ef
cufojzifh aqG;aEG;yJu G kd aemufw}udrf aqG;aEG;&efEiS hf ‚if;jy\emrsm;udk avhvm&ef
ajymI aqG;aEG;yJGudk acwW&yfem;vdkuf.?
aemufw}udrf aqG;aEG;yJG rvkyrf D tzJ@G 0iftcsKd @onf ,ck w&kwaf wGawmif;
aom e,fajronf ucsifjynfe,fwGif usa&mufojzifh ucsifjynfe,facgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;zdk@ vdka=umif;/ zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' yk'fr 200 t&
ucsifjynfe,faumifpD. oabmwlnDcGifhudk &,lrSomv#if +yD;jywfEdkifa=umif; OD;Ek
tm; wifjy=uonf? xdka=umifh OD;Ekonf aemufw}udrf aqG;aEG;aom aqG;aEG;yJGY
zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef e,fajroHk;&GmESifh ywfoufI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH.
zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya't& ucsifjynfe,fwGif yg0ifaeojzifh ucsifacgif;
134
aqmifrsm;. oabmwlnDcGifhudk &zdk@vdkygonf? odk@jzpfI ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk

ac:ay;yg [k w&kwftpdk;&tm; wifjycJh.?
xdk@a=umifh w&kwftpdk;&onf av,mOfysHwpif; v$wfay;I oHtrwf}uD;
OD;vSarmif28 / twGif;0ef OD;xGef&Sdef/ txl;t&m&Sd OD;cif!Gef@wdk@onfvnf; xdkav
,mOfESifh vdkufygvmonf? ‚if;wdk@onf 28- 10- 56 &ufae@wGif &efukefodk@jyef
a&mufvm+yD; tajctaeudktpdk;&xH tpD&ifcHvmonf? OD;EkESifh w&kwfjynfol@
orRwEdkifiH tpdk;&.qENt& jynfe,fOuUÏ OD;Zefxm&Sif/ jynfe,fOuUÏa[mif;
rsm;jzpf=uaom qrm;'l0gqif0g;aemif/ 'l0gaZmfvGef;/ ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;Xme
ar*sm&Sefvkef;wdk@onf oHtrwf}uD;OD;vSarmif/ twGif;0effOD;xGef;&Sdeftpm; EdkifiHjcm;
a&;&Hk; twGif;0ef rpPwm bm&defwef/ txl;t&m&Sd OD;cif!Gef@wkd@u atmufwdkbm
30 &ufae@wGif w&kwftpdk;&av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefrS yDuif;odk@ xGufcGmoGm;&.?
xdo
k @kd roGm;rD w&uf atmufwb kd m 29 &ufae@wiG f jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiHtpdk;& 0ef}uD;tzJG@ tpnf;ta0;wck jyKvkyfI atmufygqHk;jzwfcsuf oHk;ckudk
cs.?
1? 1948 ckEpS f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&onft
h csed u
f wnf&cdS hJ
aom e,ferd w d t
f wkid ;f ydak e+rJ usm;ae+rJae&ef/ w&kwt
f pd;k &tm; t}uHay;
wdkufwGef;&ef?
28? oHtrwf}uD; OD;vSarmif? ? 1911 ck pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif rdwDˆvm+rdK@Y tz
opfawmrif;}uD; OD;pHESifh trd a':rrwdk@rS arG;zGm;cJhonf? 1932 ckESpfwGif rE Wav;Oypmaumvdyf/
1938 wGif &efukefwuUodkvf bDatESifh 1941 wGif bDt,fvfbJG@rsm; &&SdcJhonf? 1936 ckESpfwGif
ausmif;om;oydwf acgi;f aqmifEiS hf 1936-38 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wuUov kd af usmif;om; or*~tr_aqmif/
1941 ckESpfwGif or*~OuUÏ jzpfonf? ta&;awmfyHkygwD (aemifwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwD) acgif;aqmif
wOD ; jzpf o nf ? ppf t wG i f ; Y bD t d k i f a t wyf r awmf t &m&S d jzpf + yD ; / *syef w yf r awmf .
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzJG@ “[D&tdku aumfr&Sif”wGif qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sd/ xdkaemuf 1943-45
ckESpfwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme vufaxmuf twGif;0ef/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD acgif;aqmifwOD;/
ppf+yD;aemuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfodk@ trwfta&G;cH&+yD; EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;XmewGif
ygvDreftwGif;0ef/ 1948 ck vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf xkdif;ESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;. yxrOD;qHk;aom
jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; jzpfonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif w&kwfjynffol@orRwEdkifiHESifh rGef*dkvD;,m; orRwEdkifiH/
1959 ckESpfwGif tpPa&;EdkifiH/ 1961 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefEdkifiHrsm;. jrefrmoHtrwf}uD; tjzpf pwif
aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1953 ckESpfwGif owdk;oD&dok"rRbJG@ESifh 1960 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0if
(wwd,tqifh) bJG@wHqdyfrsm; csD;jr‡ifhcH&onf?
135
2? txufyg eHygwf 1 tcsuu f kd vufrcHv#if e,fpyfa'owckv;kH udk wckwnf;

taeESifhrpOf;pm;bJ wydkif;pD wydkif;pD aqG;aEG;&ef?
3? ESpEf ikd if H ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom e,fpyfa'o pHpk rf;a&; aumfr&Sif wck
zJ@G pnf;I w&kw-f jrefrme,fpyfukd aumif;rGepf mG ppfaq;&ef oabmwlonf?
ponfwdk@ jzpfavonf?
xdk0ef}uD;tzJG@. tpnf;ta0;wGif ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Sifu
w&kwftpdk;& awmif;qdkaom zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef e,fajronf a&S;ya0o%Du
w&kwfrsm; rnfonfhtcgrS rtkyfpdk;cJh&ojzifh w&kwftpdk;&awmif;onfhtwdkif;
ray;Edik af =umif; jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G cf . hJ ? ‚if;ae@u uufbed uf rSww f rf;wGif
txift&Sm;awG@&onf? 0ef}uD;tzJG@. qHk;jzwfcsufudk rdwWLjyKI OD;EkxHodk@vnf;
wapmif yd@k ay;cJ. h ? 0ef}uD;tzJ@G . qH;k jzwfcsuu f ykd if OD;Ekonf oabmrusI &SL;&SL;
&SJ&SJ jzpfI vufrcHcJh[k aemufrSod&.?
ucsijf ynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;onf atmufwb kd m 31 &ufae@wiG f yDuif;+rdK@
odk@qdkufa&mufoGm;=uonf? ‚if;a&mufonfh nwGifvnf; OD;EkESifh e,fpyfjy\em
ta=umif; aqG;aEG;=u&m OD;Ekonf w&kwb f ufrS awmif;qdck suo f nf w&m;a=umif;
oabmwlz@kd oifah =umif;ajymqdv k m.? ucsiaf cgi;f aqmifrsm; bufrS zDarmf/ a*:vH/
uefzefonf w&kwu f rnfonft h cgrS rydik cf o hJ jzifh ray;Edik af =umif;/ ,ck &S+d yD;om;
e,fedrdwftwdkif; &Sdzdk@oifha=umif; wifjy=u&mwGifvnf; OD;EktaeESifh ucsifacgif;
aqmifrsm; wifjycsufudk rausreyfjzpfcJhonf?
ucsifjynfe,f acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh OD;Ek. aqG;aEG;yJGwGif OD;Ekwifjyajym
qdkcsufwckrSm “bmbJjzpfjzpf w&kwfjynfu pmESifhayESifh wifjyEdkifonfh twGuf
olwdk@ awmif;qdkcsufudk ay;+yD; tjrefpmcsKyfcsKyf&if aumif;w,f? tcsdefqJGae&if
e,fpyfeJ@eD;wJh cifAsm;wdk@ubJ jynfrtpdk;&udk c%c%wdkif=ur,f? 'ga=umifh olwdk@
awmif;wJt h wdik ;f tjrefoabmwlay;vdu k &f if aumif;w,f” ponf jzifjh zpf onf?
Ed0k ifbmv 1 &ufae@ eHeuf 10;30 rSnae 01;00 txd w&kwjf ynftpd;k &
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&Hk;wGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHbufrS 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Sif/ qrm;'l0g
qif0gaemif/ 'l0gaZmfveG ;f / w&m;0ef}uD; OD;jrifo h ed ;f / oHtrwf OD;vSarmif/ twGi;f 0ef
rpPwm bm&defwef/ txl;t&m&Sd OD;cif!Gef@wdk@ yg0ifv#uf w&kwfjynfol@orRw
136
EkdifiHtpdk;&bufrS 'kwd,EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; acsmiftefzl;/ jrefrmjynfqdkif&m w&kwf

oHtrwf}uD; vlcsKHrif;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efrsm; yg0ifI e,fpyfudpPudk pwif
aqG;aEG;=u.? aqG;aEG;yJGwGif w&kwftpdk;&bufrS wifjyaom tcsufrsm;rSm-
1? 1911 ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &u w&kwt
f pd;k &tm;ay;xm;cJah om pmt&
zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzefonf w&kwjf ynfu f ydik o
f jzifh w&kwjf ynfo@kd ay;tyf&ef?
2? 1941 ckESpf rsOf;a=umif;udk w&kwftpdk;&u oabmwl&efcJ,Of;onf?
tcuftcJ rsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
3? txufu rufr[Ge;f vdik ;f udv k nf; jyefvnfppfaq;+yD; wdbuftpd;k &wd@k .
oabmxm;udk od&+yD;rS +yD;Edik rf nf? od@k aomf rufr[Ge;f vdik ;f onf tcuftcJ
&Sdrnf rxifa=umif;?
ponfhtcsufrsm; wifjy=uonf?
xdkaqG;aEG;yJGwGif w&kwftpdk;&bufrS acgif;aqmifI pum;ajymolrSm
'kEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; acsmiftefzl; jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHbufrS acgif;
aqmifI pum;ajymolrSm ucsifjynfe,f 0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Sif jzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHbufrS ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD; wifjyaom tcsuf
rsm;onf-
1? ,ck&Sd+yD;om; e,fedrdwftwdkif; ydkae+rJ usm;ae+rJaezdk@ ESpfEdkifiHaom tpdk;&
wdk@u oabmwl=u&ef?
2? 1911 ckESpfu t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u w&kwftpdk;&tm; a&;ay;cJhaompmonf
t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J EiS hf w&kwtf pd;k &wd@k tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeaf &;aom ay;pm
r#om jzpfonf? pmcsKyf r[kwyf g? zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzefe,fonf w&kw. f
tkypf ;kd jcif;udk rnfonft h cgrS rcHczhJ ;l yg/ xd@k a=umifh xdek ,f oH;k e,fukd ray;
Edkifyg?
ponfjzifh jzpfonf?
Tae&mwGif pmzwfol y&dowfrsm; a0zefEikd &f ef wifjyvdo k nfrmS w&kwf
tpd;k &onf pmcsKyfpmwrf;ESihf tcdik t
f rm&S+d yD;aom 1941 ckEpS f pmcsKyfEiS hf rufr[Ge;f
vdkif; owfrSwfaom pmcsKyfudkvufcH&ef cJ,Of;onf[k ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jyI
137
ajymqdk=u+yD; pmcsKyfvnf;r[kwf/ ay;pm wapmifr#jzpfaom 1911 ckESpfu pmudk

udk;um;I e,fajrawmif;jcif;onf rnfodk@aomoabm&Sdonfudk odEdkifayonf?
‚if; Ed0k ifbmv 1 &ufae@ n 6;30 tcdserf pS I w&kwt f pd;k &. zdw=f um;
csuft& tm;vHk;aom udk,fpm;vS,f tzJG@0ifrsm;onf &k&Sqyfuyfudk oGm;a&muf
=unfh&_=uonf? jyyJGc%&yfem;onfh tcsdefwGif tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl tcif;}uD;
tcif;i,foGm;&eftwGuf ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tjyifodk@c% xGuf=uonf?
tjyifo@kd xu G +f yD; jyyJcG ef;od@k jyeft0if cef;r.wHcg;0Y apmifah eaom OD;Ekonf ucsif
jynfe,f0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Sit f m; yck;H udyk wk If “vm OD;Zefxm&Sif ta&;}uD;wJph um;
ajymp&m&Syd gw,f” [k {nfch ef;wcko@kd ac:oGm;.? 'l0gaZmfveG ;f vnf; vdu k yf gomG ;&
.? {nfhcef;wGif OD;Ektjyif jrefrmjynfqdkif&m w&kwfoHtrwf}uD; ,lcsHKrif;vnf;
a&mufvm.?
xdt k cg OD;Eku “uJ OD;Zefxm&Sif 'Duae@ cifAsm;ESihf w&kwrf sm; aqG;aEG;yJrG mS
'De,fpyfupd [ P m acgi;f aqmif}uD; OD;Ek+yD;&if +yD;ygw,f/ wd@k uawmh bmrSajymp&mr&Sd
ygv@kd cifAsm;u ajymw,fq/kd 'Dvq kd &kd if usKyfvJ 0rf;omw,f/ uae@nyJ pmcsKyfcsKyf
vdkufr,f/ b,fES,fhvJ” [k rsufESmxm;ESifh ar;vdkuf.?
OD;Zefxm&Sifu “u|efawmf xdkodk@ rajym&yg/ u|efawmfwdk@ tjyeftvSef
ajymwJhpum;awGtm;vHk; rSwfwrf;&Sdygw,f” [k jyefajymvdkuf.?
xdktcg OD;Eku “cifAsm;[m u|efawmfhudk wrsdK;ajymw,f/ w&kwfawGudk
wrsKd ;ajymw,f/ bmaumif;ovJ/ w&kwo f tH rwf}uD;u cifAsm; 'Dtwdik ;f ajymw,f
vd@k ajymaew,f” [k ajym.?
OD;Zefxm&Sifu “u|efawmf w&kwfudkwrsdK;/ OuUÏudk wrsdK;rajym&yg/
aqG;aEG;yJGrSm ygwJhvlwdkif;udk ar;=unfhyg” [k ajymaomtcg 'l0gaZmfvGef;uvnf;
“OuUÏ}uD;ajymovdk OD;Zefxm&Sif rajymyg/ u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;&Sdygw,f” [k
axmufvdkufrS OD;Ekonf rom,maom rsufESmESifh w&kwfoHtrwf}uD;ESifh twl
tcef;rS xGufcGmoGm;.?
TwGif OD;Zefxm&SifESifh 'l0gaZmfvGef;vnf; tcef;rSxGufoGm;=uI &k&S
qyfuyfukd jyef=unf=h uaomfvnf; OD;Zefxm&Sirf mS tvGepf w d rf aumif;jzpfcg qyfuyf
wGif pdwyf g0ifpm;jcif;r&Sb d J qyfuyf+yD;atmif renf;xdik &f awmh.? wnf;cd&k mtdro f @kd
jyefa&mufaomfvnf; OD;Zefxm&SifrSm wnvHk;tdyfraysmfbJ &Sdawmh.? ,ckuJhodk@
OD;EkESifh aqG;aEG;&v#if tqifajyrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ e,fpyfudpPwGif qufvuf
138
aqG;aEG;vdak om qENr&Sad wmha=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh jyefvo kd jzifh av,mOfysH pDpOfay;=u

&ef oHtrwf}uD; OD;vSarmifESifh twGif;0ef bm&defwefwdk@udk ajym&m oHtrwf}uD;
OD;vSarmif/ w&m;0ef}uD; OD;jrifhodef;/ rpPwm bm&defwefwdk@u awmif;yef=uojzifh
rjyefbJ aevdu k &f .?
xdkn 6 em&D tcsdefwGif OD;Ekonf w&kwf0ef}uD;csKyfESifh wcgawG@qHk+yD;
ol@taeESihf w&kwt f pd;k &awmif;wm w&m;w,f/ u|eaf wmfu ay;csiw f ,f? 'gayr,fh
ucsiaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;u oabmrwlb;l / 'ga=umifh &efuek jf yefr,f/ jyef+yD; Armvlxk
udk wifjy+yD; axmufccH ikd ;f r,f [k ajymcJ.
h ? xdt
k cg w&kw0f ef}uD;csKyfu “odyrf avm
ygeJ@/ at;at;aq;aq;aygh? u|efawmfvnf; u|efawmfhvlxkawGudk wdkifyifygOD;r,f/
ig;&ufae@ txdaeyg” [k jyefajymvkdufavonf?
3-11-56 &ufae@wiG w f cg e,fpyfupd u P kd w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H 0ef}f uD;
csKyf acsmiftifav;ESihf jyefvnfaqG;aEG;=u.? xdak qG;aEG;yJw G iG f w&kw0f ef}uD;csKyfonf
atmufygtwdkif; ajymcJh.?
1? ,ck w&kwf jrefrm e,fpyfjy\emESihf ywfoufI zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzefukd

w&kww f @kd u awmif;qdo k nfth wdik ;f ay;&if tjcm; “erf0h rf/ tqdik ;f ” e,fukd
rawmif;yg? ol@taeESihf erf0h rf/ tqdik ;f e,fonf rsm;pGmta&;r}uD;yg? zDarmf/
a*:vH/ uefzefukd awmif;&onfrmS t&ifu ‚if;e,fajrudk t*Fvyd rf sm;odr;f
,lpOftcg xdkodk@odrf;,ljcif;onf rw&m;[k w&kwfvlxk}uD;u uef@uGuf
qENjyyJGrsm; yDuif;+rdK@ESifh tjcm;+rdK@}uD;rsm;wGifvkyfcJhonf? xdktcg olonf
ausmif;om;t&G,f &Sdygao;onf? olrSwfrdygonf? xdk@a=umifh csefau&Sdwf
vufxuf t*Fvyd u f rw&m;odr;f aom e,fajrudk ,ck tpd;k &vufxufY
jyeff&atmifvkyfonf[k w&kwfvlxktm; jycsifjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
2? 0 e,fuawmh 0 e,fu apmfbGm;wpfcsdK@onf w&kwfjynfodk@ yg0ifcsif

onf[k ajym=u+yD; yDuif;od@k 0ifa&mufae+yD? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd EiS hf aqG;aEG;+yD;
rS qHk;jzwfvdk@jzpfrnf?
3? txuf tay:qH;k rufr[Ge;f vdik ;f uvnf; wdbuftpd;k &udk tvsipf pkH rf;
&OD;rnf? odk@aomfvnf; tcuftcJ rsm;rsm; r&Sdyg?
139
Tod k @ ajym+yD ; aemuf OuU Ï }uD ; OD ; Ek o nf ucsif v l } uD ; rsm;buf v S n f h I

“w&kwftpdk;&awmif;wm w&m;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh usKyfuoabmwlw,f? cifAsm;
wd@k vnf; oabmwl&ifaumif;r,f” [k ajym+yD;v#if qrm;'l0gukd “uJ qrm;'l0g}uD;
ajymyg” [kajymvdu k .f ? xdtk cg qrm;'l0gu “u|eaf wmfuawmh acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf
tpd;k &u jzLqd&k if jzLrSmyJ? rnf;qd&k if rnf;rSmyJ? u|eaf wmhrf mS awmh ,cktcsed f wm0ef
r&Sdyg? ucsifjynfe,f OuUÏ OD;Zefxm&Sifu wm0ef&Sdoljzpfojzifh olajymygap” [k
jyefajym.? “uJ 'l0gaZmfveG ;f aum b,fvo dk abm&ovJ” [k OD;Eku ar;jyefonf?
xdtk cg 'l0gaZmfveG ;f u “'Dupd u P kd csucf si;f qH;k jzwfz@kd cufygw,f? jznf;jznf;vky&f if
aumif;vdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fh jynfe,fOuUÏajymygap” [k ajym.? xdk@aemuf OD;Eku
“OD;Zefxm&Sif cifAsm;ay:rSm wnfaew,f? cifAsm;oabmwlvu kd &f if tvG,u f av;
ESifh +yD;oGm;r,f? b,hfES,fvJ” [kar;vdkufjyef.?
xdktcg OD;Zefxm&Sif taeESifh tvGeftusyftwnf; awG@awmh.? OD;Ek
ajymonfhtwdkif; e,fajr (3)e,fay;zdk@ oabmwlw,fvdk@ajym&if ucsifvlxku
bmrS rod&ao;ojzifh vlxkqENrygbJ vkyf&onfjzpfv#if vlxkudk opPmazmuf&m
usonf? vlx. k rsuEf mS udk raxmufxm;&musojzifh vlxEk iS hf olEiS chf ufawmhrnf?
OD;Ekajymonfukd oabmrwlb;l / ray;Edik b f ;l qdjk yefv#iv f nf; OD;Ekuo hJ @kd aom trsKd ;
om;acgi;f aqmif wa,mufukd Edik if jH cm;rSm t&Sucf &GJ ma&mufayrnf? *k%if ,f ap&m
a&mufrnf/ rav;pm;&m a&mufrnf/ tawmfyif t}uHtdkufawmh.? odk@&mwGif
csufcsif;owd&onfrSm u|efawmhftm; rJay;I wifajr‡mufolrsm;onf ucsifvlxk
omv#if jzpfonf? OD;Ek r[kwyf g? Tudpw P iG v f nf; OD;Eku,kd w
f ikd f rSm;ae+yDjzpfaom
a=umifh wdkif;jynfESifhvlxktwGuf =unfh+yD;ajym&rnf [k pOf;pm;oabmaygufI
atmufygtwdkif; ajymawmhonf?
“w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf OuUÏ}uD; OD;EkcifAsm;/ u|eaf wmf
wd@k 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if rH mS ,ckuo hJ @kd ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;udk qH;k jzwf&mwGif tqifh
oHk;qifh&Sdygonf? yxr tqifhrSm vlxkjzpfI vlxkqENudk ,l&ygrnf? 'kwd,
tqifhrSm vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfI vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaom jynfe,f
aumifpDESifh ygvDref.qENudk &,l&ygrnf? wwd, tqifhuawmh jynfolvlxkESifh
vlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. qENt& wifajr‡mufxm;aom vlxktpdk;&. oabm
wlncD iG u hf kd &&S&d ygrnf? 'Dvkd 3 qif&h @J qENryg&b dS J oabmwlncD iG hf r&bJ u|eaf wmf
oabmrwlEdkifyg”
140
0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Siu f onfvkd ajymvdu k w f thJ cg OuUÏ}uD;OD;Eku “'gjzif&h if

cifAsm;[m acgif;aqmifryDobl;/ acgif;aqmifqdkwm csufcsif; qHk;jzwf+yD;awmh
vlxEk iS hf &ifqikd &f r,f/ vlxu k oabmrwlb;l qd&k if E_wx f u
G af y;ayg”h [kajymvdu k . f ?
0ef}uD; OD;Zefxm&Siu f “u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if [H m 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if jH zpfwthJ wGuf
'Dvb kd jJ zpf&r,f/ vlxu k ay;zd@k oabmwl&if ay;&rSmyJ/ oabmrwl&if rwwfEikd b f ;l /
jyefpOf;pm;ay;&rSmyJ” [kjyefajymvdkuf.?
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0g'qdk;}uD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;/ urBmrSm r&_rvS usqHk;cJh&onfhenf;wl rdrd.
rsuaf cs;udrk jrifbJ olwyg;.rsuaf cs;udo k mjrifI vufnK‡d ;xd;k aom 0g'qd;k rsm;vnf;
wae@usqHk;&rnfomjzpf. [lIom ucsifvlrsdK;rsm;onf ajymqdka0zef29 ae=u.?
29? jrefrmEdik if u
H kd +Adwo
d #rsm; tkycf sKyfpOfuwnf;u w&kwjf refrm e,ferdwjf y\emrSm rjywfrom;
jzpfcJhonf? vGwfvyfa&; &&Sdaomtcg e,ferdwfudk ESpfEdkifiH ajz&Sif;cJh=u&avonf? 28/ 1/ 60
&ufwiG f jrefrm0ef}uD;csKyf Advk cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;ESihf w&kw0f ef}uD;csKyf csLtifvikd ;f wd@k e,ferdwo f wfrw S rf _
oabmwlpmcsKyf/ csp=f unfa&;ESihf rusL;ausmaf &; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrw S af &;xd;k Edik cf o
hJ nf?
1/ 10/ 60 &ufwGif OD;EkESifh csLtifvdkif;wdk@ jrefrm-w&kwf e,ferdwfpmcsKyfudk yDuif;wGif vufrSwf
a&;xdk;=uonf? pmcsKyft& jrefrmEdkifiHu zDarmf/ a*:vH/ uefzef a'o (153 pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm)
udk w&kwfjynfodk@ ay;tyf&onf? w&kwfu ydkifqdkif+yD; jrefrmjynfodk@ tiSm;csxm;aom rdkif;arm
}wd*Ha'o (220 pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm) udk jrefrmjynftm; v$Jajymif;ay;onf? rdkif;arma'o (0e,f)
ESihf vJv,
S af omtm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if u H w&kwEf ikd if o
H @kd yef;[ke;f ESihf yef;avmif;vlrsKd ;rsm; tkycf sKyfonfh
a'o (189 pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm) w&kwfjynfodk@ ay;&onf? 18/ 6/ 41 &ufwGif +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh
oabmwlnDcsuft& vlzefa'owGif owWKwl;azmf xkwf,lcGifh &&Sdxm;jcif;tm; w&kwfEdkifiHu
pGef@vGwfvdkufonf?
(*g;'D;,ef; OD;pdef0if;a&; “tuJGt+yJZmwfvrf;” pm-86)
147
3 ³ 7 OD;Ek. r[mtrSm;}uD; aemufwck&adS o;onf
4-11-56 &ufae@ rGef;vGJ 1 em&DtcsdefupI w&kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH.

OuUÏ}uD;armfpDwkef;onf OD;EkESifh taygif;tyg jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;
vS,f tzJG@rsm;tm; ae@vnfpmjzifh wnfcif;au|;arG;.? xrif;pm;yJG+yD;onfESifh
w+ydKifeuf 2;30 em&DavmufupI aqG;aEG;yJu G kd pawmh.? ‚if;aqG;aEG;yJw G iG f OuUÏ
}uD;armfpDwkef;utp w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'k-OuUÏrsm;/ ygvDref OuUÏrsm;/
0ef}uD;csKyfEiS fh 'k0ef}f uD;csKyfrsm; paom xdyq f ;kH yk*K~d vf}uD;rsm; yg0if=u.? jynfaxmifpk
jrefrm EdkifiHbufrSvnf; OD;EkESifhvdkufygoGm;aom tzJG@om;rsm;/ aemufxyfa&muf
vmaom ucsiaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &k&mS ;jynfu jyefv f maom a':pdeyf . k Avrp trsKd ;
orD;acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0if=u.?
xdkaqG;aEG;yJG ponfESifhw+ydKifeuf OuUÏ}uD;armfpDwkef;onf tvGefcsdKom
aomrsuEf mS jzifh “udik ;f OuUÏ}uD;OD;Ek cifAsm;wd@k Eikd if t H wGuf aqG;aEG;vdak om ta&;
}uD;jy\emrsm; bm&SdovJ ajymyg” [lI pum;cif;ay;vdkuf.?
xdktcg OD;Eku “OuUÏ}uD;armf/ wjcm;ta&;}uD;udpPawmh r&Sdyg? u|Efkyfwdk@
Edik if rH mS zqyv tzJ@G ukd twdu k tf cHvyk af ewJh yrnw awGukd vGecf w hJ hJ a&G; aumufyGJ
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vkyjf cif;[m tcktcsed rf mS u|Eykf w f @kd zqyv tzJ@G [m tpd;k &jzpf aeygojzifh wdik ;f jynf
2 ck. csp=f unfa&;udyk g xdcu kd yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dvv kd yk jf cif; [m raumif;ygb;l ”
[k ajymvdu k .f ?
OuUÏ}uD;armfpw D ek ;f u rsuv f ;kH rsuqf jH yL;vmI “'Dvjkd zpfwm wu,f[w k f
ovm;? wu,fvyk &f if b,fot l m; b,favmufay;+yD; ulnw D ,fqw kd m aoao
csmcsm ay;prf;yg? usKyfta&;,lay;r,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwm b,faumif;rvJ? usKyfvJ
r}udKufb;l ” [k jyefajymonf?
OD;Ek? twdtusawmh b,fodEdkifrvJAsm? 'Dvdkvkyfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unf&vdk@
ajymwm?
148
armf? 'gjzifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzJG@wck zJG@pnf;+yD; pHkprf;r,f? 'DpHkprf;a&;tzJG@xJrSm

cifAsm;wd@k vv l xJ nfyh g? pHpk rf;vd@k wu,freS &f if oH&;Hk t&m&Srd sm; tm;vH;k udk
usKyftjypfay;r,f? 'Dvdkvkyf&if cifAsm;auseyfrvm;?
Ek? 'Davmufawmh vkyfzdk@ rvdkygbl;? aemufrSm rvkyf&if +yD;wmyJ? aemufrSm
rvkyfatmifom wm;jrpfay;yg?
armf? cifAsm;ajymwJhtwdkif; ,HkEdkifavmufatmif &Sdw,fqdk&if wu,fpHkprf;ppf
aq;&r,f? 'grS cifAsm;vnf; auseyfEdkifr,f? u|Efkyfwdk@vJ auseyfEdkifr,f?
'geJ@cifAsm;wkd@ zqyv tzJG@u ygvDrefrSm tiftm;b,favmuf&SdovJ?
twdkuftcHu b,favmuf&SdovJ?
Ek? twdu
k t
f cHu 45 a,muf&ydS gw,f? u|Eykf w
f @kd bufu zqyv trwfrsm;eJ@
zqyv axmufcHwJhtrwfrsm; tm;vHk;aygif;&if 200 ausmf&Sdygw,f?
armf? 'Dvdkqdk&if cifAsm;bma=umufp&m &SdovJ? cifAsm;rSm vltrsm;}uD;yJ?
twdkuftcHu bmrSrajymyavmufygbl;? u|Efkyfwdk@ ygvDrefxJrSma&m/
tpd;k &tzJ@G xrJ mS yg uGejf rLepfr[kww
f hJ 'Dru
kd &ufwpftzJ@G vnf;&Sad o;wmyJ?
a[m'D tbdk;}uD;[m twdkuftcH 'Drdku&ufwpftkyfpk&J@ OuUÏaygh? ol
csefau&Sdwf&J@vlaygh? (T ae&mwGif qHyifjzL+yD;aom acgif;aqmifwOD;udk
armfpDwkef;u vufnd‡K;xdk;jyvdkuf.? xdkacgif;aqmif tbdk;}uD;[mvnf;
+yHK;vsuf acgif;ndwfjy.?) bmbJjzpfjzpf cifAsm;auseyfatmif tcsif;csif;
rouFmpdwf&Sif;oGm;atmif pkHprf;a&;tzJG@ apv$wfrSyJ jzpfr,f?
Ek? 'Davmufvkyfzdk@ rvdkygbl;? aemufaemif rvkyf&if+yD;wmyJ? u|Efkyf ,ckvdk
ajymaejcif;[m u|Efkyfwdk@ twGufcsnf;ajymaewm r[kwfyg? cifAsm;wdk@
wdkif;jynf}uD;twGufa&m uGefjrLepfavmu}uD;twGuf tusdK;udka&m
u|efawmfajymaewmyg? bma=umifhvJqdk&if 'DtwdkuftcH yrnw xJrSm
uGefjrLepftrnfcHwJh vl&_yfawG&Sdygw,f? 'DaumifawG[m wcsdK@olcdk;/ "g;jy
awG/ *sy;kd awG/ ESpjf ym;rwefwahJ umifawG ygaeygw,f? 'Dawmh 'DaumifawG
[m uGejf rLepfta&+cHK+yD; uGejf rLepfygwuD kd emrnfysuaf tmif vkyaf ew,f?
'ga=umifh ajymwmyg?
149
armf? 'Dvdkqdk&if u|Efkyfwdk@uvJ wckajymyg&ap? u|Efkyfwdk@&J@ oHtrwf}uD; wdkifzl;

w,f? wcgwkef;u cifAsm;0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfpOftcg &efukef+rdK@vrf;wvrf;/
tdrw f tdrrf mS u|Eykf w
f @kd &@J &efo}l uD;jzpfaewJh autrfwD w&kwjf zL cseaf u
&SdwfvlawG[m olwdk@tvHESifh cifAsm;wdk@&J@tvHudk +ydKifxl+yD; cifAsm;wdk@&J@
orRw}uD;yHkESifh csefau&Sdwf&J@"gwfyHkudk yl;wJGcsdwfxm;+yD; u|efawmfwdk@udk
qJaewmudk bma=umifh cifAsm;u ta&;,lwm;jrpfay;jcif; rvkyfovJ?
(Tae&mwGif w&kwfoHtrwf}uD; ,lcsHKrif;u vrf;eHygwfESifh tdrfeHygwfudk
ajymjyvdkuf.?)
Ek? u|Efkyf rod&yg? aemifudkod&&if ta&;,lygr,f?
armf? +yD;awmh owif;pmawG trsm;}uD;uvJ u|Eykf w
f @kd uGejf rLepfawGukd qJaewm/
'gvnf; cifAsm;u bmrSrwm;ay;ygvm;?
Ek? 'guawmh u|Efkyfwdk@EdkifiHrSmu 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHqdkawmh owif;pmawG[m
vGwv
f yfr_ &Syd gw,f? owif;pmawGu tpd;k &udak &m/ u|Eykf uf ykd g t+rJqaJ e
wm? 'gu vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifh&Sdawmh b,fvdkrS rvkyfEdkifbl;?
armf? udk,fhEdkifiHtwGif;rSmawmh a&;=uygap? 'gayr,fh rdwfaqGysufatmif/ cspf
=unfa&;ysufjym;atmif a&;wmudkawmh tpdk;&u xdef;ay;&ef vdkygw,f?
'geJ@ u|efawmfajymcsifygw,f? cifAsm;wdk@u u|efawmfwdk@tay:rSm odyf+yD;
a=umufaew,f xifw,f? 'DavmufvJ ra=umufyge@J ? rd;k wdraf wG vmwdik ;f
vJ rdk;rygEdkifyg? (Tw&kwfpum;yHkudk w&kwfbmomuae jrefrmbmom
jyeffqdkaom pum;jyefrsm;onf aocsmpGmrjyefwwfI uif;b&pf(csf)
,leDAmpwDu xGufzl;onfqdkaom pum;jyefudk t*Fvdyfvdk jyefcdkif;&.?)
u|Efkyfwdk@rSm ta0;ypfa&mhuufvJ rvkyfwwfao;bl;? *sufav,mOfysHvJ
rvkyfwwfao;bl;? t%kjrLAHk;wdk@/ [dkuf'&dk*sifAHk;wdk@vJ rvkyfwwfao;bl;?
'gawGvyk w f wfvmwJh wae@ cifAsm;wd@k u ydak =umufrmS ayg?h bmrSra=umuf
yge@J ? cifAsm;wd@k tay:rSm rdwaf qGEikd if t
H aeESiahf wmif r[kwaf o;bl;? nDtpf
udk Edik if v
H kd oabmxm;ygw,f? cifAsm;wd@k epfematmif b,fawmhrS rvkyf
ygbl;? cifAsm;wdk@ESifh aqG;aEG;wJhtcgawmifrS =unfhygvm;? u|Efkyfwdk@u
150
oabmxm; }uD;}uD;xm;+yD; rsm;pGmtavsmah y;+yD; aqG;aEG;&wmyJ? wjcm;

