First published in 1978, Reading Greek has become a best selling one-year introductory course in ancient Greek for students and adults. It combines the best of modern and COC IeCn ata cele cee mee eae widely in schools, summer schools and universities across the world, It has also been translated into several ee eee eee See ge eae Cet eee ee ee ee order to encourage students rapidly to develop their reading skills. Generous supports provided with Pt eon) ‘numerous illustrations, students will receive a good introduction to Greek culture, and especially that of Cre Geen Stoo tonne et SO ent ee eaeeec att numerous exercises at different levels, Greek-English and English-Greek vocabularies, a substantial reference Pe cere CAMBRIDGE iTS e Sess ee Pea Cer eee ete e ene ee eaten eee atts wt SoC Cec oe ee ee? Hu Eeretinre) Reading Greek Text and Vocabulary Stn peeReading Greek TEXT AND VOCABULARY Stcoxn enisi0% First published in 1978, Reading Greek has become a vest-seling one-year introduc- tory course in ancient Greek fr students and adulls. lt combines the bes of modem, and traditional language-Leaming techniques and is used widely in schools, summer schools and universities across the world. It has also been wanslated into several foreign languages. This volume contains a narative adapted entirely from ancient authors, including Herodotus, Euripides, Aristophanes and Demosthenes, in order to encourage students rapidly to develop their reading skills. Generous suppor is provided with vocabulary. At the same time, though the texts and numerous illus- trations, students will receive a good introduction to Greek culture, and especially that of Classical Athens. The accompanying Grammar and Execises volume pro- vides full grammatical support together with numerous exercises a different levels, Greek-English and English-Greek vocebularies, @ substantial reference grammar and language sutveys.THE JOINT ASSOCIATION OF CLASSICAL TEACHERS’ GREEK COURSE Reading Greek TEXT AND VOCABULARY SECOND EDITION S§ CAMBRIDGE‘CaMaRIDGE UNIvERSTTY PREss Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madeid, Cape Town, Singapore, Szo Paulo ‘Cambridge University Press ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge C2 8RU, JK Published inthe United States of America by Cambridge Univecsty ress, New York wovaccambridge org Information on this tle: www cambridge org/9780521698511 (© The Join Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Course 1978, 2007 ‘This publication i in copyright, Subject o statutory exception and tthe provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reprodution of any part may ake place without the writen pemission of Cambriage University Fess. First edition published 1978, ‘Twenty-seven eprint 2007 Second edition published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom ac the University Press, Cambridge ‘A catalogue reord jor this publication is available from re British Library ISBN 978.0-521-69851-1 paperbock Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ‘of URLS for extemal oe third-party internet websites referred 10 inthis publication, and does not goarante that any content on such websitesis. or wil remain, sccurate or appropriate, Past One Part Two Part Three Part Fou Part Five Contents Foreword vii Preface to the second edition ix Acknowledgements xii Notes on illustrations xvi Notes io the second edition xxvii Athens at sea ‘Section One A-J: The insurance scam Section Two A-D: The glorious past Section Three A-E: Athens and Sparta Moral decay? Section Four A-D: Lawlessness in Athenian life Section Five A-D, Section Six A-D: ‘Socrates corrupts the young? Section Seven A~H: Socrates and intellectual inguizy Athens through the comic poet’s eyes Section Eight A~C: Aristophanes’ Biyds and visioas of Utopia Section Nine A-I: Aristophanes’ Wasps Section Ten A-E: Aristophanes’ Eysistrava Section Eleven A-C: Aristophanes’ Akharnians ‘Women in Athenian society Sections Twelve to Fourteen: The prosecution of Neaira Section Twelve A-I: Neaira as slave ‘Section Thirteen A-I: Neaira as married women ‘Section Fourteen A-F: Guarding a woman's purity Section Fifteen A-C: Alkestis in Euripides’ play Athenian views of justice Sections Sixteen to Seventeen: Official and private justice Section Sixteen A-H: Official justice: ships, state and individuals Section Seventeen A~E: Private justice: trouble down atthe farm Section Eighteen A-E: How Zeus gave justice to men 2 30 41 2 3 n 89 90. 120 130 138 140 144 161 175 183 190 1 192 204 214Part Six Gods, fate and man Section Nineteen A-F: The story of Adrastos art Seven Homeric hero and heroine Section Twenty A-G: Odysseus and Nausikaa A total Greek-English vocabulary ofall words to be learnt Finding the lexicon form of a verb Convention List of proper names, 25 27 243 246 267 261 268 287 Foreword ‘There is one criterion, and one only, by which acourse for the learners of a lan- ‘guage no longer spoken should be judged: the efficiency and speed with which it brings them to the stage of reading texts in the original language with precision, understanding and enjoyment. The setting-up of the Greek Project by the Joint Association of Classical Teachers was the prociuct of a conviction that it was possible to compose an Ancient Greek course waich would satisfy that criterion substantially better than any course already existing ‘There would have been little point in such a project if the current decline of Greck in schools had clearly reflected a general, growing and irreversible fail- ure on the part of modern society to respond aesthetically and intellectually to Greek culture; but there has been no such failure of response, for the popular~ ity of Greek literature in translation and of courses in Greek art and history has continued to increase. It seemed to the Joint Association that there was a gap waiting for a bridge. Bridges cost money, and when an appeal for £40,000 was launched at the beginning of 1974 by Dr Miciael Ramsey and others it was legitimate to wonder how the cause of Greek would fare in competition with louder claims. But the optimists were justified: by November £63,000 had been ‘contributed, a sum which more than compensated for the effect of inflation after the original costing of the project, and in 1976 an appeal for the money required for a fourth and final year of work brought in more than £15,000. Gratitude is due to hundreds of individuals, to many schools, colleges, institutions and trusts, and in particular to the Leverhulme Trust Fund, the Emest Cook Trust and the Cambridge University Faculty of Classics. It would not have been difficult to compile yet another systematic descriptive ‘grammar of Greek and interleave it with exercises which would test the learner's progress through grammar stage by stage. Nor would it have been difficult to confront the learner with an anthology of Greek literature, translate most of it for him, offer from time to time some grammatical rules-ofsthumb and inspire him ‘with the hope that he would get the hang of the language and eventually pick up the ‘gist’ or the ‘essentials’ of any Greek text. Anyone who learns Greek by the first of those two ways will take a very long. lime to reach the point of reading a genuine Greek text; on the way he will have acquired much more grammatical knowledge than he needs and much less knowledge than he needs of Greek thought and feeling. The technique of compiling a descriptive grammar for reference purposes and the technique ofForeword introducing @ learner to a language are utterly different, as teachers of modern languages know. ‘The notion that one can get the gist of alien texts simply by reading a lot of them with the help of translatiors but without careful linguistic guidance is ‘equally illusory. We can indeed hope to understand much of what is sai to usin a modern language if we ate put iio an environment in wiich we hear ital day; ‘but our progress depends on cur being an ingredient of the situation in which che words are uttered and on the readiness of the native speaker to repeat, simplify, slow down and supplement langusge by signs and gestures. Our relationship to Greek authors is different; i we tackle Platonie argument or tragie dialogue with ‘only ahazy idea of grammar the chances of misunderstanding — not marginal, but total misunderstanding ~ are very bigh. ‘The Project course has been composed and scrutinised by people who care most about what works best and Jo not use ‘raitiona” or ‘modem’ as eom- plimentary or derogatory tems. in the earlier sections the commonest words and constructions preponderate, and the sentences are short; but the sentence- structure has not been anglicised, and the test offequency has not beea so rigor ‘ously applied to the admission of vacabulary and idiom as to bleach all colour out ofthe language. At the start the Greek text is modern composition, though its subject-matter is derived from Greek sources, but the voices of Plato and Aristophanes soon begin tobe heari, and thereafter modern composers are edged outasthe ancient authors, progressively less rewritten to suit the beginag's limi tations, take over. The content ofthe rextis determined as seldom as possible by linguistic tidiness and as often as possible by the need to acquaint the adult and near-adult learner directly wit the characteristic features of Greek culture. Not everyone thnks tha iti right to make up Greek orto adapt original texts. ‘There is nothing, in any language course, that everyone thinks is right. The Project ‘Tearn, the Steering Committee ard the Advisory Panel have been compelled repeatedly to take decisions — sometimes against the judgment of a minority, but never without patient and fienly discussion ~ which wil incur citicism. Critics are asked to refect thatthe combined class-room, lecture-room and ttoral expe ence of Team, Committee and Pana is not only considerable bat also very varied, that successive drafts, naving been tested inthe JACT Summer School and else- ‘wher, in this country and in the United States, have been constantly revised inthe light of what emerged from the testing; and that in language-leaming occasions ‘may arise on which one man’s succilent mca is another man's cold cabbage. The “Team has been from first to last imeginative and resourceful, prompt and cheerfol inresponse to criticism and unfailingly resilient in the face of technical difficulties ‘They have produced a course which they have many good reasons to believe will prove, forthe majority of leamers, 2 staighter and shorter path than any other into Greck literature asthe Greeks themselves knew it. KJ. Dover Preface to the second edition ‘The Joint Association of Classical Teachers’ Greek Course Reading Greek has been written for beginners inthe upper schoo}. t university and in adult educa tion. Is sim is to enable students to cead fifth- and fourth-century Attic Greck, Homer and Herodotus, with some fluency and intelligence in one to two years. Ik consists of a continuous, graded Greek text, adapted from original sources (Contained in Reading Greek (Tex, with vocabelares), couple witha grammar book (Reading Greek (Grammar and Exercises) which runs in phase with the text Method ‘The two books are to be used in conjunction. Stage One (using the Text and running vocabularies) With the help of the teacher and accompanying vocabularies, read and translate the Greek in.the ‘Text up to the point in the Grammar book where grammatical explanations for those sections begin. The text has been writen to encourage beginners (0 read with increasing fluency and confidence. The running vocabularies are 50 ‘written as to enable students to read shead out of class once the main gram- matical principles have been established. It is vital to encourage students to o this. Stage Tivo Ensure thatthe learning vocabularies have been mastered. ‘Stage Three Turn to the running Grammar, which lays out and explains clearly and practically the relevant grammar which should now be leaat Stage Four Do as many of the Exercises as the teacher considers necessary to clarify and reinforce the grammar. When