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Endocrine System

Control of Our Bodies Homeostasis

Explain

The Endocrine
System
regulates

Metabolism

Calcium
and glucose
levels

Response
to stress

by means
of the

by means
of the

by means
of the

by means
of the

Testes

Thyroid

Growth

Water
balance

Reproduction

by means
of the

by means
of the

Pituitary

Ovaries

Pancreas

Parathyroids

Adrenals

Explain
What

is the overall function of the


endocrine system?
With what other systems does the
endocrine system interact?

Exocrine or Endocrine
Exocrine

release products
(enzymes) into ducts
Ex)

Sweat, tears, digestive juices

Endocrine

directly to bloodstream;
NO DUCTS
Ex)

Hormones

Endocrine System
Glands

release products to
bloodstream directly
Hormones products deliver
messages to body
Target cells have specific receptors
for specific hormones

Endocrine Glands

Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes
hormones that control the
pituitary gland. In addition, it
makes hormones that are stored
in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the
other endocrine glands.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release
parathyroid hormone, which
regulate the level of calcium
in the blood.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus
releases thymosin, which
stimulates Tcell development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release
epinephrine and nonepinephrine,
which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin,
which is involved in rhythmic
activities, such as daily sleep-wake
cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and
glucagon, which regulate the level of
glucose in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and
progesterone. Estrogen is required for
the development of secondary sex
characteristics and for the development
of eggs. Progesterone prepares the
uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for sperm
production and the development of
male secondary sex characteristics

Pituitary Gland

Master gland

Controls the other


endocrine glands

Growth Hormone (GH)


Too much
gigantism
Too little dwarfism
Antidiuretic (ADH)
Stimulates kidneys to
keep water

Hypothalamus
Part

of brain and attached to pituitary


Controls pituitary secretions

Thyroid

THYROID GLAND
Regulates
Metabolism

and energy balance

Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine
Regulates

body energy usage

Calcitonin
One

hormones that regulates calcium


and phosphate in blood

Questions
What

are the two hormones that the


thyroid secretes?
What is the function of thyroxine?
What is the function of calcitonin?

Parathyroid

Calcium Regulation PARAthyroid Glands


PTH-Parathyroid

hormones
Increases calcium, phosphate, and
magnesium absorption in intestines.
Causes bones to release calcium and
phosphate
Causes removal of calcium and
magnesium from urine by kidneys
Increases the making of Vitamin D in
body

Negative Feedback Mechanism


Our

body uses feedback mechanism


to maintain homeostasis within our
body.
Regulation of calcium is one example
of this process.

Questions
PTH

cause the small intestine to


absorb more calcium, _____ and
_____.
What does PTH cause the bones to
release?
What do the kidneys do because of
PTH?

Adrenal Gland
Releases

hormones to deal with stress

Adrenal Gland Cont.


Cortex

Produces more than


2 dozen steroid
hormones
corticosteriods

Medulla

fight or flight
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine

Glucose Regulation
Two Ways:
1. Eating Regularly
2. Hormone Adjustments

Pancreas: Endocrine and Exocrine


What

did the pancreas do in


digestion?
Secreted Enzymes
Pancreas also secretes hormones
Endocrine glands
- ductless organ that releases
hormones DIRECTLY into the
bloodstream.

Questions
What

do exocrine glands secrete?


What do endocrine glands secrete?

Blood Glucose Level


Pancreatic

Hormones regulate blood


sugar level before and after meals.
Islets; clusters of cells in pancreas
Alphasecrete

glucagon increases

sugar
Beta secrete insulin decreases
sugar

What Happens?
Between

meals
Blood glucose lowPancreas secretes
glucagonLiver changes glycogen to
glucoseglucose sent to target tissues

After

a meal
Blood glucose highPancreas secretes
insulinGlucose goes to the
Liver(Glygogen) and goes to Target tissues

Questions
What

organ regulates glucose in blood?


When we eat our blood glucose level is high
or low?
In between meals our blood glucose level is
high or low?
When our blood glucose is high the pancreas
secretes ___________.
When our blood glucose is low the pancreas
secretes ___________.
What mechanism allows our body to control
the glucose level in our body?

Diabetes
Diabetes
High

sugar levels in blood


Do not produce enough insulin to control
blood sugar
Some take insulin injections to regulate

Reproductive Glands
Production

of gametes
Secretion of sex hormones
Female Ovaries - Estrogen
Males Testes - Testosterone

Application:
Your

table will be assigned a patient.


Using your notes, identify the part of
the endocrine affected.
Fill out the patient worksheet with a
detailed diagnosis.

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