EdkifiH}uD;rsm;jzpfwJh tar&duef/ t*Fvdyf/ &yf&Sm;wdk@ESifhpm&if olwdk@wvHk;
ajym&if u|Efkyfwdk@ wvHk;ajymwmyJ? enf;enf;rS tav#mhray;bl;? cifAsm;
wdk@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHay:rSm u|Efkyfwdk@vJ rsm;pGm arwWmxm;ygw,f
[kajymvdkuf.?
TuJhodk@ OuUÏ}uD;armfpDwkef;u pHkprf;a&;tzJG@ v$wfr,fvdk@ajym/ OD;Eku
'Davmufxdvkyfzdk@ rvdkygbl;vdk@ajym/ tjyeftvSef ajymae&wmESifh 5 em&DcJGoGm;I
rdk;csKyfvmawmhrS aqG;aEG;yJGudk &kyfodrf;vdkuf.? nae 4 em&DavmufwGif OD;Ekonf
“'Dupd u P kd aqG;aEG;wJt
h cgrmS rde;f rrsm;ESiu
hf av;rsm; yg0ifz@kd rvdyk gb;l ? olw@kd ukd jyef
ygap” vd@k ajymvdu k af omfvnf; OuUÏ}uD;armfpw D ek ;f u “tdk bmjzpfovJ xdik yf gap?
olw@kd vJ =um;od=uygap? tm;vH;k =um;zd@k vdyk gw,f” [k jyefciG rhf jyKojzifh trsKd ;orD;
rsm;ESifhuav;rsm;rSm tcif;}uD;i,fwdk@udk atmifhxm;&ojzifh tawmfyif'kuQa&muf
&avawmhonf?
trSerf mS xdpk um;onf OD;Ek taeESihf armfpw D ek ;f tm; rajymoifh rajymxdu
k f
aom pum;jzpf.? wEdik if EH iS w
hf Edik if H tvGet f a&;}uD;aom jy\emaygi;f tajrmuf
trsm;&SdvsufESifh tzJG@ygwDwck.udpPr#ESifh tzdk;wefI &cJaomtcsdefudk tv[\
vkyfvdkuf.? xdkudpPudkajymvdkv#if olESifh&if;ESD;aom 0ef}uD;csKyfacsmiftifav;tm;
ESpfa,mufwnf; wdwfwqdwfajymvdkuf&if +yD;Edkifaomt&mjzpf.? Tum; OD;Ek.
r[mtrSm;awmf}uD; jzpf.? 'gudkawmif OD;Ekonf ºuGm;0gajymav.? “igrdk@vdk@
'Dvakd jym&Jwm”? trSepf ifppfrmS *k%, f pl &mvnf; r[kwyf g? rvdrmR r_r#om jzpfav
onf?
151
OD;Ekonf w&kwfjynfYomr[kwf tar&duefwGifvnf; “wdkif;(rf)” ESifh

“wdik ;f rif; (ef)” . TIME & TIMING 30 t"dym` ,fukd rSm;cJo h nfomru xdt k csed Yf
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf aoa&;&Siaf &;or# ta&;}uD;aom qefa&mif;a&;wGif
tar&duefEdkifiHrS qefa&mif;uGuf aps;vkjcif;udk tar&dueforRwESifhawG@aomtcg
jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;qdu k ef@uu
G &f ef 0ef}f uD;tzJ@G u rSm=um;vdu
k af omfvnf; “usKyf
udq k efuek o f nf rSwo f vm;/ usKyfrajymbl;” [koabmydu k u
f m rajymcJo
h nft
h wGuf
tar&duefEikd if rH mS vnf; ajymif;vJrr_ &Sb d J tar&duefu jrefrmEdik if .H qefa&mif;aom
EdkifiHrsm;odk@ *sHKESifh tjcm;qef&aomEdkifiHrsm;rSwqifh qef,lI a&mif;cJhojzifh jrefrm
qefa&mif;r_rSm rsm;pGm qkwf,kwfvmI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. b¾ma&;
tajctaeonf EdkifiHjcm;.aºuG;jzifh 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaom b0udk a&mufchJonf?
tu,fI OD;Ekonf qefa&mif;a&;jy\emudk aqG;aEG;vmv#if tar&duef
tpdk;&u vdkufavsmay;&ef tqifoifh pDrHxm;aomfvnf; xdkudpP rajymvmaom
a=umifh bmr#rpDrHEdkifbJ &SdcJhojzifh OD;Ektay:wGif tar&dueftpdk;& xdyfwef;yk*d~Kvf
tcsdK@yif pdwfysuf&zl;onf[k =um;od&ygonf?
30? Time- Timing ? ? OD ; Ek o nf 1955 ck arv 28 &uf a e@rS pwif I tpP a &;/
,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/ +Adwdef/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkESifh *syefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ c&D;vSnfhcJh&m 1955 ck
ZGefv 23 &ufae@wGif tar&duef jynfaxmifpkodk@ a&muf+yD; 2 ywf aexdkifcJhonf?
xdt
k csed Yf 1955 ckZv l ikd v
f 1 &ufae@wiG f 0g&iS w
f ef+rdK@awmf trsKd ;om; owif;pmq&mrsm;
toif;wdkif (National Press Club) Y owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG jyKvkyfcJh&m “tu,fI tar&duef
jynfaxmifpEk iS hf uGejf rLepf w&kww f @kd uom vdv k m;ygu rdrw d @kd onf ‚if;wd@k twGi;f &if=um;aphatmif
0ifa&mufaqmif&Guf&ef toifh&Sda=umif;” ajymcJhonf?
aemufxyf 1955 ck Zlvdkifv 6 &ufae@wGif usif;yaom owif;pm &Sif;vif;yJGwckY
w&kwfeD (w&kwfjynfol@orRwEdkifiH). ukvor*~tzJG@0if jzpfa&;udpPwGif ADwdktm%moHk;+yD;
awmuf a v#muf uef @ uG u f c J h a om tar&d u ef t pd k ; &. taetxm;ES i f h ywf o uf I
owif;pmq&mrsm;u ar;jref;&m OD;Eku tar&dueftpd;k &, 0g'a&;&mrsm;udk csrw S af qmif&u
G af om
yk*d~Kvfrsm;onf w&kwfeDEdkifiH ukvor*~ 0ifa&mufa&;wGif qef@usif=uvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k
rdr,
d =kH unfa=umif;/ Tjy\emrSm æ æ æ it is just a question of timing [lI time ESihf timing
udk v$JrSm;pGm toHk;jyKonf?
(A Chronology of Burma's International Relations 1945-1958. A Publication of The
Rangoon- Hopkins for South-East Asian Countries, Rangoon, January 1959- P 54)
152
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf urBm@EdkifiHrsm;odk@ vSnfhvnfoGm;&mwGif ,ck oef@&Sif;

zqyv tzJ@G 0if ygvrD efu, kd pf m;vS,f tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif}uD;wOD;u Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynf
wckwGif vufacgufr_wfcJhoavmuf t&kyfrqdk;apumrl31 rdrdEdkifiHtwGuf wu,f
ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;udk aqmif&u G &f rnft h pm; rdrw
d ud,
k w f nf;. xifay:r_/
emrnf}uD;r_uo kd m t"duxm;I aqmif&u G cf ahJ =umif;udk w&kwjf ynfEiS hf tar&duef
odk@ oGm;pOftcgu ‚if;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;tay: =unfhjcif;/ tuJjzwfjcif; tm;jzifh
od&SdEdkifayonf?
ed*Hk;csKyfpum;
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf vGwv

f yfa&;&onfrmS q,fEpS jf ynfh +yDjzpfI
xdtk awmtwGi;f Y jynfaxmifpk tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;/ awmifwef;om;rsm;/ vlenf;
pkrsm; awG@}uHKcHpm;ae&aom jy\emrsm;udk azmfjy+yD;I OD;Ek. trSm;rsm;udk wwfEikd f
oI &SmazGIwifjy+yD; jzpfygonf?
zqyv ESpjf crf;uJ+G yD;ptcsed w
f iG f OD;Ekbufuyg0ifaom yk*K~d vftcsKd @w@kd onf
OD;Ekomv#if 'Drdkua&pDt&SdqHk;/ OD;Ek0eff}uD;csKyfvkyfrS 'Drdkua&pDtjynfht0&Sdrnf [k
,k=H unf=uolrsm;&S&d m jynfe,frsm;tay: OD;Ekuay;aom 'Dru kd a&pDonf ajymif;jyef
'Drdkua&pD jzpfonfudk wifjy+yD;jzpfI odEdkifavmufay+yD [k ,Hk=unfygonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if H w0ef;vH;k wGif 'Dru
kd a&pDukd tjynft
h 0ay;Edik af om
yk*d~Kvfrsm;udk tjrefqHk;ajymif;vJ wifajr‡mufEdkifygapownf;?
***************
31? 1957 ckESpf jrefrm ygvDref udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ponf ta&S›Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;odk@ cspf=unfa&;c&D;

oGm;a&mufcJhonf? qdkAD,uf,leD,Hodk@ta&muf uyJGwckudk =unfhaepOf udk,fpm;vS,f tzJG@
acgif;aqmifwOD;onf oabmusojzifh vufckyfwD;+yD; vufacgufr_wfcJhonf/ TjzpfpOfudk xdkpOfu
jrefrmowif;pmrsm;u avSmifajymif a&;om;cJh=uonf?
153
3 ³ 8 ygvrD efwiG f t,Ht

k =unfr&St
d qdu
k kd axmufccH ahJ om
OD;Zefxm&Si.
f 9-6-58 &ufae@ rde@f cGe;f
OD;Zefxm&Sif (jrpf}uD;em; ta&S@ydkif;)

OuUÏ}uD; cifAsm;? vrf;rawmf trwfrif; OD;AaqG wifoiG ;f oGm;wJh vuf&dS
“jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf tpdk;&tzJG@tm; jynfol@v$wfawmfu t,Hkt=unf
r&Sdyga=umif;” tqdkudk u|efawmf axmufcHygw,f?
bma=umifh onftqdu k kd axmufc&H w,f qdw k thJ csuuf kd u|eaf wmftpD&if
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0ef}uD;csKyfudk u|efawmfa0zefwJhtcgrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf[m txGwftxdyf
jzpfawmfrlonfhtwdkif; pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfESifh u|efawmf&J@ a0zefcsufudk em;aomw
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c%c% pdwfajymif;jrefwJhvljzpfw,f qdkwmudk u|efawmfod&ygw,f? onfae@rSm
olrSm;+yD;wJh OpPmudk “u|efawmfrSm;yg+yD/ aemufudk onfvdkrvkyfawmhygbl;” vdk@
onfbufu acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk awmif;yeff+yD;/ jyefyl;aygif;oGm;wJhtcgrSm
u|efawmf a0zefcGifh r&awmhrSmudkvnf; pdk;&drfygw,f? (=obmoHrsm;)
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i,fi,fuwnf;u tvkyftwlwl vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzpf=uwJh vkyfazmfudkifzuf
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154
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vnf; u|efawmf tifrwefpdk;&drfygw,f? aemufwcku u|efawmfawmif;yef&if;
tpD&ifcvH w
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r[kwfwJhvlawG[m bma=umifhyg&ovJ qdkwJhjy\emudk EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf[m
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orD;awG trsm;}uD;&Sdw,f? onfom;awGxJrSm t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh tpfudk}uD;udk
ol}uD;jyefcef@+yD; onf&Gmudk tkyfcsKyfapygw,f? onfvdk tkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSm tpfudk
}uD;jzpfwJh ol}uD;[m tkyfcsKyfwm=umvmawmh ol[m tm%mudk trsm;}uD;
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rsm; jzpf=uwJhvlawGu c%c% a0zef=uygw,f? tpfudk}uD;vkyfwJh udpP[m rSm;
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,ckavmavmq,f jzpfay:aewJh udpPudk wifjyvdkygw,f?
'gu zqyv tuJG[m tqdk&Siftrwfrif;wifoGif;ovdk zqyv tzJG@
xJrmS yJ tzJ@G &@J 'Dru
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ESifh aemifvkyfwm[m twlwljzpfrnfhtwGuf t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqdkudk axmufcH
&jcif; jzpfygw,f?
OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm;? ,ckvnf; }uHcif;&Sdygw,f? b,frS rajy;ygbl;? onfvdk
vkyaf y;xm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh aumif;+yD? 'gjzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k u a&S@ukd u|eaf wmf
wdk@ 0ef}uD;&mxl;rS jyKwfuswJhtcgrSm }uHcif;wckpD&rSmyJvdk@ trsm;}uD; ar#mfvifhcJh
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1956 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJG}uD;rSm 'l0gaZmfvGef; jynfe,fOuUÏ
tjzpfrS jyKwfusomG ;wJth cgrmS }uHcif;vnf;ray;ygb;l ? onfae@txd bmrSvyk rf ay;
ygbl;? 'gudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tm;vHk;odEdkifygw,f?
OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm;? onfawmh EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek[m u|efawmfwdk@
vlenf;pk awmifwef;om;rsm; tm;vH;k udk cspyf gw,f/ cifygw,f/ nD!w G =f uyg qdw
k hJ
pum;[m ol&J@ajymcJhwJh pum;ESifhtvkyf[m rudkufnDwJhtwGuf onfae&mrSm
vnf; u|efawmfwdk@u t,Hkt=unf r&SdEdkifygbl;?
aemufwck u|eaf wmf wifjyvkw d mu Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tajccH
Oya't& zJG@pnf;+yD;om;jzpfwJh ay;+yD;om;jzpfwJh jynfe,fawGudk zsufqD;csifw,f/
jynfe,fawGudkrxm;csifbl; qdkwmudk u|efawmfwdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? bma=umifhvJ
qdvk #if ol@&@J v$waf wmfxrJ mS ajymcJw
h hJ rde@f ceG ;f awG/ tjyifrmS ajymcJw
h hJ rde@f ceG ;f awGxJ
rSm txift&Sm;ygygw,f?
tqdk&Sif trwfrif;uvnf; onf[mudk tenf;i,f ajymoGm;yg+yD? 'gudk
u|efawmfjynfhpHkatmif tpD&ifcHvdkygw,f? 1957 ckESpf rwfv 7 &ufae@rSm onf
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfxrJ mS 4 &ufae@u ay;cJw h hJ rde@f ceG ;f udk a0zefwhJ pum;udk Edik if aH wmf
0ef}uD;csKyf taeeJ@ jyefacsywJt h cgrmS jynfe,fay;wm raumif;bl;/ jynfe,fqw kd m
u|eaf wmfay;csiv f @kd ay;wmr[kwb f ;l vd@k olu, kd w f ikd f twdtus onfvw $ af wmfrmS
rde@f ceG ;f ajym=um;cJyh gw,f? onfawmh onfupd u P kd OuUÏ}uD; cGijhf yKvd@k &&dS if u|eaf wmf
tenf;i,f wifjyvkdygw,f?
160
OuUÏ}uD;cifAsm;? OuUÏ}uD; cGifhjyKcsuft& EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek[m

onfv$wfawmfxJrSm ajymwJhpum;udk u|efawmf tenf;i,f zwfjyyg&ap? “u|ef
awmfwdk@uae+yD; ,ck &cdkifjynfe,fudk OD;vSxGef;jzLwdk@ESifh u|efawmfhrdwfaqGrsm;
jzpf=uwJh trwfrif;wdk@&J@tzJG@uvdkvm;wJh &cdkifjynfudk jynfe,fftjzpfESifh u|efawmf
wdk@uray;bl;qdkwJh OpPm[m &cdkifvlrsdK;awGudk rkef;vdk@r[kwfygbl;/ qdkwm a&S;OD;pGm
yxrtaeESihf tpD&ifccH siyf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J v
kd #if u|eaf wmftrSetf wdik ;f ajym
&v#if jynfe,fqdkwJhOpPm[m aumif;wJh OpPmr[kwfygbl;? jynfe,fudk a&S;OD;pGm
yxr u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmfrmS &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ u,m;
jynfe,f tp&SdwJh jynfe,fawGudk ay;pOfwkef;u u|efawmhf rdef@cGef;udk jyef=unfhyg?
onfvjkd ynfe,fawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd uay;&w,f qdw k m[m u|eaf wmfw@kd u oabm
usveG ;f vd@k ay;&wm r[kwyf gb;l ” vd@k ajymwJt h cgrmS anmifa&$ r[ma'0D &Sr;f jynf
e,fbufu trwfuyifv#if onfudpPudk jyefajymygw,f? onfpum;[m v$wf
awmf rSwfwrf;xJrSmvnf; &Sdygw,f? onfrSmwcsD jynfe,fay;wm raumif;bl;?
jynfe,f udk ay;csifvdk@ ay;wmr[kwfbl; qdkwm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf udk,fwdkif
twdtvif; xkwfazmf ajymcJhygw,f?
aemufwcg onfESpfrSmyJ 1958 ckESpf {+yDv 8 &ufae@rSm armfv+rdKifrSm
usif;ywJh rGef,Ofaus;r_ nDvmcHrSm &mrn rGeftrsdK;om;tzJG@u {nfhcH*k%fjyKwJh
vufzuf&nfyJGrSmvnf; ol[m onfpum;udkyJ xyfajymcJhygw,f? onfae&mrSm
ajymwJhpum;u u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,fawGtwGuf ydkqdk;w,f? b,fvdkqdk;ovJ
qdv
k #if jynfe,fqw kd m aemufaz;rD;zdak qmifEiS hf wlygw,fv@kd onftwdik ;f ol ajymyg
w,f? onfawmh onf 2 csu[ f mjzifh Edik if aH wmf 0ef}uD;csKyf[m v$waf wmftxJrmS
a&m/ tjyifbufrmS a&m/ jynfe,fay;wm raumif;bl;/ jynfe,fukd ay;csiv f eG ;f vd@k
ay;wmr[kwfbl;vdk@ oludk,fwdkif twdtvif; ajymcJhygw,f? aemuf+yD; onf
jynfe,fawGukd rysuf ysuaf tmif/ pdwrf ysuf ysuaf tmif/ jynfe,fawG vufrav#mh
av#mhatmif EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf[m oludk,fwdkif }uHzefajymcJhygw,f?
'gu b,fwkef;uvJqdkv#if 1957 ckESpf ZGef v 3 &ufae@ pnf;a0;wJh
uufbdeufrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf[m jynfe,fOuUÏawGudk cifAsm;wdk@rSm&SdwJh
b¾ma&;tm%mawGudk tyfyg qdkwJhpum;udk rdef@=um;cJhygw,f? onfae&mrSm
u|efawmfwdk@ jynfe,fOuUÏawG[m csufcsif; pum;jyefrajymEdkifavmufatmifjzpf
161
oGm;ygw,f? onftcgrSm &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ p0fcGefcsdKu u|efawmfwdk@pOf;pm;yg&ap

vd@k ajymawmh/ aumif;+yD pOf;pm;vd@k qdyk gw,f? aemuf+yD; ZGev
f 6 &ufae@rmS jynfe,f
OuUÏrsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm xdkif+yD; &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ p0fcGefcsdKudk onfta=umif;
u|efawmfwdk@udk ajymcdkif;ygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek[m onfvdkajymwm raumif;bl; ,ck jynfe,fawGrSm
*,uf&dkufoGm;+yD? jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fawGa&m/ jynfe,fvlxka&m onfudpPudk
=um;oGm;v#if raumif;bl;? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPudk jyefjyifqifzdk@ oGm;ajymyg qdk+yD;
u|efawmfwdk@u &Srf;jynfe,fOuUÏ p0fcGefcsdKudk apv$wfcJhygw,f? u|effawmfwdk@
jyeftajz&wmu “at;/ 'gjzifh rif;wd@k r}udKufv#if wESpaf wmh onftwdik ;f aeygap?
vmrnfEh pS rf mS onfupd u P kd qH;k jzwf=uyg” vd@k wESpf tcsed af y;cJyh gw,f? onftwdik ;f
om qdkv#if ,ck 1958-59 ckESpf b¾ma&;ESpfu p+yD; jynfe,fawG&J@ b¾ma&;
tm%mudk &kyo f rd ;f awmhrnf qdw k hJ t"dym` ,fay:aeygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifwmu
jynfe,f&J@ b¾ma&;tm%mudk &kyfodrf;vdkufv#if jynfe,fudk &kyfodrf;wmESifh
twlwyl ?J jynfe,fuzkd suq f ;D wmeJ@ twlwyl ?J bma=umifv h J qdv k #if jynfe,ftpd;k &/
jynfe,faumifpDqdkwm b¾ma&;tm%mtay:rlwnf+yD; zJG@pnf;xm;wJh tzJG@
tpnf;awG jzpfygw,f?
onf b¾ma&;udk udik +f yD; jynfe,fawGukd tkycf sKyf/ aumifpu D vnf; onf
b¾ma&;tm%mudk cef@cJGay;zdk@ zJG@pnf;xm;wJh w&m;0iftzJG@/ w&m;0iftpdk;& jzpf
ygw,f? onf b¾ma&;tm%mudk &kyo f rd ;f vdu
k w
f mESihf w+ydKifeuf/ jynfe,f tpd;k &
&Sdzdk@vnf; rvdkawmhbl;? onfvdk jzpfaewJhtwGuf b¾ma&;tm%mudk &kyfodrf;
awmhrnfqdkwJhudpP[m jynfe,fudk zsufqD;ypfrnf qdkwmESifh twlwlyJ? 'ga=umifh
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek[m jynfe,fawGudk zsufqD;csifwJh yk*d~KvfyJvdk@ onftwdkif;
u|efawmfwdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?
OuUÏ}uD;&JŒ cGijhf yKcsut f & u|eaf wmf ed*;kH csKyfygawmhrnf? Edik if aH wmf 0ef}uD;
csKyf tay:rSm r,Hk=unfwJh[muawmh onfvdkjynfe,fawG tay:rSm usifhoHk;wJh/
vlenf;pk tay:rSm usio hf ;kH wJ/h awmifwef;om;awG tay:rSm usio hf ;kH wJh oabm[m
jzLpifoef@&Sif;wJhoabm ra&mufbJ ol tm%m&Sdv#if ol@&J@tm%m tjynfht0
oHk;csifw,f? jynfe,fawG&J@ 'Drdkua&pD/ jynfe,faumifpDawG&J@ 'Drdkua&pDudk
162
*&krpdu k b
f EJ iS hf vdv
k #iw
f rsKd ;/ rvdv
k #if wrsKd ; jynfe,fawGay:rSm usio hf ;kH wJh twGuf
onfae@ u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,fawG[m uJo G nfxuf uJ/G +yJonfxuf +yJ cJ=h uygw,f?
'gukd u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifygw,f? ,ck u|eaf wmf ajymp&mawG trsm;}uD; useyf gaomf
vnf; OuUÏ}uD;&J@ cGijhf yKcsut f & Tr#EiS hf ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh OuUÏ}uD; cifAsm;?
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyftay:rSm vrf;rawmftrwfrif; OD;AaqGwifoGif;oGm;wJh t,Hk
t=unfr&Sd tqdkudk u|efawmfjynfe,fawG&J@udk,fpm; av;av;eufeuf axmufcH
ygw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)
OD;Zefxm&Sif
ucsijf ynfe,f0ef}uD;a[mif;
***************
163
OD;Zefxm&Sif (1920-2986)
ucsijf ynforl sm;. =unfnKd av;pm;jcif; cH&aom ucsit f rsKd ;om; Edik if aH &;
acgi;f aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? 1920 ckwiG f jrpf}uD;em;c&dik /f ylwmtd+k rdK@e,f/ bm*gaus;
&GmY tz OD;Zefxmzkef trd a':ZDedef; wdk@rS zGm;jrifcJhonf? 1941 ckESpf rE Wav;+rdK@
tpd;k & aemfref txufwef;ausmif;rS txufwef; pmar;yJaG tmifjrif+yD; xdEk pS rf mS yif
q&mjzpfoif vufrSwf& pmar;yJGajzqdk atmifjrifcJhonf? 1942-47 ckESpfrsm;wGif
ylwmtdkESifh qGrfy&mbGrf ponfwdk@wGif e,fjcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeY tr_xrf;cJhonf?
*syefzufqpfawmfvSefa&; wdkufyJGY wufºuGpGmyg0if acgif;aqmifcJhol wOD;jzpfonf?
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd wf @kd xrH S vGwvf yfa&;wdu k yf 0GJ if&eftwGuf 1947 ckEpS w f iG f ucsit f rsKd ;
om; uGe*f &uf (autifpD K. N. C KACHIN NATIONAL CONGRESS) udk
pnf;&Hk;xlaxmifcJhaom acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif jrpf}uD;em;
(ajrmuf) rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmftrwf tjzpfta&G;cH&onf? 1953 ckESpf
{+yDvwGif ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;. ygvDreftwGif;0efftjzpf cef@tyfjcif; cH&onf?
1956 ck Zlvdkifv 17 &ufae@wGif ucsifjynfe,f0ef}uD;ESifh OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? zqyv tzJG@}uD;. tuJGt+yJjy\ema=umifh 1958 ck
ZGev
f 4 &ufae@wiG f xd&k mxl;rS Ekwx f uG cf o hJ nf? 1960 ckEpS w
f iG f jrpf}uD;em; (ta&S)›
rJqENe,frS jynfol@v$wfawmftrwftjzpf jyefvnfa&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;
cH&onf?
OD ; Zef x m;&S i f o nf Ed k i f i H a &;rS tem;,l v #uf & S d & mrS 1986 ck E S p f w G i f
jrpf}uD;em;/ pDylwmaus;&GmY uG,fvGeftedpP a&mufcJhygonf?
***************
164
csif;vli,frsm;
t}uHay;csuf
OD;v#efty
k f
csi;f vli,frsm;t}uHay;csuf
ed'gef;
odk@r[kwf
jynfwiG ;f nD!w
G af &;t}uHay;tzJ@G od@k ay;pm
1989 ckEpS w
f iG f 'kw,
d t}udrf jyefvnfxw
k af 0cJph Ofu wifjyonfh
jyef=um;v$m
csif;vli,frsm;rS t}uHay;csufpmwrf;onf csif;trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;ordkif;uddk

wacwfqef;opfapaom ordik ;f 0if csi;f trsK;d om; Edik if aH &;ordik ;f rSww f ikd w
f &yf jzpfay
onf?
xdk@a=umifh rsKd;cspfcsif;trsKd;om;wdkif; ravhvmIrjzpfaompmwrf; jzpf&kH
omru/ vmvwWŒH aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' a&;qGv J m&mY
waphwapmif; avhvmzwf&_ uk;d um;r_jyKEdik &f ef oufqikd &f myk*Kd~ vfrsm;twGuf tuef@
towfjzifh jyefvnfjyKpkay;jcif;jzpfygonf?
Tpmwrf;Y yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif wef;wl&nfwlyg0ifaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
trsK;d om;rsm;tay: jynfrjrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;u ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'usio hf ;kH onf [k
a0zefa&;om;&mY 1947 ck jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a=umifh
jynfe,ftrsK;d om;rsm;tay: epfemr_ajrmufrsm;pGm jzpfay:apcJo h nfukd ukpm;Edik af &;
twGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' jyefvnfa&;qG&J ef rnfr#vt kd yf
aea=umif; ta&;}uD;av;eufyHkudk wifjyoufaoxljcif;om jzpfygonf? jrefrm
trsK;d om; rsm;tay: rke;f wD;pdwjf zifh wifjya&;om;jcif; vH;k 0r[kwyf g?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H Sd vlrsK;d bmom0g' aygi;f pHk &if;ES;D csp=f unf +idr;f csr;f pGm
twl,OS w f JG aexdik af pvkad om apwemaoG;rmefjzifh a0zefo;kH oyfa&;om; wifjyjcif;
r#om jzpfyga=umif; jyef=um;tyfygonf?
ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'ESifh usOf;ajrmif;aom trsKd;om;a&;0g' yaysmufv#uf
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; cspf=unf&if;ESD; aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGm ppfrSefaom
jynfaxmifppk eH pfukd wnfaqmufEikd =f uygap[k qENjyKvku d &f ygonf?
165
OD;v#eftkyf
rSwfcsuf? ? “csi;f vli,frsm;t}uHay;csu”f pmwrf;onf 1969 ckEpS w f iG f jynfwiG ;f

nD!w G af &;t}uHay;tzG@J o@kd wifoiG ;f aompmwrf;jzpfonf?
rSwqifh-
OD;xyfvKS id Ef iS hf OD;vGeyf rk ;f
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uHay;tzG@J 0if csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;?
od@k -
'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;pdef
qufoG,fa&;t&m&Sd
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uHay;tzG@J
(16) 0if'gr, D mvrf;
&efukef+rdK@?
ta=umif;t&m? ? jynfwiG ;f nD!w

G af &; t}uHay;csuf wifoiG ;f ay;yd@k jcif;?
&nf!eG ;f csu?f ? 1968 ck 'DZifbmv (5) &uf ae@pyJG g jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpOD uUX xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf trSwf (74)?
txufygta=umif;t&mESihf ywfoufI awmfveS af &;aumifp. D oabmxm;

cH,cl suof nf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H l Ekid if o
H m;rsm;. t}uHay;csuu f kd wu,f&
,lvadk =umif; tºuGi;f rJ, h =kH unfygonf?
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uukeaf om vlrsK;d taygi;f wd@k
onf rdrw d @kd bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pHEiS hf acwfaygi;f rsm;pGm oD;jcm;aexdik f
vmcJ=h uolrsm; jzpf=uygonf? ok@d aomf ,if;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @kd onf wajrxJae wa&xJ
aomuf&aom vlrsKd;aygif;pHktjzpf/ acsmif;/ ajrmif;/ obm0uzefwD;ay;cJhr_a=umifh
vlrsK;d wrsK;d ESiw
hf rsK;d onf/ u|e;f udik ;f rSD udik ;f u|e;f rSqD akd om pum;yHek nf;wl/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d ESihf
wrsK;d tjyeftvSef trSo D [JjyKae=u&ygonf?
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmcsdefY ,if;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk yl;aygif;I
wtifwtm; ckcw H u kd cf ukd w f u
kd x
f wk jf cif; rjyKcJb h J wuGw J jym;pD ckcw
H u
kd cf ukd f cJ=h uaom
166
a=umifh vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk onf e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm;. u|eb f 0od@k qdu k af &mufc&hJ onf?
xk@d a=umifv h nf; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf jynfaxmifpk acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;onf jynf
axmifpk vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu k kd pnf;&k;H &jcif; jzpfcyhJ gonf?
1947 ck azaz:0g&v D (12) &uf yifvpkH mcsKyftaumiftxnf az:vmcJah om
1947 ck jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'uyif ,if;yifvpkH mcsKyf
ar#mrf eS ;f csuf tm;vH;k ukd azguzf sucf o hJ jzifh jynfaxmifp. k pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf o
_ nf wESpf
xufwESpf ysujf ym;vmapcJyh gonf? jynfaxmifpk vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk xm0pOfwnfwhH cdik +f raJ &;
ESihf }uD;yGm;wd;k wufa&;onf ,ae@ jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pHk wef;wlnrD #pmG pnf;vH;k
nD!w G rf t_ ay: Y vH;k 0wnfaea=umif; jynfaxmifpo k l jynfaxmifpo k m;wdik ;f oabm
aygu&f ef txl;vdt k yfygonf?
jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pH.
k pnf;&k;H nD!w G rf _ wnfaqmufa&;udk pOf;pm;&mY
jynfaxmifpk pnf;&k;H nD!w G rf o_ nf rnfonfh csK@d ,iG ;f r_a=umifh ysujf ym;vm+y;D rnfuo hJ @kd
jyifqifr_ jyKvky&f rnf[al om avhvmoH;k oyfro _ nf trSev f t
kd yfaom vkyif ef;pOfw&yf
jzpfaeygonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;&efpmcsKyfjzpfaom yifvHkpmcsKyftaumif
txnfaz:onfh 1947 ck jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'ESihf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;jzpfpOfrsm;onf jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfr_rjyKbJraetyfaom jynf
axmifpk pnf;&k;H nD!w G af &;. ta=umif;&if; jzpfaeygonf? ok@d jzpfI 1947 ck zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfyw kH iG f rnfo@kd aom csK@d ,iG ;f r_ &Sad =umif;ukd avhvmoH;k oyfI wifjytyfygonf?
rdrw d @kd wiG f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkyyD D jrefrmbmompum;onf rdrw d @dk arG;&myg
bmompum; r[kwo f jzifh ,Ofaus;odraf rG@aom a0g[m&toH;k tESKef;ESihf wifjyyHk
wifjyenf; y&d,m,fw@dk udk rvkyw f wf jzpfaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh pum;vH;k toH;k tE_e;f
v$rJ mS ;I &Scd v hJ #iv f nf; txiftjrif rv$rJ mS ;yg&ef txl;arwWm&yfct H yfygonf?
Twifjycsurf sm;onf rnfo@kd r#/ rnfou l rdk #y*k Kd~ vfp/JG 0g'pGoJ abmjzifh a&;om;
wifjyjcif; vHk;0r[kwfbJ csif;jynfolvlxk (jynfrae csif;trsKd;om;rsm; tygt0if)
w&yfvHk;. tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& jynfaxmifpkvlrsKd;aygif;pHk pnf;&Hk;nD!Gwfr_ wnf
aqmufa&;twGuf txda&mufq;kH ESihf w&m;r#wr_ tjzpfEikd q f ;kH [k ,H=k unf&aom rl
udk vufawG@usio hf ;kH Edik &f ef tjzpfEikd q f ;kH enf;[k ,lq&aom ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk
&d;k om;pGmjzifh yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; az: jya&;om; wifjy&jcif; jzpfa=umif; tpD&ifct H yfyg
onf?
167
OD;v#eftkyf
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;wrsKd;tay: wrsKd;u oHo,pdwfrxm;bJ

rdom;pkpw d "f gwjf zifh aqmif&u G yf gu u|eaf wmfw@kd . wifjycsurf sm;udk usio hf ;kH vdu
k ef m
&ef jzpfEifkd o f nf[k ,H=k unfonft h jyif trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ukv d nf; {uefrck s
&&SEd ikd rf nf[k cH,v l suf wifquftyfygonf?
xkod @kd vdu
k ef musio hf ;kH Edik rf o
S mv#if jynfaxmifpo k m; tcsi;f csi;f wGif apwem
jzifah y;&ol tdr&f iS Ef iS /hf apwemESihf tay;cH&ol vufa0cH{nho f nf[I l cGjJ cm;r_aysmuf
uG,+f yD; jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pHk tdr&f iS b
f 0od@k a&muf&I dS ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpk
ppfreS af om wnfwchH ikd +f rJonfh jynfwiG ;f nD!w G rf KS &I om,m0ajymaom avmuod@k
a&muf&EdS ikd rf nf[k ,H=k unfa=umif;udk xyfrI H wifquftyfygonf?
av;pm;pGmjzifh
csi;f vli,frsm;
168
4³1 yifvpkH mcsKyf jzpfay:vm&jcif; ta=umif;w&m;rsm;
urBmay:wGif&Sdaom vlom;ESifhowW0gtaygif;wdk@onf TurBmavmu.