allthis has been done, the student should be able to tackle successfully the Test Exercise as an unseen, ‘Then return to the Text and repeat the process. As the student progresses, adap- tation of the Tex lessens until wholly unadapted Greek is being read, [AL the back of the Grammar is a Reference Grammar which summarises the material in the running Grammar, Language Surveys which review and expand upon the features met in the running Grammar, Vocabularies and vai us indices ‘The use of the Course It's essential that students should be encouraged to read the Texr with as much speed ~ consonant with accurate understanding ~ as possible. The amount ofPreface to the second edition Preface tothe second edition x reading given, its controlled gradient and the very full vocabulary help should all further this end. The Grammar and Exercises contain the detailed linguistic work needed to clinch the grammatical kssons of the Text. ‘The design of the Course makes it ideal for students who can spend only a short time with their teachers each week. Because there is a great deal of cate= fully graded reading, supported by full vocabulary help, such students will find plenty of reading which they can co on their own. Independent learners ‘Students working on their own will be helped through the course by An Independent Study Guide ro Readnig Greek (second edition, 2008). Further help Peter Jones, Lear Ancient Greek ‘Duckworth/Barnes and Noble, 1998) is a very simple selfeach introduction to te basics of ancient Greek which has proved a useful ‘starter course for Reading Greek. ‘The following two inexpensive Oxford paperbacks are highly recommended. James Morwood and John Teylor (eds.), Rocker Orford Classical Greek Dictionary (Oxford 2002). James Morwood, Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek (Oxford 2001), After Reading Greek Reading Greek prepares students to read mainstream fifth- and fourth-century Altic, Homer and Herodotus. ‘The second part of the Course eonsists of three volumes two texts (fully illas- trated) and a vocabulary - again published by Cambridge University Press under the general rubric of ‘The Joint Association of Classical Teachers" Greek Course series, Bach text consists Of 600-920 line selections from major classical authors, with facing-page vocabulary and notes: A World of Heroes (1979): Homer, Herodotus, and Sophocles. The Ineellectual Revolution (1980): Eusipides, Thucydides and Plato. Greek Vocabulary (1980): this slim volume contains all the vocabulary not _glossed on the facing pages ofthe above texts. ‘The success of Reading Greek has generated demand for further texts in the series, all with notes and facing-page vocabularies, and fully illustrated. These 00 ate designed to follow on immediately after Reading Greek: The Triumph of Odysseus (1996): Homer's Odyssey 21-22 (complete) [New Testament Greek: A Reader (2001). A Greek Anthology (2002): extracts from over a thousand years of Greek literatue, The World of Athens (second edition, 2008) Published in 1984 and now completely revised in the light of recent scholarship, by Professor Robin Osborne (King's College Cambridge), The World of Arhens provides an up-to-date fully illustrated and slearly-written introduction to the history culture and society of classical Athens, It deals with all the issues raised in the Text of Reading Greek, Cross-roferences to The World of Athens (second edition) will be found throughout the Tex’. From time to time we also quote extracts from Wo, adjusted to fit the context or with additional relevant matc~ Fial, WoAii's conventions of spelling have been brought into line with RG's in these casts,Acknowledgements to the original edition of Reading Greek (1978) Reading Greek was developed by aProject Team (Dr PV. Jones, Dr K.C. Sidwell and Miss FE. Come) under the guidance of «Steering Committee and Advisory Panel made up as follows: Steering Committee: Professor JP.A. Gould (Bristol Univesity) (Chairman); MLG. Balme (Harrow School); RM. Griffin (Manchester Grammar School); De 7 Killen Goint Treasurer, Jesus College, Cambridge); Sir Desmond Lee (Joint ‘Treasurer, President, Hughes Hell, Cambridge); A.C. Verity (Headmaster, Leeds Grammar School); Miss E.P. Story (Hughes Hall, Cambridge). ‘Advisory Panel: G.L. Cawkwvell University College, Oxford); DrJ. Chadwick (Downing College, Cambridge}; Professor A. Morpurgo Davies (Somerville College, Oxford); Sir Kenneth Dover (President, Corpus Christi College, Oxford), Professor E.W. Handley (University College, London); B.W. Kay (HMD; Dr AH, Sommerstein ‘Nottingham University); Dr B. Sparkes (Gouthampton University), G. Svggitt (Headmaster, Stration School: AF. ‘Turberfelé (HMI). The Committee and Panel met in full session thre times 2 ‘year during the period 1974-8 while the Course was being developed, but also ‘ivided up into sub-committees to give specific help to the Project Team on cer- tain aspects of the Course as follows: Text: K.D.; EW. Grammar: C5 AMD; AHS. (who, with KJ.D., have kindly made indi- vidual contributions to the Reference Grammar and Language Surveys). Exercises: MGB RM.G,, ACEN. Background: GLC; 1PA.G. BS. Dissemination: BWK.; HD PL; EPS ;G. We have also been guided by a number of overseas scholars who have used, or given advice on, the Course, a follows: JA. Barsby (Dunedin, New Zealand); S. Ebbesen (Copenhagen, Denmark); B, Gollan (Queensland, Australia); Professor A.S. Henry (Monash, Australia); Dis D. Sieswerda (Holland); Professor H.A. Thompson (Princeton, U.S.A.) ‘We would lke to stess the immense debt of gratitude which we all owe to the ‘Steering Commitee, Advisory Pane’ and our overseas advisers. But we would also Tike to make it clear that the final decisions about every aspect of the Course and any errors of omission and commission are the sole responsibility of the Tea ‘We gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Professor D. W. Packard (Chapel Hill, N, Carolina, U.S.A.) on che use ofthe computer in analysing and Acknowledgaments ii printing Greok; and of Dr John Dawson of the Cambridge University Literary and Linguistic Computing Laboratory, who mide available tous the resources of the Computer Centre for printing and azalysing draft material inthe early stages of the Project. We have learat a great deal from members of the Team who produced the (Cambridge Latin Course, and are extremely giateful co them for help, especially in the early stages of the Project. If we have preduced a Course which takes & ‘more traditional view of language-learning, our debt to many of the principles and much ofthe practice which the C.L.C. fis: advocated is sill very great. Finally, our best thanks go to all the teachers in schools, universities and adult education centres both in the U.K. and overstas who used and criticised éraft materials, We owe an especial debt of thanks to the organisers of the JA.C-T. Greek Summer Schoo! in Cheltentam, who allowed us to use our material atthe ‘School forthe three years while the Course was being developed. Peter ¥, Jones (Director) Keith C, Sidwell (Second Writer) Frances E. Comic (Research Assistant) The second edition of Reading Greek (2007) The main features ofthe revised course ‘Reading Greek was originally written on the assumption that its users would mow Latin. Tempora mutantur ~ it fas now been revised on the assumption that they do not, and in the light of the experiences of those using the course over neatly thirty years, While the overall stusture of the course and its readi ‘matter remain the same, the most important changes are: Text 1. ‘The running and learning vocabularies are now inthe Tex, on the same pages as the Greek to which they refer. The Texi also has the total Greek-English ‘Leaming Vocabulary at te back, as does the Granimar: 2. ‘There are indications throughout the exr of what grammatical matesial is being introduced and at what point; and there are cross-references tothe sec- tions of The World of Atiens (second edition) relevant to the story-line and issues under discussion. ‘Asa result ofthese changes, the Text can now act as a stand-alone ‘revision reader for anyone who has @ basic grasp of ancient Greek, whatever begin- ners'course they have used, The second hai of he Text in particulary; starting with its carefully adapted extras from the extremely important legal speechAcknowledgements against the woman Neaira and leading on to Plato and an introduction 10 the dialects of Heredorus and Homer, makes an ideat introduction to some superb literature and central social, cultural, historical and philosophical issues relating to the ancient Greek world. 3. Various aspects of the cultural and historical background of the Text are di cussed from time to time in situ 4, The original Section Five has been split into two sections, Five and Six. AS a result there are now twenty sections to the course. Grammar ‘The Grammar has been completely re-writen and re-designed. The aim has been to make its lay-out and conten: more user-friendly: 1. There isan introduction to some basics of English grammar and its terminol- ‘gy, and its relation to ancient Creck. 2. Explanations are clearer and fuller, composed for those who have never leamt ‘an inflected language, and the lay-out more generous on the eye. 3. Brief, usually one-word, Exercizes accompany the explanations of each new item of grammar. Ifthe teacher so chooses, these can be used to provide ‘instant feed-back on the student’ grasp of the new material, 4, Declensions go down, not acress, the page and the ‘shading’ of cases has been abandoned. Acknowledgements ‘The revision was conducted under the aegis of @ sub-committee of the Joint ‘Associaton of Classical Teachers’ Greek Commit, the body tat invented the idea ofthe Project and oversaw it from its inception in 1974. The sub-comumites consisted of Professor David Langslow (University of Manchester, chain), Dr Peter Jones (Course Director), Dr Aradrew Morison (University of Manchest), James Morwood (Wadham College, Oxford) Dr Jatnes Robson (Open University), Dr Jobn Taylor (Tonbridge School, Dr Naoko Yamagata (Open University), Dr James Clackson (esus College, Cambridge) and Adrian Spooner (Management Consultan). ‘The sub-committee met roughly ance a tem for two years and took decisions that affected every aspect of the second edition It concentrated particularly on the Grammar. Sections 1-2 were revised in the first instance by Dr Andrew Momison, Sections 3-9 by Dr James Robson and Sections 10-20 by Dr Peier Jones, while the Language Surveys were revised by Professor David Langslow. ‘Members of the sub-committze rend and commented on virtually everything, Professor Brian Sparkes (University of Southampton) again advised on the iMustrations. We are grateful tothe students and tutors atthe 2006 JACT Greek Summer School in Bryanston for giving a thorough testing to the first half of the revised course in drat form, especially to Anthony Bowen (Jesus College, Cambridge); and to Dr Janet Walson for work on the proos, ‘Cambridge University Press has given its full backing to the revision, Dr Michael Sharp patiently discussed and met with most of our requests, Peter Acknowledgements w Ducker solved the complicated design problems with elegance and ingenuity and Dr Caroline Murray expertly oversaw the computerisation of the text Dr Peter Jones as Dicector caries final responsibility for this second edition Peter Jones ‘Neweastle on Tyne September 2006Notes on illustrations f p.3 0p .3 bottom ps a7 plllept Pell right pels < pig ‘Map showing the route from Byzantium to Athens. View of the Acropolis of Athens from the south-west. On the [eft are the Propvlaia and small Nike temple; over the brow in, the centre isthe Erekhthieion with the Purthenon standing out at, the southern edge. Photo: Alison Franta (AT 71). Courtesy of the American School of Classical Surdies at Athens. Detail of a merchant vessel taken from the same cup depicted ‘on p.7. ‘Attic black-figure cup depicting a merchant vessel on the let and 2 tworlevel warship on the right. The merchant vessel is round and capacious and powered by sils; the warship is sleek and low and propelied by oars or sail. Late sixth century BC. London, British Muscum @ 436). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum, Detail of an Attic ed-fgure Nolan emphora, attributed to che Oionokles Painter, showing Herakles destroying the house of Syleus; he puis his axe 10 a fallen capital, Syleus of Lydia, usually forced pessing strangers to dig his vineyard; Herakles uprooted his vines and/or tore down is house. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. Paris, Louvre (G 210). Phota: RMN. = Hervé Lewandowski. Detail of an Atic black-figure oinokhoe, attributed to the Keyside Class, showing a ship with one man standing on the row and others in the forepart of the ship ~ the subject is, luncertain. That the ship is not coming to land is shown by the raised mast and sail and by the fact that ships were beached stern fist. Late sixth century BC. London, British Muscum (B. 508). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum, Attic red-figure amphors of Panathenaic shape, attributed 10 the Kleophrades Painter, depicting Poseidon with some of the attributes of his realm: a trident and a fish, Poseidon is depicted ‘as a mature man with beard and long heie. Early fifth century BC. © bok, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (F 2164) Jutta Tietz-Glagoa. ‘Attic red-figure reck-amphora, attibuted to the Kleophrades Painter, depicting an rhapsode on a platform, He stands with pe22left p.22right p24 p26 Notes onilustrations xvii his staff held prominently in front of him, and the painter has added words in front of his mouth ~ ‘Once upon a time in Tyrins (sic) ...'~ most likely the beginning of an epie in hexameters. Early fifth century BC, London, British Museum (E 270}, © ‘The Trustees ofthe British Museum, Aut red-figure skyphos, attributed to a follower of Doutis, epicting a Persian seated on a rock, his right hand stretched ‘ut to his large wicker shield. He wears an outfit that is fur nished with trousers and [ong sleeves, and has a soft hat (tiara) ‘on his head. This is one of a number of representations of Persians that seem to have been influenced by the contacts of the early fifth century, Mideffth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensommlung, SMB (VI3156) Interior design of an Attic red-figure cup, attributed to the ‘aiptolemos Painter, depicting a fight between a Greek and a Persian. A contrasts made between the outfit ofthe Greek warrior (bronze helmet, greaves and breastplate) and the Persian trouser- suit Both warriors wield curved swords, butthe Greek has ashield and the Persian a bow and quiver. First quarter ofthe fifth century BC. Edinburgh, National Museums of Scotland (887.213). © ‘The Trustees of the National Museums of Scotland, ‘Carved frieze from the “Treasury” of the Palace at Persepolis, ‘Ona platform in the centre sits Dareios enthroned with Xerxes bochind him. He is giving an audience to a Median official who is making a gesture of respect; in front of him are two ineense bumers. The poles of the now missing baldacchino separate the etmed guards from the central characters, Behind Xerxes stand two high court officials. Much of the architecture and sculpture of the palace at Pessepolis betrays the influence and the hand of Greek craftsmen. Eary fifth century BC. Teheran, Archaeological Museum. Pho copyright The Oriental Institute Museum, Chicago, all rights reserved, Design on an Attic black-igure plate, attributed to Psiax, depicting a trumpeter, hand on hip, trumpet held high, blowing a summons, The trumpeter is dressed in armour, Last quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum (8 590). © The Trustees ofthe British Museu, Map of Athens and Salamis. Interior design of an Attic red-figure cup depicting a warrior Wearing a loin-cloth and greaves and carrying a shield, helmet and spear. The warrior runs tothe right but looks lft is he flee- ing from the fight? The painter, Skythes (‘Skythian’), tends 10 ‘have a humourous view oa life. Last quarter ofthe sinth century BC. Paris, Louvte (CA 1527), Photo: RMN,Notes on illustrations p.38 left p. 38 right p46 p52 lef ps2 right p.S3lef p.S3,righ Map of Athens and the harbours at Periaieus Detail of an Attic 1e-figure einokhoe depicting a young man front ofan altar pouring a libation from a shallow bowl Fist ‘quarter of the fifth century BC. Antikeamuseum Bascl und ‘Sammlung Ludwig, Inv. Ki 423. Photo: Andreas F. Vogelin and Claire Niggli. Bronze figurine of Zeus making ready to hurl his thunderbolt ‘Tae workmanship is most likely Corinthian, Second quarter of the fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (10561)/Christa Begall Detail of Attic black-figure one-handled Kantharos showing a ‘man lying on his bier. The woman (painted white) had the duty of preparing the tody for burial, and the men now come to pay their respeets and (0 join in the lamentation, London, British Museum (1899.7-21.1). © The Trustees of the British Museum. Drawing of the sanctuary of the Twelve Gods in the centre of ‘Athens. Situated rear the northern edge of the Agora, this sanc- twary, consisting of an altar within a fenced area, was a place of refuge and the point {rom which distances to otber parts of Greace were measured. The sanctuary wes founded by the ‘younger Peisisttatos inthe year of his archonship, 522/1 BC. Attic red-figure skyphos, attributed to the Eusion Painter, depicting Theseus in a cloak and traveling hat. He carries two speats. Sins, the pine-bender, is shown on the other side of the skyphos, seated under a tee and holding a club. This is one of ‘Theseus’ adventures on his way from Troizen to Athens. Mid- fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammlung, SMB (F 2580)/Jutta Tetz-Glagow. Detail of an Atticred-figure pelike, attributed toa painter who is 1 bad imitation ofthe Chicago Painter, showing Telephos, king of the Mysians, who has seized the infant Orestes as hostage and has taken re‘uge on an altar as a suppliant. His bandaged left thigh indicates te place of the wound inflicted by Achilles’ spear. Agamemnon (not shown) faces him on the left. Second ‘quarter of the fith century BC. London, British Museum (E 382), © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bronze figurine of a horse, part of a chariot team of four. The harness is partictlarly cleat, showing the bit with curved cheek piece and the collar to which the traces were fastened. Second ‘quarter of the fifth century BC. Olympia, Museum, Photo: DAL ‘Athen (Olympia 1808), ‘Acselection of A‘henian silver coins of various denominations. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum. Reproduced by permission of the Syndics of the Fitawilliam Museum. pst p61 p.64 left p64 right pr p73 p16 lef p.76 right Notes on illustrations xix A clay lamp with lighted wick. This small container for could supply light for 2-3 hours and bum brighter than a candle. Athens, Agora Museum (L 4137). Photo courtesy of the American School of Clasical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations “These two oven-bells were precheated and placed over already prepared dough: they were aso used as fie extinguishers. C. 500 BC (lft) and e. 400 BC (ght). Athens, Agora Museum (P £8862 and P 10133), Photo courtesy of the American Schoo! of Classical Stuies at Athens, Agora Excavations. A pair of model clay travelling boots found in an Early Geomestic cremation grave of a woman. Athens, Agora ‘Museum (P 19429). Photo courtesy ofthe Amesican School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Detail of an Atic red-igure amphora,atsibuted tothe Painter of the Munich Amphora, depicting 2 pair of boots on 2 small footstool under a table; above the table & man relines on a couch. arly fith century BC. Munich, Ancikensammiung (2303), Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchiv. ‘View of Delphi facing sooth-east. The fourth-century version of Apollo's temple lies beyond the theatre inthe foreground. Photo: Alison Frantz (ST 18). Courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Detail of an Atic red-igure voloe-krate, attrbated to the ‘Kleopbon Painter and found st Spina in Italy, depicting a pro- cassia to Apollo at Delphi. Apollo is seated at the right on a throne raised ona platform. Ie setting is a temple represented by four columns ofthe Dorie order. Apollo's atrbutes consist of laurel branch and crown, anda quiver and bow on the wall; the Delphic location is given by the naval stone and tripod in front of the columas. An official waits for the procession to arrive; it is heeded by 2 young gil i fesial robe carrying a sacrificial basher (ancun) on her head, Tied quarter ofthe fifth century BC. Museo Archeoogico Nazionale di Femara (I 57C VP). ‘The pedestal of an Altie marble votive relief showing 2 cob- bile's shop with men an a child at work. Te inscription which starts below this scene indicats that the dedication is by @ cobbler Dionysios and his children to the hero Kallistephnos. ‘The main relief above the pedestlis not preserved. Mid-fourth century BC. Athens, Agora Museum (I 7396). Photo couresy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations, ast Greek (Samian?) rock rystal with an intaglio design of a hhelmet-maker seated on a stocl tapping the crown of the helmetNotes on illustrations. Notes onilustrations xi pst pas ped p88 2.90 p. 103 with a small hammer. tis a popular motif in gem carving. Late sixth century B2. Munich, Staatliche Minzsamralung (36246). Interior design on an Attic red-figure cup depicting & seated ‘man with tablets and stylus, no doubt correcting the exercise ‘of the boy whe stands in front of him. A flute ease hangs on the wall. Early fifth century BC. Antikenmuseum Basel und ‘Sammlung Ludwig, Inv. BS 465. Photo: Andreas F. Vogelin and Claire Nigati. ‘The decorated read of a gold comb from the Solokha barrow near the Lower Dnieper. Above a row of recumbent lions is 2 scene of combat between two soldiers on foot and one on horseback. The arms and armour are a mixture of Greek and Scythian equipment, and like meny objects from Scythian tombs, the comb was likely made by a Greek craftsman living in Panticapacun. Late fifth to early fourth century BC. The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg (Da. 1913.1/1). Detail of a red-figure pelike depicting an Amazon on horse- back; she is in combat most likely with Theseus. She wears trousers, a top with long sleeves, and a soft hat, Her weapon is ‘spear; other depictions also inclnde a lurate shield and a bow ‘and quiver. Amazons were a popular subject in Greek art and are usually dressed in a vaguely astern costume, Syracuse, ‘Museo Archeologico Regionale “Paolo Orsi” (inv. 9317). C, ‘440 BC. Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchiv ‘A terracotta group of two actors taking part in an Athenian ‘comedy of the mid-fourth century BC. They wear short tunics and the stylised masks ofa slave and young (but bearded) man; they are out on «spree. Second quarter of the fourth century BC, © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antikensammung, SMB (8405).Johannes Lavrentius. Detail of an Attic red-figure khous depicting a bearded man in festal robe poirting to « sacrificial basket (Ranoun) held by a second figure. The setting is a smithy, with the furnace at the right and an amv between the two figures. ‘There is more than a touch of caricature about the scene. C. 400 BC. Athens, Agora Museum (P 15210), Photo courtesy of the American Schoo! of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations. Sketeh-plan of athens about 425 BC. Detail of an Attic red-figure pelike, attributed to the Kleophon Painter, depicting a maenad beating a tambourine as she leads the return of Hephaistos. Third quarter of the fifth century BC. ‘Munich, Antikersammlung (2361). Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchi Detail of the interior of an Attic red-igure cup, atributed tothe enthesilea Painter, showing a youth stending before another 105 1g . 