xm0pOfujJG ym;ajymif;vJwwfaom obm0tajctaeukv d u
kd If rdrw d @dk . ae&yfa'o
a&ajrobm0ywf0ef;usif tcsdeftcguspGmESifh tvdkufoifhatmif aexdkifusufpm;
touf&iS f vm&jcif;ta=umif; tajrmuftrsm;a&;om; az: jy=uygonf?
TuJo h @dk v#if obm0uzefw;D ay;aom a&ajrobm0ywf0ef;usif todik ;f
t0dik ;f ESihf tvku d o f ifah tmif aexdik u f supf m;vm=u&mrS vl[I l jzpfvmcJah omfvnf;
taoG;ta&mif/ cE<mwnfaqmufy/Hk "avhx;kH pH bmompum;rStp tawG;tac: vlr_
qufqHyHk qufqHenf;txd uGJjym;jcm;em;vm=u&a=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? ,if;okd@
taoG;ta&mif cE<mwnfaqmufy/kH ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;ESihf awG;ac:yHq k ufqyH kH
qufqeH nf;/ obm0csi;f wlnaD om tkypf rk sm;ukd vlrsK;d pkrsm;[k urBmwGif todtrSwf
jyKvm=ua=umif; a&;om;az: jy=uygonf?
,ae@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if YH rSw D if;aexkid =f uaom vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk onf
Todk@aom obm0ywf0ef;usif todkif;t0dkif; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tay:rlwnf+yD;
wbufEiS w hf buf/ wa'oESiw hf a'o/ bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_ rwlnaD omuGjJ ym;
r_tay:tajccHI ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / rGe/f jrefrm/ &Sr;f ESihf &cdik f pojzifh vlrsK;d
wrsK;d pDtjzpf &yfwnfvsuf &Sad eygonf? wenf;qdak omf ‚if;wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d toD;
oD;wGif rwlnaD om oD;oef@vuQ%m&Srd r_ sm;ukd tpGjJ yK+yD; Tod@k vrl sK;d wrsK;d pD tjzpf
&yfwnfae&jcif; jzpfaeayonf? xdk@a=umifh Todk@vlrsKd;wrsKd;pDtjzpf &yfwnfae
&jcif;onf obm0uzefw;D ay;r_yif jzpfaeygonf?
Tok@d obm0zefw;D ay;r_a=umifh oD;jcm;vlrsK;d wrsK;d pDtjzpf &yfwnfae&
jcif;rS tm;vH;k ukv d rl sK;d wrsK;d wnf;jzpfomG ;atmif jyKvkyaf qmif&u G jf cif;xuf ,ckuo hJ @dk
obm0uzefw;D cJah om uGjJ ym;r_uo dk m qufvufxed ;f odr;f wd;k wufapEdik jf cif;u ykrd I kd
obm0usonf[k ,lq=u&ygonf? xk@d a=umifh jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vH;k &Sd vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk
wrsK;d wnf; jzpfomG ;apa&;twGu/f vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk csi;f vlrsK;d jzpfa&;/ csi;f vlrsK;d }uD;pd;k a&;
(od@k ) vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jrefrmjzpfa&;/ jrefrmvlrsK;d }uD;pd;k a&; (ok@d ) vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk &Sr;f jzpfa&;/
&Sr;f vlrsK;d }uD;pk;d a&; pojzifh aqmif&u G cf surf sK;d onf obm0ESihf qef@usi+f yD; jynfaxmifpk
vlrsK;d aygi;f pH. k qENEiS v hf nf; vH;k 0qef@usiaf ernfom jzpfayonf?
169
OD;v#eftkyf
“ A Group of Society which has only one race, one culture, one reli-
gion, may seem to be fairly happy, but it is certainly stagnant and
dormant and doesn’t contribute anything to mankind ”
[laom tqkv d nf;&Sad eayonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexdkif=u&aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
aygi;f pHw k @kd tm; vlrsK;d wrsK;d wnf;uom tkycf sKyf}uD;pd;k a&;qdak om rlonf jzpfEikd rf jzpfEikd f
qdak om ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H jzpfay:vmyHo k rdik ;f tajccHudk
vnf; tpOfxnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;tyfayonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSw D if;aexkid v f su&f adS eaom vlrsK;d taygi;f wd@k
onf +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm; a&mufrvmrD acwftqufqufuyif rdrw d @kd . a&ajr
obm0todik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf aexdik &f o Hk mru uk, d rhf if;uk,
d chf si;f uk,d phf epfEiS hf rdrwd @kd bmom
rdrw d @dk tyk cf sKyf aexkid cf =hJ uygonf? ,cktcg ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / rGe/f jrefrm/
&Sr;f / &cdik f pojzifh &yfwnfae&jcif;onf ‚if;wk@d . &Snv f sm;vSaom ordik ;f wav#mufwiG f
oD;oef@&yfwnf aexkid Ef ikd cf rhJ o _ m"u oufaocHw&yf jzpfaeayonf?
+Adwo d # e,fcs@J orm;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcg wae&m+yD;wae&m jynfwjynf
+yD; aemufwjynf odr;f ydu k t
f yk pf ;dk vmcJyh gonf? Oyrm jrefrmjynfudk 1885 ckEpS w f iG f
tm;vH;k odr;f ydu k af omfvnf; csi;f jynfonf rdrw d @kd zgomrdrw d @kd ud,
k rhf if;uk,d chf si;f tkycf sKyf
aeqJyifjzpfygonf? jrefrmbk&if. rE aW v;aejynfawmfudk e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm; odr;f ydu k f
r_a=umifh csif;/ ucsifpaom jynfrsm;yg t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;u odrf;ydkuf&ma&muf
onf[k rqdEk ikd af y? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ,if; ucsijf ynf/ csi;f jynfrsm;onf jrefrm
jynf{u&mZfb&k if. vufatmufct H jzpf &yfwnfr_ r&Scd ahJ y? ok@d aomf tdE, dN jynfEiS hf
jrefrmjynfw@kd onf oD;jcm;jynf jzpf=uaomfvnf; +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ vufatmufcH tjzpf
twlwal ecJ&h onft h vm; awmifwef;a'o vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk tm;vH;k onfvnf; +Adwo d #
e,fcs@J vufatmufcH jzpfvmcJ&h ygonf?
+Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf tdE, Nd jynfEiS hf jrefrmjynfudk vGwv f yfa&; ay;
rnfqv kd #if +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm; a&mufvmcsed Yf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom jynftjzpf
&yfwnfcJh=uaom awmifwef;vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwkd@onfvnf; jrefrmjynfESifh tdENd,jynf
[laom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaom wdkif;jynfrsm;jzpf=uonf[k r,lqEdkifay?
tb,fa=umifq h akd omf ,if;wkid ;f jynfrsm;onf tdE, dN jynfEiS hf jrefrmjynf bk&ifrsm;
vufatmufrS odr;f ydu k jf cif;cH&aom jynfrsm; r[kw=f uacs?
170
tu,fI ,if;awmifwef;a'o vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdk@onf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@rsm;

a&mufvmcsed w f iG f jrefrmESihf tdE, dN jynfb&k ifrsm; vufatmufcH jzpfaecJ=h uv#if tdE, dN
jynfESifh jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wGif tvkdtav#mufygoGm;rnfjzpfI 1947 ckESpf
azaz:0g&v D (12) &ufae@ yifvpkH mcsKyfonfvnf; vH;k 0 vdt k yfrnf r[kwcf ahJ y?
Tok@d v#if +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm; a&mufvmcsed w f iG f rdrwd @kd bmom/ rdrw d @dk
tkycf sKyfcahJ om oD;jcm;jynfrsm; jzpfcahJ oma=umifh vGwv f yfa&;ukd tdE, dN jynfEiS hf jrefrm
jynfuo hJ @dk awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;uvnf; ,lrnfqv kd #if +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;
a&mufvmcsed u f vGwv f yfaom jynfrsm;jzpfonhef nf;wl vGwv f yfa&;ukd oD;jcm;jynf
tjzpf aeEkid &f ef tcGit hf a&;&Scd ahJ yonf? xd@k a=umifh “ Conclusion reached in the
conversations between His Majesty’s government and the delegation from
the executive council of the governor of Burma ” qdak om 1947 ck Zefe0g&v
D
(27) &uf/ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfwiG f atmufygtwdik ;f awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf?
"Conclusion reached in the conversations between His Majesty’s

government and the delegation from the executive council of the
governor of Burma."
Conclusions
8. Frontier Areas:
It is the agreed objective of both His Majesty’s government and the
Burmese delegator to achieve the early Unification of the Frontier Areas and
Ministerial Burma with the “free consent” of the inhabitants of those areas. In
the meantime it is agreed that the people of the Frontier Areas should, in
respect of subjects of common interest, be closely associated with the gov-
ernment of Burma in a manner acceptable to both parties. For these purposes
it has been agreed:
(a) These shall be free intercourse between the people of the FrontierAreas
and the people of the Ministerial Burma without hindrance.
(b) The leaders and the presentatives of the people of the Frontier Areas
shall be asked, either at the PangLong conference to be held at the
beginning of next month at a special conference to be convened for
the purpose to express their views upon the form of association with
the Government of Burma which they consider acceptable during the
transition period: Whether-
171
OD;v#eftkyf
(1) by the appointment of a small group of frontier area repre-

sentatives to advise the governor on frontier affaire and to
have close liaison with the executive council, or
(2) by the appointment of one frontier area representative as ex-

ecutive councillor incharge of frontier affairs, or
(3) by some other method.
(c) After the PangLong meeting, or the special conference, His Majesty’s
government and the government of Burma will agree upon the best
method of advancing their common aims in accordance with the ex-
pressed views of the peoples of the frontier areas.
(d) A committee of Enquiry shall be set up forth with as to the best method
of associating the frontier peoples with the working out of the new
constitution for Burma.
Such committee will consist of equal numbers of persons from Min-

isterial Burma, nominated by the executive council and of persons
from the frontier areas nominated by the governor after consultation
with the leaders of these areas, with a neutral Chairman from outside
BURMA selected by agreement. Such committee shall be asked to
report to the government of Burma and His Majesty’s government
before the summoning of the constitute assembly.
vlrsKd;wrsKd;taeESifh rdrdwkd@trsKd;om;t"Gef@&SnfpGm wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf
rdrdwkd@. bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_xdef;odrf; wkd;wufapa&;twGuf tcsKyftjcm
tm%mykid Ef idk if tH jzpf &yfwnfro S mv#if txda&mufq;kH enf; jzpfayonf? ucsi/f csi;f ESihf
&Sr;f paom awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;onf rdrw d @dk bmompum; &d;k &m"avh xH;k pHrsm;ESihf
rdrdwkd@. trsKd;om;wnfwhHcdkif+rJa&;twGuf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm; a&mufrvmrD
tcsed tf cgrmS uJo h @kd oD;oef@vw
G vf yfaom Edik if t
H jzpf jyefvnfevHxl vmEdik jf cif;onf
toifah vsmq f ;kH enf; jzpfayonf?
okd@jzpfaomfjim;vnf; 1947 ckESpfonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;. t&Sdefrao
ao;aom tcsed jf zpfaoma=umifh e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd rf sm;onf ,if;ppfyu JG dk tEkid &f cJo
h jzifh
tiftm;}uD;rm; aecJah yonf? xk@d jyif e,fcs@J rsm;. csKyfcs,x f m;cJrh a_ =umifh awmifwef;
172
a'ovlrsKd;wkd@onf EdkifiHa&;tajrmftjrif/ tawG;tac:u|rf;usifr_ &&SdEdkif&ef tajc

taeu zefw;D r_ ray;Edik cf ahJ y? ,if;ok@d aom ta=umif;wk@d a=umifh rdrb d mom rdrw d @dk
vGwv f yfa&;,l+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f Edik if x H al xmifa&;ukd tcuftcJ trsK;d rsK;d
pdwu f ;l ,Of cJ=h uygonf?
xkd@jyif +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm; a&mufvmcsdefwGif tiftm;rpkbJ wuGJw
jym;pDEiS hf e,fcs@J &efou l dk ckc=H u&r_a=umifh vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk onf e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd rf sm; vuf
atmufwGif u|eftjzpfcHcJh=u&jcif;a=umifh ,ae@jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;
rSDwif;aexdkif=uaom vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdk@onf “u|ef;ukdif;rSD ukdif;u|ef;rSD” qdkouJhodk@
twlwal ejcif;jzifh tjyeftvSet f usK;d &&S=d u+yD; twlwl rpkpnf;jcif;jzifh tjyeftvSef
tusK;d qkw, f w k f apEdik =f ua=umif;ukv d nf; oabmayguf odvm=u&ygonf?
odk@jzpfI +Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmjynftpkd;&ESifh awmifwef;a'owGif
yg0ifaom ucsi/f csi;f / &Sr;f wk@d onf jynfye,fcsŒJ &efou l dk yl;aygi;f ckcw
H u dk x
f wk +f y;D rdrw d @dk .
oD;oef@&yfwnfru _ dk +idr;f csr;f pGmaqmif&u G I f “wef;wl&nfwl tcGit hf a&; cHpm;=u&ef”
qdkaomrludk vufcHxm;=u+yD;/ jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; yl;aygif;r_tay: t&if;jyK+yD;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH[lI jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtopf zGJ@pnf;a&; ay:aygufvmcJh
&ygonf?
,if;tcsdefwGif ucsif/ csif;ESifh&Srf; rsm;xuf jrefrmvlOD;a&rsm;+yD; jrefrm
acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf Edik if aH &;tajrmftjrif &Scd rhJ a_ =umifh jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;ESihf awmifwef;
a'ovlrsK;d rsm; twly;l aygi;f I Ekid if t H opfz@JG pnf;jcif;jzifh awmifwef;a'o vlrsK;d rsm;
taeESihf +Adwo d #e,fcs@J vufatmufcb H 0rS jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm; vufatmuf ukv d ekd ED ikd if H
tjzpfodk@ ycHk;ajymif;vJoGm;&m a&mufrnfra&mufrnfukdvnf; pOf;pm;&ef tcsuf
jzpfygonf?
txufygupd EP iS hf ywfoufI 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D wGif usi;f yaom yifvkH
pmcsKyfnv D mcHY trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ukd atmufygtwdik ;f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; uk, d w f idk f
zGifh[ajym=um;cJhygonf?
“ jrefrmrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf ajymqdjk cif;rSm tkycf sKyfp;dk rk;d
vkdIr[kwf okd@&mwGif awmifwef;e,frsm;onf jrefrmESifhwef;wl tqifh
twef; tcGifhta&; &apvkda=umif;/ xkd@jyif awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf
jrefrmu|et f jzpf rjzpfap&a=umif; ”
ponfjzifh rde@f =um;ajymqkcd o
hJ nf?
173
OD;v#eftkyf
,if;tcsed w f iG f +Adwo d #e,fcs@J vufatmufcH jrefrmtpk;d &ukd uk, d pf m;jyKaecJh

aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd ,ae@vli,frsm;u rjrifrawG@aomfvnf;yJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmmifqef;. &k;d om;wnf=unfr_ apwemjrifjh rwfr_ trSew f u,f&cdS ahJ =umif; ,H=k unf
tm;uk;d xku d af om yk*K~d vfppfreS af =umif; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ukd awG@z;l jrifz;l aom awmif
wef;a'o vl}uD;rsm;u ajymjy=uonfudk od&&dS ygonf?
xdka=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Armacgif;aqmifrsm;tay: tºuGif;rJh,Hk
=unftm;xm; opPm&Srd u _ ckd ,
H +l y;D awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;onf +Aw d o d # vufatmuf
cH jrefrmjynftpd;k &ESihf yl;aygi;f I jynfaxmifpEk ikd if zH @JG pnf;a&;ukd 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D
(12) &ufwiG f ordik ;f wGif yifvpkH mcsKyfudk csKyfqckd yhJ gonf?
od@k jzpfI ,ae@ ucsi/f csi;f ESihf &Sr;f tp&Sad om vlrsK;d rsm;onf jrefrmjynfEiS hf
yl;aygi;f I jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;jcif;onf jrefrmvlrsK;d u ppfwu dk I
f odr;f ydu k af omjynf/
vlrsK;d rsm; r[kwaf =umif;/ 0,f,o l rd ;f oGi;f aomjynf/ vlrsK;d r[kwaf =umif;ESihf ppfreS af om
jynfaxmiftcsi;f csi;f wef;wlpnf;&k;H nD!w G af &; yÉdnmOfoabmwlpmcsKyft& zG@J pnf;
wnfaxmifaom jynfaxmifpk jzpfa=umif;ukd om;pOfajr;quf qufco H &d dS Edik &f ef ,if;
azaz:0g&v D (12)&ufudk “jynfaxmifpak e@” [lI ESppf Ofowd& txdr;f trSwf tjzpf
usi;f y&jcif; jzpfygonf?
***************
4³2 1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'. c|w,
f iG ;f csurf sm;
Edik if [
H I
l &Svd mv#if rdrw
d @dk wiG f cHpm;=u&rnft h cGit hf a&; wm0ef0wW&m;ESihf
tkycf sKyfr,_ E &W m; vrf;!Gejf zpfaom Edik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rSm Edik if w H umY
&Sdp+rJyifjzpfygonf? EdkifiH. obm0tajctaeESifh ordkif;pOftjzpftysufrsm;
ay:rlwnf+yD; zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'pHepfudk zuf'&,f(vf) (Federal) rlaomf
vnf;aumif; ,lex D &D (Unitary) rluadk omfvnf;aumif; usio hf ;kH =uygonf?
zuf'&,f(vf)rl zG@J pnf;yHpk epfonf t=urf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm; cGaJ 0owf
rSwI f ,if;jynfe,ftoD;oD;u rdrw d @dk pw
d wf ikd ;f us uk,
d yf ikd jf yÏmef;Edik &f efEiS hf uk,
d =hf urRmukd
uk, d zf efw;D Edik af &;twGuf jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;tm%mukd ,lxm;+yD; jynfe,f tm;vH;k
tjzpf yl;aygi;f oifo h nf[k ,lq&aomXmersm;Yom jynfaxmifpk A[kt d pk;d &uwku d f
&ku
d cf sKyfuikd af om pHepf[I l em;vnfygonf?
174
zuf'&,f(vf)rl ESihf ywfoufI az: jycsut

f rsK;d rsK;d &So
d nf ‚if;rSm-
“ The indispensable quality of the Federal State being a distribution

of the powers of government between the Federal Authority and the
Federal units ”
[lI‚if;/
“ Federalism is a device for bringing together and satisfying different
peoples and races of a country ”
[lI‚if;/
“When a number of States previously independent unite together
and form a central government for the administration of certain com-
mon affairs while retaining independent of action in other matters
they are said to form a Federation ”
[lI‚if; az: jycsuftrsKd;rsKd;&Sd.? “Federation ukd Confederation” ESirhf wla=umif;
cGjJ cm;&ef vdt
k yfygonf? ,if;ok@d cjJG cm;&mY
“ A Federation is a union state while a confederation is a union of
states. A Federation, therefore is a national union while a confedera-
tion is a union of an international character.”
[lI uGjJ ym;rSK&Sad yonf?
“ Confederation is an essembly of ambassadors of the various states
of a league. The internal sovereignty of each state remains quite un-
impaired and its external sovereignty is limited only to a very small
extent ”
[lIvnf;aumif; &Sad yonf?
vlrsK;d bmom pum;aygi;f pH&k adS om Edik if EH iS hf e,fy,fus,jf yef@aom Edik if aH ygi;f
ajrmufrsm;pGmwkd@wGif zuf'&,f(vf) zGJ@pnf;yHkpepf jynfaxmifpkpepfukd usifhoHk;=u
a=umif; od&&dS ygonf? Oyrm - qGpZf mvef/ tdE, dN / tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'g/
=opa=w;vs/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk/ ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uygonf? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHwGif jynfe,f
tpkd;& Xmersm;ukd jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&Xmersm;u jyefvnfcsKyfukdifEdkifaoma=umifh
,lepfx&D rl qefomG ;onf[k a0zef=ua=umif; awG@&&dS .?
175
OD;v#eftkyf
txufazmfjyyg zuf'&,f(vf) rl usio hf ;kH aom Edik if aH jrmufrsm;pGmwk@d onf

azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; vlrsKd;ESifh bmompum; aygif;pHk&Sd=uIaomf‚if;/ e,fy,f
tm;jzifh us,jf yef@Iaomf‚if; jzpf=uygonf? xdo k @kd zuf'&,f(vf) zG@J pnf;yHrk u l dk usio hf ;kH =u
jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsK;d ESihf bmomwdik ;f . oD;oef@aqmif&u G &f ef tcGit hf a&;ESihf a'oqdik &f m
tkyfcsKyfwkd;wuf zG@H+zdK;r_ukd ykdrdkxda&mufapa&;/ vlrsKd;aygif;pHkESifh a'oqdkif&m vGwf
vyfr_tcGifhta&; ydkrdkcHpm;Edkifapa&; ponfh&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf zuf'&,f(vf) rl
usio hf ;kH jcif;. &nf&, G cf suw f iG f yg0if=uayonf? Tod@k v#if ajrmufjrm;pGmaom urBmh
Edik if rH sm;wGif z,f'&,f(vf) zG@J pnf;yHpk epfudk usio hf ;kH =uI wk;d wuf}uD;yGg;vsuf +idr;f csr;f
pGmjzifh acwfaygi;f rsm;pGm aexdik t f yk cf sKyfvmcJah =umif;ukd txl;azmfjyp&m vkrd nfrxifyg?
,lepfx&D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfypkH epfonf t=urf;tm;jzifh A[kt d pk;d & wckwnf;om
&SdI ,if;A[kdrS EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfr_qdkif&m Xmeaygif;pHkukd wkduf&kdufcsKyfukdifaom pepfjzpf
onf[k em;vnfygonf? vlrsK;d / bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_ &k;d &m"avhx;kH pH wlnaD om
vlrsKd;wrsKd;wpm;wnf;&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;Y usifhoHk;r_&Sdonf[k od&Sd&ygonf? vlrsKd;ESifh
bmompum;aygi;f pHk yl;aygi;f zG@J pnf;aom Edik if rH sm;Y ,lepfx&D zG@J pnf;ykkH pHepfudk usio hf ;kH
jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsm;pktrsK;d om;rsm;u vlenf;pktrsK;d om;rsm;ukd }uD;pk;d I 0g;rsKyd aysmuf
apEkid yf gonf? xkv d rl sK;d aygi;f pHk yl;aygi;f aomEdik if YH ,lepfx&Drl usio hf ;kH jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsK;d
aygi;f pHu k kd vlrsK;d wrsK;d wnf;tjzpf &yfwnfapa&; vkyaf qmifcsujf zpfvm.? ok@d jzpfygu
az: jycJ+h yD;onft h wdik ;f vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu k dk vlrsK;d wrsK;d wnf;jzpfapa&; vlrsK;d wrsK;d }uD;pd;k
apa&; vkyaf qmifcsujf zpfvm+yD; obm0ESihf qef@usio f jzifh vlrsK;d bmom pum; aygi;f pHk
yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;aom EdkifiHrsm;Y ,lepfx&D pHepfzGJ@pnf;yHkukd rusifhoHk;jcif;. t"du
ta=umif;wck jzpfonf[o k &d &dS .?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o H nf ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ csi;f / rGe/f jrefrm/ &Sr;f ESihf
&cdik f paom vlrsK;d aygi;f pHjk zifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom Edik if jH zpfygonf? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H
yx0Dtaetxm;onf awmawmifrsm; xlxyfaom ukef;jrifhykdif; ajrnDydkif;[lI
&Sdaer_a=umifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; cufcJ+yD; EdkifiH. tus,ft0ef;tm;jzifh usOf;
ajrmif;ao;odraf omfvnf; wEdik if v H ;kH ukd A[kt d pd;k &wOD;wnf;u csKyfuikd u f yG uf EJ idk &f ef
tcuftcJ&+dS yD; us,jf yef@}uD;rm;aom Edik if }H uD;rsm;ESirhf jcm;bJ tkycf sKyfr_ cufcv J yS gonf?
,if;od@k awmawmife,fajr rnDra_ =umifh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; rvG,u f jl cif; tjyif
&moDOwk tm;jzifv h nf; wlnrD r_ &Sad oma=umifh a'owckwnf;taejzifh ,lqoabm
xm;I Oya'jyÏmef;&efjzpfaom A[kt d pk;d &wOD;wnf;rS jyÏmef;aom Oya' rsm;onf
176
a'owdkif;. tajctaeESifh [yfpyfukdufnDcsifrS [yfpyfukdufnD Edkifrnfjzpfygonf?

xk@d a=umifh ae&ma'otajctaerwlaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H a'ot&yf&yfwiG f
aexdkifpm;aomufol jynfaxmifpkvlrsKd;aygif;pHktwGuf vGwfvyfr_&Sdoifh oavmuf
&Srd nf r[kwaf cs?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H jzpfay:vmjcif;. ordik ;f ukd axmufxm;pOf;pm;&v#if
acwftqufqufrS uk, d rhf if;uk, d chf si;f / uk,
d bhf mom/ pum;/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pH/
uk, d v hf rl q_ ufqaH &;ESiu hf , dk f aexdik v f m=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk yÉdnmOf
pmcsKyfoabm rl jzifh yl;aygi;f vm&olrsm; jzpfc=hJ uygonf?
1947 ck ZGev f (10)&ufae@wiG f usi;f yaom wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmf nDvmcHY
vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&; tqdu k dk wifoiG ;f aomtcg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u TuJo h @kd rde@f ceG ;f
ajym=um;cJhygonf?
“ u|eaf wmfw@dk wifoiG ;f onfh tqdk (1)tcsuEf iS hf ywfouf+yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk
a&;qGt J yfonfh Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyOkH ya'u b,fvjdk zpfoifo h vJq&kd if
jrefrm jynfaxmifpEk idk if [ H k ac:wGiaf om vGwv f yfonft h csKyftjcm tm%m
ydik f orRwEkid if H jzpfoifw h ,f ³³³ qdo k nft h csuEf iS hf u|eaf wmfyxrOD;pGm ArmEdik if H
&J@ay:qJ ay:vwHhaom tajccHOya'rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? jrefrm
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if q H w kd mu txl;&SiS ;f jyp&m rvkyd gb;l ? “Edik if aH wmf twGi;f rSm
jynfaxmifpk oabmrsKd;tm;jzifhjzpfw,f? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH oabmrsKd;
zG@J pnf;r,fqw kd m &nf&, G &f if;jzpfw,f ”
ponfjh zifh jzpfcyhJ gonf?
,cktcg t*Fvyd b f momjzpfaom zuf'&,f(vf) (Federal) qdak om pum;vH;k
ukd jrefrmbmomjzifh bmomjyefaomtcg zuf'&,f(vf)rl usio hf ;kH aom t*Fvyd f bm
om tac: (United States of America) ukd jynfaxmifpt k ar&duEdik if H [lI bmom
jyefac:qdjk cif;tm;jzifh z,f'&,f(vf). t"dyg` ,o f nf jynfaxmifpk rl [laom t"dyg` ,f
rSvI JG wjcm;t"dyg` ,f r&SEd ikd [ f k ,lqygonf?
ok@d jzpfI 1947 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif twnfjyKaom jynfaxmifpjk refrm
EdkifiH tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif jynfaxmifpk [laom pum;toHk;tE_ef;onf
t"dyg` ,&f &dS dS xnfo h iG ;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf? tvSoabmjzifh oH;k jcif;jzpfonf[k r,lqEdik af y?
Tod@k v#if jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H nf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHjk zifh zG@J pnf;
wnfaxmifvsuf awmawmifa&ajrobm0u umqD;xm;aom a'oajrmufrsm;pGm
177
OD;v#eftkyf
. vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; tcuftcJ&Sdaoma'oY awmvufaus;&Gm vlwef;pm;

tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfrr_ sm;/ tjcm;tjcm;aom tajctaersm;tm;vH;k +cHK=unfjh cif;
tm;jzifh 1947 ck pufwifbmvwGif twnfjyKaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'onf jynfaxmifp[ k al om trnfemrESit hf nD zuf'&,f(vf)
jynfaxmifppk pfppfrEl iS hf a&;qGo J ifyh gonf?
Oyrm- qGpZf mvefEikd if o H nf tus,t f 0ef;tm;jzifh pwk&ef;rkid f 15941 &SI
d
vlO;D a& 953000 aexdik &f m Edik if iH ,fuav;jzpfaomfvnf; jynfe,f 22 ckcJG xm;aom
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H jzpfygonf? ‚if;enf;wl ,l*q kd vm;AD;,m;Edik if o
H nfvnf; tus,f
t0ef;tm;jzifh 98&25 pwk&ef;rdik &f I dS vlO;D a& 21526824 aexdik &f m jynfe,f 6 ckcJG
xm;aom jynfaxmifpzk uf'&,f(vf) Edik if jH zpfygonf? ,if;ESpEf ikd if w H @dk xuf tqrwef
}uD;rm;aom tus,t f 0ef;tm;jzifh pwk&ef;rdik f 261& 89 &SI d vlO;D a& oef;aygi;f 26
oef;ausm&f adS om vlrsK;d aygi;f pHjk zifh zG@J pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H nf jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfEikd if t
H jzpf zG@J pnf;&ef txl;oifah vsmf ygonf? od@k aomf ,if;od@k zuf'&,f(vf)rljzifh
ra&;qGJbJ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf aoGz,fI
zuf'&,f(vf) rludk rsupf v d nfapaom ,lepfx&D rlyif jzpfcyhJ gonf? ,if;ok@d ,el pfx&D
rl jzpfa=umif;ukd ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHa&;qGJ&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdjzpfol OD;csefxGef;
ajymqdck suu f ydk if "Union of Burma by Hugh Tinker" pmrsuEf mS (30) Y "The
constitution adviser Chan Htun, observed much later that Our constitution
though in theory Federal is in practice Unitary" [l I azmf j ya=umif ;
awG@&SdEdkifygonf?
,if; 1947 ck pufwifbmvY twnfjyKaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'onf ,if;od@k zuf'&,f(vf) rlukd rsuaf phvnfomG ; Edik af p&ef
jynfaxmifpk [laom a0g[m&ukd tvSoabmoH;k pG+J yD; ucsi/f u,m;ESihf &Sr;f jynfe,f
[lI jynfe,frsm; cGx J m;cJyh gonf? ygvrD efudk vlrsK;d pkvw
$ af wmfEiS hf jynfo@l vw
$ af wmf
[lI v$waf wmfEpS &f yf cGx J m;ygonf? vlrsK;d pkvw$ af wmfonf vlrsK;d udk uk, d pf m;jyK+yD;
jynfol@v$wfawmfonf vlOD;a&ukdudk,fpm;jyKonfh oabmjzpfcJhygonf? txufyg
jyXmef;csufrsm;onf wrmudkoumavmif; (Sugar Coated) ouJhodk@ rr#wr_ukd
zH;k uG,x f m;aom jyXmef;csurf sm;om jzpfcyhJ gonf?
178
Oya'jyKa&;wGif rr#wr_
vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk wef;wlrE_ iS hf yifvpkH mcsKyf wef;wl&nfwrl u _ dk opPm&S&d adS pmifx
h ed ;f
onfqdkv#if yifvHkpmcsKyfudkcsKyfqdkcJhaom vlrsKd;ESifh jynfe,ftoD;oD;wkd@rS vlrsKd;pk
v$waf wmfo@dk nDr#aom uk, d pf m;vS,t f rwfO;D a& apv$w&f ef jyXmef;&rnf jzpfygonf?
odk@aomf Todk@rv$wfbJ vlOD;a&enf;aom vlrsKd;pku trwfOD;a&enf;+yD; vlOD;a&
rsm;aom vlrsK;d pku trwfO;D a&rsm;cJo h nf? Oyrm- ,if;zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
yk'rf (87) 'kw, d Z,m; vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmftrwf (125) OD; teufjynfr rS (62) OD;
&S r f ; jynf e ,f r S (25) OD ; u&if j ynf e ,f r S (15) OD ; ucsif j ynf e ,f r S (12) OD ;
csi;f 0daoowdik ;f rS (8) OD;ESihf u,m;jynfe,frS (3) OD; jzpfcyhJ gonf? xk@d a=umifh vlrsK;d pk
v$waf wmf trwfO;D a& w0ufonf jynfrrS jzpfcahJ yonf? xd@k a=umifh tqrwefrsm;
aeygonf?
vlO;D a& uk, d pf m;jyKaom jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f ygvrD efa&G;aumufyJG tufOa'
1948 ckEpS f tufOya'trSwf (65) yk'rf (3)t& jynfo@l vw $ af wmfwiG f trwfae&m
(250) &So d nft h euf &Sr;f jynfrS (25) ae&m/ ucsijf ynfe,frS (7) ae&m/ csi;f 0daoowdik ;f rS
(6) ae&m/ u,m;jynfe,frS (2) ae&m/ u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;twGuf (20) ae&m/ pkpak ygi;f
(60) ae&mjzpf+yD;/ jynfrrS (190)&Sad e&m. oH;k yHw k yHk yifr&Sd jzpfaecJyh gonf? ygvrD ef
ESp&f yfaygi;f wGif jynfe,ftrwf (122) onfvnf;/ trwftm;vH;k (375) . oH;k yHw k yHk
rjynfhjzpfjyefygonf?
EdkifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf ygvDrefYom &Sdaeayonf? Oyrm jynf
axmifpk jrefrmEdik if H zJ@G pnf;yHtk ajccHOya' yk'rf (68) t&/ ygvrD efwiG f rnfonfh tqdrk sK;d
udrk qdk wifoiG ;f Edik of nf? ,if;zJ@G pnf;yHk yk'rf (69) 1- t&/ &d;k &d;k trsm;pk trwfrjJ zifh
rnfonfh tqdrk sKd ;udrk qdk qH;k jzwfEikd +f yD;/ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' yk'-f 209 (3)
t&/ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk trwf oH;k yHk ESpyf jkH zifh jyifqifEikd o f nf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfe,ftrwfrsm; rJay;&ef rvdktyfbJ jynfr trwfrsm;rJjzifh
rnfonfh Oya'udk jzpfap/ rnfonfzh @GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk jzpfap jyXmef;jyifqif
EdkifI jynfe,ftrwfrsm;onf rvdktyfaom tydkrJoufouf jzpfoGm;aecJhygonf?
xd@k a=umifh jynfe,fwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; &So d nfqo kd nfukd todtrSwrf jyKjcif; (An
act of ignoring the existence of the Union Nationalities other than the Bur-
mese) jzpfaeI azmufjyefaom r[mvlrsKd ;}uD;0g' usiohf ;kH r_jzpfa=umif;/ uGuu
f u
G f
uGi;f uGi;f xif&mS ;ay:vGif aecJyh gonf?
179
OD;v#eftkyf
xd@k a=umifh ygvrD efwiG f awmifwef;a'ovlenf;pk jynfe,ftrsKd ;om;rsm;.

tcGit hf a&;onf vlrsm;pk jrefrmjynfr trsKd ;om;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESihf wdu k q f ikd af om
tcgwikd ;f jrefrmtrsKd ;om;trwfrsm;u rdrw d @kd bufomrJay;I awmvufvw l ef;pm;ESihf
vlenf;pkawmifwef;a'orsm;uvnf; rdrdwdk@bufrJay;onfqdkv#if +rdK@ay: jrefrm
trsKd ;om;trwfrsm;u vlrsm;pkrJ (Automatic Majority) tvdt k avsmuf&I Edik f
+yD;om; jzpfaeygonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfr trwfvlrsm;pkrJjzifh jynfe,fvlenf;pk trsdK;om;rsm;udk
cs,v f , S cf sio
f avmuf cs,v f , S Ef ikd af om vuf0g;}uD;tkyf r[mvlrsKd ;}uD;0g'udk oH;k Edik f
ygonf? od@k jzpfI jynfe,fvel nf;pk trsKd ;om;rsm;onf rdrad rG;zGg;&myg tcGit hf a&;rsm;
jzpfaom ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf ud, k =hf urRmudk ud, k zf efw;D cGirhf &Edik b f J jynfr. vufcyk x f rJ S
a&rsm;omjzpfcJh=u&ygonf? jynfe,fESifh jynfr tcGifhta&;wdkuf,laom tcgrsm;Y
jynfru jynfe,ftay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjyXmef;r_ taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhyg
onf? t*FvefEikd if H uJo h @kd aom ygvrD efwiG f vlwOD;udyk if owfap[lI ygvrD efurJay;
v#if w&m;0ifowfjzwfEikd af yonf?
‚if;enf;wl jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H ygvrD efwiG f ud, k cf si;f pmemr_w&m; ESihf
apwemuif;rJah om jynfrtrsKd ;om;trwfrsm;om wufvmI }u;D Edik if ,f!i‡ ;f qJaom
vlrsdK;}uD;0g' oHk;&rnf[k ygvDrefwGif rJay;&rnfqdkv#if tvdktavsmuf vlrsm;pkrJ
(Automatic Majority) jzif/h ,if;od@k aom tqdu k ykd if uef@uu G yf ,fzsu&f ef t[ef@
twm; vH;k 0r&So d jzif/h 1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'
Tr#avmuf qd;k &Gm;atmif ray:aygucf v hJ #if zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyOkH ya'ESihf tufOya'rsm;u
[ef@wm;Ir[kwb f /J jynfrud, k pf m;vS,f trwfrsm;. uk, d cf si;f pm apwemw&m;
aumif;r_a=umifo h mv#if jzpfaeayrnf? od@k aomf Tod@k aom ud, k cf si;f pmw&m; &Sw d wf
aom acgif;aqmifrsm;omv#if ay:aygufrnf[k rnfolr# tmrcHEdkifrnf r[kwfay?
[pfwvmuJo h @kd aom acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf &[l'D vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; okwo f ifowfjzwfa&;
twGuf vG,v f ifw h ul rdrb d ufrS w&m;0iftrde@f csEikd af yonf? ‚if;enf;wl jynfr
r[mvlrsdK;}uD;rsm;xJu [pfwvmuJhodk@aom acgif;aqmifrsm; ray:aygufEdkif[lI
tmrcHEdkifrnf r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifh [pfwvmuJhodk@aom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
r[mvlrsKd ;pk trsKd ;om;xJu ay:ayguv f mcJv h #if vlenf;pk trsKd ;om;rsm; tm;vH;k onf
vG,v f ifw h ul w&m;0ifow k o f if owfjzwfjcif;cH&rnf omjzpfayonf?
180
u|Eyfk wf @kd wiG f t&m0wˆK ypPn;f jzpfap/ tcGit hf a&;jzpfap/ wm0eft&ay;jcif;

&jcif;ESihf apwemt& ay;jcif; &jcif;[lI &Syd gonf? apwemonf tcsed rf a&G; r&Scd sib f J
aeEdik o f nf? tcsed rf a&G; &kyo f rd ;f Edik of nf? apwemESihf &jcif; ay;jcif;onf r&oifh r&
xdu k /f ray;oifh ray;xdu k o f nfukd ay;tyfjcif;jzpfygonf? &oif&h xdu k f ay;oifh ay;xdu k f
aom t&mud/k apwemESihf ay;jcif;&jcif; tjzpfoabmxm;jyefvnf; apwem r[kwf
ay? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifprk t l &/ &oif&h xdu k af om tcGit hf a&;udk apwem jzifo h m
ay;tyfonfh &tyfonfh oabmxm;jcif;jzifh apwem rajrmufonfh tjyif/ &oifh
&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;udk apwemoabmxm;I ay;jcif;jzifh tcsdefra&G; ray;bJ
aeEdik yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh apwemjzifh ay;&onfh tcGit hf a&; od@k r[kwf t&m0wˆK udyk if
apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh ay;&rnfqdkv#if tcsdefra&G; jyefvnf r&kyfodrf;Edkif&ef/ pmcsKyf
pmwrf;ESihf ay;&rnf? xdek nf;wlpmG tcGit hf a&;udv k nf; apwem&S&d dS ay;&rnfqv kd #if
tcsed rf a&G; r&kyo f rd ;f Edik af omenf;jzifh Edik if . H zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rSm jyXmef;
ay;rS vG,v f ifw h ul r&kyo f rd ;f Edik of jzifh wu,fapwem jrifrh m;pGmESihf ay;&ma&muf
ayonf? xdk@a=umifh apwemjzifhay;&onfh/ &&onfhtjzpfYxm;&Sdjcif; cHaeaom
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH jynfe,frsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tcsdefra&G; jyefvnf
r&kyfodrf;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif
jyXmef;ay;rSomv#if jynfe,fvel nf;pkrsm;twGuf jyefvnf r&kyo f rd ;f Edik &f ef tmrcH
csu&f adS om tcGit hf a&;ay;&ma&muf+yD; ppfreS af om apwemjzpfayrnf?
odk@jzpfI ,if; [pfwvmESifh &[l'DvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodk@aom tajctaersdK;
qduk af &mufay:ayguv f mcJv h #if vlenf;pktwGuf tumtuG,&f EdS ikd &f ef apwemaumif;
I udk,fcsif;pmw&m;&Sdaeaom ,ae@vlrsm;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;&SdaecsdefwGif jynf
axmifpjk refrmEdik if u H kd jynfe,fc+GJ yD; v$waf wmf (2) &yfteuf vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfwiG f
vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfe,ftvdkuf vlOD;a& tenf;trsm;tay: rlrwnfbJ/ jynfe,f
toD;oD;rS nDr#aom trwfO;D a& apv$waf &;udk zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif
jyXmef;rSomv#if vlenf;pktwGuf tmrcHEdkifaom tumtuG,f&&SdEdkif+yD; wu,fh
apwemESihf ud, k cf si;f pmw&m;&Sad om oabmxm;}uD;r_ukd jyo&ma&mufayrnf?
1787 ckwiG f ,ae@ tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk ikd if . H zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccH
Oya'udk a&;qJGcsdefY vlrsm;pkjynfe,fESifh vlenf;pkjynfe,frS apv$wf&rnfh trwf
OD;a&ESihf ywfoufI vlrsm;pkjynfe,frsm;u vlenf;pkjynfe,frsm;xuf trwfO;D a&
trsm; apv$waf &;udk vlO;D a&ay: rlwnfI wifjycJah yonf? Tenf;jzifh vlrsm;pk jynf
181
OD;v#eftkyf
e,frsm;u vlenf;pkjynfe,frsm;udk }uD;pd;k csKyfuikd Ef ikd af oma=umifh vlenf;pk jynfe,f

rsm;jzpfaom e,l;*smpDjynfe,f ud,
k pf m;vS,t f rwfjzpfol William Peterson u
"What, Pray, is representation founded on numbers? If State
Sovereignity is to be kept up; shall I submit the welfare of New Jer-
sey with the five votes in a Council where Virginia has sixteen? This
would lead to Autocracy. Neither my State nor myself will ever sub-
mit to dispotism or to tyranny"
[k xGuq
f ckd o
hJ nf[k rSww
f rf;&Sad eayonf?
xd@k a=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk orRwEdik if . H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'

wGif jynfe,ft}uD;ti,f vlrsm;pkjynfe,f vlenf;pkjynfe,f[I l rcGjJ cm;bJ txuf
v$waf wmf (Senate) “u|Eykf w f @kd wiG f vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmf” Y jynfe,fwikd ;f rSnrD #aom
trwfO;D a& apv$w&f ef jyXmef;cJah yonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk Edik if . H zG@J pnf; tkyf
csKyfykH tajccHOya'onf “ The most wonderful work ever struck off at a given
time by the brain and purpose of men ”[lI cs;D usK;jcif;cH&avonf? tar&duef
jynfaxmifpw k iG f Tod@k vOl ;D a&tenf;trsm;ay:rwnfbJ jynfe,ftm;vH;k . wef;wl
nDr#r_ ay:rlwnfI txufvw $ af wmfwiG f nDr#aom trwfO;D a& apv$wI f jynfe,f
tcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQrE_ iS hf &_yaf xG;r_&o dS jzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k wk;d wufr_ aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfr_ t[ef@twm;jzpfonf[k rawG@&ay? urBmhxdyfoD;EdkifiH jzpfonftxd
wd;k wuf vm&a=umif;uko d m od&&dS ygonf? qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpk orRwEdik if w H iG v
f nf;
jynfe,ft}uD;ti,f r[l (Republic Union) jynfe,frsm;tm;vH;k rS trwf (25)
OD;pD vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfY apvGwaf =umif; od&&dS +yD; jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQra_ =umifh
wk;d wufrt _ [ef@twm;jzpfonf[k rawG@&bJ urBmt h iftm;}uD; xdyo f ;D Edik if H wEdik if H
jzpfEikd o
f nftxd wk;d wufvsu&f adS ea=umif;uko d m od&&dS ygonf?
vlrsK;d pktay: rlrwnfbJ a'oE &W vGwv f yfr_ wk;d wufrt _ ay: rlwnf zG@J pnf;
xm;aom tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uJo h @kd aomEdik if YH yifv#if vlO;D a& tenf;trsm;ay:rl
rwnfbJ jynfe,fwef;wlnrD #r_ tay:wGio f m rlwnfI nDr#aomtrwfO;D a& apvGwf
&v#if vlrsK;d tay:tajccHI zG@J pnf;aomu|Eykf w f @dk jynfaxmifpEk ikd if rH sK;d wGif jynfe,f
wkdif;rS wef;wlnDr#aom trwfOD;a&apvGwfa&;onf ydkrdkI vkdtyfonf[k ,lq
&ygonf?
182
odk@jzpfI 1947 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

onf vlrsm;pktrsK;d om;rsm;ESihf vlrsm;pkaexdik &f ma'orsm;rS trwfO;D a&ykI d apvGwf
jcif;a=umifh vlenf;pkawmifwef;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf awmvufaus;&Gm trsK;d om;rsm;onf
+rdK@ay:vlrsm;pktrsKd;om;wkd@. Despotism ESihf Tyranny vufatmufo@dk rJqENt&
oGwo f iG ;f +yD; jzpfaeygonf?
tkycf sKyfa&;wGif rr#wr_
0ef}uD;csKyfa&G;yHk
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH. tkyfcsKyfr_ wckvHk;ukd csKyfudkif }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ&ef

wm0eft&Sq d ;kH jzpfaom Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfonf vlrsK;d aygi;f pH. k tcGit hf a&;ukd wef;wl
jzpfEdkifa&;twGuf uGyfuJapmifha&Smuf =unfh&_&rnfh wm0eft}uD;qHk;&Sdol jzpfaom
a=umifh vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu k , dk pf m;vS,jf zpfaom vlrsK;d pkvw $ af wmfEiS o hf m oufqikd o f ifvh suf
Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk yk'rf (115) t& jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS o hf m oufqikd af pcJah yonf?
xkd@jyif 0ef}uD;csKyfukd vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmfuom a&G;cs,foifhvsuf vlrsKd;pkv$wfawmf
ukw d b JG ufyif a&G;cs,cf iG rhf ay;bJ ,if; Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk yk'rf 56 (1) t& jynfo@l
v$waf wmfuom 0ef}uD;csKyfudk a&G;cs,&f ygrnf? od@k jzpfI jynfrrS uk, d pf m;vS,t f rwf
tqrwefrsm;aeaom jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu 0ef}uD;csKyfudk a&G;cs,rf a_ =umifh Oya'jyK
XmewGif aqG;aEG;wifjycJo h nft h wdik ;f r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g' usio hf ;kH &ef tm%mrufaom
[pfwvmuJo h @dk aom w,loefacgi;f aqmifrsK;d ray:ayguEf ikd &f ef tuG,t f um vH;k 0
r&SdbJ vlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;tay:xyfI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_w&yf wdk;vmae&ayonf?
1948 ckEpS rf S ,ae@wikd f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'u vlenf;pkb0vH+k cKH a&;ESihf oD;oef@
&yfwnfEikd af &;ukd tumtuG,f vH;k 0 ray;cJah y?
jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm; cef@xm;yHk
xd@k jyif txufwiG f azmfjycJ+h yD;onft

h wdik ;f r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g' usio
hf ;kH Edik &f ef
rluay;aeaom 0ef}uD;csKyfu awmifwef;a'o vlrsK;d rsm;. 0ef}uD;rsm;udk rdrq d ENjzifh
zG@J pnf;yHk yk'rf 56 (2)/ 168/ 173/ 181 (12)/ 189/ 197 (2) t& cef@tyfEikd yf gonf?
183
OD;v#eftkyf
xk@d enf;jzifh jynfe,fvrl sK;d pkrsm;. b0wckv;kH ukd 0ef}uD;csKyfu csKyfuidk cf s,v
f ,
S cf iG hf &ae
ygonf?
w&m;pD&ifa&;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'. t"dy`g,fjzpfap

tufOya'rsm;. t"dyg` ,jf zpfap aumuf,&l rnfh tjrifq h ;kH w&m;&k;H onf w&m;v$wf
awmfEiS hf w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfrsm; jzpfcahJ yonf? ,if; v$waf wmfw&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf
Oya'rsm;ukt d "dyg` ,af umuf&mY trsK;d rsK;d vSnyhf wfaumuf,El ikd &f ef tm%m&Sad yonf?
okd@jzpfI zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'Yjzpfap tjcm;tufOya'Yjzpfap vlenf;pk
tcGifhta&;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf pdwfqENr&Sdaom w&m;ol}uD;taejzifh rdrdqEN
tvdu k f Oya't"dyg` ,f aumuf,El ikd yf gonf? ,if;od@k aom w&m;ol}uD;rsm; &Scd ahJ omf
vnf; wbufuckcEH idk af &;twGuf tmrcHEidk af om jyXmef;csuf r&Sad cs? ok@d jzpfI ,ae@
awmifwef;a'o jynfe,frsm;onf Edik if . H tcsKyftjcmtm%m jzpfaeaom Oya'jyK
Xme tkycf sKyfa&;XmeESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;wGif wef;wlnrD #r_ r&a=umif;ukd txl;
az: jyaep&m rvkad wmhay?
,ae@ awmifwef;a'otrsK;d om; ucsi/f csi;f ESihf &Sr;f tp&So d nfh vlrsK;d rsm;
onf +Adwdo#a&mufrvmrD tcsdefumvuyif u|Ekfyfwkd@. ordkif;tqufqufwGif
uk,d yf idk f oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfcahJ om vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfa=umif; az: jycJ+h yD;jzpfygonf? jynfaxmif
tcsi;f csi;f yl;aygi;f aomr_EiS hf yifvpkH mcsKyft& jynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;=uygonf? TpmcsKyf
t& jrefrmtrsK;d om;rsm;jzifh tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; yl;aygi;f =u&mwGif jynfaxmif
pk rlt& rnfonfv h rl sK;d jcm;wk@d . tkycf sKyfrv _ ufatmufwiG rf S ukv d edk eD ,ftjzpf rae&bJ
jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf &aeaom vlrsK;d rsm;tjzpf aexdik cf iG &hf adS yonf?
'kw, d urBmppf+yD; ay:wl*ED ikd if EH iS hf urBmu h vk or*~ ta&;tcif;ESihf ywfouf
I rnfuJhokd@aomvlrsKd;rsm;ukd ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfaom vlrsKd;rsm;[k qdkEkdifa=umif;ukd
ajzqdEk ikd &f eftwGuf urBmu h v k or*~rS aumfr&Siw f &yf zG@J pnf;+yD; pHpk rf;cJyh gonf? ,if;
od@k pHpk rf;csuf tpD&ifcpH mwGif atmufygtyd'k rf sm; yg0ifcyhJ gonf?
184
Principle VI
A non-self governing territory can be said to have reached a full mea-

sure of self government by:
(a) Emergence as a sovereign independent states
(b) Free association with an independent states or
(c) Integration with an independent states
Principle VII
(a) Free association should be the result of a free and voluntary choice
by the people of the territory concerned expressed through informed
and Democratic process it should be one which respects the indi-
viduality and the cultural characteristies of the terriory and its peoples
and retains for the peoples of the territory which is associated with an
Independent States the freedom to modify the status of that territory
through the expression of their will by democratic means and through
constitutional processes.
(b) The associated territory should have the right to determine its internal
constitution without outside interference, in accordance with due con-
stitutional processes and the freely expressed wishes of the people.
This doesn’t preclude consultations as appropriate or necessary un-
der the terms of the free association agreed upon.
Principle VIII
Integration with an Independent States should be on the ba-

sic of complete equality between the peoples of the erstwhile non-
self governing territory and those of the dependent country with which
it integrated. The people of both territories should have equal status
and rights of citizenship and equal quaranties of fundamental rights
and freedoms without any distinction or discremination, both should
have equal rights and opportunities for representation and effective
participation at all levels in the excutive, legislative and judicial or-
gans of government.
185
OD;v#eftkyf
TtpD&ifcpH m. tcsut f vufrsm;onf Edik if t H rsm; vufcaH omtjrif jzpf

ayonf? xd@k a=umifh TtpD&ifcpH mukd csed cf iG t f jzpfxm;I 1947 ck jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
Edik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'ESi‚hf if;/ 1947 ck yifvpkH mcsKyfEiS hf ordik ;f tajccHrsm;
ukd csed q f =unfv h #if 1947 ck jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
t& u|Eyfk w f @dk awmifwef;a'o vlrsK;d rsm;&&Sad om tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf a&;om;azmfjy
cJh+yD;aom Oya'jyKXmeYjzpfap tkyfcsKyfa&;XmeYjzpfap w&m;pD&ifa&; XmeYjzpfap
wef;wlnrD #r_ vH;k 0r&Sad y? jynfr. cs,v f , S rf a_ tmufYom &yfwnf ae&a=umif;ukd
awG@&&dS ygonf? xk@d a=umifh az: jyygtpD&ifcpH mt& awmifwef;a'o vlrsK;d rsm;onf
rdrw d @dk ar#mrf eS ;f cJo
h nfth wdik ;f uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfr_ &&Sad eaom vlrsK;d rsm;r[kwb f J uk, d yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfr_ r&ao;aom vufatmufcH ukv d ekd b
D 0od@k a&muf&adS ecJ&h ayonf?
Tod@k v#if Oya'jyKXme tkycf sKyfa&;XmeESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;wGif wef;wl
tcGit hf a&;rsm; r&onft h jyif jynfaxmifpk A[kt d pd;k &tm%mESihf jrefrmjynfr tm%m
udk cJrG xm;bJ jrefrmjynfru A[kjd ynfaxmifpk tm%mudk tuket f pif&,l csKyfuidk f
xm;ygonf? xk@d a=umifh awmvufaus;&Gmvlwef;pm;ESihf vlenf;pkjynfe,f vlrsK;d rsm;
tm; jrefrmjynfr. cs,v f , S cf sKyfuidk Ef ikd af om b0od@k vH;k 0a&mufaeygojzifh uk, d yf idk f
jyXmef;cGihf uk, d =fh urRmuk, d zf efw;D Edik cf iG hf qdak om arG;&myg tcGit hf a&;rsm; vH;k 0r&&Sb d J
qH;k &_;H cJyh gonf?
jynfe,ftjzpf rowfrw S af om jynfaxmifpek ,fajrudk jynfaxmifpek ,fajr
[lI tdE, Nd jynfrmS uJo h @dk ac:a0:zG@J pnf;jcif;vH;k 0r&Sb d J jynfr jrefrmjynfr}uD; pojzifh
ac:qdak e=ujcif;onf jynfr r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ukd jynfe,fvel nf;pk0g'od@k oGwo f iG ;f
&ma&mufvsuf &Sad eygonf?
txufazmfjy+yD;aom epfemqHk;&_H;onfhtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
Oya'Y azmfjyrxm;aomfvnf; tufOya'rsm;wGif wef;wlnrD #cpH m;a&; az: jycsuf
&Sod nf[k xkwjf yEdik cf v hJ #iv f nf; tufOya'yg jyXmef;csurf sm;onf Oya'jyKtzG@J &k;d &k;d
vlrsm;pkrjJ zifh tcsed rf a&G;jyKjyif y,fzsuEf idk I f wnfwchH ikd +f rJrt _ wGuf tmrcHcsuf r&SI d
tcGit hf a&; wef;wlay;jcif;[lI rqdEk ikd af y? ,if;ok@d tufOya'rsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;
aom wef;wlrr_ sm;onf +rdK@ay:&Sd jrefrmtrsK;d om;rsm;twGuf jyXmef;jcif;om jzpf+yD;
vlenf;pkawmifwef;a'oESifh awmvufaus;&Gm trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf jyXmef;jcif;
r[kwaf y? xk@d a=umifh tufOya'wGif jyXmef;aom tcGit hf a&;onf vlenf;pk ESihf aus;
vufawm&Gm vlwef;pm;wd@k tm; tcGit hf a&;ay;&m vH;k 0 roufa&mufEikd af y?
186
trSerf mS az: jy+yD;aom Oya'jyKXme tkycf sKyfa&;XmeESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme

Yyifv#if jynfe,fvlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;tm; wef;wlnDr#r_ ay;onfhwkdifatmif
vltiftm;rsm;r_a=umifh jynfrvlrsm;pkrsm;. v$rf;rdk;jcif;ESifh EdkifuGufrsm;onf &Sdp+rJ
yifjzpfaeygonf? odk@jzpfI jynfe,fvlenf;pkESifh awmvufaus;&Gmvlwef;pm;rsm;
taejzifh vlrsm;pkjynfrtrsK;d om;rsm;ESihf twly;l aygi;f I jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;jcif;onf
yifv#if rdrwd @dk . vGwvf yfru _ dk qH;k &_;H ap+yD; jzpfouJoh @dk &adS eygonf?
,ck jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f aqmif&u G f
cJah om vkyif ef;aqmifwm[lor#onf jynfr+rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;rsm; wk;d wuf }uD;yGg;a&;
twGuf jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pHk toufupdk aw;+yD; aqmif&u G af y;jcif; oabmyif
a&muf&adS eygonf? +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm; wOD;jzpfrS tcGix hf ;l &&Srd a_ =umifh &efuek f rE aW v;
paom+rdK@rsm;Yom vlO;D a&tqrwef wk;d yGg;jcif; ta=umif;jzpfaeayonf?
okd@jzpfI yifvHkpmcsKyf t& wef;wl&nfwltpOfxm0& twlvufwGJaea&;
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187
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188
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I csi;f 0daoowdik ;f pdu k yf sK;d arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;ESihf jynfrpku d yf sK;d arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;wk@d udk
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189
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190
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jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H "eypPn;f ukd vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk r#a0,lcpH m;jcif;ukd vufcyH gonf?
od@k aomf TpDru H ed ;f rsm;vkyaf qmif&mY rnfou l r#u, dk t hf rd u
f , kd , hf muJo h @dk
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vkyu f ikd af y;Edik rf nf r[kwaf y?
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191
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192
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tzGJ@0ifu rnfonfhvkyfief;udkr# qHk;cef;wdkifatmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;tm%mr&Sday? T
vtu rsm;ESihf yifr+yD;ao;bJ taemufajrmufwikd ;f Xmeponfjzifh vnfywf+yD; rnf
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rxm;Edkifv#ifvnf; &mxl;ti,fwef;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tm%mtjynfh&Sdaeaom 0ef}uD;
rsm;om aqmif&u G vf yk u f ikd jf cif;onf ,ckrqH;k Edik o f nfh tqifq h ifw h ifjyjcif; vkyif ef;
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193
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od&b dS @kd avmufyif tcGit hf m%mr&Sd jzpfaecJah yonf?
jynfe,f&&Sad om trsK;d om;rsm;wGif jynfrucGaJ 0ay;aom b¾maiGukd rdrd
uk,d yf idk jf yXmef; ykid cf iG t
hf m%mjzifh vkt d yfovdck aJG 0+yD; ajymif;vJo;kH pGEJ ikd af om tm%m
tjynfh &Syd gonf? tu,fI wXmewGio f ;kH &ef cGaJ 0aom aiGa=u;onf wpHw k ckaom
ta=umif;a=umifh tuket f pif roH;k Edik cf v hJ #if wjcm;Xmeod@k ajymif;vJo;kH pGJ Edik yf gonf?
csif;trsdK;om;rsm;onf jynfe,fr&cJhr_a=umifh ,if; wdk@jynfrrS Tr#aom
b¾maiGukd Trnfaom XmeYoH;k &rnf[k cJaG 0ay;+yD; ,if;cJaG 0ay;aom Xmeqdik &f m
onf tuket f pifo;kH pJrG _ rjyKEdik cf v hJ #if ajymif;vJciG rhf &bJ ,if;vufuseaf iGrsm;udk jynfr
od@k jyeftyf&ygonf? ,if;od@k jyeftyfaom b¾maiGonf vH;k 0&H;_ qH;k &awmhonf?
csi;f 0daoowdik ;f b¾maiGudk jynfru b¾mawmfEpS t f wGi;f tcsed rf cDS aJG 0
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&ef tcsed rf &bJ cJaG 0ay;+yD;b¾maiG tajrmuftjrm;ukd ESppf OfEiS t hf r# jynfrod@k jyefay;
&ygonf? Oyrm - wESpv f #if oH;k oef;txdjyeftyfonfqv kd #iyf if tESpf (20) twGi;f
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v#if wcgcGJa0ay;+yD;rSvnf; vdkoavmufxyf&Edkifonfukd csif;acgif;aqmifrsm;
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194
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ay:ayguaf om rnD!w $ rf o _ m jzpfaeygojzifh ,if;rnD!w $ rf r_ sK;d &Scd v
hJ #if jynfe,f,jl cif;
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uH=urRmukd ukd,fhtrsKd;om;rsm;uom zefwD;Edkifaom vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;onf
wefb;kd rjzwfEikd af om t"dutcGit hf a&;}uD; yifjzpfygonf? xk@d jyif u|Eyfk w f @dk csi;f trsK;d
om;rsm;tm; emrnftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh ac:a0:&mY em*awmifwef;cE ;DW c&kid w f iG f rSwD if;ae
xdik =f uaom u|Eyfk w f @dk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;tm; em*trsK;d om;rsm; [lI ac:a0:qd&k onf?
em*awmifwef;c&kid o f nf u|Eyfk w f @dk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;om aexdik af om a'o
jzpf&o kH mru csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESiv hf nf; e,fajryx0D qufpyfojzifh csi;f 0daoowdik ;f
wGif yl;aygi;f xm;&S&d ef 1947 ck "Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry Report"
twGJ (2 ) pmrsuEf mS (91) wGif az: jycJyh gonf? od@k aomfvnf; em*awmifwef;c&dik u f kd
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f Y aygi;f xnf+h yD; tvGeaf cwfaemufusaom tkycf sKyfa&;enf;pHepf jyXmef;r_
omjzpfonfh csi;f awmifrsm; pnf;rsO;f Oya' 1896 (Chin Hills Regulations 1896)
jzifh jynfrrSwu dk &f u kd f tkycf sKyfjcif; cHae&ygonf? ,cktcg em*awmifwef; c&kid w f iG f
u|Efkyfwkd@ csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf csif;0daoowdkif; aoG;csif;nDtpfukdrsm;ESifh
vGwv f yfa&;&cgp tcsed w f iG f b0wljzpfcahJ omfvnf; ,cktcg csi;f 0daoowdik ;f nDtpfudk
rsm;avmufyif txl;ojzifh ynma&;wGif rwd;k wufEikd b f J atmufusaemufus jzpfae
a=umif; awG@jrif&ygonf?
xkd@jyif csif;0daoowdkif;ESifh em*awmifwef;c&kdif csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf
csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tufOya' 1948 ckEiS hf csi;f awmifrsm; pnf;rsO;f Oya' 1896 rsm;jzifh
toD;oD; wuGw J jym; tkycf sKyfI rdrw d @kd "avhx;kH pHjzifh w&m;pD&ifq;kH jzwfyikd cf iG hf tcGit hf
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=uaom u|Eykf w f @dk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;twGi;f rdrw d @kd trsK;d om;&d;k &mponfrsm; usio hf ;kH
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195
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xkd@a=umifh csif;0daoowdkif; csif;trsKd;om;rsm; em*awmifwef;c&dkif

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ESifhtwl jynfaxmifpk. wef;wltcGifhta&;udk jynfh0pGm&&SdcHpm;Edkifa&;onf a&;qGJ
vwHhaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif pOf;pm;&rnfh
tcsuw f csut f jzpf a&SŒarSmufwiG f wnf&vdS su&f adS eayonf?
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4 ³ 4 awmfveS af &;aumifpD aqmif&u
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jzpfI ,cktcg (7) ESprf #umv&Sv d m+yD; jzpfygonf? ,if;ESprf sm;twGi;f vkyaf qmif
csurf sm;Y Oya'jyKXme/ tkycf sKyfa&;Xme/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmeyg tm;vH;k csKyfuikd af eaom
awmfveS af &;aumifpD tzG@J wiG jf zpfap awmfveS af &;tpd;k &tzG@J wiG jf zpfap jynfe,fvrl sK;d pk
uk,d pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifciG hf rjyKawmhacs? Oya'jyK&mYvnf; ,ciftcgrsm;rSmuJo h @kd vlrsK;d
pkrsm;ESihf [yfpyfr_ &Srd &Su
d kd pOf;pm;rnft h zG@J jynfe,faumifp[ D I
l r&Sbd J jynfr jynfe,f
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aus;&Gm vlwef;pm;wd@k twGuf tumtuG,[ f I
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tkycf sKyfa&;XmewGif jynfe,fO;D pD; aumifprD sm;udk cef@ay;cJah omfvnf; OD;pD;
vkyfaqmifydkifcGifh tm%m[lIum; r&Sday? tr_xrf;t&mxrf; &mxl;rsm;udkvnf;
jynfe,f&mxl;[lI r&Sad wmhojzifh &mxl;cef@xm;a&; ,SO+f ydKif&mwGif awmvufaus;
&GmESifh jynfe,ftrsKd;om;rsm;onf cufcJaom tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;a=umifh ,SOf+ydKif
r0ifEdkifawmhay?
,SOf+ydKif0ifEdkifonfh tcgrsm;Yvnf; &mxl;0eftzGJ@wGif awmifwef;a'o
trsKd;om;rsm; ryg0ifay? xkd@a=umifh ,if;&mxl;0eftzGJ@u ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;vSnfh
ywfI jynfrtrsKd;om; aqGrsKd;nmwdrsm;udkomcef@I awmifwef;a'o trsKd;om;
rsm;udk rcef@bJ aeEdik yf gonf?
Oyrm - &mxl;rsm;twGuf av#mufxm;olrsm;teuf tppt&m&mwGif
t&nftcsi;f wlnaD om olEpS Of ;D teuf wOD;onfA'k b < momjzpf+yD; tjcm;wOD;onf
196
c&pf,mefjzpfcJhv#if &mxl;0eftzGJ@0iftm;vHk; Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;om jzpfaecsdefwGif