105 righ p10 left p. 110 right p. LL left p.lil right who is seated with a lyre. Above their heads i the inscription “The boy is handsome” (kal), 2 popular comment whether in this general form or with a particular name substituted. Second {quarter of the fifth century BC. Hamburg, Museum far Kunst und Gewerbe (1900.164) Interior design of an Attic red-igure cup, altibuted to the Antiphton Painter, depicting she-ass with a wooden-framed pack saddle, The ass, which was the usual pack anreal, has no bt or ‘mouthpiece. C, 480 BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Ans (10.199). James Fund and Museum purchase with funds donated by con- tributors. Photograph © 2006, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. ‘Attic red-figurepelike, attributed to a painter near the Gexingen Painter, depicting Odysseus escaping under a ram. He is in armour and wields a sword; he clings on but the lines across the animal make allusion tothe tying of his comrades. No Cyclops is shown; the story was so well known and distinctive that it could be presented in extract. C. 490-480 BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Ass (61.384). Anonymous gift in memory of Laccy D. Caskey. Photogreph © 2006, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Modem replicas of an Athenian waterclock (klepsydra) used for timing speeches in the lawcourts. A plug inthe bronze tube at the base ofthe bow! was reased atthe start of a speech. The two khis indicate thet the bow! held two kliges (6.4 litres), and the bow! was emptied in six minutes. The name Antiokhides, meaning ‘belonging to the Aatiokhis wibe’, may indicate that this bow was used when the tribe was presiding inthe Couneil chamber Goulewterion). Athens, Agora Museum (P 2084), Photo courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at ‘Athens, Agora Excavations. Interior design of an Attic red-figure cup, attributed to the Foundry Painter, depicting a reveller, with 2 scarf around his head, a cloak over his shoulders and a stick under his armpit, relieving himself into a jog. First quarter of the fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/Antixensammlung, SMB (VT 3198). Interior design of an Attic red-figure cup, attributed to ‘Onesimos, depicting balding man picking his way along with a basket and stick in his left and and a bucket (kados}, most likely of bronze, in his right The garland round his temples proclaims him as arevellr. First quarter ofthe ith century BC. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (95.29). Catharine Page Perkins Fund. Photograph © 2006, Maseum of Fine Ants, Boston, A clay bucket (kados) used for drawing water from the well, as ‘opposed tothe water-jar (hydra) which was used at the fountain, On the shoulder of this bucket the words ‘Iam a Kados’ haveNotes on illustrations Notes on ilustrations xii pla pls pell7 p. 126 p.28 let . 128 right 133 p.136 been scratched itis usual for objects to be given the power of speech in such inseriptions. The word kalos has also been scratched, as though the bucket were calling itself ‘handsome’ Late sixth century BC, Photo: DAL Athen (Kerameikos 7357). The tial of Labes from a modem Greek production of Aristophanes’ Wasps. Courtesy of D. H. Harrisiades and the Nationat Tourism Organisation of Greece. AA selection of ordinary Athenian kitchen equipment: a casse- role on a deep firebox, a barrel cooker and a brazier. Fifth and fourth centuries BC. Athens, Agora Museum (P 2306 on 16521, P 16512 on 16520, P 2362), Photo courtesy of the American School of Class cal Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations Boiotian teracata figurine of a woman grating stuff into a ‘mixing bowl. Early fifth century BC. Boston, Museum of Fine. ‘Ants (01.7783). Museum purchase with funds donated by con- tributors. Photograph © 2006, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Detail of an Attic red-figure skyphos, attributed to the Brygos Painter, depicting a reveler and a courtesan (hetaira). arly fifth century BC, Paris, Louvre (G 156). Photo: RMIN ~Chuzeville. Interior of an Attic red-figute cup, attributed to Onesimos, depicting a balding man a a party inviting a courtesan (hetaira) to disrobe. The man wears shoes and holds his walking stick; a basket anda lye are in the background, Fist quarter of the ff century BC. London, British Muscum (E 44). © The Trustees of the British Museum, Detail of an Aitic red-figure cup, attributed to Makroa, with a reveler and a courtesan (hetaira) together on @ couch. First quarter of the fifth century BC. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.246), Imege © The Metropolitan Moseum of At Drawing ofthe Athenian Agora from the north-west. Attic red-fgure plate, attributed to Epiktetos, depicting an archer drawing a bow from his quiver as he tums his head to the right to face his unseen pursuer. He wears an ‘Oriental’ suit ‘with loag sleeves and trousers and a high-crowned Scythian cap. Last quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum (E 135). © The Trustees ofthe British Museum. Inlerior of an Attic red-figure cup, in tae manner of the ‘Antiphon Painter, depicting youth holding a cup in his left hand and a ladle in his right. Behind him stands a mixing-bow with a wine-coote set inside. The garland in his haicis further indication that this is an extract from a party. First quarter of the fifth century BC. Compitgne, Musée Vivenel (inv. 1102) p38, pad plas, ps2 p.185 Attic red-figure cup, attributed 10 the Amphitrite Painter, depicting # bridegroom leading his bride towards their home. The bride, who is as usual veiled, is followed by a wornan with ‘torch, whilst on the left the house is represented by a door and a column within which stands the groom’s mother also holding torches, A young man serenades the couple on the lyre. ‘This may be a version of the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. © bpk, Berlin, 2006/ Antikensammlung, SMB (F 2530)/Jutta Tietz-Glagow. ‘The agora area of Athens, wth the ‘Hephaisteion’ on the far left and the Acropolis on the far right. The long building in the conte isthe recently rebuilt Stoa of Attalos, originally erected in the middle of the second century BC; it then formed the east side of the agora. The west side was below the hill on which the “Hephaisteion’ stood. The lawcourt lay in and around this area {In the middle distance rises the peak of Lykabettos and on the right the range of Hymettos. Photo: DAT Athen. Reconstructed drawing of the monument of the Eponymous Heroes. This consisted of a row of statues of the ‘patrons’ of the ten tribes into which Athens and Attica were divided by Kieisthenes at the close of the sixth century BC. The base of the ‘monument was used for the cisplay of drafts of proposed new laws, notices of lawsuits and lists for military service. Courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Detail of an Attic ved-igure plaque, found at Eleasis, showing extracts from the Eleusinian sult. Precise interpretation of the scenes is not sure, but Demeter may be represented twice atthe right side with Persephone by her side in the upper Tevel and akhos facing her with torchss on the lower level. The figures ‘on the left may be initiates approaching. An inscription on the plague says that it was dedicated to the goddesses by Niianion, ‘pethaps the courtesan Nannion ofthat period, Mid-fourth century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museum (inv. 11036) ‘Official voting discs found in the Athenian Agora. Each juror ‘was given two discs, one with solid hub (for acquital), one ‘with hollow hub (for condemnation); by placing thumb and forefinger over the hubs the juror could make his vote with- ‘out revealing his preference. Some dises carry the insctiption “Official ball’, some a letter in relief, perhaps to indicate the jury-section. A less sophisticated system of pebbles (psephoi) ‘was in operation before the fourth century BC. Athens, Agora ‘Museum (B 1056, 146, 728, 1058, 1055). Photo courtesy of the American School of Clessical Swdies at Athens, Agora Excavations.Notes on illustrations Notes on illustrations xe 136 ple p.l74 p83 p.187 peo 204 p.205 Alc red-figure cup, attributed to the Brygos Painter, depicting a symposium in progress. The men recline on couches: one git plays the pipes while another prepares to give a cup of wine to ‘one of the mer. A youth holds a Tyre by a column, an indication of an indoor scene. Baskets hang on the wall, First quarter of the fifth century BC. London, British Museum (E 68). © The ‘Trustees ofthe British Museum. Detail of rolled-out drawing of Attic black-figure ekythos, attributed to the Amasis Painter, depicting women at work spinning, preparing wool and weaving. The Iekythos may have been a wedding present to a bride, Mid-sixth century BC. New York, The Meopolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1931 31.11.10). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ‘The side-relie’ of a marble altar frame (7), the so-called Ludovisi Throze, A contrast is made between the veiled woman at the incense-burner and the naked flute-giel. The purpose, ‘meaning and place of manufacture aze all in doubt. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano (inv. 8670). Photo: Alinari Archives, Florence. Detail of an Attic red-figure onos (used in wool-working), attibuted 10 the Ereiria Paintes, depicting preparations for the wedding of Alkestis (on the right), She is pictured at the ‘entrance to her bridal chamber, and her friends fll a loutropho: 10s with myrtle (centre) and lebetes gamikoi with sprigs (lef, ‘both types of vase connected with the wedding ceremony. Two other friends play with a pet bird. The object may have been a ‘wedding preseat to a bride. Third quarter of the fifth century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museum (inv, 1629). Detail of an Apulian red-figure loutrophoros depicting Alkes surrounded by her children and with her husband Admetos on the left. The white-haired woman on the right may be Admetos" mother or nucie; the old man is the ehildren’s tutor (paida- {g0g05). This isone of the finest of the South Italian treatments Of tragic themes. Mid-fourth century BC. Antikenmuseum ‘Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, Inv. § 21. Photo: Andreas F. ‘Vogelin and Chate Niggli Attic red-figure cup, attributed to the Panaitios Painter, depict- ing « brawl between revellers. C, 480 BC. The State Hermitage ‘Museum, St Peresburg (B-2100), Drawn reconstuction of a country house near Vari in Attica, From Annual ofthe British School at Athens 68 (1973), 355-452, A bronze hydria. Third quarter of the fifth century BC. ‘Cambridge, Mas, Fogg Museum (1949.89). Reproduced cour- tesy ofthe Trustees ofthe Harvard University Art Museums. 207 209 214 22 224 1 227 238 242 245 Detail of an Attic reé-figure pelike depicting a young man ‘carrying a couch and a smal, table in preparation for a pany. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (AN 1890.29 (V 282). Attic red-figure skyphos showing a rare ‘still-life’ scene of hhouschold equipment: lampstand and buckets, casserole and anil, and chest, basket, wine jar and jug. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California (86.AE.265). Detail of an Attic red-figure ealyx-Krater, attributed tothe Dinos Painter, depicting Prometheus and satyrs. He is giving them the gift offre which they take with their torches from Prometheus? fennel stalk (narthex). Prometheus’ name is written by him, and the satyrs are named Komos, Sikinnis and Simos. The inspi- ration for the scene (and others like it) may have come from Aeschylus’ satyr-play Prometheus Pyrkaios. Last quarter of the fifth century BC. Oxford, Astmolean Museum (1937-983) Attic black-tigure ovoid neck-amphora, attributed to the ASfecter, depicting Zeus enthroned oa the let sending Hermes ‘on a mission. Hermes is dressed in his winged boots and his traveling hat and holds his caduceus. Third quarter of the sixth ‘century BC. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum (G 268/V 509). Aitic red-figure smphora, attributed to Myson, depicting Croesus seated on his funeral pyre. His royal status is shown by his throne and scepter. He pours alibation from a dish (phiaie) whilst Euthymos (his name is written by him) sets fre to the timber. C, 500 BC. Paris, Louvre (G 197). Photo: RMN — Hervé Lewandowski ‘Map of Greece and Asia Minor showing Mysian Olympus, the site ofthe boar hunt in which Croesus” son is killed. Adie red-figure dinos, attributed to the Agrigento Painter, ‘depicting « boar hunt. This may be a version of the Calydoniaa ‘boar hunt, for although Atalante is not present and none of the participants is named, onc hunter wields a battleaxe which comes to be associated with Anksios. Second quarter of the fifth century BC. Athens, National Archaeological Museu inv. 1489). Attic red-figure neck-amphora, attributed to the Neusikaa Paintes, depicting Odysseus 2ppearing from behind a tree on ‘which Nausikaa and her companions have spread the washing, Hie holds a branch in each hand and Tooks suitably disheveled. Athene stands between him and Nausikaa who looks back as she runs away with her companions. Third quarter of the fit century BC. Munich, Antikersammlung (2322). Autic red-figure stamnos, attributed to the Siren Painter, depict- ing Odysseus and the sirens. Odysseus is tied to the mast, andNotes on illustrations p27 p25 p.257 left .257 right his companions’ ears are presumably stopped with wax, as the singing sirens are having no effect. In mortfieation one of the sirens i falling to her death from her perching place on the rocks. First quarter of the fifth century BC. London, British Museum (E 440). © The Trustees of the British Museum, Detail of an Attic black-figure oinokhoe, attributed to the Burgon Group, depicting two youths and a man in a cart drawn by mules, Second quarter of the sixth century BC. London, British Museum (B 485). © The Trustees of the British Museum. Lid of an Attic red-figure pyxis, attributed to Aison, depict- ing Odysseus appearing before Nausikan and her companions with Athene tozssist,c, 420 BC. Boston, Museum of Fine rts (04.18a-b). Henry Lillie Pierce Fond. Photograph © 2006, ‘Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Attic red-figure Iekythos attributed to Oreithia Painter depict- ing Artemis with bow and libation dish (phialey:s fawn makes allusion to her domain. C. 470 BC. Chazen Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Acthur J, Frank (198593). Attic red-figure lekythos depicting Apollo dressed in a concert performer's roves and holding a kithara in his left hand and a plectrum in histight. The palm tree makes allusion to Delos, his birthplace. New York, The Metropolitan Museam of Art, Gift of Mr and Mrs Leon Pomerance, 1953 (53.224). Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Notes to the second edition 1 Running and learning vocabularies accompany the Text. Grammar and exer- cises, written to run in step with the Tes, are to be found in the companion volume Reading Greek (Grammar and Exercises). 2. A linking-deviee (") is used in places in the Text. Its purpose is to show words or groups of words which should be taken together either because they agree or because they make a phrase. When the words to be linked are separated by intervening words, the linking device takes the shape ' |. They are phased out as the grammar that underpins them is learnt. ‘Look up such linked phrases in the vocabulary under the fist wort 3. The sources quoted on the title-page of eack: Part are the major (though by no ‘means exclusive) sources forthe whole Par- 4 The title-page of each Parc carries time recommendations for that Part. ‘They are based on a three to four-session week, and assume preparation by students (panicularly by reading ahead on their own, with the help of the vocabularies). If the recommendations are followed, Reading Greek will be completed in 37 weeks. ‘There are 118 sub-sections (i. sections marked A, B,C, et.) 5 Transcriptions of proper names into English: (a) Generally, proper names are transerited from Greek into English in accordance with the transcriptions given in the Grammar and Exercises, ‘342, Note thatthe transcription will not distinguish between e and no and ‘, oF other Tong and short vowels (b) There are, however, some ‘privileged names, so common in their received form that 10 alter them by the principles of transcription that ‘we generally adopt would be off-putting. You will find, for example, ‘Athens’, not ‘Athenai” (A@Avan), “Homer’, not “Homeros’ COunpos), and ‘Plato’, not ‘Platon’ (MAdcwv). (© All proper names met in the Text are transcribed either in the running vocabulary or in the List of Proper Narres in the Grammar and Exercises bbook. (Most Greek words have, traditionally, been transcribed accord- ‘ng to Latin principles, and the most important of these are given in Grammar and Exercises, 454). 6 Alldates are B.C., exeept where otherwise stated.‘Part One Athens at sea Dikaiopolis sails towards the harbour of Athens, Peiraieus. On board ship a criminal plotis foiled, and then the story of the naval battle of Salamis is recalled while the ship passes the island. As the ship comes into port, the Spartans launch a surprise attack. The scene is set during the early part of the Peloponnesian War, which began in 431. Sources Demosthenes, Orations 32 Aeschylus, Persians 353ff. Plato, fon $40¢ff. Thucydides, Histories 2.93-4, A comic fragment, Com. 1.142, 6.32 Adespot. 340 (Edmonds) ‘Xenophon, Hellenika 5.i. 19-23 Lysias, Funeral Speech 27ff. Aristophanes, Akkarnians Herodotus, Histories 8.834. 303ff. ‘Homer, Iliad (passim) Euripides, Helen 1577#f. Time to be taken Five weeks (= twenty sessions at four sessions a week) Important note on the accompanying vocabulary-lists 1, Each vocabulary-list appears in alphabetical order. 2. Many phrases in the text are joined by the linking devices ~ and + 6g the first sentence té°nAoiv gotw Ev-Bulavety. ev! 88 "Bufeveiw ... . Such phrases will be listed in the run vocabularies under the first word of the phrase. Thus td rhoiév will appear under 10; év' 82 "Buaveiip will appear under Ev; and so on. Links are phased out as noun-ypes and cases are learnt.Part One: Athens at sea 3, At the end of each runnng vocabulary-list, and elsewhere in the accompanying Grammar explanations, you will find lists of words to be leat. These words will not be repeated in the running vocabulary lists but are grouped together in the Gramuar from time to time (e.g. p. 23). All such vocabulary will be found in the Total Greek-English Learning Vocabulary at the back of both the Text volume and the Grammar volume. ‘Accents in the running vocabularies are printed as they appear in the text. ‘Macra indicating 2 vowel pronounced long ~ are marked only in Leaming Vocabularies and the Total Vocabulary at the back. Section One Aci: The insurance scam 3 0 znvBeqng bp8 uy ce dxpdnohiy eal tb NapBevva eee oe4 Part One: Athens at sea Section One Ani: The insurance scam Section One A-J: The insurance scam Hegestratos and Sdenothenis are partners in the comn-shipping business. They have insured the load of grain on board their ship for far more than it is worth and plan to ‘lose’ it in an ‘accident’, thus making a healthy profit. They embark in Byzantium, with grain, captain and crew. The ship sails to Khios (where a rhapsode boards) and Euboia (where Dikaiopolis gets on), and eventually comes into sight of Athens and its harbour, Peiraieus (modern Piraeus). While Sdenothemis engages the passengers’ attention with an appreciation of the sights, a strange noise is heard below... In World of Athens: ships and sailing 2.4, 19; rhapsodes 3.44; grain trade 6.65-9; loans on ships 5.59; Pesraieus 1.32, 2.23-5, 32, 5.58; the Parthenon 1.51, 2.34, 8.92-9. 10°moidy gon ev Bulavetep, Ev! BE Bulaveiyy, 6° 'Hyéerpatos Baiver eig-x0"nAofov, énerca O° Znvédeunc Gaver ig“10-rotov, +€hag 5& 6°evBepvrieng Kat of" vadein ciopaivovowy eig"t0"mAcTov. 16" 88 "rhotov mhet cic Kilov. év! Be "Kleo, 6” Parpdrddc eioBatver, Encien het 28 tov el EBore fy BE TESBo‘a, eioBaiver 5 S buxcadnodsc, téhog 58 mpde" rig” AB HVA Whel 7S -KAOTOV Ka mpdcrtov Terpand. ruby ob rofov whet 5 BE "rv6Eeyng mpbs”eiy” yy BAe, & S-Zyvd0eurg: &Zyvo8emnc dpe nv! te 'éxepsnohv Kal tv Tlap@e vanva éerre 38 8! te Tanemrohue wai &KyBepurteng 0 xpb¢"viv"yiiy Bhérovew xf apdoww b"AsxaadroAis Ka & xvBepureng; xal S“Annatdnodss Kal S"KoBepViiENs TV! te “expdrohwv 6 OpGor Kal tov /Tapt_vaora. ekacipyng 8 te 'arxcndmodtg Kai o“KuBepyriins Pégov éxovovery, Vocabulary for Section One A (Grammar for 12-8 ©The definite article ‘the’ 6 ¥ x6 ‘© The principle of ‘agreement’ 18 Adjectives lke xaASs Kah Keddy © The vocative case axot-oveuv) (they) hear ev... 8Eon the one hand Baiv-et (he) goes on the other BRét-e1 (he) looks the BAér-ovsi(y) (they) look 6 Atxatéodg Dikaiopolis, BE and; but 4 ZnvéBeyng Sdenothemis, cig to, into 8 HHydorpar-og Hegestatos cig E¥Boxa to Evboia ‘6 weBepurjens the captain cig x3 whoT-ov onto the ship paryia6-6s the rhapsode cig Xt-ov to Chios ol the io-Batv-er (he) emberks ol vadeut the sailors, crew lorBaiv-ove(o)(they)emback &p-F (he) sees vin, on 6-H) (they) see by Bulavely in Byzantium —obv so, really, therefore &y Blfog in Buboia Heal (i) sails y Xlgp in Chios ‘pd towards ufone suddenly ‘pbs ts /ARtvag towards era then, next ‘Athens doy) Givthere) is 1p ti vv toward the land vi and -xpd¢ rbv Tleipava towards vai both... and ve... both... and séhoc finally viv the iy dogpdnohw the, Acropalis, vf; what? sv the by MapBeviova the Parthenon ihe 35 mhoF-ov the ship, vessel Wog-ov a noise Vocabulary to be learnt Band; bur reve then, next ai and te... Ka A and B, both A and B‘ Part One: Athens a sea Section One A: The insurance sam 2 go ih don't eb yous) bo vat yes iy &xpéreey the chow! ZHINOBEMIE (pointing to the land) ‘ovaow acrpels . Sebpo EGE, G Arxendnohs, nati Bhéne. 2ye yep {TlapBevay the Parthenon vig; what? Yocabulary to be learnt iv -xpdrodwy Sp6>. dpa xai ob civ "xpomodwy dpa; |texgeness the Peraieus x0 veip-ov the naval pa indicates question AIKAIONOAIE (peering towards the land) dpi Tsee ockyard Bed here. over here rob Eotiv ty dxpérohtg; Eye yp wiy"axpérohw ody dpa. 5 apd you (3) see bv MapGeveiva the aor obno Parthenon rea also ZHN, —Bedpo ENGE, al Be. dpa obx dpa od tv" TapBeviav 3 Paenon nial AIK. vat. viv. yap thy apdnodv dpa xat £yc. Civ so. really: therefore eintiens, breswuits who? ZHN. — @ Zeb. dog Kahdg Eortv 5” HapO_vedy, Kat 8 FP dxpdmoAtc. odxnot xv i)69-0v the noise 0 (addressing KYBEPNHTHE (agreeing) £8 1959-06 the noise ‘ppovait-e worry! (6.) someone) EAnoF ob Aéyerc, cb Zqvdtepe. 0 100; where? (Gc. ‘abouti’) (with a sudden start) conig-dg clearly ‘¥69-05 a noise dxove, pogog: dpa éKovers; vis Zor SpS—po«; dpa dxovetg nai ad ov ipogor, ZnvoBeyr; ZHN, (hurriedly dismissing the subject) 08 He Ala, ob5év dKodw Zye), & wvpepvijna. 1} opdveige. Na BeGpo EAGE xai BAgne. Evid yap tB-vecopioy 6p Ket ov" Tleipaid. Apa bpa Koi od 3 vediprov; KyB. vat. ZHN. —@ Zeb, & xahdv dott 13-vetptov, KaAdg 5¢ 6” Merpeneds. KYB. (agreeing impatienily) GANOA AZyerc, & ZnvSBep:. 1604, pSpoc, adic yep av pdpov dos Eywye, AIK, Kai yd tov pSpov alg dose, & Kvpepviita, capa £y6 ody xatl ob dxobopev tov seov. Vocabulary for Section One B 5 20 ‘A merchantman and a warship x08 Thear nod-eig you (s.) hear xo8-opev we hear Exovee listen! (5) nF the truth adda bat Spa = question beg again BAémce look! (5) yap for Bedpo here, over here ‘xatéront Dikatopolis eyo Eyoye at least 2N0-£ come! (s.) ory) Cit is 225 Zeus, 2nvéG_qn Scenothemis 4 expdo%ac the Acropolis fueic we: i806 here hey! took! (s.) xa also ach-6s beautiful xa} beaut vah-6y beautiful xoBepvfire captain xoBepvifeng captain ‘€y-erg you (6) are speak- ing i dia by Zeus8 Part One: athens at see Section One As: The insurance seam ° ZHN. (more frantically) Eyd 5 odk axodw, d GiAor ph ppoveifere. KAAd Sepo eNGere Kai BAéere, SeUpo. 6p yap ter gundput Kat Tac dhxdSag Eywoye. dpa Space ta Eund pia Kai DueiCs KYB. xat AIK. dpapev Kal Fipei ZHN. — (waxing lyrical) @ Mécerdov, de Kadai eisw a vs AKdBec, og KANE eo re Eunépia. &AAK BeGpo Bdénere, & oho. KYB, Kove, & ZqvoBepr, ati wh Méye ‘te KaAK Ear va Eundpra? fuicic yep tOv"Spov oacpaic éxkovouev. AIK, GAN néBeV Oo Ep0G; KYB. (pointing down below) KdtwOev, © ArkardroAr. 