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jrefrmEdik if H awmfveS af &;aumifpv D ufxuf tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m &mxl;cef@xm;a&;onf
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zHk;uG,fxm;+yD; awmifwef;a'ovlrsKd; av#mufv$m&Sifrsm;twGuf &mxl;rsm;wGif
cef@tyfjcif; cHEikd &f ef ,cktcg ar#mv f ifch suv f ;kH 0 r&Sjd zpfaeygonf? awmifwef;a'o
jynfe,f trsK;d om;rsm;onf jynfaxmifp&k mxl;wGif tr_xrf;aqmif&ef tcGit hf vrf;
az: jyygenf;jzifh ydwfyifjcif;cH&onfhtjyif rdrdwdk@awmifwef;e,fajra'o twGif;Y
&Sad om &mxl;rsm;Yyifv#if 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifciG hf r&Sad wmhjzpfaeayonf? Oyrm
+Adwo d #e,fcs@J vufatmufYyifv#if csi;f awmifwef;a'owGi&f adS om &mxl;rsm;wGif
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;udo k m cef@tyf&rnf[I l oabmxm;&Scd ahJ yonf?
197
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1948 ck jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;cgp tcsed w f iG v f nf; csi;f

jynfov l xl . k b0jr‡iw hf ifa&;ESihf uk, d yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;rljzifh csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;. t&nf
tcsif;rSDaom csif;0daoowdkif; &mxl;wdkif;wGif csif;trsKd;om;rsm;uom 0ifa&muf
xrf;aqmifc+hJ yD; csi;f trsK;d om; wdik ;f rif;}uD; csi;f trsK;d om;c&dik 0f efrsm; ponfjzifh csi;f 0d
aoowdik ;f Xmeaygi;f pHt k wGi;f aqmif&u G cf ahJ yonf?
,if;odk@v#if csif;trsKd;om;jynfolvlxkt=um;wGif csif;trsKd;om;rsm;u
tr_xrf;jcif;tm;jzifh csi;f jynfov l x
l . k b0tajctae/ vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf [yfpyf
tH0if*iG u
f satmif vkyaf qmifEikd I f ajyvnfrt _ xl;&&Scd yhJ gonf? vlrsK;d jcm;u csi;f trsK;d
om; rsm;tay:rSm vma&muftyk cf sKyf}udK;udik jf cif;jzifh csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;. b0tajc
taeESihf vlra_ &;jy\emukd tH0if*iG u f sajz&Si;f r_ rjyKvkyEf ikd af oma=umifh txiftjrif
v$JrSm;r_ukdvnf; vlrsKd;jcm;ESifh csif;trsKd;om;rsm;=um;wGifjzpfap csif;trsKd;om;
tcsif;csif;=um;wGifjzpfap ay:aygufvmygojzifh wdkif;jynf. pnf;vHk;nD!$wfr_ukd
xdyg;apEdkifygonf?
,if;udprP sK;d ESihf ywfoufI csi;f trsK;d om;wOD;u jynfrwGif &mxl;ti,fwef;
av#mufxm;&mY ,if;trsK;d om;av#mufvm$ &Sio f nf Ak'b < mom0ifr[kwI f jrefrm
awmvuf"avhEiS hf qufqrH u _ o kd &d EdS ikd jf cif; &Srd nfr[kwo f nft h jyif jrefrmbmomudk
vnf; ajyjypfatmifrajymwwfojzifh jrefrmawmvufaus;&Gma'oY tr_xrf;&ef
roifah wmfEikd [ f Il ol.av#mufvm$ udk y,fcsb;l a=umif; od&&dS ygonf? xdek nf;wlpmG
csi;f bmompum;ukd vH;k 0rajymwwfI csi;f jynfov l x
l .k "avhx;kH pHEiS hf vlrq _ ufqaH &;
obm0trSeu f dk vH;k 0od&rdS _ r&Sad om jynfrtrsK;d om;rsm;tm; csi;f 0daoowdik ;f Y vm
a&muftr_xrf;aqmifapjcif;jzifh csif;jynfolvlxktwGuf rnfodk@r#tusKd;&SdEdkifrnf
r[kwfay?
,cktcg csi;f 0daoowdik ;f wGif pma&;pmcsD 0efxrf;rStp t}uD;wef;&mxl;rsm;
txd csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;uom xrf;aqmif0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sb d J jynfrtr_xrf; rsm;ukd
wESpfxufwESpfwkd;csJ@I csif;0daoowdkif;twGif; tr_xrf;aqmif aeap&a=umif;
rsujf rifu, dk af wG@ jzpfaeayonf? csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;Y t&nftcsi;f r&So d jzifh jynfru
avmavmq,f vma&muf xrf;aqmifay;jcif;jzpfv#if vufcHEkdifbG,f&mjzpfaomf
vnf; ,ae@csif;trsKd;om;rsm;wGif csif;0daoowdkif;twGif; tr_xrf;aqmifEdkif&ef
t&nftcsi;f jynfph pkH mG &Sad eygonf?
198
jynfrtrsKd;om; tr_xrf;rsm; csif;0daoowdkif;ukd wESpfxufwESpfwdk;I

trsm; oGi;f vmcJjh cif;udk csi;f jynfov l xl t k aejzifh vH;k 0vufrcHEikd af omfvnf; jynfr
vlrsK;d }uD; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf Y_ tvl;tvSrd chf aH e&aom ydwq f @kd ra_ =umifo h mv#if cHae&jcif;
jzpfaeygonf?
vlŒb0ukd !‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufonf qd&k mY vlvcl si;f aus;u|ejf yKI vlrqefbJ
wd&p>mefuo hJ @dk cdik ;f ap!‡O;f yrf;jcif; (Physical Torture) onf tjyif;jyqH;k aom !‡O;f
yrf;ESyd pf ufr_ yifjzpfcyhJ gonf? ok@d aomf,if;ok@d aom (Physical Torture) um,!‡O;f yrf;
ESyd pf ufjcif;acwfonf ,cktcguek v f eG +f yD;jzpfI urBmwGif rnfonfah e&mYr# r&Sad wmh
acs?
xdk@a=umifh ,cktcgvl@b0ukd !‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif;wGif pdwfqif;&Jaeatmif
!‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpufjcif; (Mental Torture)onf tjyif;xefqHk;aomvlŒb0udk !‡Of;yrf;
ESyd pf ufjcif; jzpfaeayonf? ,ae@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u H dk tkycf sKyfaeaom enf;pepf
rsm;a=umifh ay:aygufvmcJhaom tpm;qif;&Jjcif;'kuQ/ t0wfqif;&Jjcif;'kuQ/ tlr
rawmifhIoDvrapmifhEdkifjcif; paom'kuQrsm;tjyif ,ckuJhokd@aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
jzifh qufvuftyk cf sKyfaernf qdyk gu awmifwef;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk . tem*wfta&;ESihf
aemifvmaemufom;rsm;. b0onf arS;rdeS rf aJ rSmifI aeygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,if;tjzpf
tysufrsm;ukd jrifvmI ylyefaomoufjyif;csaeaom rtdyfEdkifrpm;Edkif jzpfaejcif;
paom 'kuQrsm;onf awmifwef;a'o jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHktay:wGif wESpfxuf
wESpfwkd;Iomaeygonf?
xdk@a=umifh Todk@aomawmifwef;a'o jynfe,fvlrsKd;aygif;pHk vufrcHEdkif
onfeh nf;pepfjzifh twif;t=uyfqufvuf tkycf sKyfaeygu jynfrjrefrm acgi;f aqmif
rsm;onf awmifwef;a'o jynfe,fvrl sK;d aygi;f pHt k ay: Y ,ae@urBmavmu}uD;wGif
tjyif;jyqH;k jzpfaom ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_jzpfonfh (Mental Torture) pdwq f if;&Jatmif
!‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;ukd usL;vGe&f m a&mufaeygonf? xk@d a=umifh e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm;.
e,fcsJ@ukdvkdeD0g'xuf jrefrmr[mvlrsKd;}uD; ukdvdkeD0g'onf ykdIjyif;xefaeonf
r[kwfayavm?
csi;f 0daoowdik ;f wGif vlrsK;d jcm;rsm; tr_vma&muf xrf;aqmifjcif;jzifh ,if;
vlrsKd ;jcm; tr_xrf;rsm;onf 0wfauswef;ausxrf;aqmifojzifh csi;f jynfov l x
l rk sm;
0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifEikd o f nfh &mxl;ae&mtcGit hf a&; vma&mufyw
d q
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k mrubJ
199
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a&mufayonf?
csi;f jynfov l x l . k t=um;wGif jynfrtrsKd ;omrsm; tr_vma&mufxrf;aqmif
jcif;jzif,h if; jynfrt&m&Sd t&mcHrsm; vufatmufcjH zpfaeaom csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;
trsm;pkonf q&mwynfh pdw"f gw/f ocifEiS hf u|epf w d "f gwf ponfrsm;0ifvmI rdrd
trsK;d om;ESihf rdrd pmay,Ofaus;r_ bmompum;rsm;udyk g tav;rxm;onfh pdw"f gwrf sK;d
0ifvmayonf? ,if;jynfr t&m&St d &mcHrsm;ESiyhf gvmaom csi;f jynfov l x l Ek iS hf r[yf
pyfonfh tavhtx "avhx;kH pHrt S p tppt&m&mwGif twk,v l ufc&H mrS csi;f trsK;d
om;rsm;yg ysupf ;D wdraf um&m vrf;pOfcif;ay;&m a&mufaeygonf?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh csi;f 0daoowdik ;f wGif tr_xrf;&ef t&nftcsi;f tjynf&h dS
aeaom csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;ukd z,fxm;+yD; jynfrtrsK;d om;rsm;om rsm;Edik o f nfxuf
rsm;jym;vmatmif csi;f 0daoowdik ;f Y tr_xrf;aqmifapaejcif;onf csi;f trsK;d om;
rsm;ESifh csif;pmay,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk taysmufwkduf&eftwGuf rodrom
oG,f0dkufaomy&d,m,fjzifh ppfqifaejcif;rSv$JI wjcm;ta=umif; r&SdEdkifawmh[k
csi;f jynfov l x l u k cH,al eygonf?
+Adwdo#e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfukdtkyfcsKyf&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;u
tkycf sKyfonfxuf ykrd dk pnf;urf;&S+d yD; +idr0f yfyjd ym;r_yrkd &kd I pepfusonf[k tqd&k ydS g onf?
okd@aomf +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_ESifh ukdvkdeD0g'ukd rESpfoufaom
a=umihf +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm;udk ,ae@jynfaxmifpk vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu k wGe;f vSew f u
kd f
xkw+f yD; vGwv f yfa&;,l&jcif;jzpfcahJ yonf? ,cktcg +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm; qkwcf mG
jyefomG ;+yD; jrefrmjynfronf ud, k =hf urRmukd ud, k zf efw;D Edik cf iG hf jynfaxmifp. k tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk tºuGi;f rJo h rd ;f yduk f &&S+d yD; jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfronf ,if;ok@d v#if az: jy+yD;cJo h nft h wdik ;f jynfaxmifp. k tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk uk, d =hf urRmukd uk, d zf efw;D Edik af &;twGuf oH;k pG&J o kH mru jrefrmjynfr
ESithf wl jynfaxmifpk tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk wef;wl&nfwl ydik q f ikd vf mcJah om yifvkH
pmcsKyfaz: pmcsKyfbufjzpfaom awmifwef;a'ojynfe,f vlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: zdEydS cf sKyf
cs,rf t _ wGuf ,if;jynfaxmifp. k tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk oH;k pGv J m&yHk ay:aecJyh gonf?
Tod@k v#if +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;u jynfrjrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;ESihf awmifwef;a'orsm;
tay:oH;k pGcJ ahJ om ukv d ekd 0D g'ukd jynfrjrefrmtrsK;d om;rsm;u awmifwef;a'ojynfe,f
trsKd;om;rsm;tay: usifhoHk;jcif;onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# w&m;r#wr_ rjzpfEdkfifay?
200
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tm;udk;cdkvSKHIae&ol vkHrysKduav;tm; ,if;cdkv_Haom aqGrsKd;nmwdu rk'drf;usifh
jcif;onf ,kwrf monfxuf t,kwrf mqH;k jzpfonf r[kwyf gavm?
xk@d a=umifh txufyg rr#wr_rsm; ajz&Si;f &mY jynfaxmifpk &mxl;0eftzG@J wiG f
jynfe,f yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifjcif;ESihf jynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,f&mxl;rsm; [lI cJjG cm;jcif;jzifh
wef;wlnrD #r_ zefw;D jcif;w&yfjzpfrnf[k ,lqygonf?
w&m;pD&ifa&;wGiv f nf; zrf;csio f vkzd rf;/ qD;csio f vdq k ;D yHk &aeygojzifh tv$v J J$
trSm;rSm; tzrf;cH&+yD; tjypfuif;rJo h l ajrmufrsm;pGmwd@k onf ‚if;wk@d . pdwZW ESihf use;f rm
a&; xdcu kd af vmufatmiftxd t0Dpd i&Jaxmifxw J iG f w&m;pD&ifay;r_ r&Sb d J tavSmif
cHae&onfh tajctaersK;d jzpfaeonf[k cHpm;ae&ygonf? xk@d a=umifh awmolawmif
om;rsm;onf bkrodbrodbJ pdwv f w G vf yfrE_ iS hf at;csr;f om,mr_ r&bJ us;D vef@pm
pm; b0wGif ae&ygonf? jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfonf jynfaxmifpk jynfe,fvrl sK;d pk
ukd,fpm;vS,f rsm;rygaomtzGJ@rS a&;qGJaom rl0g'jzpfaoma=umifh vlrsKd;}uD;wrsKd;
ukod m OD;pm; ay;aom rl0g'jzpfayonf?
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v f pfvrf;pOft& zG@J pnf;xm;aom tvkyo f rm;aumifpED iS hf awmif
olv,form;aumifprD sm;wGif vlrsK;d a&; uk, d pf m;jyKr[kwb f J vkyif ef;ukd uk, d pf m;jyKr_
jzpfaeI jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u H kd vlrsK;d aygi;f pHyk ;l aygi;f I zG@J pnf;jcif;jzpfonf qdak om
yifvpkH mcsKyf jynfaxmifprk l wjznf;jznf;aysmufu, G af eonf? tvkyo f rm;ESihf awmif
olv,form;rsm; uk, d pf m;vS,af &G;&mYvnf; vlO;D a&rsm;&m jynfrrSom tqrwef
rsm;vmrnfjzpfygonf?
odk@jzpfI ,ae@zGJ@pnf;aom tvkyform;aumifpDESifh awmifolv,form;
aumifpw D @dk onf +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;ESihf jynfrvlxrk sm;uko d m tusK;d jyKaom aumifpD
jzpf&eftvm;tvm&Sd+yD; jynfe,fvlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;ESifh awmvufaus;&Gmvl
wef;pm; trsKd;om;rsm;.b0onf ra&r&maom tajctaeodk@yif qdkufa&muf
aernfjzpfygonf?
jrefrmhq&kd ,S v f pfvrf;pOfygwo D nf wygwpD epf jzpfaeaoma=umifh jynfe,fvl
enf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf awmvufaus;&Gm vlxv k wl ef;pm;rsm; wef;wlnrD #rt _ a&;
aqmif&u G af &;0g' vufcx H m;aom wjcm;ygwD wnfaxmif&ef w&m;0ifrnf r[kwf
ay? xk@d a=umifh tvkyo f rm;aumifpED iS hf awmifov l ,form;aumifpw D iG f vkyaf qmif
aomaumifp0D if tajymif;tvJ t+rJ&EdS ikd af omfvnf; 0g'rSm vlrsK;d }uD;0g'ukd csKyfuikd f
aom wygw0D g'om tpOftquf &Sad ernfjzpfayonf?
201
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4 ³ 5 ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
ynma&;
ynma&;Xmeausmif;rsm;onf vlrsK;d wrsK;d taejzifh rdrw d @kd .pmay,Ofaus;r_

"avhx;kH pH bmompum;ESihf rdrw d @kd . vlrsK;d &yfwnfr_ wnfwchH ikd +f rJ wd;k wufvma&;
twGuf wacwfraS emufwacwfo@kd vufqifu h rf;ay;tyf tarGqufcaH p&aom Xme
jzpfoifhygonf?
od@k aomf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; ygvrD ef'rD u
kd a&pD Edik if aH &;
acwfYjzpfap awmfveS af &;aumifpv D ufxufYjzpfap tESpf (20) twGi;f jynfaxmif
pkvel nf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;taejzifh txl;ojzifh csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;wGif ,if;od@k rrd w d .kd
trsK;d om;wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf trsK;d om;pmay,Ofaus;r_ "avh xH;k pH vufqifu h rf;
&aomXme tjzpfr&yfwnfbJ yaysmufwrd af umapa&;Xmetjzpf &yfwnfcyhJ gonf?
awmifwef;a'ovlrsKd;rsm;txl;ojzifh csif;trsKd;om;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_
"avhx;kH pHEiS hf pmay/ bmom pum;rsm;onf tvGeEf ek ,faom tajcY&Sad eygao;onf?
xd@k a=umifh ,if;awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;. pmay,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pHrsm; ,cktcg
vG,u f pl mG aysmufu, G Ef ikd yf gonf? ,if;od@k pmaybmompum; aysmufu, G vf #if vlrsK;d
ygaysmufu, G f wdraf umEdik af =umif;udk jrefrmhordik ;f Y ysL (Phu) vlrsK;d rsm;u ordik ;f .
oufaocHae+yD; jzpfygonf? od@k jzpfI awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d rsm;. wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;
wu,f&adS pcsiaf om apwem&S=d uygv#if ,if;Eke,faeao;aom pmay,Ofaus;r_ "avh
xH;k pHrsm;udk rdrw d @kd enf;rdrw d @kd [efjzifh wd;k wufxeG ;f um;Edik af pa&;twGuf vlrsK;d jcm;.
pGuzf uf v$r;f rd;k r_ tumtuG,&f EdS ikd af om todik ;f t0dik ;f tajctaeudk zefw;D ay;&rnf
jzpfygonf? Tod@k v#if Eke,faeao;onfh awmifwef;vlrsK;d rsm;. pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_
rsm;tm; rdred nf;rdr[ d efjzifh jr‡iw hf ifw;kd wufjyef@ymG ;apEdik &f eftwGuf ud, k yf ikd f jyXmef;
ydik cf iG hf ud, k =hf urRmudu k , kd zf efw;D cGihf jynfaxmifprk l ppfppf z,f'&,f(vf) rl tkycf sKyfykH
pepfjzifh jyKpkysKd;axmifrSomv#if awmifwef;a'ovlrsKd;rsm;. pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_
"avhx;kH pHrsm;onf wnfwchH ikd +f rJ+yD; vlrsK;d wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;jzpfajrmufxad &mufEikd rf nf
jzpfygonf?
202
ynma&;Xmeudk toufarG;0rf;a=umif;a&; ynmoif,&l aomXmetjzpf jzifh

=unfjh yefv#if awmvufaus;&Gmausmif;rsm;wGif q&m rvHak vmufr_ pmoifausmif;
y&dabm*ESihf u&d,mypPn;f rsm;r&Srd E_ iS hf vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynmESihf rdrw d @dk EpS of uf&mbmom qnf;yl;oif,El ikd &f ef rvG,f
ulcahJ y? od@k aomf ,cifygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD Edik if aH &;vufxufwiG f ESpo f uf&mausmif;
ESpo
f uf&maumvdyo f @kd ynmqnf;yl;oif,El ikd cf iG &hf I dS wwfEikd af om awmvufaus;&Gm
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm; ausmif;ol§om; rsm;ESihf wef;wl
tajctaewGif ,SO+f ydKifEikd &f ef tcGit hf a&;&Scd o hJ jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif; ynmESihf
rdrdpdwf}udKufbmom qnf;yl;oif,lEdkifaom jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkESifh awmvufaus;&Gm
vlwef;pm; ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; &So d ifo h avmuf &Scd b hJ ;l ygonf?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvufxuf ynma&;pepfopfwGif ESpfouf&mausmif;
ESpof uf&m aumvdyEf iS hf ynmqnf;yl; oif,cl iG hf r&Sad oma=umifh +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;rsm;
ESifh wef;wltajctae ,SOf+ydKifEdkif&ef ESpfouf&mausmif; ESpfouf&maumvdyfwGif
ynmqnf;yl; Edik cf iG rhf &Syd g? xd@k a=umifh ynmqnf;yl;&mY vdt k yfaom u&d,mypPn;f
(Facilities) ydr k pkd pkH ad om +rdK@ay:&Sad usmif;rsm;Y ynmqnf;yl;aom +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;rsm;
. om;orD;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uomv#if owfrw S af omtqifu h rkd EDS ikd I
f rdrw
d @kd
pdw}f udKufbmomESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm;udk qnf;yl;oif,El ikd cf iG &hf =u
ygonf? awmvufaus;&Gmvlwef;pm;rsm;. om;orD;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf
tppt&m&m &Sm;yg;aom aus;vufawm&yfausmif;rsm;Yom ynmudq k nf;yl;oif
,lciG hf &=uaoma=umifh tajctaeqd;k rsm;. zefw;D ay;r_t& owfrw S af om tqifEh iS hf
ratmifjrifEdkif=uojzifh pdwf}udKuf&mbmomESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfrsm;
Y ynmqnf;yl;oif,El ikd &f ef tvSr;f a0;ae=uygonf? xk@d a=umifh awmfveS af &;aumifpD
tpd;k &vufxuf ynma&;pepfonf +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;rsm;udo k m tusK;d jyK+yD; aus;vuf
awm&GmESihf awmifwef;a'ovlenf;pk trsKd;om;rsm;. wdk;wuf&mwdk;wufa=umif;
t!Ge@f zsuq f ;D ypfaom ynma&;pepfuo hJ @kd jzpfaeyH&k onf?
203
OD;v#eftkyf
pD;yGm;a&;
+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm; ta&S@zsm;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ a&mufvm&aomta=umif;

&yfonf ,if;Edik if rH sm;udt k yk cf sKyf&ef &nf&, G cf surf [kwb f J ukeu f ;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
twGuo f m vm=u&jcif;jzpfygonf? xk@d a=umifh ta&SŒzsm;Edik if rH sm;udk rdrw d @dk .e,fcs@J
udkvkdeDvufatmufodk@ odrf;ydkuf&jcif; ta=umif;rsm;onfvnf; ‚if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif
pD;yGm;a&; cs,fvS,fEdkifa&; &nf&G,fcsufjzpf.? ,if;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;apa&;
[laom &nf&, G cf suf vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ g?
,ae@ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;taygif;wdk@onf +Adwdo#
e,fcsJ@vufatmufodk@ u|efcH&csdeftcg jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH xGufukefypPnf;rsm;
tm;vH;k udk e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. tusK;d twGuf aqmif&u G v f yk u
f ikd af y;jcif;jzpfc+hJ yD; rdrd
wd@k wikd ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d twGuf aqmif&u G v f yk u
f ikd cf iG hf r&cJah y? xk@d a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d taygi;f wd@k onf e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w f @dk . u|eb f 0od@k a&muf&jcif;[kq&kd jcif; t"du
ta=umif;wck jzpfcyhJ gonf? e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm;onf rdrw d @dk . tjrwf&rnfh vkyif ef;rsm;
udkom aqmif&GufcJh=u+yD; rdrdwdk@tjrwf r&rnfh vkyfief;[lor#udkrl twwfEdkifqHk;
z,fxm; cJ=h u&ygonf? xk@d a=umifh qefpyg;/ a&eHvyk if ef;ESihf opfxw k v
f yk af &; vkyif ef;
jzpfxeG ;f &m a'ojzpfaom jrefrmjynfukd tkycf sKyfjcif;onf ,if;a'orS xGuu f ek yf pPn;f
rsm; tm;vH;k wd@k ukd wl;azmfuek o f , G If tjrwf&mS pm;&efjzpfI awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
tkycf sKyfcjhJ cif;onf ,if;od@k pD;yGm;a&;vky&f mY taESmift h ,Surf ay; Edik &f ef tus,cf sKyfI
tkyfcsKyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
,ae@ &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f paoma'orsm;Y&Sad om owWKwGi;f rsm;
rSty pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;[lor#ukd vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;aumif;I ydrk jkd rwfprG ;f Edik o f nfh
jynfrYomv#if wnfaxmifvkyfudkifcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm; jyefoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif awmifwef;a'o
rsm;Y e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfrsm; wnfaxmifxm;&SdcJhaom puf&Hktvkyf&Hk[lI pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;qdik &f m wckr# ruse&f cdS ahJ y? od@k jzpfI 1947 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;ESihf jynfaxmifpk
zGJ@pnf;a&; ta&;qdkaqG;aEG;vmcsdefY awmifwef;a'o txl;ojzifh csif;trsKd;om;
rsm;ESihf ucsit f rsK;d om;rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&; t=uyftwnf;ESihf &ifqikd &f rnfyh kH &Scd ahJ v
onf? xk@d a=umifh 1947 ckEpS f ordik ;f wif yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;u¾ESihf ywfouf
I atmufygtwdik ;f pmcsKyftcsut f vufxnfo h iG ;f yg&cdS yhJ gonf?
204
8) The agreements accepted in this agreements are without prejudice to

the financial Autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States.
9) The agreements accepted in this agreement are without prejudice to
the financial assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills are
entitled to receive from the revenues of Burma and the excutive council
will examine with the Frontiers Areas counsellers and deputy
counsellers the feasibility of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the
Chin Hills financial agreements similar to those between Burma and
the Federated Shan States.
[lI yg&cdS sKyfqckd yhJ gonf?
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&ptcsdefrS qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;
pepfukd usio hf ;kH vmcJ&h ygonf? od@k jzpfI Edik if . H toufaoG;a=umjzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;t}uD;pm; [lor#onf jynfoyl idk f jzpfcyhJ gonf? Oyrm - 1947 ck jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'yk'rf (219) wGif “opfawmajrESihf owWKajr
rsm;/ opfawmrsm;/ a&/ wHigvyk if ef;trsK;d rsK;d qdik &f ma'orsm;/ owWKrsm;/ ausmufr;D
aoG;/ a&eHEiS hf tjcm;wGi;f xGuyf pPn;f rsm;/ "gwt f m;xGurf nfyh if&if; tajctjrpfrsm;
ESihf tjcm;obm0yif&if; tajctjrpfrsm;udk jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H om vkyu f ikd o f ;kH pGI
J
wdk;wufatmifjyK&rnf” ponfjzifhyg&SdcJhygonf? yk*~vduydkif t}uD;pm;vkyfief;ydkif;Y
vnf; twwfEikd q f ;kH jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u wGb J ufI &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS _ jyKygojzifh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef; t}uD;pm;tm;vH;k wGif jynfaxmifpo k nf tydik ;f tp qdo k vdk ykid q f ikd cf yhJ gonf?
od@k jzpfI wEdik if v H ;kH . aoa&;&Siaf &;wr# ta&;}uD;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; tm;vH;k onf
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uyif jynfolvlxktm;vHk;twGuf csKyfudkifI wdk;wufatmif
vkyaf qmif&ef jzpfygonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t H aejzifh e,fcs@J t*Fvyd v f ufxrJ S vufccH ahJ om pD;yGm;
a&; vkyif ef;ESihf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H ay:vm+yD; jynfaxmifpyk idk f b¾maiGjzifh &if;ES;D
jr‡KyfEHS wnfaxmifcahJ om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; puf&t kH vky&f EkH iS hf aiGyifaiG&if;rsm;onf jynf
axmifpk rnfonfh vlrsK;d wrsK;d ur# rdrw d @kd wOD; wrsK;d wnf; ykid q f ikd rf r_ &Sb
d J jynfaxmifpk
vlrsK;d aygi;f pHu
k vGI J ykid af om bHyk idk yf pPn;f rsm;om jzpfayonf?
xkd@a=umifh Oyrm - tu,fI ,cktcg jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHudk jynf
axmifpk tzG@J rzG@J awmhbJ jynfaxmifpk vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f oD;jcm;Edik if H
rsm;xlaxmif =uawmhrnf[I l qH;k jzwfcv hJ #if +Awd o d #tEd ,dN udk tdE, dN ESihf ygupPwefEikd if H
205
OD;v#eftkyf
[lI ESpEf ikd if t H jzpf cJjG crf;aomtcg wEdik if jH zpfpOftcgu ydik q f ikd cf ahJ om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
rsm;ESihf ypPn;f [lor#ukd &H;k oH;k vufEydS pf ufrt S p tr#caJG 0cJ=h uouJo h @kd jynfaxmifpk
vlrsK;d ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ csi;f / &Sr;f / &ckid /f rGeEf iS hf jrefrmrsm;u ,if;od@k jynfaxmifpk
ykid af omvkyif ef;ESihf ypPn;f [lor#ukd &H;k oH;k vufEydS pf ufrt S p r#r#ww cJaG 0&rnfo h abm
&Sad =umif; vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk od&=dS u+yD; jzpfygonf?
xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yk'fr (96)-2
t& jynfe,f. tcGefawmfaiGwGifyg0ifrnfh tcGefxGufyif&if;rsm;udk ,if;zGJ@pnf;yHk
pwkwZˆ ,m;wGif az: jyxm;ygonf? ,if;od@k pwkwZˆ ,m;wGif raz: jyaomyk'rf (19)
yg jyXmef;csuf tygt0if tcGex f u G yf if&if; [lor#onf jynfaxmifp. k tcGeaf wmfwiG f
yg0if &rnf[k qdx k m;ygonf?
,if; pwkwZˆ ,m;wGif jynfe,frsm;twGuf owfrw S af om tcGex f uG yf if&if;
rsm;teuf ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tcGex f uG yf if&if;rsm;onf pm&Guaf y: Y az: jyjcif;rsm;
omjzpfI vufawG@aumufcHIr&aom vkyfief;qdkif&majrmufrsm;pGm &Sdonfudkod&Sd
&ygonf? od@k jzpfI jynfe,frsm;tm;vH;k onf rdrw d @kd twGuf owfrw S af y;aom tcGef
xGuyf if&if;rsm;rS &&Sad omtcGerf sm;onf jynfe,f. vkyif ef;rsm;Xmersm;ESihf wd;k wuf
zGH@+zdK;r_twGuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_twGuf vHkavmufr_r&SdcJhay? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpk
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yk'fr (96) c|if;csufygjyXmef;csuft& jynfaxmifpk.
axmufyHr_ b¾maiGukdom tm;udk;tm;xm;jyK+yD; jynfe,ftwGif;pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_
&if;ES;D jr‡KyfErHS t_ wGuf jynfe,fvyk if ef; tppt&m&mudk aqmif&u G cf yhJ gonf?
odk@aomf jrefrmjynfru jynfaxmifpkA[kdtpdk;&. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk
xde;f Edik I f csKyfuikd rf a_ =umifh jynfaxmifpb k ¾maiGudk pDrcH ef@c&JG mwGif jynfe,frsm; tyg
0if pDrcH iG hf r&ouJo h @kd jzpfaecJyh gonf? xk@d a=umifh jynfaxmifpb k ¾maiGrS cGaJ 0ay;
aom b¾maiGbwf*surf sm;onf jynfe,frsm;taejzifh rdrw d @kd &oif&h xdu k af om cHpm;
cGihf b¾maiGudk ukw d m (Quota) oabmjzifh &xdu k af omfvnf; jrefrmjynfruomv#if
rdryd idk af om b¾maiGxu J apwemtav#muf axmufyo hH nfo h abm a&mufvmcJh
ygonf? xk@d a=umifh Tae&mrStp r&oifrh &xdu k f rcHpm;vku d b f EJ iS hf jrefrmjynfr tdr&f iS f
oabmjzifh apwemtvku d f ay;urf;pGe@f }uJykH oabm0ifvm+yD; jynfe,fvrl sK;d pkrsm;u
apwemt&om vufa0cH&onfhb0a&mufvmojzifh jrefrmjynfr. vuf0g;}uD;
tkyjf cif;udk cHc&hJ ygonf?
206
xkd@jyif ,ae@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. toufaoG;a=umjzpfaom +Adwdo#

e,fcs@J rS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tpd;k &uqufccH ahJ om pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; puf&kH tvky&f kH
[lor#onf jrefrmjynfr ajrnDyikd ;f Yomv#if wnf&cdS =hJ ua=umif; azmfjycJ+h yD; jzpfygonf?
jrefrmjynfrYvnf; rE aW v;/ &efuek Ef iS hf rD;&xm; oabFma&muf&m +rdK@tenf;i,fY
omv#if pkyv kH suf wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfcyhJ gonf? ,if;puf&t kH vky&f kH vkyif ef;jzifh touf
arG;0rf;ausmif; vkyaf eolrsm;vnf; puf&t kH vky&f v kH yk if ef;rsm; wd;k csŒJ onfEiS hf tr# wd;k vm
&rnf jzpfygonf?
Tod@k v#if &efuek /f rE aW v;ESihf teD;+rdK@w0du k t f enf;i,fwiG f puf&t kH vky&f kH
pkaejcif;onf vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;aumif;I xkwv f yk af &;ukeu f sp&dwo f ufom ojzifh
e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd rf sm;u ydrk t kd jrwf&&Srd nfh ta&;udo k m pdu k cf rhJ a_ =umifh +rdK@tenf;i,fYom
puf&t kH vky&f rkH sm;udk pk+yHKwnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm; taejzifh
jrefrmEdik if v H rl sK;d rsm;ESihf a'ozG@H +zdK;&ef a'otES@H pD;yGm;a&;udk wufnv D ufnD wd;k wuf
Edik af &;ESihf jrefrmjynfa'otES@H &dS trsK;d om;rsm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef; vG,u f l
oufomacsmifcsrd t _ &Sq d ;kH aomenf;jzifh zefw;D vkyaf qmifay;jcif; paom &nf&, G cf suf
rsm; vH;k 0xnfrh pOf;pm; cJah y? tjrwftpGe;f &Edik af om taumif;qH;k enf;uko d m &nf&, G f
cJhayonf?
1948 ck aemufyikd ;f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&v#if &jcif; tjrwf
tpGe;f uko d m y"me rxm;aom e,fcs@J uv kd edk D pD;yGm;a&;pepfrS trsK;d om;wef;wl wufnD
vufnD wd;k wufEifkd af &; pD;yGm;a&;pepfuv kd nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifyh gonf? od@k jzpf
aomf vnf; 1948 ck jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;onfhaemufydkif;wGif
e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm;uJo h @kd tjrwftpGe;f &&Sad erS jrwfv#i+f yD;a&mqdak om rluo kd m vuf
ukid x f m;I Edik if w H iG ;f wnfaxmif wnfaqmufEikd o f r#aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef; puf&kH
tvky&f rkH sm;ukd jynfra'orsm;Yom qufvufwnfaqmuf+rJ wnfaqmufcahJ yonf?
xk@d a=umifh a&S;usaeaom v,f,mxGex f w k ef nf;pepfEiS hf a&$@ajymif;awmif,m
ckwf pm;aejcif;paom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;Yom 'kucQ aH e&aom jynfaxmifpk
wdik ;f &if;om; taygi;f wd@k . toufarG;0rf;ausmif;enf;ukd ykrd v kd ,
G u
f o l ufomaom
pufrv _ yk if ef; (Industrial Job) enf;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;Edik af &;ESihf jynfaxmifpk
a'otESHtjym; pD;yGm;a&;wGif zlvHkr_&SdI wufnDvufnDwdk;wufa&;udk trsKd;om;
tpd;k &taejzifh OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;&m rusay? e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w f @kd ae&mwGif jynfr+rKd @ay:vl
wef;pm;u tpm;xd;k 0ifvm+yD; awmifwef;a'o jynfe,ftrsK;d om;rsm;ESihf aus;vuf
207
OD;v#eftkyf
awm&Gm vlwef;pm;rsm;tm; udv k ekd v

D w l ef;pm;tjzpf oGwo f iG ;f I awmifwef;a'o
jynfe,f vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf aus;vufawm&Gm vlwef;pm;rsm;onf jynfr+rdK@ay: vlwef;pm;
rsm;. cs,v f , S rf u_ dk pD;yGm;a&;u¾vkyif ef;YygcaH e=u&&Smygonf?
,ck tajcaet&qdv k #if &yfa0;aus;vufawm&Gm vlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf jynfe,f
vlenf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd zmom rdrw d @kd . pD;yGm;a&;tm;ud;k Edik rf u _ kd rnfonfh
tcgwiG rf S &&SEd ikd rf nfr[kwo f nft h jyif ,ae@a&S;usaeaom v,f,mxGe, f ufenf;
a&$Œajymif; awmif,mckwpf m;enf; paom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;rsm; twdik ;f
omv#if &Sad e+rJ&+dS yD; wd;k wufom,mat;csr;f r_ ykrd &kd adS om pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;jzifh touf
arG;0rf;ausmif;r_ukd rnfonft h cgwiG rf S &Edik rf nfr[kwaf y?
Tod@k v#if aus;vufawm&GmESihf jynfe,frsm;wGif tpd;k &taejzifh puf&t kH
vky&f kH rwnfaqmuf ay;Edik af omfvnf; ,cifurl yk*v ~ u d u|r;f usio f rl sm;u ud, k x f l
ud,k xf }udK;pm;+yD; aqmufvyk af qmif&u G cf iG hf &Edik cf ahJ yonf?
,ck awmfveS af &;tpd;k & tm%modr;f ,l+yD; vufvq D ikd f tao;tr$m;rsm;
txd jynfoyl idk o f rd ;f aejcif;a=umifh uk, d yf idk t
f vkyv f yk v f akd om vlxak jrmufrsm;pGmwd@k
tm; tvkyrf vky&f efwm;jrpfjcif; oabmudak &mufaeayrnf? xk@d a=umifh vGwv f yfpmG
vkypf m;Edik cf iG hf qdak om arG;&mygtcGit hf a&; yifr&ouJo h @kd cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?
puf&t kH vky&f kH vkyif ef;tao;tr$m;rsm; xlaxmifEikd cf iG hf [lIvnf; yk*v ~ u d
rsm;taejzifh tcGit hf a&; r&&Sad cs? ,if;tcGit hf a&;rsK;d &jyefv#iv f nf; pnf;urf;csuf
rsm;ESihf csKyfcs,x f m;ojzifh vkyif ef;atmifjrifr_ r&Edik af y? Tod@k v#if uk, d yf idk tf vkyf
vkyfcsifaom jynfolvlxk twwfynm&Sif todynm&Sifwdkif;tm; tvkyf&&SdEdkif=u
ap&ef tmrcHcsuf ray;ay? ay;Edik &f ef tajctaevnf;vH;k 0r&Sad y?
odk@jzpfI +rdK@ay:vlwef;pm;ESifh twwfynm&Sif todynm&Sifrsm;=um;wGif
tvkyfvufrJhjy\emonf wESpfxufwESpf wdk;yGg;vsuf&Sdaeygojzifh vl@oduQmESifh
vl@usifh0wfudkyif rapmifhxdef;Edkif&onfh 'kuQaygif;pHk cHae&rnfhb0odk@ a&S@&_vsuf
oGm;rnfukd pd;k &dr&f rnfh tajctaersK;d jzpfaeayonf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm; a'orsm;
twGufvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;[lI vkyfp&mr&Sdjzpf+yD; aemufqHk;a&S;usaeaom
vlŒb0udk tvGeEf ydS pf ufonfh v,f,mxGe, f ufenf; a&$@ajymif;awmif,mckwpf m;enf;
wdk@udkom vkyfukdifae=u&ygonf? xdk@a=umifh vlwOD;. wdk;wufwnfxGif}uHqr_
t!Ge@f w;kH &Hk omru aemufjyefaemufqw k f tepfemcHae&ygonf?
208
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H nf 1947 ck yifvpkH mcsKyft& vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk yl;aygi;f

aom jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H jzpfa=umif;ukd tzefwvJvJ azmfjy+yD; jzpfygonf? jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if H A[dt k pd;k &Y ,if;jynfaxmifpv k rl sKd ;toD;oD;wd@k . pmay,Ofaus;r_/ bmom
pum;/ trsKd;om;wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf jyKvkyfay;&ef t"duwm0ef&Sdayonf?
xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H Edik if aH &;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS hf vlra_ &;pepfrsm;onf
jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pHk wnfwchH ikd +f rJ wd;k wufxeG ;f um;a&;udk tusK;d jyKaom Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;wd@k jzpfoifyh gonf? vlrsK;d wrsK;d . bmompmay ,Ofaus;r_ wnfwhH
cdik +f rJa&; wd;k wufjr‡iw hf ifEikd af &;twGuf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf Edik if aH &;tm%m vlrsK;d pkrsm;Y
&S&d rnfeh nf;wl pD;yGm;a&;wGiv f nf; rdrw d @kd bmom zefw;D Edik cf iG t hf m%m &S&d ayrnf? A[dk
tpdk;&taejzifh jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;. pD;yGm;a&;udk }udK;udkifvkyfaqmif&mY vlrsKd;pk
tvdu k f wef;wlnw D l jzpfatmifvyk af qmifay;&ayrnf?
vlrsK;d tvdu k f vlrsK;d pkwpk&&dS ma'oudo k m wd;k wufatmifaqmif&u G af y;ae+yD;
tjcm;rwdk;wufao;aom vlrsKd;wrsKd;. a'owckvHk;udk pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufatmif
aqmif&u G af y;jcif; r&Sv d #if ,if;rwd;k wufaoma'o&Sd vlrsK;d pk w&yfv;kH . pD;yGm;a&;
=uyfwnf;r_a=umifh pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf trsK;d om;wnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;onfvnf; r&SEd ikd af y?
vlenf;pk Oyrm csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; pkpnf;aexdik &f m a'ojzpfaom csi;f 0daoowdik ;f .
pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zdK;r_ukd jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &taejzifh rvkyaf y;v#if csi;f pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_
xdef;odrf;wdk;wufap&mYvnf; wjcm;rnfonfha'owGifrS csif;pmayESifh ,Ofaus;r_
wnfwahH &; wd;k wufa&;twGuf vkyaf qmifay;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad om csi;f trsK;d om; tiftm;pk
&Sad wmhrnf r[kwaf cs?
xdk@a=umifh csif;0daoowdkif; pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;r_udk vspfvsL&_xm;jcif;jzifh
csif;pmay,Ofaus;r_ ysufpD;wdrfauma&; vrf;pOfjzpfoGm;+yD; csif;trsKd;om;rsm;
wnfwchH ikd +f rJ &SEd ikd rf nf r[kwaf y? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpak 'otESŒH pD;yGm;a&; wd;k wuf
atmif aqmif&Guf&mY vlrsKd;tvkduf wufnDvufnDwdk;wufatmifaqmif&Gufap
jcif;om rlv yxrvkyif ef;pOf jzpfayonf? vlrsK;d pk w&yfv;kH pD;yGm;a&;Y atmufus
aemufus jzpfaev#if vlra_ &;tm;vH;k yg atmufusaemufus jzpfomG ;rnf? ,if;a'o
vlrsK;d w&yfv;kH onf edru hf saomvlwef;pm;jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;udk cH&ygonf? xk@d a=umifh
,if;a'o vlrsKd;w&yfvHk;taejzifh rcHr&yfEdkifp&m ta=umif;rsm;pGmay:aygufvm
wwf+yD; ,if;vlrsK;d rsm;w&yfv;kH u wm0ef&adS cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf tpd;k &tay: rausreyf
pdwef musn;f r_rsm; ay:ayguv f mwwfygonf?
209
OD;v#eftkyf
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh jynfrYom wd;k wufonfxuf

wd;k wufvyk af qmifae+yD; vlrsK;d pkrsm;a'ojzpfaom jynfe,frsm;udrk _ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
rsm; xlaxmifay;r_r&SdcJhaoma=umifh ,ae@tjrwfwEdk;xm;=uaom vlrsKd;pkwdk@.
,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum; ponfrsm; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufay;&m ra&mufay?
ok@d jzpfI jynfe,fvel nf;pk trsK;d om;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;
tm;vHk;wdk@wGif jynfr. }udK;udkifcs,fvS,fr_vufatmufwGif tvl;tvSdrfhcHae&
ygonf? xk@d a=umifh vlenf;pkrsm;onf a&aomufjrpfjywfaeaom opfyifuo hJ @kd wae@ae@
+ydKvJrnfh b0wGif &Sad eygonf?
jynfe,frsm; ,ckuJhodk@vspfvsL&_xm;r_cH&jcif;onf EdkifiH.vrf;yef;quf
oG,af &; tcuftcJa=umifah omf‚if;/ jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d wdik ;f . obm0tajctaeudk
tm%m& jrefrmjynfrtpd;k &u rodIaomf‚if; jzpfaeygonf? wenf;qdak omf jynfe,f
vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;& tm%mcsKyfudkifaom jrefrmjynfr tpdk;&u
*&kpdkufta&;ray;Edkif&ef vufvSrf;rrSDjcif;yif jzpfaeygonf? odk@jzpfI jynfe,f
vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKEdkifrnfh rdrdwkd@tpdk;&[lI r&Sdojzifh }uD;rm;pGm
epfem&jcif; jzpfygonf?
odk@jzpfI jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk csKyfudkifaeaom tpdk;&tay: rauseyfr_rsm;
ay:aygufvm+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_rsm; ysufjym;vmcJh&avonf? xkd@a=umifh jynf
axmifpk jrefrmEdik if o H nf a&mifpakH omif;use;f olrsm;. 'g%u f t
kd vl;tvSrd hf cHae&+yD;
wdik ;f jynf jyefvnfxal xmifa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyI f r& jzpfaeayonf? Tod@k v#if
jyKjyifr_ r&Sbd J a&S@o@kd qufvuf csw D ufrnfqykd gu wdik ;f wyg;wd@k . vufatmufwiG f
jyefvnfI u|ecf &H rnft h E &W m,fonf usa&mufvmayawmhrnf?
od@k jzpfI jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&I tvkyo f rm;v,form; vlwef;pm;ESihf vlrsK;d
aygif;pHkom,m0ajymaomb0odk@ a&muf&SdEdkifa&;twGuf vlrsKd;aygif;pHk rausreyf
jzpfaeaom azmfjy+yD; tcsut f vufcsK@d ,iG ;f r_rsm;tm;vH;k udk yaysmufap&ef aqmif&u G f
ay;jcif;onf t"dujzpfaeayonf?
,if;od@k rauseyfr_ yaysmufapa&;twGuf rdrw d @kd jynfaxmifp. k tcsKyftjcm
tm%mykdifr_udk vlrsKd;aygif;pHk tnDtr# a0,loHk;pGJcHpm;I vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwdk;wufr_udk
wef;wlnw D l ay;Edik pf rG ;f aom zuf'&,f(vf)jynfaxmifpk wnfaxmif&ef zG@J pnf;tkyf
csKyfykH tajccHOya'opf jyefvnfjyXmef;jcif;rSty tjcm;vrf;pOfr&Sad wmh[k ,H=k unf
=uygonf?
210
4 ³ 6 umuG,af &;ppfwyf zG@J pnf;a&;
=unf;wyf
=unf;wyfwiG f vlrsK;d tvdu k f ucsiw f yf&if;rsm;/ csi;f wyf&if;rsm; tp&So d jzifh

zG@J pnf;jcif;udk ,ciftcgu jyKvkycf ahJ =umif; od&&dS ygonf? ,cktcg vlrsK;d tvdu k f wyf&if;
zG@J pnf;jcif; r&Sad wmhbJ vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk a&maESmzG@J pnf;xm;a=umif;od&&dS ygonf? ta=umif;
&if;udu k m; twdtus rod&ay? od@k aomf tcsK@d ajymqdak 0zefcsut f & =unf;wyf&if;
rsm;udk vlrsK;d tvdu k zf @JG pnf;jcif;jzifh wyf&if;tvdu k f vlrsK;d a&;cku d &f efjy\em ay:ayguf
vmrnfukd pd;k &draf oma=umifh TuJo h @kd a&maESmjcif;jzpfonf[k od&&dS ygonf?
Ta0zefcsufudk ,Hk=unf&ef cdkifvHkaom ta=umif;jycsufr&Sday? tb,f
a=umifq h akd omf wyf&if;tvdu k f vlrsK;d a&;jy\emcdu k &f ef jzpfEikd af =umif; pOf;pm;awG;
ac: jcif;onf t,Ht k =unfuif;rJI h vlrsK;d rsm;tay:oHa,mZOfr&Sd tpOfoo H , &Sad e
ol azgujf yefa&; pdw"f gwaf rG;olrsm;. roef@&iS ;f r&k;d om;r_ tawG;tac:omjzpf+yD; vlrsK;d
tcsi;f csi;f ESyd pf uf}uD;pd;k a&;0g' &So d rl sm;. tawG;tac:om jzpfonf[k ,lq&ygonf?
vlrsKd;tvdkuf wyf&if;rsm;zGJ@jcif;onf vlr_a&;odyH`enf;t& obm0usus
zG@J pnf;jcif; yifjzpfygonf? =unf;wyfwiG f vlrsK;d tvdu k w f yf&if;zG@J pnf;cJjh cif;jzifh wyf&if;
tvdu k f vlrsK;d a&;jy\em cdu k &f ef&b dS ;l a=umif; rod&cdS &hJ yg? od@k aomf vlrsK;d tvdu k f wyf
&if; zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh rnfonfhvlrsKd;wyf&if;onf pm&dwWtaumif;qHk;/ opPmt&SdqHk;/
wdu k af &;cdu k af &;wGif taumif;qH;k ESihf 0wW&m;tausyeG q f ;kH jzpfonf pojzifh aumif;
onfxufaumif;atmif yg0if,OS +f ydKifvyk af qmifjcif;omv#i&f cdS I hJ wyfwiG ;f vkyif ef; ydrk kd
tqifajycJah =umif; od&&dS ygonf?
vlrsK;d tvdu k f wyf&if;zG@J pnf;aomtcsed w f iG f pdw"f gwjf cif;wlorl sm; twlwl
zG@J pnf;jcif;jzpfI nD!w G +f yD; wduk yf u
JG kd atmifjrifI xdcu kd 'f %f&m&r_EiS hf taotaysmuf
enf;yg;cJo h nf [kvnf;od&&dS ygonf? ,ckwyf&if;rsm;wGif vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk tr_xrf; a&m¹yeG ;f
vmaomtcg wufnv D ufnD rjzpfEikd af wmhojzifh wdu k yf q JG ;kH &_;H r_rsm;+yD; taotaysmuf
vnf; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonf[k od&Sdygonf? vlrsKd;tvkduf wyf&if;xm;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh
vlra_ &;u¾/ oma&;ema&;wGif awG;ac:,lqyHw k ol rl sm; tcsi;f csi;f twlaexdik &f ojzifh
'kuaQ &mufaecsed w f iG f vlprd ;f rsm;u =unf&h a_ pmifah &Smuf ulno D nfxuf rdr. d aoG;&if;
211
OD;v#eftkyf
om;&if;aqGrsKd;nmwdrsm;. =unfh&_apmifha&Smufjcif;onf ydkrdkauseyf ESpfodrfhapr_

jzpfaponf r[kwyf gavm?
Tod@k v#if ema&;'kuQ }uKH onfw h idk af tmif ud, k t hf csi;f csi;f =unf&h a_ pmifah &Smuf
r_a=umifh 'kuQa&mufaecsdefYyif ESpfodrfhtm;ay;r_ &&Hkru ae@pOfESifhtr# aexdkifpm;
aomuf&mYvnf; ud, k thf odik ;f t0dik ;f ESiu
hf , kd jf zpfI pdwaf useyfr&_ +yD; pdw"f gw}f uhcH ikd I f
&J&ifrh /_ owW&d rdS _ pdw"f gwrf sm;arG;vm+yD; ppfrx _ rf;&mwGiv f nf; pdw0f ifpm;r_ tjynf&h v dS m
ygonf? xd@k a=umifh ppfrx _ rf;vkad om vli,frsm; OD;a&wd;k vmI wdik ;f jynf. umuG,af &;
vkyif ef;rsm;udk atmifjrifapEkid yf gonf?
,cktcg wyf&if;wckwiG f vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk a&maESmaer_a=umifh vlenf;pk trsK;d
om;rsm;onf cdkudk;&mrJhb0a&mufae+yD; ema&;udpPYyif 'kuQajrmufrsm;pGm }uHKcJh+yD;
jzpfygonf? tcsK@d wyfom;rsm;onf tdrEf iS hf tquftoG,rf &Sd rnfonfah e&ma'o
a&mufaerSe;f yif rod&bJ tu,fI aoaysmufusq;kH r_&cdS v hJ #if aqGrsK;d nmwdrsm;u
owif; r&Edik af om tajctaetxd&cdS yhJ gonf? ,if;od@k aom usq;kH ol &Jabmfrsm;.
owif;udk umv=umrS owif;&=um;od&v#iv f nf; ‚if;wd@k . ypPn;f toH;k taqmifrsm;
yifv#if rdbaqGrsK;d rsm;xHo@kd ra&muf jzpfwwf&ygonf?
wyf&if;rsm;wGif vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk a&m¹yGr;f +yD;aemuf rdrw d @kd bmoma&; ud;k uG,rf _
wGijf zpfap &d;k &m"avhx;kH pH xde;f odr;f tav;ay;&mYjzpfap vlenf;vGe;f ojzifh aqmif&u G f
Irjzpf? bmoma&;ESihf &d;k &mudyk if ta&;rpdu k b f J pdwaf vvGiI hf tusiphf m&dwW ysujf ym;
apygonf?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh wyfwiG ;f avmuwGif vkt d yfaom pdwaf t;csr;f om,m
r_/ pm&dwWESifh pnf;urf;&Sdr_/ oem;=uifemr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwf}uhHcdkifr_/ &J&ifhr_/ owdW&Sdr_
paompdwf"gwfrsm; jyKpkysKd;axmifa&;twGuf vlrsKd;tvkdufwyf&if;zGJ@xm;jcif;uom
v#if pGr;f aqmifEikd af =umif;xif&mS ;ygonf?
,ckuo hJ @kd wyf&if;rsm;wGif vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk a&m¹yGr;f jcif;jzifh az: jyygwyf&if;twGi;f
vkt d yfaom t&nftcsi;f avsmyh g;&Ho k mru vlra_ &;zdEySd f ydwq f @kd c&H jcif;a=umifh wyfwiG ;f
ppfrx _ rf;tcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; &Sv d mygonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;onf
&d;k &m"avh rd&;kd zvmtpOftvmt& a,mufsm;jzpfv#if ppfra_ &;&m u|r;f usirf _ t&nf
tcsi;f r&Srd jzpfoabmxm;I jyify&efo0l ifa&mufwu kd cf u
kd v f #if a,mufsm; [lor#
ra=umufr&GŒH owWad jymifajrmufpmG ppfajrjyifo@kd xu G =f u&ygonf?
212
odk@jzpfaoma=umifh acwfopfppfwyfwGifvnf; ppfr_xrf;jcif;udk *k%f,l+yD;

ppfom;wOD;tjzpf tr_xrf;rSomv#if a,mufsm;yDoonf[laom rd&dk;zvmpdwf
oabmxm; udck , H Il ppfwyfxw J iG f vlO;D a&ESirhf r#atmif csi;f trsK;d om; ppfrx _ rf;rsm;
rsm;jym;cJ&h jcif; jzpfygonf? vli,fausmif;olausmif;om;uav;rsm;udk ynm0efrsm;u
“rif;wdk@ csif;awmifrSm bmawGxGufovJ” [kar;v#if ,if;ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;u ppfom;xGuo f nf [lI ajz=u&onftxd csi;f trsK;d om;ppfrx _ rf; rsm;jym;cJh
ygonf?
vlrsK;d tvdu k f wyf&if;rsm;udk y,fzsuI f vlrsK;d pHak &maESm zG@J pnf;vku d o
f jzifh
vlenf;pk csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;rSm pdwt f m;i,frr_ sm;jzpfvm+yD; ,cktcg csi;f trsK;d om;
ppfrx _ rf;OD;a& avsmyh g;vm+yD; jzpfonf? ,ckrt l wdik ;f om qufvuf+yD;oGm;ygu aemif
wacwfwiG f csi;f trsK;d om; ppfrx _ rf; [lIyif &Sad wmhrnfr[kwaf y?
tpd;k &taejzifh Tod@k vrl sK;d pHk wyf&if;zG@J pnf;jcif;onf jynfe,frS vlenf;pkrsm;
tm;ppfr_rxrf;Edkif&ef oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh ydwfyifjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayrnf?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh Edik if uH muG,rf w _ iG f pdw0f ifpm;pGmjzifh yg0ifxrf;aqmifvo kd rl sm;.
vlra_ &; tcuftcJrsm;udk axmuf&j_ cif;tm;jzifah omf‚if;/ az: jycJah omtusK;d ta=umif;
trsKd;rsKd;udk=unfhIaomf‚if; =unf;wyfwGifwyf&if;rsm;udk vlrsKd;tvdkufzGJ@ay;+yD;
jynfe,fvlrsKd;pkwpkwGif tenf;qHk; AdkvfrSL;csKyfwOD; csKyfudkifaom wyfr[mwckxd
zGJ@ay;rSomv#if az: jycJhaom tqifrajyr_ajrmufrsm;pGmwdk@onf ajyvnfrnf[k
,lq&ygonf?
4 ³ 7 zG@J pnf;vwWaH om jynfaxmifpwk iG f
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;. &yfwnfcsuf
u|Eyfk w
f @kd csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;onf acwftqufqufuyif csi;f bmompum;
wckwnf;udo k m ajymqdo k ;kH pGJ cJ=h ua=umif; taxmuftxm;ajrmufrsm;pGm yg&ydS gonf?
od@k aomf vrf;yef;qufo, G rf _ tcuftcJa=umifh r=umc%rqHq k nf;Edik =f ubJ wacwf
+yD;wacwf wjznf;jznf;bmompum; ydrk u kd jJG ym;vmonf? od@k aomf uGjJ ym;onfh tajc
taeodk@&Sdaomfvnf; xifoavmufyif ruGJjym;ao;bJ *%ef;ponfrsm;a&wGufyHk
a&wGuef nf;rStp rlvpum;vH;k ajrmufrsm;pGmwd@k onf wlvsuyf if&adS eao;&Ho k mru
csi;f bmomtm;vH;k . o'Ngz@JG qekd nf; zG@J qykd rkH sm;onf vH;k 0wlncD suf &Sad eao;a=umif;
awG@&Sd&ygonf?
213
OD;v#eftkyf
Todk@v#if csif;bmomuGJrsm;udkvdkufI rdrdtrsKd;om;rsm;udk ac:&mYvnf;

emrnftrsK;d rsK;d ESihf rSnahf c:=u&ygonf? ‚if;emrnf trsK;d rsK;d teuf tcsK@d aom txif
&Sm; qH;k emrnfrsm;rSm em*awmifwef; qGr&f ma'oY wmefcv k f (Tangkhul) [lI‚if;/
yvuf0e,fwiG f clrD (Khumi) [lI‚if;/ yvuf0e,fEiS hf &cdik w f ikd ;f tcsK@d a'owGif jrL
(0g) r&dk (Mro) [lI‚if;/ [m;cg;/ zvrf;ESihf rwlyeD ,frsm;wGif vdik rf D (Laimi) [lI‚if;/
wD;wdeef ,f/ [m;cg;e,f/ rwlyeD ,f/ a,me,ftcsK@d wiG f Zdk (0g) Zdrk D (Zo or Zomi)
[lI‚if;/ zvrf;e,f[mG vfikd (Hualngo) a'owGif rDZkd (Mizo) [lI‚if;/ xD;vif;/
*ef@a*g/ a,me,frsm;wGif a,m (Yaw or Yoa) [lI‚if;/ &cdik jf ynfe,f/ rauG;wdik ;f /
rE aW v;wdik ;f / {&m0wDwikd ;f rsm;wGif &_d (0g) t&_d (0g) tZdk (Sho or Asho or Azo)
[lI‚if;/ rif;wyfe,fwiG f csKd (Cho) [lI‚if;/ &cdik jf ynfe,ftcsK@d a'owGif ausmf (0g)
acsmf (Kyaw or Chaw) [lI‚if; trsK;d rsK;d rSnahf c:=uygonf? ,if;tac:ta0:rsm;
tm;vH;k onf vlrsK;d wrsK;d udo k m trnftrsK;d rsK;d jzifh ac: jcif;jzpfygonf?
Tod@k v#if emrnftrsK;d rsK;d &Srd a_ =umifh 1896 ck csi;f awmifrsm; pnf;rsO;f Oya'
(The Chin Hills Regulations 1896) ESihf 1948 ck csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tufOya'rsm;
wGif csi;f qdak ompum;&yfwiG f vl&id_ ;f / ulu/D em* ponfrsm;yg0ifonf ponfjzifh
az: jy cJyh gonf?
ordkif;tusOf;csKyf
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI a&;om;azmfjycsurf sm;ukd at'D 750 avmuf

jrefrmjynfausmufpmrsm;wGif awG@&cdS &hJ ygonf? jrefrmvlrsK;d rsm;ESihf csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;
yxrOD;qH;k awG@&adS omae&monf csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f wGif aexdik cf ahJ om csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;
jzpfygonf? csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f wGif ,if;od@k csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; aexdik cf &hJ jcif;udyk if tpGjJ yKI
,if;jrpfudk “csif;wGif;jrpf” [lIoHk;pGJ ac:a0:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k a&;om;az: jy=u
a=umif; awG@&&dS ygonf?
od@k aomf &Sr;f ESihf jrefrmrsm; ppfjzpfvmaomtcsed w f iG f ESpb
f ufpvH;k wd@k u ,if;
jrpf0Srf;udk ul;vl;jzwfausmfaoma'otjzpf toHk;jyKcJhr_a=umifh csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf;wGif
+idrf0yfydjym;r_ysufjym;+yD; ,if;a'orS csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf jrefrmjynftESHŒodk@
xGufcGmI rdrdwdk@aqGrsKd;nmwd&Sd&m awmifay:odk@wufoGm;ol wufoGm;=uonf[k
a&;om; az: jycsurf sm;udv k nf; awG@&&dS ygonf?
214
od@k aomf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf at'D 1&00 cef@txd rH&k mG txdom tm%m

jyef@E@HS +yD; useaf om csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f rsm;rSm csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;u tkycf sKyfa=umif; a&;om;
az: jycsurf sm;udv k nf; awG@&&dS ygonf? ,ae@ txufcsi;f wGi;f a,me,fwiG f aexdik f
=uaom csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;ESifh a&mpyfaexdkif=u&mrS
jrefrmbmom "avhx;kH pH ponfrsm;udk ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmvufcx H m;+yD; jrefrmvlrsK;d uJh
od@k aexdik af om csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;om jzpf=ua=umif;udv k nf; a&;om;az: jycsurf sm;
ajrmufrsm;pGm awG@&&dS ygonf?
,cktcg jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; csif;trsKd;om;rsm; jyef@ESHpGmaexdkif
aoma'orsm;rSm em*awmifwef;rS armfwifpeG ;f txdjzpfaom {&m0wDjrpftaemuf
buf wav#mufjzpf+yD; csi;f 0daoowdik ;f / ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f / Oyrm- em*awmifwef; (0g)
cE ;DW c&dik /f armfvu kd cf &dik rf sm;/ rauG;wdik ;f / Oyrm- rif;bl;c&dik /f yckuLU c&dik /f o&ufc&dik /f
ponfrsm; &cdik w f ikd ;f / rE aW v;wdik ;f / Oyrm- ysO;f rem;/ v,fa0;/ &rnf;oif;/ jrif;+cH
paom+rdK@e,frsm;/ yJc;l wdik ;f / Oyrm- jynf/ ayguaf cgi;f / yef;awmif;/ awmifi/l jzL; paom
+rdK@e,frsm;/ {&m0wDwdkif;/ Oyrm- t*Fyl/ [oFmw/ }uHcif; paom+rdK@e,frsm;ESifh
&efukefwdkif;/ Oyrm- tif;pdef ponfhe,frsm;Y csif;trsKd;om;rsm; usJjyef@aexdkif
vsuf&Sdaeygonf? ,if;odk@v#if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; aexdkifaom csif;
trsK;d om;rsm;. vlO;D a&rSm 7 ode;f xuf renf;Edik af =umif; cef@reS ;f &ygonf?
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf tdref ;D csi;f jzpfaom vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk onf [dELN bmom/
rlpvifbmomESihf Ak'b < mom ponfrsm;udk acwftqufqufrS ud;k uG,cf =hJ uaomf
vnf; rdrw d @kd csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;rSm &d;k &mewfbmomudk ud;k uG,&f mY acwftqufquf
udk;uG,f cJh=u&ygonf? ,if;odk@ ewfbmomudk;uG,fr_ESifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_bmom
pum;ESifh &dk;&mtkyfcsKyfr_pepfrsm;udk ,if;&dk;&mewfbmomu acwftqufquf
xdef;odrf;ay;cJh&ojzifh csif;trsKd;om;[lI ,ae@xufwdkif vlrsKd;jcm;ESifhrwlatmif
oD;oef@ &yfwnfaexdik Ef ikd cf jhJ cif; ta=umif;w&yfjzpfayonf?
u|Efkyfwdk@ csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf bkd;pOfabmifquf bdk;bGm;rsm;rSpI
vGwfvyfr_udk tvGefjrwfEdk;=uojzifh A[kdcsKyfudkifaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pDrHudef;pepfudk
vufrcH rusio hf ;kH cJ/h a'otkypf t k vku d f rdrwd @kd zmom rdrw
d @kd u,
kd yf ikd f jyXmef;ydik cf iG rhf sm;udk
usio hf ;kH cJ+h yD; ud;k uG,af ombmom/ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pHEiS hf tkycf sKyfa&;pepfY omv#if
wlatmif aqmif&u G cf =hJ u&ygonf?
215
OD;v#eftkyf
rdrw d @kd csi;f trsK;d om;aoG;csi;f / om;csi;f tkypf w k ckEiS w hf ck pd;k ydik t
f m%mvkrr_ sm;
a=umifh wdu k af &;cdu k af &;rsm;aom tcsed t f cg&cdS I hJ ppfa&;ppf&mwGif cHEikd &f nfEiS hf u|r;f
usifr_ &&Sd+yD; jyify&efolrsm; usL;ausmfEdkifcJhr_ r&Sdojzifh +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u
rdrw d @kd ajrod@k a&mufrvmrD u|Eyfk w f @kd . &Snv f sm;aomordik ;f wav#mufwiG f jrefrmvlrsK;d
rsm;ujzpfap tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;ujzpfap csi;f trsK;d om; w&yfv;kH tay: =oZmv$r;f rd;k
tkypf ;kd cJo h nf[k r&Sad =umif; taxmuftxm;ajrmufrsm;pGm &Sad eygonf?
+Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;onf tdE, dN jynfrS at'D 16-17 &mpkrS pwife,fcs@J
vm+yD; jrefrmjynfukd 1885 ckEpS w f iG f odr;f ydu k cf yhJ gonf? od@k aomf csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;rSm
,if;wcsed w f av#muf rdrw d @kd zmomrdrw d @kd u, kd rhf if;ud, k chf si;f ESihf tkycf sKyfvsuyf if &Sad ecJh
ygonf?
+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u tdENd,jynfESifh jrefrmjynfukdodrf;ydkuf&mwGif
csi;f jynf wpdww f a'ojzpfaoma'orsm; tygt0if tdE, dN jynfY‚if;/ jrefrmjynfY‚if;
odr;f ydu k &f mwGif yg0ifcahJ vonf? t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;u ,if;od@k csi;f jynf tpdwf
tydkif;tcsKd@ odrf;ydkufygoGm;jcif;udk csif;trsKd;om;rsm;onf rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfI +Adwdo#
tdENd,jynfESifh +Adwdo#jrefrmjynfe,fpyfrsm;odk@ rdrdwdk@e,fy,frsm; jyefodrf;&ef oGm;
a&muf wdu k cf u kd cf &hJ ygonf? od@k jzpfaoma=umifh t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;rsm;onf tdE, dN
jynfbufrS ppfa=umif;wa=umif;/ jrefrmjynfbufrS ppfa=umif;wa=umif; [lI
ppfa=umif;ESpaf =umif; csum/ csi;f jynfukd 1848 ckEpS f avmufwiG f tdE, dN jynftmoH
jynfe,fbufrpS I vma&mufwu kd cf u
kd +f yD; txufjrefrmjynfukd odr;f ydu k +f yD;/ r=umrD
yif 1889 ck jrefrmjynfbufrSvnf; qufvuf+yD; csif;jynfudkvma&muf 0ifwdkuf
cdkufcJhygonf?
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;onf ,if;od@k +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm; usL;ausm0f ifa&muf
vm&jcif;ukd toufay;I tjyif;txef rdrw d @kd e,fy,fEiS v hf rl sK;d udk &J&ifah jymufajrmuf
pGm ckcu H muG,cf ahJ =umif; e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd rf sm;ud, k w f ikd uf a&;om;az: jyrSww f rf;wif
cJha=umif; awG@&SdcJh&ygonf? csif;trsKd;om;u t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; ckcHwdkufcdkufjcif;
jyif;xefro _ nf csi;f / +Adwo d #ppfyYJG +Adwo d # Adv k cf sKyfa*sm0h KSd uf (George White) tm;
cs;D ajr‡mufaom +Adwo d #xyd w f ef;ol&aJ umif;wHqyd f (Victoria Cross) udk axmuf
xm; jcif;tm;jzifh od&EdS ikd yf gonf? ,if;od@k cck rH _ jyif;xefjcif;a=umifh +Adwo d #e,fcsŒJ orm;
rsm;onf rE aW v;eef;awmfukd nwGi;f csi;f odr;f ydu k yf EkH iS hf rodr;f Edik b f J ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm
tcsed , f +l yD; 1892 ckEpS t f wGi;f rS csi;f jynfa'orsm;udk pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfEikd v f mcJyh gonf?
216
t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ orm;rsm;onf csi;f jynfukd ,if;od@k ord ;f ydu k &f mY omreford ;f
ydu
k f tkycf sKyfjcif;r[kwb f J tdE, dN jynfbuf ppfa=umif;rS odr;f ydu k af om csi;f jynfwjcrf;
udk tdENd,jynftpdk;&vufatmufcHxm;+yD; jrefrmjynfppfa=umif;rS odrf;ydkufaom
csi;f jynf wjcrf;udk jrefrmjynf+Adwo d #tpd;k & vufatmufct H jzpf xm;&Scd ahJ vonf?
1937 ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN jynfEiS hf jrefrmjynfukd +Adwo d #e,fcs@J bk&ifcEH pS yf g;.
tkycf sKyfrt _ jzpf ESpjf ynftjzpf cGjJ crf;aomtcg csi;f jynfonfvnf; qufvuf+yD; ESpjf crf;
uGcJ yhJ gonf? 1947 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1948 ckEpS rf sm;wGif tdE, dN jynfEiS hf jrefrmjynfvw G vf yfa&;
&csdefwGifvnf; csif;jynfonf ESpfjcrf;uGJvsuf &SdaecJhygonf? ,cktcg csif;jynfudk
tjynfjynf qdik &f me,ferd w d uf ESpjf crf;cGjJ cm;+yD;jzpfI rnfonft h cgwiG rf S rjyKjyifawmh
aom tajctaeodk@a&mufcJh+yD;oavmufjzpfaeygonf? csif;trsKd;om;wcsKd@onf
“tdE, dN tpd;k &ESihf Armjynftpd;k &wd@k u e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w f @kd . csi;f jynfe,fEpS jf crf; cJjG cif;
udkvkdufvH+yD; tdENd,jrefrme,fpyfwGif r=umrDu (1967) e,fedrdwfrSwfwdkifrsm;
wnfaqmuf&mwGif urBmhtptcsdefrSpI u|efawmfwdk@ aexdkif&mydkifqdkifcJhonfh
e,fajrudk csif;trsKd;om;rsm;. qENcH,ljcif;vnf; wpHkw&mr&SdcJhbJ ukvm;ESifh
Armrsm;u rnfonfeh nf;vrf;jzifh cGjJ cm;owfrw S cf iG hf &So
d avm” [kajym=uygonf?
t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J orm;rsm;u 1892 ckEpS w f iG f csi;f jynfuo kd rd ;f ydu
k +f yD;jzpfaomf
vnf; jynfov l x
l t k csK@d onf e,fcs@J t*Fvyd rf sm;tm; 1904 ckEpS rf S 1918 ckEpS t f xd
jyefvnf awmfveS yf ek u f efcyhJ gonf?
1942 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1944 ckEpS rf sm;wGif *syefzufqpfrsm; csi;f jynfuv kd ma&muf
odr;f ydu k cf sed Yf vnf; *syefrsm;. =urf;=uKwfrr_ S csi;f jynfov l xl t k m; ckcEH ikd &f eftwGuf
Chin Defence Army twdak umufjzifh C.D.A csi;f trsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfukd
zG@J pnf;+yD; e,fcs@J usL;ausmrf _ umuG,af &;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygonf?
Tod@k v#if jrefrmjynfEiS hf tjcm;a'orsm;wGiv f nf; t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ qef@usif
a&; *syefzufqpf qef@usiaf &;ponfrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJrh a_ =umifh ,ae@ jynfaxmifpjk ref
rmEdik if t H wGi;f yg0ifaom vlrsK;d aygi;f pH. k awmfveS rf u _ kd rcHEikd af wmhaom e,fcs@J t*Fvyd f
rsm;onf ,if;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @kd tm; vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef pOf;pm;vmcJ&h jcif; jzpfygonf?
'kw, d urBmppf+yD; tdE, dN jynfEiS hf jrefrmjynfonf ,if;od@k vGwv f yfa&;&rnfh
tcsed w f iG f jrefrmjynfukd oGwo f iG ;f jcif;cHc&hJ aom csi;f jynfwjcrf;onf ,if;Edik if rH sm;&Sd
tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;uJo h @kd jrefrmjynfrESihf yl;aygi;f a&; (od@k ) oD;jcm;aea&;
udk rdrw d @kd zmomrdrw d @kd qH;k jzwfyikd cf iG &hf adS =umif; atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfwiG f az: jy
yg&SdcJhygonf?
217
OD;v#eftkyf
od@k aomfvnf; apmapmydik ;f u wifjycJo h nft h wdik ;f csi;f trsK;d om;rsm;onf