81° ri ob xarafaivopey Hyeig, EABE, & Ancondrroht — ZHN, (by now quite desperate) noi Baivete Speic ppoveitere, dpc yep &y6) — Vocabulary for Section One C 10 15 Troi Barvere; ect ob pevere, & @tAor; wh ymmar for 1C-D Verbs ending in ~w (present ‘tense’, indicative ‘mood’, active voice’) The concept of tense, mood, wie, person and number ‘Compound verbs (with prefixes) ‘The imperative [command/orcer] ‘mood ‘The vocatve case ai the cari dhickBec the merchant ships axo0-w T hear decol-oplev we hear Soo listen! (6) ahAK but Batv-ere you (pl.) are going Bhén-ere look! (pl.) 8p for Buk chs why? ‘Avxaénot Diksiopotis Bywye Hor my par eiox(y) (they) are 20-£ come! (1) ®RG-ete come’ (pl) oru(v (they) are Znvé8eyn Sderothemis neg we xarh-af beautiful, fine ‘Kah-d beautiful, fine weacaiav-opev we go down xGtaBev from below deyeeay! (2) pév-ere you (pl) stay wih don'e bp-atsee dp-Gpev (we) see ‘Op-fire you (pl.) see 8k not si the Sc how! £8 9659-06 the noise “tag BhveBag the merchant sn6Bev; from where? ships ‘Vocabulary to be learnt ‘nol; where t0? ‘ti uri; so what?; of course GAAé but MiésetBov Poseidon (god of tov YSo-ov the noise yee for the sea) usig you (pl) tiueic we agg clearly pih-ot friends Midon’t ithe pooveitere worry! (pl.) 09, 08x, ox no; nor sk dyndpra the markets, (Gc. ‘about it’) Os how! ‘Transporting heavy goods Before the development of the steam engine or of properly surfaced and main- tained roads, or in the absence of camels (righty called the ‘ships of the desert’), transport of heavy goods long distances overland was effectively impossible. The main means of heavy overland haulage was the bullock, at 2mph, whose carts lacked swivel-axles to negotiate comers. Ships were the only answer when it came to transporting heavy cargoes any distance (like grain in this story), which {is why most large ancient towns are sited on or near a coast or navigable river. ‘In te fifth and fourth centuries Athens was sroagly dependent upon what was ‘brought in by sea, not simply because the quantity of cereals grown within Attica was insufficient for the urban population but because a reputation for being tae place to which one came to find goods from all parts ofthe Greek world was vital to the thriving life of the town of Athens and the Peiaieus. Few voyages would hhave been taken for pleasure, aspirates were 2 constant source of danger until the ‘Athenians cleared them from the Aegean inthe 470s. Nor was a sea voyage poss ble at al times of the year. The islands lying within the Aegean basin enable sailors to char their course by reference to fixed points, but traders didnot avoid the open. sea, The slow, broad cargo-ships depended on sail and wind, and travelled at an average speed of five knots. Nelson’s Victory, a much larger and heavier warship with sails, averaged seven knots. Ships powered by oars were swifter than sail ing ships, but their lighter bulk and the presence of the rowers fitted them for use ‘mainly in time of war. The trireme, with 170 rowers, was the fastest and the finest ‘man-of:wat inthe classical period, and could reach a speed of seven to eight knots with a continuous power output, or even up to thsteen knots fora short burst of ten to twenty minutes. Greek cargo-ships, with their small number of crew and their ‘heavy loads, had no reason for rationing the supply of food and water, and so could sail for many days and nights without puting into land: warships, with their com= plement of about two hundred and their need tobe as light as possible, carried few provisions and had to put infrequently to enable the rowers to zest and eat World of Athens (second edition), 2.19wo Part One: Athens at sea Section One A-J: The insurance seam " The captain goes into the hold followed by Dikaiopolis and the crew, There they come upon Hegestratos, the author of the mysterious noise. In World of Athens: helmsman 7.34-1. 5 xavaBaiver pev oby SKuBepviieng, KataBatvousr BE 8! te VrxondroArg Kai of-vaitar. xéeadev yap SPdpos, uécw BE ov" 'Hygotparov dpiswy 8! te “KuBepyrfmng Kal of vaibran, 6! 8 “Hyéotpatog tov "Sov norel KETO 5 néhoxoy yp Exet bine: Guawrdy KYB. oto«, th wotets; (suddenly realising itis Hegestratos) Vocabulary for Section One D EAE Ti norEg Gb, Hyéorpare; tis 6 YSqoG; HIESTPATOE (innocently) Brotha xe below ove you (sare doing ObBEV roid Eyeaye, & xvPepritra, obBE ypspov"obdever 0 Peet eee eG mae Kove. uh opdvate. Bor-cite help! (pl.) Jaibéw ene you (pl) catet? (going throw) AIK. (looking behind Hegestratos’ back) Buecxt, why? ee ree es eee Bevpo EAE xa BAérce, & xubepvfica. Exer yep tt ECA BEG Aviauénoht Dikaiopolis-Azy-xg yous.) are saying 1 something &yéorpacoc, Budncece ive chasel (pL) Aya eis telling xy fvBpurrov the fellow kyB, th Eyercev"rff Bek, & ‘Hyéocpare; 5 ese by. Seononehand... xéy Hiyeewpar-ov Hr. (desperately trying to cover up) & out of, from vat sor sev yep he noise obey Eyw Eyaye, b pide. fx t00 mofov from the ship Sav@puon-octhe fellow x8 mAoTov he ship AIK, & Ze0. 0b yap dhnoA AéyerS” HyEorpatos, néhexvv yep 488 come! (5) dauxcnéroNDiksiopolis Sueigyou (91) Eyes Ev" tf Sek 1G O Hyéorpatoc. 6°tivepung to"moiov Enaut-bv myself 6 'Hiyéocpar-o¢ Hegestratos geby-o (0) am off araSveu 20 ev tf Behe io (his/your) ofpo1 oh dear! gik-« friend _ ight han ‘oj vadrat the sailors, crew gpévnl-¢ worry! (se. ‘about it’) KyB. (shocked) | yg a, %-w () havelamholding _S xufepvrfeng the captain Y6g-ov ob8éve any noise a1 Aéyeng, © Atmcnrods; 5b 18 whotov 5” ‘HyEorpatos; Eyeig you (s.)havelare pete you (pl) see (calling to the crew) : holding ap-coi) (hey) see ‘Yocabulary to be learnt Ga Hier cl Ob Aauvere dpeig tov tvOpwxoy, & vadrat; Exe (he)hasis holding oS and... not Ano he truth Bedpo, Be0po. 3 ee < Hegewuatos obbey nothing Eyuye I; Lat least/for my HE, ofuor, pedyuo Eyeoye, xa pirew guaurdy &x roo nhofov. varus Gio guesdowa ebroghey youl obey nothing KYB. (urging the crew to help) rea-fatv-ouev we go down 6 pc the noise ‘bv so, then, relly therefore Bondeize, & vadtan, Bon Bette xai SiddKere, vexra-Baiv-overy) (hey) go éhexos axe (nom) th whar? down éhexvy axe (ace) uetg you (ph) vava-5i-) ener GaBako) Fovfo- [shale (movsw) ——_—Evbovnside iG opat shal ofr prayers_sogterg 8 sphist (14) vai Sh xt moreover (Gixoued going the bese tr look or) ct xian ey pots Dye Sorgument: wor ere kno2k (00) xB Tanger Socca apech: ory le; reason (a) 4s | shall knock on) (dre) Dyvoven (they) wil get ayév-a) cy) ‘es8-oyn taht an off ei) rho, ipttsophy dnt. student (1d) reid persuade 90 Hv ise, clever bre... ce either... nar MAGHTHE (comes out of the phromtistetion) B&AN™ eke” Span, vic Exowe th BOpaw; rfc EP6nsev; ETPEY, — Eyuye Exowa nv Sépav Kai éBono. MAS. rig dv ab rodc0 Enofyoac; kad TG, £8 OV, 5 ETPEY, — Expednddng Kixoww60ev. mae. sig xépaxar ABB, (goes back into the phrontsterion) ETPEY, —ofpor, tion; &AX abeas xéyu. (Beg xércex viv Apa) 10 Mac,” vig értaay Bk x oBt0g obk Enadeato xémrwy 6 AvEpioneG,érel ‘posse ignoramus (nom) exdhevon yh; Vocabulary for Section Six A Grammar for 6A-B ‘© Fist aovist indicative, active and middle: énawvoa, Enavodny © Aspect © Type 3h nouns: 599i, txdheus-e( gave heoner —_éxado-arobe stopped (nao) AX ekg dpaa got hal! (thes) ola (you) () did (rox-w) EBéne-al shouted Gok) Exop-a (knocked at (xcs) Kove from the deme Bora) te) shouted (Bou) Earp (he) knocked at Kikyora le pag to hall (ed) raib-ov, slave, slave dear 20)6 Part Two: Moral decay Section Six A-D 6 (reappears, amnoyedd STPEY. 5 2e0fcothed- soget Bi gatvoven Svees oi cvipes, cB éxeNvov roy 45, Suc cf ob néduy xénteng, tf ev vg Exerc; thy yap EunY @poveiba ax 5 Oahiy Cavpdtoner; F paBlexs get Eouer Thy Bimny. ywidoouar yp rd Exo, noi 000: yokAng mma ETPEV. EAN Gps énavedny, &'yadE. dxéhevoas vp 08. uh obv ExBAANE ue, Gout) xarinep dyporxoy Svea kal dyads. @AE cic A ppovric, cine By. AX Evorye, dvorye tiyv Bupa. MAG. ERX’ ob Buc, udvor yp uarvBEvour zig Te cogiatv @povetbag radtag of wadnca 20 i, ; TREY, ind yov ob fw yp f¥D wach ooptarav ecb gpowinfpov Spramoc-on tom tecoumey Gy ahead enon te MAO. Dékwoor WEARa yép ng Shaver cy’ Kerpeptvec Spb. Bee BE mrBE er ecpuigfcrhct cqpevig pov), thought ini rh eepahiy chy Zoxpdron, ob Buahéyovta ol GvBpeg. Skog -2-0v worthy of seine despite although part) Ga) Xarpépiov, ob yp havOéve pe i YURAc la ofc Greenofpacyouts)outoff ——xegah,jbead (la) ‘opovnonovoy, 16 think, hupmikov"orepavov, dAA& Aéys, Gndvove sole ea 25 Groxsa-0) 5,8 a8 23) mena sie 9) fg"ndBagénfSneev yO pn rece, just now i tls undo aipepavees Khsicephons XAIPEGON — obyeoiba, & Dunpecec, ANAL Bic 0b pexpoduiev «3 Ble bite, wory erp measere (Gt peers) yup. 5 spacey dtnee (20) sept, Efdo-ecyou(s) shoved yontome iki. ea 1) uetpjoouey,& 0) svg ova dg e's 20K, SARA nic uexprioopey, & Xarpépwy; ode) 126¥-05 1 -0v alone rf HS HEToooney, Xe caved Beaay they placed (Ons) ind 4-bvcald XAL 18d. xpeaw pe yo mpi Rayo cea bv xnpdv 30 miro ecigstachon de Sep nrc, res BE obs tg YONG nas ev ‘any of ts own foo lngths snp sir Endhevogyou(s) gee altos bey, you! Vocabulary tobe learnt 20K. 18; oder (hata) sah again Sygoins 09 fom te contr, XA. vy 8 np woxpse viyveran i506, d Rdxoares. kp Boca theyune (hw) ne eap orth porre tigabac hen 3 Bas uBab, Aslipper Ga) wine mBryac) x62 leap BAR el nbpanag goto ell 0k. Dobdvivrene say they messed 3) Rd (Ba ite, wory Sechaba hte ‘wee bbe se 105, fh Gao) chow out crow, ts foo nett BEBE A nave. I stopped roreeer {400 Eo inend, hove a mind 2 hed. is" oes Ta Ep (cet) vate despite, although (part) (admiration fais into bewilderrsent) fal when seal Ahead (la) GAX eixé yor, ti not’ énoinoay oj dvBpec, & paOntds 0 éeribo-e(v) (id leapt bua release Mas. od havOeeveg we yporKoc cy, Espen, oF uavBavev ob8E0. (an8-0) Seevhen GAN de Eheyov, prov pev Bepyiv énosjoay tov Kapbv. Enerta rob, ‘Hg JUAAng nS EOeoa el tev knob. céRog BE wh EuPABag Ehvacry veal Euétpnowy — nde yep of; ti xupiov. eas Exoino-av Whey) id (roew) may fea have come ‘Gch 8 Tales (16) (early Greek sctenist and Inventor a 28 byword foreleremess) Bt xls wonder (at) pp (ypH>) erebrow 3h) otc (ro) fot (30) Bg6.0¢ ov easy 380s easily i e09iagtheelverness! ‘ig pORAng ofthe lea what nent? ‘gpovels(gpova8), A shoughe, why then 2 ‘are, cancer (30) Ore place, pt oaPart Two: Moral decay The door opens and Sepsiades starts back in horror In World of Athens: Atheais' intellectual achievern ZTPEY. MAB. ETPEY. Mae. TPEY. ae. ETPEY. MAS, TREY. ne, TREY. Mas. TPEY. MAS. TTPEB, ae. STPEY. Mas. TPEY, Mao. ETPEW. Mae. SrHpduderg, viva cabra wk Onpis, cobrog, Bx Oat uaoug Brit ob 8g éBEnoac; pa Toi wants tosTOU Savpiigeng; yal pir fa Banu. @AAK et norodor obrot of Groton obzor ae Kad VA, . BoABods pa fncoban. ui vOv wads y" én. gpoveitere, Enola ey vp cia Sov iol weyébor kal Kad. ANAG Tig obtouk Bd 11 § npLaKRDG Eig by odpavev Bhéner, Sis dorpovouet 8 zpuntée, (points 10 one ofthe strange devices cluttering up the phrontisterion) {Boi x8 dori robco; SiBconé we dorpovopia: tv ality. (oints 1 another device) robo 8 ‘yeaperpia. xal ei¢t xprhoquov ain; BiSaoxe, ‘sagen ey yiv dvayerpodyev. (picks up a map) arden 8 got yc mepiobos. (points at the map) Spi: abron wey ’ABFivan (in disbelief} tab Aéyexg; 0b ne(Boua, Exe sy Buaarcv ody 6p obbé Eve aiigéuevov. nob 8" E08" d ends SFOG; (Points at the map) Evrad8a Eveony, cy 8° EBBou E86; 890. AX F AasBaiuuoy nod teyyver obo; Sov; ate, (aken aback) raat. ineAde, ineRBe. cdg €yyeg” Hoy f AaxeBauav. GARE Buk tt ode dndyerg cadeny de! Huy nSppw nevus aX éBivarov. vi Ai opupeto® dpa looks up and sees Socrates harging ina basket) GAN ein pot, hg obr0g 8 él "Tie wpenepa Sv, abxéc, ig adr65, Baaxpdens. icv viv Bhénoveeg, is 814-15, 22; technical work 8.24, 25 33 a bivorog-ov impossible ve, Athens (10) ymierpéo measue up E-cide go vay! pa ther, in ha case Goepo-vo}d-u obser the stars arpo-vop, astronomy (1D) abedg Himself the Master (wom) o4e. Sette) youerpa geometry 1b) Section Sic A-D o Vocabulary for Section Six & éveadse bere ei belive incisince nepiob.og nap 2a) dnl vi peudpc inthe rp far basket puaee-5, 8 rump 23) fot, f Bub (18) ey wth his “plod Heras! Beoyez be amazed Ongf-ov, 5 beast 25) at-Zoua sit down vera yi below the ean AaxeBatv (Aawebai40), fh