rdrwd @kd Edik if aH &;tajrmftjrif r&ifo h ef@rE_ iS hf t*Fvyd ef ,fcsŒJ rsm; ppfyEJG ikd I f tiftm;}uD;r_
azmfxw k af eonfh tcsed jf zpfI vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk yl;aygi;f I tusK;d wlcpH m;&rnfh jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;&efpmcsKyfukd yifvw kH iG f csKyfqckd rhJ a_ =umifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; ygvmcJjh cif;jzpfygonf?
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if [ H I l 1948 ckEpS w f iG af y:vmcJah omfvnf; aomif;use;f
olajrmufrsm;pGmu +cdr;f ajcmufyek u f efI +ydKuG&J ef vufwvH;k omvkad wmhonfh tajc
tae txda&muf&SdcJha=umif; od&Sd&ygonf? &efukef+rdK@Yom jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
tkycf sKyfr_ &Sad e+yD; &efuek +f rdK@uo kd rd ;f ydu k vf #if jynfaxmifpt k pd;k & +ydKvJawmhrnfh tajc
tae jzpfcahJ yonf?
Tr#avmuf tE W&m,frsm;aom tajctaeqdkufa&mufvmcsdefwGif jynf
axmifpk ppfwyftcsK@d onf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &udk t,Ht k =unfr&Sd jzpfvm+yD; wyf&if;
tvku d f jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &bufo@kd jr‡m;OD;vSnv hf mcJ=h uygonf? csi;f trsK;d om; wyf&if;
rsm;wGif ,if;od@k tiftm;rJah eaom jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tay:wGif opPmazgurf _ rsm;r&Sb d J
jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwjf zifh wm0efoo d o d pPm&S&d jdS zifh &eforl sm;udk wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f cJ=h u
ayonf?
csi;f trsK;d om;rsm; taejzifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t H wGi;f wajrxJae wa&
xJ aomufae=uaom tjcm;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHEk iS hf at;twlyt l r#aevd=k uayonf? jy\em
ay:aygucf v hJ #ivf nf; +idr;f csr;f pGmajz&Si;f vdak omqEN&=dS uayonf? jynfaxmifpk tcsi;f
csi;f jrefrm/ &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f ponfjzifh aoG;cGaJ &;udk vH;k 0rvdv k m;ay?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d aygi;f pHk wef;wl
nDww l ;kd wuf zG@H +zdK;Edik af p&ef A[kt d pd;k &rS wdu k &f u kd t f yk cf sKyf udik wf ,G af om rl r[kwb f J
jynfe,ftvdkuf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;omv#if om,m0ajym
aomavmuod@k csw D uf&mvrf;a=umif; jzpfayonf? jynfaxmifp}k uD; tkycf sKyfyu kH kd
Over Centralization pepfrS Decentralization pepfo@kd ajymif;vJro S mv#if jynfaxmif
pk}uD; ,ae@}uHKawG@aeaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f Edik rf nft h a=umif; tav; teuf
,Hk=unfygonf?
»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»
218
4 ³ 8 zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf vlxq k ENrjJ zifh a&G;aumuf

wifajr‡muf zGJ@pnf;aom tpdk;&r[kwfbJ 1962 ck rwfv (2) &ufae@rS vufeuf
tiftm;jzifh jynfaxmifp. k tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk odr;f ,lcahJ om tpd;k & jzpfayonf?
odk@jzpfaoma=umifh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDuyifv#if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH awmf
vSeaf &;aumifpo D nf toGit f m;jzifh ppfaumifpu D o hJ @kd jzpfaeayonf? Tod@k jzpf&jcif;udk
awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf rvdv k m;acs[I l jrefrmhq&kd , S v
f pfvrf;pOfygwD zG@J pnf;a&;
ta=umif; pmtkyw f iG f az: jya&;om;xm;ygonf?
Tod@k v#if ppfaumifpt D oGi&f adS eaom vufeuftiftm;jzifh Edik if . H tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk odr;f ,lcsKyfuikd af eaom awmfveS af &;aumifpu D jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;
yHkudk wdkuf&dkufa&;qGJjyXmef;ygv#if vlxkqENrygbJ aoewfajymif;0jzifh +cdrf;ajcmuf
owif;ay;tyf vufcaH paomt&mESiyhf ifwal ernfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh aemiftcg
wGif vufeuftiftm;jyI +cdr;f ajcmufay;tyfaom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'rsKd ;omjzpfI/
vufeuftiftm;jzifh tm%modr;f ydu k jf cif;onf aoG;xGuo f ,H rkd r_ &Sb
d J wdik ;f jynfukd
at;csr;f pGm tkycf sKyfpnf;&H;k &ef apwem&Sad om awmfveS af &;aumifpu D tm%modr;f &m
Y tqifajyr_ &So d ifo h avmuf&o dS nf qdEk ikd af omfvnf; rormaomolrsm;u ,ckuo hJ @kd
aom tm%modr;f r_ukd tpOftvm,lqum twk,t l m%modr;f ygu wdik ;f oljynf
om; tm;vH;k +idr;f csr;f om,mr_uif;rJah om b0od@k a&muf&&dS efom&Syd gonf?
Todk@v#if vufeuftiftm;jzifh tm%modrf;jcif;udk jrefrmEdkifiH. ordkif;
tpOftvmoabmtjzpf aemifvmaemufom;rsm;u oabmxm;+yD; Edik if . H jy\em
udak jz&Si;f &mY tay;t,loabmxm;wwfr_ tavhtxr&bJ vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh
tm%modr;f r_uo kd m tpGt J vrf; &Sv d m=urnf jzpfygonf?
vufeuftiftm;jzifh tm%modrf;r_udkom tpGJtvrf;&Sd&mY vufeuf
tm;ud;k jzifh tm%modr;f olwikd ;f aoG;xGuo f ,
H kd aoa=ur_r&Sb d J tm%modr;f Edik &f ef
tmrcHcsuf vH;k 0r&Sad cs? Tod@k vufeuftiftm;jzifh tm%modr, f cl sKyfuikd ;f jcif;udk
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenfrsK;d cspt f aygi;f wd@k onf vH;k 0rvkv d m;cJah y? xd@k a=umifh
“zufqpfawmfveS af &;/ jynfo@l vw G vf yfa&;” qdak omaºuG;a=umfojH zifh *syefzufqpf
rsm;udk aoG;ESi&hf if;I awmfveS cf o hJ nf r[kwyf gavm?
219
OD;v#eftkyf
,ckacwfwiG f vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh rnfonfjh y\emudrk # ajz&Si;f I &awmh

rnf r[kwaf cs? txl;ojzifh Edik if iH ,frsm;taejzifh jynfytE &W m,fukd umuG,Ef ikd pf rG ;f
r&Sd=uay? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpktcsif;csif; cspf=unfr_/ qufqHr_udktm;udk;+yD;
+idr;f csr;f pGmjzifh jy\emudak jz&Si;f &ef }udK;pm;ae=uonf r[kwyf gavm?
u|Efkyfwdk@. jynfwGif;jy\emudk vufeuftm;udk;jzifhajz&Sif;rnf qdkv#if
jynfyrS vufeuftm;udk;I +cdrf;ajcmufr_uvnf; tpOf&Sdaeygonf? jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if o H nf tjynfjynfqikd &f m jy\emrsm;udk +idr;f csr;f pGmajz&Si;f a&;udk vdv k m;
a=umif; txyfxyftcgcg xkwjf yefusio hf ;kH onf r[kwyf gavm? ‚if;enf;wl jynfwiG ;f
jy\emrsm;udv k nf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcsi;f csi;f qufqcH sp=f unfrj_ zifh +idr;f csr;f pGm
rajz&Si;f csiv f #if tjynfjynfqikd &f mjy\emrsm;udk vufeuftm;ud;k jzifh ajz&Si;f jcif;udk
om tm;ay;&ma&muf+yD; ud, k o fh cFsKid ;f udk ud, k w
f ;l aeonfEiS hf yifwal eonf r[kwyf g
avm?
od@k jzpfaoma=umifh ppfaumifpt D oGi&f adS eaom vufeuftiftm;jzifh tm%m
odrf;,l csKyfudkifaeonfh awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk wdu k &f u kd af &;qGrJ nfqykd gu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenf
rsm;pGmwdk@.vrf;pOfudk aoGznf&ma&mufae&Hkomru a&;qGJjyXmef;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHk
usio hf ;kH &mYvnf; wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;udk tmrcHEikd rf nf r[kwaf y? xk@d a=umifh awmfveS af &;
aumifpDonf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk wdkuf&dkufa&;qGJjyXmef;jcif; rjyK&ef
txl;vdt k yfonf[k ,H=k unfygonf?
od@k jzpfI awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;tpDtpOfudk aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf jynfolvlxkqENjzifh a&G;
aumuf wifajr‡mufaom =um;jzwfjynfo@l tpd;k & (od@k ) trsK;d om;tpd;k & (National
Interim Government) udk yxrOD;pGmzG@J pnf;+yD;rS ,if;trsK;d om;tpd;k &. pDpOfrj_ zifh
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJjyifqif=urSomv#if
vufeuftm;jzifh tm%modrf;jcif;udk rwkyEdkifrnfhenf;jzpf+yD; jynfwGif; aoG;pnf;
nD!w G rf _ tpOftquf wnfwchH ikd +f rJEikd af prnf jzpfygonf?
od@k jzpfygI =um;umv tpd;k &zG@J pnf;a&;twGuf awmfveS af &;aumifpo D nf
atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifIpDpOfaqmif&Gufv#if vlrsKd;aygif;pHkvkyfom;jynfolrsm;
twGuf toifjh rwfq;kH aomenf;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtusq;kH aomenf;jzpfrnf[k ,H=k unf
a=umif; wifjytyfygonf?
220
1? 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H awmfveS af &;aumifpD

tm%mrodr;f rD twnfjzpfaevsu&f adS eaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya't& wnf&cdS ahJ om (u) jynfe,frsm; (c)csi;f a&;&m
0ef}uD;XmeESihf tjcm;a&;&m0ef}uD;rsm;udk jyefvnfaz:xkw&f ef?
2? txufygtrSwf (1) yg jynfe,frsm;ESihf a&;&m0ef}uD;rsm;Xmersm;ESihf jrefrm

trsK;d om;rsm; paomtrsK;d om;rsm;xHrS OD;a&nDr#aom ud,
k pf m;vS,t f rwf
rsm;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpD rwufrSD aemufqHk;usifhoHk;vsuf &Sdaeaom
a&G;aumufyJG Oya'ESit
hf nD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufapv$w&f ef?
3? jynfe,frsm;a&;&m0ef}uD;Xmersm;ESifh jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;rS nDr#aom

trwfu, kd pf m;vS,Of ;D a& rnfr#jzpfoifah =umif;udk awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf
(33) OD;yg jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uHay;tzG@J u qH;k jzwf&ef?
4? ,if;odk@a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf ig;vajcmufvxufrenf; }udKwif+yD; vGwf

vyfpGm pnf;a0;a[majymEdkifcGifhESifh a&;om;EdkfifcGifhrsm;udk jynfolvlxktm;
cGifhjyK&ef?
5? txufygtydk'f (2) t& ,if;odk@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom

udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;onf 1947 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGiyf g&adS om Oya'jyKv$waf wmftjzpf Edik if aH wmforRw/
Edik if aH wmf 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf 0ef}uD;tzG@J rsm;udk zG@J &rnf?
6? txufygtyd'k f (5) t& ,if;od@k z@JG pnf;aom Oya'jyKv$waf wmf/ Edik if aH wmf
orRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;tzGJ@odk@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu EdkifiH.
tcsKyftjcmtm%mtm;vHk;udk v$Jtyf&rnf? 1947 ck zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csuOf ya'jyKv$waf wmf/ Edik if aH wmforRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf
0ef}uD;rsm;. tm%m wm0ef0wW&m; tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk =um;jzwf
trsK;d om;tpd;k & tjzpf usio hf ;kH &rnf?
221
OD;v#eftkyf
7? txufygtyd'k f (6)yg=um;jzwftrsK;d om;tpd;k &u-

(1) jrefrmjynfra&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeudk oifhavsmfaomenf;jzifh zGJ@vdkygu
zG@J pnf;I txufygtyd'k f (1-c) yg a&;&m0ef}uD;Xme. tm%mudk
tyfESHxm;&rnf?
(2) 1947 ck zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csuf jynfaxmifpk
tpd;k &. tm%mudk usio hf ;kH &rnf?
(3) jynfe,f/ e,ferdwf pHpk rf;a&;aumfrwDukd oifah vsmaf omenf;jzifh

zGJ@pnf;&rnf?
(4) txufygtydk'f (3) ESifhtnD e,ferdwf pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD wifjy

tpD&ifccH sut f & csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tygt0if ,cifz@JG pnf; tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'wGif jynfru wdu k &f u
kd f tkycf sKyfcahJ om e,fajrrsm;tm;
csi;f jynfe,f (od@k ) csi;f wGi;f jynfe,f/ rGejf ynfe,f/ jrefrmjynfe,fEiS hf
&cdkifjynfe,frsm;tjzpf e,fedrdwfcGJa0 owfrSwf twnfjyK&rnf?
odk@aomf,cif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'yg jynfe,frsm;.
e,ferd w d u
f kd rxdyg;ap&?
(5) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfudk

a&;qGjJ cif; (od@k ) ta[mif;udk jyifqifjcif;udk oifah vsmaf omenf;jzifh
pD&ifaqmif&Guf&rnf?
***************
222
4 ³ 9 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) wifjycsuf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; rSDwif;aexkdif=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

aygi;f pHw k @kd wiG f jrefrmvlrsK;d rStp rdrw d @kd trsK;d om; bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhx;kH pH
rsm;jzifh oD;oef@trsK;d om;rsm; (Distinct Identity as a Separate Unit) tjzpf&yf
wnfru _ kd xm0pOfqufvufxed ;f odr;f wd;k wufapvdak omqENonf jyif;jyae=uygonf?
xd@k a=umifh rdrw d @kd vlrsK;d wd@k . bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhx;kH pHEiS hf xm0pOf oD;oef@
&yfwnfapEdik pf rG ;f aom tmrcHEikd rf nfh Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;wd@k ukd wnfaqmuf
&ef vdv k m;ae=uygonf?
rdrw d @kd . vlrsK;d / bmompum;ESihf ,Ofaus;r "_ avhx;kH pHrsm; oD;oef@&yfwnf
wd;k wufapEdik pf rG ;f aomEdik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;rsm;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f
Edik if w
H cktjzpf &yfwnfro S mv#if taumif;qH;k &&SEd ikd yf gonf? od@k aomf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f rSw D if;aexdik =f uaom vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw k @dk onf u|e;f udik ;f rSD udik ;f u|e;f rSD
oabmjzpfaer_a=umifh jynfy&efoludk wpkw&Hk;wnf; ckcHwdkufxkwf+yD; rdrdwdk@.
oD;oef@&yfwnfr_ toD;oD;udk at;csr;f pGmxde;f odr;f Edik =f uI jynfaxmifp. k tusK;d udk
at;twlyltr# cHpm;&=urnf qdkaomfrljzifh jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aom
jynfaxmifpk rl jzifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u H kd xlaxmif&ef yËdnmOfpmcsKyf csKyfqckd =hJ u
&mrS jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[lI ay:aygufvmcJh+yD; rdrdwdk@. oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f Edik if t H oD;oD; wnfaxmifa&;udk pGe@f y,fc=hJ u&ygonf?
Edik if wH Edik if uH kd zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif&mY A[dt k pd;k & wckwnf;rS Edik if . H tcsKyf
tjcm tm%mtm;vH;k udk wdu k &f ukd cf sKyfuikd &f aom ,lepfx&DpepfEiS hf Edik if w H ckv;kH udk
jynfe,frsm; tjzpfcaJG 0I jynfe,ftoD;oD; ud, k =hf urRmud, k f zefw;D cGi&hf apa&; twGuf
Xmeaygif;rsm;pGmudk rdrdudk,fydkiftm%mjzifh pdwf}udKufaqmif&Guf+yD; jynfaxmifpk
A[dktpdk;&u tcsKd@Xmersm;udkom csKyfudkif&aom zuf'&,fvfrl[lI EdkifiHzGJ@pnf;yHk
ESpef nf;wd@k onf urBmwGif toH;k rsm;cJah =umif; od&&dS ygonf?
,lepfx&D zG@J pnf;yHpk epfonf vlrsK;d / bmom/ pum;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ wrsK;d wpm;
wnf;om&Sad omEdik if YH usio hf ;kH r_rsm;aea=umif; od&&dS ygonf? vlrsK;d / bmom/ pum;
ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rsm; rwlaom vlrsK;d aygi;f pHjk zifh zG@J pnf;xm;onfh Edik if w H iG f ,lepfx&D rl
udu k sio hf ;kH ygu vlO;D a&rsm;aomvlrsK;d pkEiS hf vlO;D a&enf;aomvlrsK;d pkw@kd a&m¹yGe;f &mrS
223
OD;v#eftkyf
vlenf;pk vlrsK;d rsm;. bmom pum;/ ,Ofaus;r_rsm; aysmufu, G +f yD; vlO;D a&rsm;aom
vlrsK;d pk }uD;pd;k v$r;f rd;k a&;0g' ay:aygu&f ef tE &W m,f &S=d uygonf? od@k jzpfI vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk
jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f ,lepfx&D rl usio hf ;kH cJjh cif;jzifh jynf
axmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f vlenf;pkvrl sK;d rsm;twGuf rdrt d jrwfwEd;k xm;aom bmom/
pum;/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf vlrsK;d wnfwhH cdik +f rJa&;twGuf tE &W m,fjyKygonf?
xd@k jyif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H nf e,fajrobm0tm;jzifh awmawmifxl
xyfaomEdik if jH zpfojzifh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; tcuftcJajrmufrsm;pGm&S+d yD; A[kt d pd;k &
wzGJ@wnf;xm;&Sdjcif;jzifh wEdkifiHvHk; rEdkifreif; jzpfaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyf
a&;p&+yD; tESpf ESpq f ,ftwGi;f awmvufa'o ajrmufrsm;pGmwd@k wiG f zG@H +zdK; wd;k wufr_
r&Sod avmuf jzpfaecJ&h ygonf?
od@k jzpfI jrefrmEdik if wH ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d aygi;f pHw
k @kd onf rdrw d @kd jrwfE;kd vSaom
xm0pOfo;D oef@&yfwnfEikd af &;ESihf wd;k wufz@HG +zdK;a&;twGuf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H
tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk wjynfv;kH jyef@EŒHS apEdik pf rG ;f aom zuf'&,fvf rl Edik if zH @JG pnf;jcif;rS
ty tjcm;rnfonfh rl pepfr# r&SEd ikd af wmhacs? od@k jzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf zuf'&,fvfrljzifh a&;qGJjyXmef;rSomv#if
vlrsKd;aygif;pHkzGH@+zdK;+yD; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf om,m0ajymonfh jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH jzpfEdkif
rnf[k tcdik t f rm,H=k unfygonf?
Tod@k zuf'&,fvrf jl zifh Edik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;
&mY Oya'jyKXme/ tkycf sKyfa&;XmeESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;wGif jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0if
jynfe,ftrsKd;om;tm;vHk;rS OD;a&nDr#aom udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfESifh tr_xrf;
t&mxrf; yg0ifEikd rf o S mv#if jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d taygi;f wd@k onf
EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk wef;wlnDr#pGm&&SdEdkif=u+yD; jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&; tmrcHcsuf&&Sdrnf[k tav;teuf,Hk=unf
tyfygonf? od@k ro S mv#if &Sr;f wusy/f Arm wusy/f csi;f wusy/f ucsif wusyf pojzifh
r#r#ww jynfaxmifp. k tusK;d pD;yGm;udk pHpm;cHpm;Edik rf nf jzpfayonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' topf
a&;qGjJ yXmef;&onft h cg atmufygjyXmef;csurf sm;udk yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f ap&ef wifjytyf
ygonf?
224
Edik if zH @JG pnf;yHk
1? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHonf jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEdkifiH[k ac:qdk&rnfh

tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f z,f'&ufvjf ynfaxmifpk ppfppf orRwEdik if H jzpfap
&rnf?
2? =um;jzwftrsK;d om;tpd;k & owfrw S t
f wnfjyKcsut f & jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif ucsifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,f/ csif;jynfe,f/
rGejf ynfe,f/ jrefrmjynfe,f/ &cdik jf ynfe,fEiS hf &Sr;f jynfe,f [lI &Sad p&rnf?
3? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H pD&ifyidk cf iG t
hf m%monf -
(1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHumuG,fa&;/
(2) aiGpuULESihf aiG'*F g;xkwv f yk af &;/
(3) pmwdu k Ef iS hf a=u;eef;/
(4) rD;&xm;/ a&a=umif;/ ava=umif;rsm;jzifh qufo, G af &;ESihf o,f,l
ydk@aqmifa&;/
(5) EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/ odk@aomf ukefoG,fa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh tjcm;
Edik if aH &;ESihf ppfa&;r[kwaf om udp&P yfrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;tm; Edik if jH cm;
qufoG,fcGifhjyK&rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifp/k jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f qufo, G af &;/
(7) jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,fopfrsm; vufcaH &;ESihf
(8) jynfe,frsm;u rdrb d momoabmtavsmuf jynfaxmifpk tm%m
tjzpf tyfEHS xm; aom pD&ifyikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;jzpfap&rnf?
4? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H jynfe,ftm;vH;k wd@k . zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk
jynfaxmifpkzGJ@pnf;yHkESifh rqef@usifapbJ orRwEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfjzifh
rdrw
d @kd zmom rdrw
d @kd a&;qGyJ ikd cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
5? jynfe,frsm;. pD&ifyidk cf iG hf tm%mrsm;onftyd'k f (3)ygaz: jyaom jynfaxmif
pk tm%mrsm;rS vGI J useaf om tm%mrsm; tm;vH;k jzpfap&rnf?
225
OD;v#eftkyf
Oya'jyKXme
6? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfcsKyf[lI v$wfawmf

w&yfomv#if &S&d rnf?
7? jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfcsKyfwiG f jynfe,fwckv#if ud,
k pf m;vS,f trwf (30)
OD;xufrenf;aom trwfta&twGuf (OD;a&) udk jynfaxmifpk Edik if o H m;
rsm;u a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf?
8? jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfcsKyfonf (5) ESpof ufwrf; &Sad p&rnf?
9? jynfe,fwikd ;f wGif (National Assembly) trsK;d om;v$waf wmf[k ac:qdk
&rnfh Oya'jyKv$waf wmfrsm; toD;oD;&Sad p&rnf?
10? jynfe,f. Oya'jyKydkifcGifhtm%monf ,if;trsKd;om;v$wfawmfYom
&Sdap&rnf?
tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme
11? jynfaxmifpv k rl sK;d pk v$waf wmfcsKyftrwf trsm;qENjzifh Edik if aH wmf orRwudk

a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnf?
12? Edik if aH wmforRwu 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf vsmxm;aomtrwfrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk
v$waf wmfcsKyfu twnfjyKrSomv#if w&m;0if 0ef}uD;rsm; jzpf&rnf?
13? jynfe,fwikd ;f wGif jynfe,fOuUXu OD;aqmifaom jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm; tzG@J
&Sdap&rnf?
14? trsK;d om;v$waf wmftrwf trsm;qENjzift h qdw k ifoiG ;f jcif; cH& aom olukd
jynfe,fOuUXtjzpf jynfaxmifpo k rRwu cef@tyf&rnf?
15? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpzD @JG pnf;yHu k kd oifah vsm&f menf;jzifh jynfe,fz@JG pnf;
tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' jyXmef;&rnf?
16? jynfaxmifpktpdk;&onf jynfaxmifpkpD&ifydkifcGifh tm%mtjzpf zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfyu kH owfrw S af om udp&P yfrsm;tay: }uD;=uyfuyG u f J tkycf sKyfrt_ m%m
&S+d yD; jynfe,ftpd;k &onf jynfe,fp&D ifyikd cf iG hf tm%mtjzpf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'u owfrw S af om udp&P yfrsm;tay: uGyu f J tkycf sKyfr_ jyK&rnf?
226
17? Edik if aH wmforRwonf jynfaxmifpEk ikd if 0H efxrf;rsm; cef@xm;a&;ESihf ywfoufI

jynfe,fvrl sK;d aygi;f pHrk S tzG@J 0ifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifaomjynfaxmifpk &mxl;0eftzG@J
udk zG@J pnf;+y;D ‚if;wd@k .tvky0f wW&m;ESihf tvkyq f ikd &f m pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk Oya'jzifh
jyXmef;&rnf?
18? jynfaxmifpEk ikd if 0H efxrf;rsm; cef@xm;&mY jynfaxmifpyk x0De,fajrESihf vlrsK;d
aygi;f pHrk S yg0ifapa&;udk tav;xm;&rnf?
19? avESihf a&wyfrsm;zG@J pnf;&mwGif jynfe,fuv kd udk I f jynfe,fvrl sK;d wdik ;f yg0if
xrf;aqmifciG hf jyK&rnf?
20? =unf;wyfwiG f jynfe,fvrl sK;d rsm;tvdu k f tenf;qH;k wyfr[mwckpyD g0ifaom
jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &; =unf;wyfukd zG@J pnf;&rnf?
21? vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG wiG f t&m&Sd t&mcH tm;vH;k . &mxl;wd;k jrifah &;/ csxm;a&;
udk &mxl;0eftzG@J u vufcEH ikd o f nftxd umuG,af &;XmerS tusK;d ta=umif;
ESiw hf uG wifjy&rnf?
22? jynfe,fwikd ;f onf &Jwyfz@JG rsm;ESihf trsK;d om;umuG,af &;wyfrsm;udk zG@J pnf;
EdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf?
23? opfawmESihf opfawmajrrsm;tygt0if o,HZmwypPn;f vkyif ef; t}uD;pm;
ukefxkwfvkyfief;/ t}uD;pm;ESifh ‚if;u&d,mrsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u
ydkifqdkif vkyfudkifwdk;wufap+yD; ‚if;vkyfief;trsKd;tpm; tao;pm;rsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;u rdrw d @kd e,fajrtvku d f oifah vsmaf omenf;jzifh aqmif&u G cf iG hf
&&Sd&rnf?
24? jynfaxmifpt k zG@J 0if jynfe,ftm;vH;k . pD;yGm;a&;wef;wl jzpfapa&;twGuf
jynfaxmifpk b¾maiGukd wef;wlr#wpGm cGaJ 0ay;&rnfh tjyif jynfe,fwikd ;f
rdrw d @kd zmom rdrw d @kd p;D yGm;a&; &yfwnfEikd af &; tajctaeudv k nf; zefw;D ay;
&rnf?
25? jynfe,fwikd ;f onf jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmfcsKyf a&;qGaJ om rl ESihf rqef@usif
apbJ ppfa&;ESihf Edik if aH &;rSty tjcm;udp&P yfrsm;wGif Edik if jH cm;ESihf qufo, G f
pmcsKyfEikd cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
227
OD;v#eftkyf
w&m;pD&ifa&;
26? aemufqHk;t,lcH&Hk;tjzpf EdkifiHawmfw&m;&Hk;csKyfqdkaom w&m;&Hk;udk zGJ@pnf;

&rnf?
27? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'ESihf jynfaxmifpk twGi;f jyXmef;
aom Oya'tm;vHk;. t"dy`g,faumuf,ljcif;onf EdkifiHawmfarmfuGef;
w&m;&H;k csKyf. aumuf,o l nft h wdik ;f t+yD;tjywf jzpfap&rnf?
28? w&m;&Hk;csKyfwGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyftygt0if w&m;ol}uD;rsm; cef@xm;&mY
jynfe,f vlrsK;d wdik ;f rS ,if;w&m;ol}uD;tzG@J wiG f yg0ifEikd af &;udt
k av;xm;+yD;
jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmfcsKyf. oabmwlcsujf zifh orRwu cef@tyf&rnf?
29? w&m;&Hk;csKyfvufatmufcHrsm;tjzpf jynfe,fwkdif;wGif jynfe,farmfuGef;
w&m;v$wfawmf wckpD zGJ@pnf;+yD; ,if;w&m;&Hk;rsm;. w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk
jynfe,ftrsK;d om;v$waf wmf oabmwlcsujf zifh jynfe,fOuUX(od@k ) Edik if aH wmf
orRwu cef@tyf&rnf?
rlvtcGifhta&;rsm;
30? jynfov l x l .
k rlvtcGit hf a&;rsm;onf ,cifz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'
a[mif;. vd&k if;jyXmef;csut f ay:rlwnfIjyKjyifoifv h #if jyKjyifjyXmef;&rnf?
31? rlvtcGit hf a&;epfemqH;k &_;H r_ r&Sad p&efumuG,rf _ (Remedy)rsm; onfvnf;
,cifz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csuf tay: rlwnfI jyKjyifoifh
onfrsm; jyKjyifjyXmef;&rnf?
EdkifiHom;jzpfjcif;
32? jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH wGif Edik if o

H m;wrsK;d wpm;om &Sad p&rnf? qdv k o
kd nfrmS
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHom;wdkif; jynfaxmifpktwGif; vdk&ma'oodk@
vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmajymif;a&$@aexkid f pD;yGm; &SmEdik cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
33? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHom;jzpfr_onf ,cifjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH zGJ@pnf;
tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csuftay:rlwnf+yD; jyKjyifoifhv#if jyKjyif
jyXmef;&rnf?
228
taxGaxG jyXmef;csurf sm;
34? jynfaxmifp&k ;kH oH;k bmomonf jrefrmbmomESihf t*Fvyd b f mom jzpf&rnf?

od@k aomf jynfe,fwikd ;f wGif rdrw d @kd jynfe,ftwGi;f toH;k jyKaom bmom pum;
rsm;udk jynfe,ftpdk;& &Hk;oHk;bmomtjzpfoHk;pGJEdkifcGifh jyK&rnfhtjyif ,if;
jynfe,f bmompum;jzifh Oya'a&;qGcJ iG hf w&m;pD&if =um;emcGihf ponfrsm;udk
cGifhjyK&rnf?
35? ,if; jrefrmbmomESihf t*Fvyd b f mom ESpcf u k kd ausmif;rsm;/ wuUov kd rf sm;
wGif jyXmef;oif,al p&rnf?
36? jynfe,ftvdu k f rdrwd @kd jynfe,fwiG f bmompum;rsm;udk oifah vsmaf omenf;
jzifh rlvwef;/ tv,fwef;ESihf txufwef;rsm;wGif roif rae& jyXmef;&rnf?
37? jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f jynfe,frsm;wGif oH;k aombmompum;rsm;udk wuUov kd f
ESihf aumvdyrf sm;wGif oif,El ikd cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
38? txufwef;ynmqnf;yl;&mjzpfonfh jynfaxmifpw k uUov kd uf kd jynfaxmifpk
v$waf wmfcsKyfu wdu k &f u
kd t
f yk cf sKyfI jynfaxmifpk +rdK@awmfwiG f xm;&S&d rnf?
39? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. +rdK@awmfonf &efukef+rdK@ jzpfap&rnf?
40? jynfaxmifpk v$waf wmfcsKyfonf jynfe,frsm; +rdK@awmfrsm;od@k tvSnfhus
nDvmcH &rnf?
41? jynfaxmifp+k rdK@awmfwiG f aexdik o f rl sm;onf rdrjd ynfe,f Zmwdqo D @kd v$wf
awmfcsKyf trwfrsm; a&G;aumufraJ y;ap&+yD; jynfaxmifpk +rdK@awmftwGi;f
aexdik o f t
l jzpf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&; usio hf ;kH cGihf r&Sad p&?
42? jynfaxmifpt k vHwiG f jynfe,f&o dS avmuf =u,fw;kd csŒJ +yD; A[d&k dS =u,ft}uD;
onf jynfaxmifpk tjzpf wnf&adS p&rnf?
43? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH jynfe,fwdkif; rdrdwdk@. oD;jcm;jynfe,ftvHESifh
wHqyd rf sm; oH;k pGcJ iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
44? TzG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a&;qGjJ yifqif&ef wifjycsuo f abmrl=urf;wGif yg&dS
aom tcsut f vufrsm;tjyif Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;wGif jynfe,f
vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f . tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,Ef ikd &f ef tmrcHcsu&f adS om jyXmef;csuf
rsm; yg0ifz@JG pnf;I zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udk jznfph u G jf ynfph akH p&rnf?
229
OD;v#eftkyf
rSwfcsuf? TzGJ@pnf;yHkrl=urf;wGif wifjyrxm;ao;aom [muGuftm;vHk;udk

zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJonfhtcg vdktyfovdk jznfhpGuf
Ijyefvnf wifjyrnf jzpfygonf?
***************
230
aemufqufwJG
1331 ck e,kev
f qef; (5)&uf
1969 ck arv (20)&ufae@
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; oef;pdef
qufo, G af &; t&m&Sd
jynfwiG ;f nD!w G af &; t}uHay;tzG@J
trSwf (16)0if'gr, D mvrf; &efuek +f rdK@
ta=umif;t&m? csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf em*awmifwef;c&dik u f kd yl;aygi;f owfrw