xpfontog nov wsefl ‘Vocabulary tobe learat aBivaoc ov impossible ‘ROjvat, ab Athen (Ja) Buog, 6 deme (2a) ygotibe earth ‘Spara Ga) Saupatio wonder a, be jog, 8 deme 2a) otto me amazed at ‘Buxcor, Skat, jurec(Id) —_Slagup-£18'=2nd pl fa. Sou where? where Efe-e¢ you e) shouted (Conte) of hopsp-ouar gavis, 6sb: heavens (2a) (foe) rou where? elope (ue) believe, 1s, yb pty near tows ‘pav-65, 8 sky Qa) obey Eat yao you (s) were révovery amazed (Banu) ‘rata good heavens! ‘The range of sophists’ work. {See note on the sophists on p. 57] “The sophists both helped to create a demand for education, and also came when there was an unfulfilled need for it They taught vast variety of subjects—from asionomy and law though to mathematics and etoric isin are measure due to the sophiss that subjects such as grammar, logic, ethics, politics, physics and metaphysis first emerged as separate entitis. Te Sophists were a the head of movement make man, nt the physical word the centre of intellectual debate It their main preoccupation was to describe how man could be most suecessfil in lif, rather than with questions of right and wrong of the sort that Socrates and Plato insisted upon, this does not undermine thir intellectual importance. Much werk was going on in ther fields at tis time too If our sources can ‘oe trusted, technical manuals were writen by Sophocles on tragedy, by Tktinos on the Parthenon, by Polykleitos on the symmetry of the human body, and by Hippodamos (who designed the layout of the Peiraeus) on town planning and social engineering. Rudimentary experimental work in sciences may also have been going on, if we wish so to interpret the evidence of Aristophanes’ Clouds. When the rustic Stepsines is introduce into Socrates’ private schoo! (opovsionipiov or ‘think tank’), he finds all sorts of extraordinary devices clutering up the place... These cosmic models (celestial globes? star maps? ‘compasies? maps?) are an important feature ofthe play, where the association between the new thought and its various wappings is constantly being made. It suggests that the use of models and apparatus, generally seen 2s a later, post Aristotelian device, was undetstood well enough in fifth-century Athens to be rade the subject of comic humour. (World of Athens, 823-4)a Part Two: Mora decay (Gxépxeren 6 yong 6 Expanding tov Bowpden xodet) ETPEY, — dBioxpatec, & Leoxpacibiov, Bebp eA6E OK, ele €B6noe; tig éBrdoaro cig xd gpovetanipioy t6 ra copra; ETPEY, — ¢Bonoa yi, Pepeirddng Kxovvddev. AAW obx eBraadymy cig 16 epovcwrriptov. 5 EOK, ch ye xadetg, & derueps: PAGES Sod nade ETPEV. — FABov wari el; xd ppovrioeruoy. Hn ydp o€ fxovea dic el cogs. EQK. eine wor, vig eine robo; nie 8 rowads He ds 60966 eit ETPEY, eine toito tov pontav UK, 20K, iS elnev d pani: eye. 10 ETPEY, cine yp 8 yxy YAAa rg Bane iy Kowpepiveos bopDv. ela hv ohy Kegahiy Enfbnce, ob 8 tb Kaipepavea pow bub v00%" tol é uric nébac EmBnocy f YSARa. év-eperproace ducig obrLxe npCTOV ev yap nv WOAAay EhdBere xa dee ig xnpbv Gepusy.éxeiBh Be wuxpc 2yévero & xpd, YONAa Boxe EyPbag tvec Teponn,efa Be 15 ‘perpfioate tb xupiov. Gith an admiring glance) oibénore elBov Eyaye npaype obzu cogeév. 20K. obBénore elBer ye npayun oi'ea ao—pdy; AANA RéBEY SY royncveng ~» ZIRE, Kocuwébev. Bak. ob yip Eka ue Kypornac ty, nol dua ETPEY, —iyudugov pot, @AX eine, i Spacénl cade Saxparees; BOK, (solemnly) 25 egoBard xa nepigpove tov hiv. ; - ETPEY, 118! dnd xpeydOpag voUco Bpdc, GAN’ obx dub ric" yhg el efeoploners At pavOéverg éxi"Kpeyd®pas dv; OK. odBéxore yap éEndpov éy nk yerévpa npaypara 088 EyaBov obbé, dnd TIC" yFig exondiv. ydp yh éruye ewASovea thy @poveiba. 30 Vocabulary for Section Six € ‘Grammar for 6C-D ‘Second aovist indicative, active and middle: FAafiov, aBSuny © lneerrogati # Incredt speech depo Para weed the aie Pigeons use ce force one's Sane (i bit Sana) ats tora (nor) way ere you ) potccoqu Anacperpo measure up pieado B-0v() saw (ps0) Jey opat dopa Ebro (i) bose (yfrv-ont) 8-5 (you) (6) saw (psu) Section Six A-D ° dle he sid Ady) apg 6 bt pov, space, detanes (28) fle then. next wok for what? Re, eae) sdb you) wok wept, 8 ax a) asf) eco from the deme HabecyouCsdereped ibe Kikynna roti of avb-0) pendBpac a basket Vocabulary tobe learnt Eya0-v (earn (uaveév-n) —_pugop blame, ad out wid ardproya (EEO depars, go $y ued) spp 3a) peeEup-0g-ovin esr wey eevpiow (feof) finden, yore gous we force tieover brécoug wc aver achow Staten next EE nip ov eandow, imay oft ova fetleagthseeupon (erp: fad on iscoveed @&empiowa) ody Akpan speaknonsense Hie, (20) ininpevddpocinatosier odors never {S206 how many. eh nicadens rig upeudspag inthis xepippovéaw surround with mB leap, jump sk Foxe) (mad Ga) Exuy-e (happened, scaly was (uy) pp ft for off pire nov frst pGXON fit, a fist Bap, 8 Socrates (34) fe-fuep-og-0v losing a day, shawl? eeatre ofa day Bionpacbi-ov dear Socrates (2) (fa) Ge pploce Po-ov Leame Cipy-oua0) rig yg the eae sxeplon, place, specs, pon FDd-es (you) (5) came xhowhy? (2) Grou) gpovetonp-ov, x hink-e0k, ‘Pivoc, 6 sun 22) mentalist 2b) fip-ov you(s) asked Gpusi-u) —XarpegGvees of Khaitephon ‘Misrepresenting intellectuals ‘As we have already observed, the Socrates of Clouds beats litle relationship to the real Socrates (see p. 57). The reason for Aristophanes’ portrayal of him inthis fashion is probably tha, since Aristophanes was a comic poet aiming to win frst prize at the comic festival, he had to appeal tothe prejudices of his audience. In the same way that “professors* today are popularly caricatured as ‘mad’, with their heads inthe clouds (an image as old as Aristophanes) and wholly divorced from ‘eal life, soin Aristophanic Athens it was typical of comic poets to present ‘intellectuals’ as doty in one sense or anothet. After al, the story was told of one of tine most famous intellectuals of al, Thales (Texi 6A, 145-6, that he spent so much time contemplating the heavens that he did not spo te well in front of him and promptly fell in, Further, the Greek man-inche-steet seems to have found it very hard to swallow the idea that men who tried to think rationally and 'sci- entfically’ about the cosmos were not somehow subverting traditional boliofs and therefore conventional piety. Thus intellectuals, whatever they actu ally believed, were feir game to be mocked, and inthe streets of Athens Socrates ‘was probably the most famous intellectual of ther al10 Part Two: Moral decay ETPER, aA Eanpy cig’ gpovtigtriptov Bi6tt, xoripara RodAd deta, dnBypesis ein. Ink, AN mtg ob bndxpets EyEvOU; KG TODTO RdOXEIG ETPEV, AaBov éyaveéy innopavy civ ulbv Exwv. bréxpewas abv éyevduny. veal robo EnaDov Bucci tmnt a Br cbv dv vid. dt yp Bias Rauavovew oi xoFatet, xa et prt morrow, el del Afpovsar.BiSaoxe civ ne bu Etepov va oy Abyov. . BOK, tv Etepov tv EuGv Abyuy; nétepov Neyer; bv Kpefecova roy fsrova; ETPEY, tov &Bixov Azye,xbv frcova, rev ch xpéa rabovea. obra yap 6 Aby0s ri Stuag vince, 8 pefere 3°08, ti Spon, OK. (points laa couch) . . _ Sexe mpOrov pv ncreandivydh éxl eig” katong Enerra Exgeéveé nev seavtod mpaypdciv. ETPEY, (sees the bugs) xaxoBuiyiav Ey, Bixny yap Aapoven of képeic rfepov. He lies down. There isa long pause. Eventually TOK, obras, f novels; obxi gpoveiGeng XTPEY, yd; v4 tov Maceo. OK, Kai ri BAe épdvricuc; ETPEY, el Gpa Arjun rods KSpen, rods Saxvoveas Ee Beis 20K, (with annoyance) obBEY eyes. (another long pause) AN o1yG 8 GvOpwrOG BPH ob cog; {abv ExpeyidBn npooayopese:) bros, xaBe 1G; ETPEY, yc cbv’Andtw, dy uly ob. EOK. Bets ETPEY, peat od Bir Eywye BOK, obi navy; SIPEY, rondo Eeoev 1 Beh. FOK. ig nSpanag, ph mate, 'vOpuore. (ater a long pause) ETeEY, dO Boxpacifiov. EOK. ti, ¥epovs ETPEY, Eo wouny tw BOK. eye hv yvdunw. ; ETPEV. Arhopa ovaries paopantSx zai gy Ev voxdl viv oehvay. BOK, (puzzled) Ti gfg whee cv oehivays dint Bx ~20s co0ro xpHoyov, 20 «0 Section SkA-D n TPE, — Smwc;dxove. ol yap xpfiorar Save(Zovor ré xpfuaca Kad pve. Ey uv obv xAE uo thy aehsfuny. 88 aehsivn obxéet avacedel. nay oby vk xorpare Aipovean of ypfiota, OK. (very annoyed) BEAK cic xSpaa, Aypornos ef kai duaOrig, oD FrBAEwW o obKen, GueOH 48 Sheva Strepsiades goes back out into the street, and sadly contenpates his fate Vocobulany for Section Six D eyed ignorant (oom) én seal ‘Vocabulary tobe tent yo ignorant eee.) répng, 8buB G9) ya ignorant fur cehe G) wil se fu of xpeteeun xpeireov(qpeteev-) pater in har ese dvertle) steonget eater (infers) nStAwv CamoKwN, 5 Apollo jou Tshallescapenotice ypu (yepove), 8d man (Ga) ce. Andi) ut of haves) (ao) véeww (pave), 8 od man (38) not van, Amin, purpore, rue fplan (la) atv (99.8 month a) judgment plan (3a) Brave ond (ene) soe at ih Bebé right Bj thens indeed S05: how? eid ght hon (26) pa (G0) do, act Su; what? Bix then Eeyer-dunv Thecame yiyr-ouar) oes, hey. you! pu Got0-) do act ExyEv-ov(you) became ——ndvoatall elif whether ‘ytouad é-06, 15 penis Ge} ysbvmyelf - tit ‘tep-0¢--0¥ which oftwo)?_Etep0¢ ov one (or the oer) sip whether indeed poe ayopeds adress afro Exppovei think out eavs08 your ovn evan Fewoy (ferov9 fester hat escaped noice eh fo (18) eater ‘evoev-s) cryéasbequie aero seat pr by myself (ace) séc or dy your peer wpeenoy(epertow) Erat-ov Lexperionced, suffered TanpaciSvoy dear Socrates (28) _sronge greater ‘dar Bc igh hand cobog, hey there! hey you! ig nAGing onthe couch THuEpov today sévo very (nc) a all Reepog-a-ovtheone (of2) ——_Sro-ypéwe-v indebt étepoe ov which (of 00) Heer Deame Exum peng (oapuans), wich, oeMfvn moan (24) fiwwv Frou cov.) weaker, sorceress Ga) (5.0 ov your (when ‘you'are teser ‘gpovearip-ov, x think-tank, oe person) In fors-fever 1a) mental nse 2b) ‘fiep0¥ today Ineo-uavorse-mad (ace) ypu no wef ofeogn ov useful, vexreAGun@iledownl (2) xphoeng Serer (Id) profitablen Part Two: Moral decay Section Seven ArH: Socrates an intellectual inguty B Section Seven : Socratés and intellectual inquiry Introduction Plato's picture of Socrates is quite different from Aristophanes’. The following passage is based on Plato's account of Socrates’ defence when he was on tial for his ife (99 BC) on a charge of corrupting the young and introducing new gods ‘This famous speech is known as “The Apology’: Greek énohoyta, ‘defence’ {In World of Athens: lawcourts 6.3911; Delphi and the oracle 3.1719; speeches 8,17-21; Socratic ‘ignorance’ 8.35; Socrates’ contribution to philosophy 8.34, 8 Bede Sv acho Socrates Socrates emerges from all the descriptions as a great arguer, concerned with both clarity and precision of thought. Aristotle aiributes to him the systematic use of ‘inductive argument and general defiition’. One must beware of the ‘modem associations of the word ‘induction’, and ‘argurment from example’ is & better translation. The argument ‘leads you on’ (the literal meaning of the Greek word for ‘induction") by observation of particalar instances of e.g. ‘goodness’ to understand the general characteristics of that quality and so to a “general definition’. Socrates was looking for precision and definite standards. If you want to be good or brave you must frst know what goodness or bravery is; so, in a sense, goodness is knowledge, and it should be possible to be as precise about moral virtue as a carpenter is about what makes a good chair. Socrates pursued his general definition in dialogue with others, and the word “dialectic” (which Plato was to use as a term for philosophy) is derived from the Greek word for dialogue. Plato portrays Socrates arguing agairst the relativism and scepticism, which characterised much of sophisti thought, and looking fora precision about definitions of moral virtues of the sort that existed in the technical world, Plato's Socrates is looking for some kind of stable reality and standard behind the confu- sion of perceptions and standards in the world cf common experience. (World of Athens, 834-5)"4 Part Two: Moral decay 5 Socrates addresses the dikasts (jwors) at his trial and tells them the reason for his methods of inquiry and the causes of his unpopularity. He fst puts a question inio the mouths of the dikasts which he will proceed to answer. ipordow obv rove "WAX, & Edpares, Bk SaBNAoUa a obto ol vee 2G trova nédey yyvovea abun a ispoha af Beef Ae oy, ea BiSaoKe \ydic, Huets yap ob BovddusBa draBaAAcw oe.” Bodhopat oby BiStioxew Oud cari Aéyerv Bid cl SxéBarhov pe obror of dvbpec kai ndBev eyEvovto at Biabodat et 1 ke. dxoviere 5, na eb tae S06 Bobhorasnaewv 298 By, eg uv Yep gavoOpat naie, eb pevror fore Sei odBEv aAAo thy ahjeeray, ‘éyewv BodAopan, ayia yap, & dvBpec AOnvaor, 51d cowplav nave toyxsiven Exuav TAY b6Eav radeny. doa Godcobeeibeva ig Eocy foe aes wépropa fovtoqasxapéyecBet vbv Seby tov Ev behgote, dlp 8€8;6 &v Achgor; paprupiaes thy oopiay Thy Ext. ‘wal thy devityen earl vov Gedy Adyen tiv aAyBetay. ve . 