S f
tkycf sKyf&efEiS hf cE ;DW csi;f [kac:ay;&ef udp?P
(1) 1946 ck E S p f cE W D ; csif ; c&d k i f t*F v d y f t a&;yd k i f r if ; rpP w mr*~ e uf o nf

(FORGETRIS) ac:[deu f uG &f mG wGif awmifwef;a'o&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf wdu k ef ,fo}l uD;
rsm; apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;udk ac:,l+yD;v#if r=umrDESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
&awmhrnf tu,fI vGwv f yfa&;&v#if cE ;DW c&dik &f dS jynfov l x l o k nf jynfr tkycf sKyfa&;
wGif yg0ifrnfvm; (od@k ) csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tkycf sKyfa&;xJwiG f yg0ifrnfenf; [kar;jref;
cJhygonf?
xdt k cgawmifay:vl}uD;rsm;u rdrw d @kd onf rd&;kd zvmtm;jzif‚h if;/ "avhx;kH wrf;
pOfvm tm;jzifh‚if;/ rsKd;&dk;tm;jzifh‚if;/ tdENd, em*csif;rsm;ESifh rsKd;EG,fwljzpf=uI
tdE, dN jynfe,fbufo@kd yg0if&ef uef@uu G o
f rl &Sd axmufct H qdo k iG ;f jcif; jyK=uygonf?
xdupd EP iS hf ywfoufI rpPwmr*~eufu cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik o f nf jrefrmjynfe,fpyfjzpf
I‚if; jrefrmjynf. tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif owfrSwfxm;aom ajryHkt& tdENd, jynfe,f
tkycf sKyfa&; xJwiG f yg0if&efv;kH 0rjzpfEikd af wmhI jrefrmEkid if t H yk cf sKyfa&;wGif yg0ifa&;udpP
ompOf;pm;&efEiS hf cE ;DW c&dik tf m; jynfrtkycf sKyfa&; (od@k ) csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tkycf sKyfa&;
xJwiG yf g0ifEikd af &;om pOf;pm;Edik o f nf[k rpPwmr*~eufu ajym=um;oGm;ygonf?
231
OD;v#eftkyf
xdo
k @kd jynfrESihf csi;f 0daoowdik ;f tkycf sKyfa&;wGif rnfonfb h ufuv kd v
kd m;ol
ESihf rvdv
k m;olrsm;udk rJcI JG aus;&Gmwdu k ef ,fo}l uD;rsm;ESihf apmfbmG ;}uD;rsm; tygt0if
rJc=JG u&m csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf yl;aygi;f tkycf sKyf&ef uef@uuG o f rl &Sd oabmwl qH;k jzwf
cJh=uygonf?
(2) 1947 ck azaz:0g&v D (12) &uf yifvu kH eG zf &ifw h iG f cE ;DW c&dik rf S OD;&myGe;f acgi;f
aqmifaom cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik f ud, k pf m;vS,v f nf; (6) OD;a&G;cs,I f oGm;a&muf=uonfh
teuf xkyd ifvu kH eG zf &ifwh iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u “cifAsm;wd@k cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik o f nf
csif;0daoowdkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0ifrnfvm; (odk@) jynfrtkyfcsKyfa&;Y yg0ifrnf
vm;”[k ar;cJyh gonf? xdt k cg ud, k pf m;vS,f (6) OD;teuf (4) OD;u csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf
yl;aygif;&efvdkvm;a=umif; wifjyI usef (2) OD;url jynfrtkyfcsKyfa&;wGif yg0if&ef
wifjy=uygonf?
xd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u u|Eykf w f @kd jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&; a=unm&ef
&ufvydik ;f om vdak wmhonf? jynfrESihf awmifwef;a'orsm;onf nD&if;tpfukd uJo h @kd
cspfcspfcifcif&if;ESD;pGmjzifh jrefrmvGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vmonfhtavsmuf
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; atmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufoGm;&rnfhta=umif; vGwfvyfa&;
a=unm+yD;aemuf cE ;DW em*c&dik t f m; csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf yl;aygi;f vdv k #if em*csi;f vlx. k
qENuakd vhvm+yD; owfrw S af y;ygrnf[k *wday;cJyh gonf?od@k &mwGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;
onf OD;apmvufcsujf zifh vGwv f yfa&; ra=unm&ao;cif usq;kH oGm;cJ&h onf? od@k t
wGuf u|Eyfk w f @kd awmifwef;a'orsm;onf a=uuG0J rf;enf;cJ=h u&ygonf? ,if;od@k usq;kH
oGm;+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekacgi;f aqmifI vGwv f yfa&;a=unm+yD; wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyf
cJah omfvnf; Adv k cf sKyfraocif uwday;oGm;cJah om cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik Ef iS hf csi;f 0d aoowdik ;f
yl;aygi;f tkycf sKyfa&;udk ta&;,laqmif &Guaf y;jcif;r&Sad wmhbJ cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik t f m;
ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f tjzpf owfrw S I f jynfr tkycf sKyfa&;wGif yg0ifapcJyh gonf?
(3) 1947 ckEpS f ta&;ydik f rpPwmr*~eufonf em*c&dik rf x S u

G cf mG oGm;+yD;aemuf
rpPwmuJa&mhonf cE WD;ta&;ydkiftjzpf wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifaecsdefwGif ‚if;u
csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf ryl;aygi;f a&;udk cE ;DW csi;f em*c&dik w
f iG f aexdik =f uaom &Sr;f trsK;d om;
Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH wduk zf sucf o
hJ nfomru awmifay:&Sd
aus;&Gm wdkufe,fol}uD;rsm;udkvnf; ‚if;trdef@udkvdkufemolrsm;qdkygu awmif,m
232
v,f,m/ ,mcif;rsm;wGif wd&p>mefab;&efukd umuG,&f ef vufeufrsm;ay;I rJq, G f

jcif;/ ‚if;trde@f ukd vdu k ef mjcif;r&So d rl sm;tm; ol}uD;&mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif;/ vufeufrsm;
udk odr;f qnf;jcif;paom csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf yl;aygi;f vdv k m;olrsm;udk trsK;d rsK;d ESrd Ef iS ;f
cHc&hJ onfu‚kd if;/ 1947 ck azaz:0g&v D (12) &uf yifvu kH eG zf &ifwh iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ESihf oGm;awG@pOfuvnf; csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf ryl;aygi;f bJ jynfrESihf yl;aygi;f a&;tqdu k kd
wifoGif;&ef rpPwmuJa&mhu yifvHkuGefz&ifhodk@ oGm;a&mufol udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufra_ =umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf oGm;awG@onft h cg ud, k pf m;vS,f
(6) OD;teuf (2) OD;u csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESio hf m yl;aygi;f a&; tqdu k kd uef@uu G cf yhJ gonf?
xd@k a=umifh 1946 ckEpS f [deu f u G f (HeikWet) wGif ta&;ydik rf if; rpPwmr*~euf
. uGezf &ifu h si;f ypOfu awmifwef;a'o aus;&Gm wdu k ef ,fo}l uD;rsm;ESihf apmfbmG ;}uD;
rsm;u csif;0daoowdkif;ESifh yl;aygif;a&;tqdkudk oabmwlqHk;jzwfcsufudk‚if;/ 1948
ckEpS f awmifwef;a'oud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&aom ygvrD eftrwf OD;&myGe;f
tm; 1947 ckEpS f qH;k jzwfcsut f & csi;f 0daoowdik ;f ESihf yl;aygi;f a&;udpu P kd qufvuf
aqmif&GufoGm;&ef cE WD;c&dkifvlxkrsm;u tm%mESifhwm0efrsm; ay;tyfjcif;udk‚if;/
rpPwmuJa&mhonf &Srf;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I csif;0daoowdkif;ESifh
ryl;aygi;f a&;udpw P @kd ukd trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH wduk zf sucf jhJ cif;udpEP iS hf ywfoufI avhvmjcif;tm;
jzifh rpPwmuJa&mhonf cE ;DW &Sr;f apmfbmG ;}uD;. nDrESihf tdraf xmifjyKvdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh
u|Eykf w f @kd wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsK;d a&;tusK;d udk r=unfb h J ‚if;. ud, k af &;ud, k w f m twGuf
em*c&dkif&Sd (&Srf;) trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I rw&m;ojzifh vkyf}uHr_
omjzpfonf [k jynfov l x l u k ,ae@x, d =kH unfvsuf &Sad e =uygonf?
(4) 1948-49 ckESpftxdaqmif&Guf+yD; E_wfxGufoGm;onfh cE WD;csif;em*c&dkif

ygvrD eftrwf OD;&myGe;f vufxufupI 1960 ckEpS t f xd zqyv 10ESpf 10rd;k acwf
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfcJhaomfvnf; em*awmifwef;c&dkifwGif
ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD r&Scd ahJ y? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf ta&;ydik Ef iS hf &Sr;f Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;.
zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;tzd@k tvl;tvJomcHc&hJ ygonf? xd@k a=umihf
awmifwef;a'orsm;onf uGejf rLepf0g'udk vH;k 0rvdv k m;=uolrsm; jzpf=uonft h jyif
bmoma&;tm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmom0if 65µ E_ef;/ ewfudk;uG,fol 24µ E_ef;/
Ak'b < momud;k uG,o f l 15µ E_e;f toD;oD;&S=d uI tdE,
dN jynfe,fEiS hf qufpyf v#u&f +dS yD;
ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pDukd oabmayguef m;vnf=uygonf? od@k &mwGif zqyv 10 ESpf 10
233
OD;v#eftkyf
rd;k acwfwiG f jynfrEdik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif olw@kd tm; wpwp t,H=k unf enf;yg;vmcJ=h u
ygonf? od@k jzpf&m jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;aemuf em*awmifwef;c&kid f tkycf sKyfa&;
t&m&Srd sm;onf em*c&dik rf S &Sr;f trsK;d om;t&m&Srd sm;om jzpfvm=uygonf? xk@d a=umifh
em*c&dik . f tkycf sKyfrw _ iG f Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u aumif;pGm avhvmoH;k oyfjcif; r&Srd a_ =umifh
awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif zdEydS rf u _ okd mcHc&hJ ygonf? xk@d a=umifh 1947 ckEpS f em*c&dik f
ta&;ydkif rpPwmr*~eufESifh uGefz&ifhwGif awmifwef;om;rsm;u qHk;jzwfcJhonfhrlukd
qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if&m 1954 ckEpS rf S 1957 ckEpS f xyfrH v_y&f mS ; vmcJjh yefygonf? em*c&dik f
Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif (4) OD;onf &efuek o f @kd apv$w+f yD; csi;f a&;&m0ef}uD; OD;Zm&Jv#EH iS hf
awG@qHkaqG;aEG; cJh=uygonf? xkd@jyif EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;EkESifhvnf;awG@cGifhjyK&ef
t}udr}f udrcf iG ahf wmif;aomfvnf; r&cJah y? xd@k a=umifh jynfrtpd;k &onf em*jynfol
rsm;tm; pdw0f ifpm;jcif;r&S[ d k awmifwef;a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;u ,lqvsuf pdw"f gwf
rsm; usqif;oGm;cJ=h u&ygonf?
(5) jynfwiG ;f a&;?
1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@ awmfveS af &;tpd;k &u wdik ;f jynftm%mudk
xde;f odr;f vduk +f yD;aemuf awmifay:a'o&Sd em*csi;f jynfow l @kd EiS hf awmfveS af &;tpd;k &
wd@k tay:wGif txifvrJG mS ;apatmif ajrjyef@a'o&Sd &Sr;f trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;orm; rsm;u
aoG;xdk;r_trsKd;rsKd; zefwD;ay;cJhr_a=umifh 1963 ckESpfrSpI awmifay:a'o&Sd csif;em*
vli,frsm;onf awmcdo k mG ;=uygonf? ,cktcsed f jrefrmjynf&dS csi;f em*vli,frsm;
onf tdE, dN rDZ;kd em*olyek rf sm;ESihf qufo,
G u
f m yDuif;wGif ppfoifwef;rsm;wufa&muf
oif=um;ae=uonf[k =um;od&ygonf?
(6) csi;f em* [laom t"dyg` ,?f
vGecf ahJ omtESpf (30) twGi;f u em*[laomtrnfukd ac:a0: jcif;r&Scd ahJ y?

csi;f ESihf csi;f ykyf [kac:=uygonf? od@k &mwGif xdak wmifwef;a'orsm;onf tdE, dN jynfe,f
bk&ifcHtkyfcsKyfr_ vufatmufwGif&SdpOfu tuôsESifhykqdk;r0wfaom vlrsKd;[laom
t"dyg` ,u f kd aumuf,+l y;D ukvm;pum;jzifh em*[laom t"dyg` ,u f akd umuf,l wnfxiG f
oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf? ,ck cE ;DW em*c&dik u f kd xdt
k csed u
f t*Fvyd t
f pd;k & tkypf ;kd aepOf em*
234
c&dik f [k rac:bJ cE ;DW csi;f c&dik f [k ac:a0:cJ=h uygonf? od@k jzpfum 1944-45 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
csif;0daoowdkif;Y ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf zvrf; (wD;wdef) rif;wyf rsm;wGif
t*Fvdyftpdk;&tvdkr&Sd [laom qef@usifqENjyaepOf0,f ,ckem*c&dkifudk csif;0dao
owdik ;f Y rqufpyf rqufo, G Ef ikd af tmif vlrsK;d wrsK;d tjzpfcjGJ cm;I jzpfomG ; Edik af p&efukd
&nf&, G cf sujf zifh t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u em*[laom ukvm;pum;t"dyg` ,u f kd aumuf,I l
wnfxiG v f u
kd jf cif;om jzpfygonf? ,ck vuf&edS m*c&dik Ef iS hf csi;f 0daoowdik ;f vlrsK;d a&;
tm;jzifh avhvm=unfyh gv#if atmufygtwdik ;f awG@jrif&ygrnf?
awmifykdif;em*
1? acgiq
f ,fxm'ku
d u
l ;D
2? wefceG ;f
3? yg&m
ajrmufydkif;em*
4? yHn k Kd
5? aqmfavmf
6? ua,mf
&? [Jr(DS vf) paom trsK;d tEG,x f wJ iG f t}uD;qH;k trsK;d jzpfI userf sK;d EG,rf sm;rSm
wawmifEiS w hf awmif pum;jcif;rwlaom trsK;d aygi;f (32) rsK;d &S&d m txufygrsK;d EG,f
}uD; (7) rsKd;wdk@. bmompum;udkom toHk;jyK=uygonf? awmifydkif;em*e,fwGif
acgifq,fxm'kduluD; csif;bmompum;onf wD;wdef csif;0daoowkdif;pum;ESifh
rxl;jcm;bJ tenf;i,fom uGjJ ym;vsu&f ydS gonf?
ajrmufydkif;em*e,fwGif ua,mf em*bmompum;ESifh oDcsif;tqdktu
wGifvnf; zvrf; csif;awmifESifh rxl;jcm;bJwlnDvsuf&Sdygonf? ,if;odk@ csif;0dao
owdik ;f wGiv f nf; wawmifEiS w hf awmif pum;jcif;rwlaomfvnf; zvrf; csi;f bmom
pum;udk csi;f 0daoowdik ;f wGif trsm;roH;k rjzpf owfrw S If toH;k jyKouJo h @kd em*awmif
wef;c&dkifwGifvnf; trsm;oHk;aom bmompum;udk a&G;cs,fI txufazmfjyyg
rsK;d EG,}f uD; (7) rsK;d udk owfrwS , f I
l toH;k jyK=uygonf?
tqdyk g jrefrmjynftem*wf ta&;tcif;rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f I em*awmifwef;
a'orsm;wGif em*csi;f vli,frsm;onf tdE, dN em*olyek rf sm;ESihf qufo, G +f yD; w&kwf
jynfo@kd vufeufuikd o f ifwef;rsm; oif,al e=uonfu‚kd if;/ rD;Zd;k em* olyek rf sm;onf
235
OD;v#eftkyf
jrefrmjynfe,fpyf&dS em*csi;f vli,frsm;ESihf ucsijf ynfe,fvil ,frsm;udk aoG;aqmif+yD;

yDuif; jyefppfavhusiahf &;twGuf ac:,ljcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyaf e=uonfukd od&&dS ygonf?
xk@d a=umifh jrefrmjynfwiG ;f a&;&m aemiftem*wfta&;twGuf ydrk &kd y_ af xG;vmEdik b f , G f
&Sad eonf[k xifygonf?
od@k twGuf em*c&dik w f iG f &Sr;f trsK;d om; wode;f ausmEf iS hf awmifay:em* csi;f
vlO;D a& oH;k ode;f ausmw f @kd . wd;k wufz@HG +zKd ;r_ukd a&S@&I
_ ‚if;/ e,fpyfa'ota&;ESihf ynma&;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ use;f rma&;/ Edik if aH &;/ tkycf sKyfa&; paom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
pnf;&Hk;nD!Gwfa&; ta&;tcif;rsm;onf ajz&Sif;Edkif&efrSm csif;0daoowdkif;tkyfcsKyfr_
tjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJI tkycf sKyfay;rSomv#if txufaz: jyyg jy\emta&;tcif;rsm;
udk ajz&Si;f oGm;Edik &f ef tvm;tvmrsm;pGm&Sad =umif; ,H=k unfvsuf &Syd gonf?
od@k jzpfI em*c&dik f [laomtrnfukd yg,zf suI f cE ;DW csi;f c&dik [
f k owfrw
S af y;
yg&ef awmifay:vlxk ud, k pf m;wifjy tpD&ifct H yfygonf?
em*awmifwef;c&dkif
rdwWLudk-
(1) OD;vGeyf rk /f
(2) OD;xyfvi_d ;f (oD&yd scH sD ) jynfwiG ;f nD!w
G af &; t}uaH y;tzG@J 0if odom&ef ay;yd@k ygonf?
***************
236
237
'*kefwm&m. jynfaxmifpkrl
(odk@r[kwf)
atmufcsif;iSufaw;oH
'*kefwm&m
jynfaxmifpkrl
odk@r[kwf
atmufcsif;iSufaw;oH
'*kefwm&m
(u)
wreuf csi;f ausmif;om;rsm; u|eaf wmhx f vH m=uonf? wuUov kd af usmif;
om;rsm;jzpfa=umif; od&onf? olwdk@ csif;r*~Zif;twGuf jzpfonf? olwdk@ESifhtwl
,cifESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom csif;r*~Zif;ta[mif;rsm; ygvmI u|efawmfzwf&ef
vufaqmifay;onf?
u|eaf wmfonf r*~Zif;rsm;udk vSeaf vSm=unfrh o d nf? r*~Zif;wckv;kH . tzH;k
wGif eH&HuyfausmufpDyef;csD[efjzifh atmufcsif;iSufyHk azmfxm;onfudkawG@&onf?
“'g u|efawmfwdk@&J@ oauFwyg” [kausmif;om;wa,mufu &Sif;jyonf?
vlrsKd ;toD;oD;wGif trsKd ;om;oauFwrsm; &Sw d wf=uonf? owd&rdonf? t*Fvyd f
vlrsdK;u jcaoFh/ &k&Sm;vlrsdK;u vif;,kef/ avmvlrsdK;u qif/ jrefrmvlrsdK;u a'gif;/
rGev f rl sKd ;u [oFm/ &Sr;f vlrsKd ;u usm; ponfjzifh vlrsKd ;toD;oD;wGif trsKd ;om;trSwf
tom;rsm; &Sd=uonf?
csif;trsdK;om;rsm;uvnf; atmufcsif;iSufudk olwdk@. trsdK;om; trSwf
tom;tjzpf oabmxm;onfukd awG@&onf? vGwv f yfaom vlrsKd ;rsm; Edik if aH wmf
zJG@pnf;wnfaxmif=uaomtcg rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om; EdkifiHawmfwHqdyfrsm; a&G;aom
tcg trsdK;om;trSwftom;&kyfyHkrsm;udk xnfhoGif;wwf=uonf? trsdK;om;EdkifiH
awmf wckwGif trsdK;om;tvH/ trsdK;om;wHqdyf ponfwdk@&Sdp+rJ jzpfayonf?
u|efawmfu olwdk@tm; csif;vlrsdK;rsm;ta=umif; ar;jref;,if; rsufESmzHk;rS
atmufcsi;f iSuu f av;udk =unfv h u
dk o
f nf? olw@dk pmayESi/hf ,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;rsm;
ajym,if;u csi;f jynfta=umif;a&mufum jynfaxmifp. k t"dym` ,fta=umif;ajym
jzpf=uonf? u|efawmfu u|efawmfem;vnfod&Sdaom jynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
ta=umif;udk ajymjyrdonf?
237
'*kew
f m&m
(c)
jynfaxmifpq k okd nfrmS jynfaxmifrsm; nD!w G pf nf;vH;k pGm pkpnf;xm;jcif;

[k t"dyg` ,&f onf? t*Fvyd b f momjzifu h "Union" / jynfaxmif qdo k nfrmS wdik ;f jynf
odk@r[kwf jynf ponfjzifh a,bk,stm;jzifh ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;=uonf? tac:ta0:
toHk;tE_ef; qdkonfrSm tcsdeftcg tajctaet& ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;=ujcif; jzpfonf?
ta&;}uD;onfrSm t"dy`g,fa0g[m& pum;vHk;.t"dy`m,f/ t"dy`g,fu azmfjyxm;
onft h wdik ;f vufawG@usio hf ;kH &rnf jzpfonf? ,if;od@k vufawG@ usio hf ;kH rSomv#if
t"dy`g,f&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifayonf?
,if;odk@ jynfaxmif/ wdkif;jynf/ jynf [laompum;vHk;rsm;rSm t&yfoHk;
a,bk,s toH;k jzpfonf? twdtus t"dym` ,fowfrw S xf m;jcif; r&Sad y? vGwv f yf
aom jynfvm;/ rvGwv f yfao;aom jynfvm;/ uJjG ym;jcif; r&Sad y? t"dyg` ,af zmfjyr_/
&Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif; r&Sd[kqdkEdkifonf? EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm xGef;um;vmaomacwf
a&mufaomtcg Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHKrsm; &ifo h efvmaomtcg Edik if aH wmf[k ac:a0:
oH;k E_e;f vm=uonf? t*Fvyd b f mom "State" [laom a0:[m&t"dym` ,f,x l m;jcif;
jzpfonf? Edik if aH wmf[o l nfrmS vGwv f yfI tcsKyftjcm tm%mydik rf &_ adS om Edik if [ H k
t"dy`m,f&onf? vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;[lonf EdkifiHawmf &Sd&ayrnf?
rlvu Edik if aH wmfonf jynfov l t
l rsm;. aumif;usKd ;csr;f oma&;/ at;csr;f
om,ma&;twGuf ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf? xdkaemuf pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;t& EdkifiH
awmf. obm0ajymif;vJoGm;onf? ajr&Sifya'o&mZfEdkifiHawmf/ "e&SifEdkifiHawmf
ponfwdk@ jzpfay:vmcJh=uonf? xdktcg ajr&Sifya'o&mZfvlwef;pm;/ t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm; ponfwdk@u EdkifiHawmftm%m&&Sdum jynfolrsm;udk pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkif
onf? qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHawmfwGifum; tvkyform;/ v,form;paom jynfolvl
trsm;u Edik if aH wmftm%m (0g ) Edik if aH &;tm%m &&So d nfjzpfI jynfov l t l rsm;udk
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fp&m ta=umif;r&Sdawmhay? jynfolrsm;u a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufaom
EdkifiHawmf tzJG@tpnf;udk orRwEdkifiHawmf[k ac:=uonf? jynfolrsm;u rJqENjzifh
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tkycf sKyfaom Edik if aH wmfonf orRw
EdkifiHawmfjzpfonf? ,if;wdk@onfum; EdkifiHawmfoabmw&m;jzpfonf?
jynfaxmifpq k okd nfrmS jynfaxmif (trsKd ;om;Edik if aH wmf) rsm; nD!w G pf nf;
vHk;pGm }uD;i,fr[l wef;wltajccHjzifh zJG@pnf;xm;aom pkaygif;EdkifiHawmfpepfjzpf
238
onf? ,if;odk@ u|efawmfem;vnfxm;onf? EdkifiHa&;ynm&yfqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;

zwfum ,if;odk@ em;vnfxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
(*)
u|efawmfonf vGefcJhaom tESpf (30) cef@u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkodk@
tvnfa&mufomG ;cJo h nf? qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpk [lonfrmS twdak umufac:aom
trnfjzpfygonf? emrnftjynfhtpHkrSm qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpforRwEdkifiHawmfrsm;.
jynfaxmifpk [lIjzpfonf?
u|efawmf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkodk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfonfhtcsdefrSm
u|eaf wmfw@kd Edik if v H w
G vf yfa&;a=unm+yD; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf [lIjzpfxeG ;f
+yD;p (5)ESpft=um jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfI pdwf0ifpm;rdonf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd i,fpOf ausmif;om;b0 touf (18)ESpcf ef@uwnf;u qd&k , S v
f pf0g'
oabmw&m; pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&_avhvmcJhonf r[kwfygvm;?
u|eaf wmfonf qdAk , D ufroGm;cifu olw@kd . tajccHz@GJ pnf;yHk Oya'pmtkyf
udk zwfonf? vlrsdK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh [laom qdk&S,fvpfoabmw&m;udk
qdk&S,fvpf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfpepfjzifh &kyfvHk;azmfjcif;w&yf[k pOf;pm;rdonf?
,if;odk@ em;vnfvdkufonf?
armfpudak &mufaomtcg tdr&f iS rf sm;u rnfonfah e&mrsm;od@k vnfywfvkd
ovJ[k ar;=uonf? u|efawmfu qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkxJwGif vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;
(&k&Sm;rSvJGI) ESifh tenf;qHk;aomjynfodk@ =unfh&_vdka=umif; ajymvdkufonf? u|ef
awmfu ,lu&def;ESifh a*smf*sD,mudk a&G;onf? trnftjynfhtpHkrsm;rSm ,lu&def;
qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf orRwEkdifiHawmfESifh a*smf*sD,mqdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf orRwEdkifiH
awmf?
,lu&de;f rSm vlO;D a& (47) oef;&SI d / a*sm*f s,
D mrSm 1 oef;cJ&G o
dS nf? ,lu&de;f
onf ukvor*~wGif EdkifiHwEdkifiHtjzpfygxm;onf? ,if; qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk0if
Edik if rH sm;wGif ol@z@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESio hf l toD;oD;&S=d uonf? ,if; tajccHOya'
t& v$waf wmf/ orRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;tzJ@G / wyfrawmf/ trsKd ;om;wHqyd /f Edik if H
awmftvH ponfjzifh EdkifiHawmf taqmifta,miftm;vHk; toD;oD;&Sd=u&onf?
&k;H oH;k bmompum;rSmvnf; rdrw d @kd bmompum;jzifh rdrw d @kd &=dS u&onf? tajccHOya'
wGifazmfjyxm;onfudk zwf&onf? pmtkyfygtwdkif; rnfr#usifhoHk;onfudkum;
239
'*kew
f m&m
u|efawmfvnfywfaom &ufaygif; (40) cef@ESifh twdtusod&ef vG,frnfrxifyg?

odk@aomf u|efawmfonf wwfEdkifor# tuJcwfcJhygonf?
xdktcg u|efawmfonf udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@. udk,fpm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm
t&ufzefcGuf qkawmif;pum;/ pifjrifhpum;rsm; ajym=um;&onf? ,lu&def;a&muf
aomtcg pum;jyef (2) qifjh zifh ajym&onf? tdr&f iS u f ,lu&de;f bmomjzifh ajym
onf? ,lu&def;pum;jyefu &k&Sm;vkdjyefonf? u|efawmfESifh twlygvmaom &k&Sm;
pum;jyefu u|efawmfwdk@tm; t*Fvdyfbmomodk@ jyefay;onf? rdrdwdk@ trsdK;om;
bmompum;udk oH;k onfo h abm? u|eaf wmfu rdrad jym&rnfph um;udk jrefrmvdak &;
om;xm;+yD; tyd'k v f u
kd f t*Fvyd v f kd jyefay;xm;onf? u|eaf wmfu jrefrmvdak jym+yD;
pum;jyefu &k&Sm;bmomodk@ jyefonf? jynfaxmifpk0if EdkifiHawmfrsm; twGif;wGif
pum;rwlaom vlrsdK;EG,fpk trsm;tjym; &Sdaejyefonf? ,if;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;twGuf
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrl usifhoHk;&jyefonf? ,if; vlrsdK;EG,fpk taetxm;rsm;tvdkuf
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; trsKd ;om;a'orsm; zJ@G pnf;ay;&onf? ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; orRw
EdkifiHawmfrsm;vnf; &Sd=uonf?
,if;od@k onfum; qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifp. k zJ@G pnf;r_ yHo
k ¾mefrsm;jzpfonf?
vlrsdK;rsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhrludk tajccHI rdrdtrsdK;om;taetxm;udk vkdufI
wDxiG f zJ@G pnf;Edik cf iG &hf o dS nf[k ,lqonf? qdAk , D ufypkH t H wdik ;f vdu k pf &mrvd[ k k ,lq
onf? qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;r_yHko¾mefwckudk azmfjyjcif;r#om jzpfonf?
vlrsdK;toD;oD;wGif rdrdwdk@.bmompum;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aexdkif&ma'o
tvdu k f rdrw d @kd EiS hf tusKd ;pD;yGm;uduk n f aD om Edik if aH wmf yHo
k ¾mefukd zefw;D =u&rnf
omjzpfonf?
(C)
u|eaf wmf csi;f awmifukd ra&mufb;l yg? od@k aomf awmifc;kd rsm; a0r_id ;f aom/
awmifZvyfyef;rsm; qifoaom/ pdrf;aom/ jym!dk@aomjynf jzpfrnfxifygonf?
awmawmifxlxyfjrifhrm;ojzifh vlrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;jzifh a&m,Sufaeygvdrfhrnf?
csif;ausmif;om;rsm; vmaomtcg atmufcsif;iSufrsm;ta=umif; ar;
=unfhonf? atmufcsif;iSufonf opPm&Sdjcif;/ nD!Gwfpnf;vHk;jcif;/ at;csrf;jcif;
aw;oHudk oDqdkusL;&ifh ygapownf;?
('*k e f w m&m
m&m)
240
THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT, 1947
PANGLONG AGREEMENT
THEPANGLONGAGREEMENT, 1947
A conference having been held at Panglong, attended by certain Members of the
Executive Council of the Governor of Burma, all Saohpas and representative of the
Shan States, the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills:
The Members of the conference, believing that freedom will be more speedily achieved
by the Shans, the Kachins and the Chins by their immediate co-operation with the
Interim Burmese Government:
1. A Representative of the Hill Peoples, selected by the Governor on the rec-

ommendation of representatives of the Supreme Council of the United Hill
Peoples (SCOUHP), shall be appointed a Counsellor for Frontier Areas shall
be given executive authority by similar means.
2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a Member of the Governor’s

Executive Council, without portfolio, and the subject of Frontier Areas
brought within the purview of the Executive Council by Constitutional Con-
vention as in the case of Defence and External Affairs. The Counsellor for
Frontier Areas shall be given executive authority by similar means.
3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Counsellors represent-

ing races of which he is not a member. While the two Deputy Counsellors
should deal in the first instance with the affairs of their respective areas and
the Counsellor with all the remaining parts of the Frontier Areas, they should
by Constitutional Convention act on the principle of joint responsibility.
4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of the Executive Council,

will be the only representative of the Frontier Areas on the Council, the
Deputy Counsellors shall be entitled to attend meetings of the Council when
subjects pertaining to the Frontier Areas are discussed.
5. Though the Governor’s Executive Council will be augmented as agreed above,

it will not operate in respect of the Frontier Areas in any manner which
would deprive any portion of those Areas of the autonomy which it now
enjoys in internal administration. Full autonomy in internal administration
for the Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.
6. Though the question of demarcating and establishing a separated Kachin

State within a Unified Burma is one which must be relegated for decision by
the Constituent Assembly, it is agreed that such a State is desirable. As a
first step towards this end, the Counsellor for Frontier Areas and the Deputy
241
PANGLONG AGREEMENT
Counsellors shall be consulted in the administration of such areas in the

Myitkyina and the Bhamo Districts as are Part II Scheduled Areas under
the Government of Burma Act of 1935.
7. Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privileges which are
regarded as fundamental in democratic countries.
8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the

financial autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States.
9. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice to the

financial assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Union Hills are entitled
to receive from the revenues of Burma, and the Exeutive Council will examine
with the Frontier Areas Counsellor and Deputy Counsellors the feasibility
of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financial arrangement
similar to those between Burma and the Federated Shan States.
Shan Committee Khchin Committee Burmese Government
(Signed) (Signed) (Signed)

(Hkun Pan Sing) (Sinwa Naw) (Aung San)
Saohpalong of Tawngpeng State Myitkyina
(Signed) (Signed)
(Sao Shwe Thaike) (Zau Rip)
Saohaplong of Yawnghew State Myitkyina
(Signed) (Signed)
(Sao Hom Hpa) (Dinra Tang)
Saohpalong of North Hsenwi State Myitkyina
(Signed) (Signed)
(Sao Num) (Zau La)
Saohpalong of Laihka State Bhamo
(Signed) (Signed)
(Sao Sam Htun) (Zau Lawn)
Saohpalong of Mong Pawn State Bhamo
(Signed) (Signed)
(Sao Htun E) (Labang Grong)
Saohpalong of Hsamonghkam State Bhamo
242
PANGLONG AGREEMENT
Chin Committee
(Signed) (Signed)
(Mg Pyu) (Hlur Hmung)
Representative of Hsahtung Falam
Saohpalong (Hkun Pung)
(Signed) (Signed)
(U Tin E) (Thawng Za Khup)
Tiddim
(Signed) (Signed)
(U Htun Myint) (Kio Mang)
Haka
(Signed)
(Hkun Kya Bu)
(Signed)
(Hkun Saw)
(Signed)
(Sao Yape Hpa)
(Signed)
(Hkun Htee)
***************
243

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