10 Karpegaves yap toe ‘xov, obrog yap Ey Eratpos iy 2x véou. na fae Bi, ic agedpbe fy 8 Kaugegay rep ndven, xa Keipagdiy obs nore oyilero pbc davebv. "8x. Banedeng 0096s Eat 305 fosoyns 8 Bevan ec for copenos fi Zaxpdng lows Vp Laxpdenceogiraxds tory évepnany. Lob ‘rovetv pe Set; SiiAov Sut Set ue eic AeA@ods tévan, Kai paveeveoBan, HOA yap 1s avdynn Sori tov Bedv thy AABeray Aéyerw! oe . Fevoby 6 xaipegeiv ele Achotc, xa xadiny thy yavreiay duavtedoaro spd TG” Be. na uh ope, Bubp Fiero yp Bh et ec Ear copsepec ‘Seoxpéreng, daexpivaro 5° Nubia bx obbefc ear: copitepog. Vocabulary for Section Seven A iévaio go Groped) ioc pehops ve piv moreover ees spe yl srs) ‘oy reckon concider eve, j answer, pronouncement (18) avec to cons che rele aved-opr ge fom he ace eprops ber witness eps aprop) 8 witness oa ev however vow youth Section Saven R-H: Socrates and intellectual inquiry aif to jake, poke Fon at Gea) rive everything (ace) ap x9 06 in the gou's presence ‘nape ecB to eset (xo9-éx-0480) novel 1 do (ros) rtf once ‘DEL, fhe Pythian priestess (1b) (who sa ona tripod ana Ueivered Apita's oracle (othe pres, who imerpreted » if wisdom (1b) sopiitato¢-n-00 wisest, {eo-5) ooibnepo¢-4-0¥ wiser (ooo) spoSp-65-€-6v impetuous «ga- ya shall app (lt. of ‘pav-ouary ‘Vocabulary tebe learnt ikfBeu, fer (16) Bashopar wih, want SiafédAw (ech) slender 56k, epuation, opinion es xox himself han Tous perhaps copia, wisdom (15) 1 “rormar for 7A-C 4 Present infritives active and middle: nary, abet Iogular present ifnve: eva iéva, ABE ‘© Verbs taking infinitives (e.g. fovAowan, Bei, Sonéw) Comparative and superative agjctves, regular and iveglar 4 pastof eye t went noe, owe 1) Hennocemny race Sepa sided dvéyen, necessity (5) =n) (aor of Beisb-o) Sseyenionisopany traci oD) eef Se drops (20) Gat) ‘Apollo's once) ieein dro-eivayet xo) shang Delphi ibéve to know (oe woe SaSdt-ew ose fei, 8 end) foun wish, want Spina aba jehan ‘9 Bi Tose you indeed slander fee (he went inp of Wid... mov ofcourse eo need Bo-Bolv. alan (1) ec opsuelh) oa) Bibdwcen to ach opus make odin ‘The oracle at Delphi When states as well as individuals needed advice or help, not just in times of national emergency but to cope with everyday occumrences, they would send t0 an oracle, The Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi was home tothe most influential oracle... Itis important to stress tha the function of an oracle was not to foretell the future, but ro advise. Its inevitable that, ifthe advice was good, the oracle ‘wovld get the reputation for being able to foretell the future, bu that was not its function. What oracles offered was insight into the will ofthe gods; and the regu- lar form of consultation involved asking the god which choice of possible poli- cies was beter, or what appropriate rituals should attend it. Generally speaking (and discounting for the moment myth and legend), the oracle at, for example, Delphi, spoke directly to questioners in perecly plain and simple terms. There is no good evidence that inthe fh century the Delphic prophetess (Pythia) was ina sate of babbling ecstasy .. That sid, there was a strong literary tradition, in both myth andthe early history of Greece, that oracles were opaque and tended to deceive (te philosopher Herakleitos said “The lord whose oracle isin Delphi ‘does not speak and does not conceal: instead, he sends a sign’), Herodotos tells of the oracle given to the Athenians asthe Pe'sians advanced on the city that Zeus would grant them a wooden wall asa steigholé for themsclves and theit children, But what did that mean? The oracle had to be given to special read- ers of oracles to interpret; and itis notable that he religious experts were in the end ignored when the people were persuaded by the politician Themistokles that wooden walls meant the fleet. The question of what to do was a political ‘question, and it was settle in apolitical forum by che political expert. (World of Athens, 3.17-19)6 Part Two: Moral decay yc Be, Ene ixovon, horny obstaol nal duavrdy “el wone oven Eye 6 to yap Bi ofba Se cop ob cl, abv nace Eye 8 Ged, AyOY dc Ey cogusrarde ei, nal dx od8eic copsrepo 6” yap” Brinou" YedBerai ‘ye ob yep 4c abet, vy yep ott xiv Bebv obkEy BAe fj cv GiBetoy Neyer: Kel roAbv pv ypSvov jndpoov tl xore Ady, Erte Bé én {fenow Expanbuny n6repo¥ dnGi evr © Be, f oF 08 yo BovaGuny Ev dopa elvan nept xd paveeiov. F2Gov obv Eni cogs cia (286xe1 yoOv apd ever). Bouneuny yp EAE £O paveetov nai drogaivety ‘ob ey, G“AnoMov, Eheyec 6x1 ey eopsracoc, 08105 82 cogirepds Borv: Biheyouny obv éyc> mpdstoCrov tev GogSy, noAsTaKSy rive Svea. 6 8 dovip, Gc eyo Gun, BBOEE ye oops Elva, obx iv. ka Enet5A eipchuny dowpaverv abrdy SoxoBvea cop elvat, obx Svea, obtec nai nmoAAot tay mapévewy Enoovy pe. rip Eure ody ob EdoytSumy, 5x oowpsrepse ely fl obt0s. obras uev yap Bonet 1 elBéven, o86&v eB, Ey BE, BEV Bic, oBBE Bont eiBévans EvteDtev ex’ ov ewe goby fa, rai eBdrer wa never eiBéva,obx eld, EvtebBev 88 Ke 2xatv0g kal ENRon wav napsvcuv Eufoovv pe etd cata oby fa nt robs &ARoUG robs Bonodvede x eiSEvat. Kal vi tv Kova, oi péy Boodiveésn eiBéven ov peopdrepa, tg €yo Syn, ofS odBEv Soxosvres Eva ooxpdtepor. petit ytp tod RoArTaKOde fa Eni robs romchs,aloxSvon 8 Aéyewr viv ddBera, vB, Byix¢ BE Aéyer je Bel. ob Yap Buk oogiav rorodetv of rromneai rk rowrpara, &kAa Bid ov Kal évBovoicoysy, Gonep of Beoudveer Ka oi xpnouipBol. xa” yép obco1 Aéyoum dy nOAAE wat aA, rod BE ASyoUG TOS TOUS 08x feast 6x. vooBaw. xa ux €B5nOoV 0. oun Std cy rofpoty elBEvan ct, 8K iBézec, nal oopcivaror elvax évOpuinenv,obx dures, dna oby nak eyo eveedDey, cogieepos Sonty elvan f of xomeai, foxty-opat be ashamed aviynon dot itis obligatory for el) ‘(ace Giat) ent of inp Section Seven A-H: Socrates and intellectual inquiry n Vocabulary for Section Seven 8 Fo wont pt. of épy-opnv ——cogieae-o¢-n-ov wisest a0) oie 02-09 wiser (009-6), ‘met. inquiry Be) és wt (it Bg aw of a doy opine) the gods 2a) roneHro és, 8 soethsayer (28) ‘ArSMAav (Ano\uov-), Apollo Oedsuavesg & prophet (2e) ——_y900-06 tne 2a) {Ga (ec. ARSNAW) ral ybp for ceally ‘picg fname Ge) ixopi perplexity ragv-ti to reves, show 0 (xov), 6 dog (3a) Déy-s0 tos, tall Agy-0) ‘yeoB-outel ies uny Thouaht (ely) no-gaiv-s) Deyi-oua reckon, consider that bx forbim tevee-ov, 8 oracle 25) yp Blam positive:realy yet (rac) after ‘oeabalary to elesrnt yodv at ry ate upérep-og a-av mare swpld yn do aigatory lor Behicisnecessaryforx (ece.)to voE-w mean X Jace or da) 10~ (if) uo neverteess aye feces (La) = (int) Soxé-w seem: consider oneself what Gxogaiva revea, sow ‘o~ (sint) ‘ed yép Binov...yeitean'’be _ ySp BA realy: assure you HBEva0 1 know (oo) that Beli necessary for X ace) 10 ibSr-e5 knowing (nom) bret a8 follows =k) (ci8e) rap-bvtcs present (pan.of vei from ten, rom there {lB knowing (nom) (olf) napus) oyiount reckon, caleulre, low tbe ei) eigd-oum ry consider féycew w refute Ghéyew) olny Corny, x6 poem (34) vos think notice, ane, ivBovs.say-ég,dinspiration 2g poetry (3) intend ay 68 post (Id) pent be present, bear hand {teBev from tha point, from roAssiedg-h-Svooncemed owen, 8 poet (2d) there with he ity ore once. ever sel when ore ever (ich ‘The Socratic method — deseribed by Socrates Socrates always proclaimed himself ignorant. So here he likens what capaci he has to those of a midwife - helping to bring ideas into the light: “My art of midwifery is concerned with men and not womea, and T am con= cemed with minds in labour, not bodies ... And there is another point which I hhave in common with the mid-wives—I cannot myself give birth fo wisdom, and the criticism which has so often been made of me, that though I ask questions of others I have no contribution to make myself because I have no wisdom in me, is ‘quite true. The reason is that the god compels me to be midwife but forbids me to give birth. So Tam mysetf quite without wisdom nor has my mind produced any ‘original thought; but those who keep my company, though at fisst some of therm ‘may appear quite ignorant, in due course will, if the god will it, make what both they and others think is marvellous progress. This is clearly not because of any- thing they have leamed from me, but because they have made many marvellous discoveries of themselves and given birth to them, Butthe delivery of them is my work and the god's..." (Plato, Theairetos 150b)8 Part Twa: Moral decay 6h 8 eri tobe yetporéyva fa. 8n vip dct OGBEV ofbu xa Se of xetporéxvan srokAd xai kai foun. noAA& ob elBStec, oopstepotFoav of xeiporévatf Ey. EAN Soka, Ox Ey Suny, Sik chy e’yyay cogéinaot chvat epi EARa HOAAd, oBK Syrec t100t0v' ob Moc Egadvoveo wal oi romeat xa of xeiporévan noxovees. fx eaueno’ Bi "rig Gece, db vBpec ABmvaiot, Eyévoveo al Zp BiaBokal, 3 Bape Bf obo, wai # BSE. Kal Bf xa ol veavin, of ye mobwiot Bveec ne waiora ody Exovres, iSovrat éxoboveec rod éuoic Aéyous nai noAAduagreIpGveat ous eecdlew, honep éy. dPpusrat yap of veaviar xx pdAvoca fBovear sgerdovtes ods npeoBurépous, xa db Ey ofua, eEetsCovzec edpioxover ROAD 00g cov Sonodveay pv x ciBEvan, eiBSeun 5 Shiva obBev.éveeDBev obvol 10 Boxodveés reiSevar bpy\Govean eal AZyovaw Be "Eaxpaens vig ort puepdbeacos sca Bupdefpencaic véouc! BAN’ éyidépcrdy BoRoyar nig BuzBeiper rod; véoUg 6b Boxptens; ci rowdy, fx BBoxiay, SiapBelper abroic Exoust wiv obBEv Aéyery xetvor, ob pévror BovAsuevor Boxeiv dopeiv, Aéyouaw bt, Gotep oi BAAD (gidduoipo, BiBdoner Euokpens “et weréwpa xa ic bud yng wal "Geod wh voultew’ — 15 rai ‘thy Arcova A6yoV xpefecova nore’. ob yép Bothoveat, dg Eye oles, xB 1 xadbinhon yiyvovean Soxobvees je 1 eBéver, ere, 8 obbev Vocabulary for Section Seven C soreBr0¢ o.aeg wo1o0TO() rete same sortof «38 OBprorte,B bully (Le) ‘eb yg beneath the earth ecto, xf things inte ir Bopet-x serious (nom) 2 ‘S.a-Boh sander (19) Act Bra-gtelpu compe eapirer-o¢-9-07 most Bowes to stem (Goxé-w) abominable (psn) «grhé-209°05 5 philosopher (20) Gono seem consider oneself (quap-6) _e1po-tu ng, rafisman (18) e- vopi-ew to acknowledge Suny Haoaeht pt of lua) Bev to know (ob) (vous) knowing (nom) (65a) open think Bérav koowing (gen) (olba) —épyit-ouan get angry Biafht fslonder (Jo) lve tobe (ln 1168-06, wexpesience Be) Bagel (GimgBeipe) cormpr: aéerdfew toguesion closely renge-oua ty Ail: destroy &erdta) 06-05 -4-0¥ “ich Bont seer; consider oneself io ~ tkexdg-o question closely ‘rove to make (208-8) bug eile Bd etBoe) peated task puedo) addi often owing (oar. of 63) cpio find, discover repeopcep-0c, Bcldec man (28) el, shall gos teva ogo: fx ‘Vocabulary tebe learnt Fea went, came (imp of cegarar-o¢-n-ov wisest Tent propa) (09) exda question closely ben Tknew (past of 52) ‘eagseep-o¢-a-07 wiser ‘eben (ep fit, come upon ‘B-oum enjoy o9-é9) mor dow! (wi imper) ead. 5nh-og-ov obvious yok eisure(1a) laa ink Gn Spy) yee to 53, tll ey-0) ural oe dren hs expdoyen (rpc) test évearhowever, but ‘nguiy Section Seven At: Socrates and intelectual inguiy 79 Introduction According to Plato, Socrates did not claim tc teach, nor did he take fees for teaching, even though he was popularly Tinked, as we have seen from ‘Aristophanes, withthe sophists, who were professional teachers. One ofthe most important lessons offered by the sophists in their courses of higher edueation was the art of speaking with equal persuasion on bo sides ofa question a failty which could be used unscrupulously. Inthe following incident Plato shows how empty such verbal dexterity could be. In World of Arons: arguing both sides of the case 8,30; dissatisfaction with sophistic quibbling 5.47-9. Socrates relates to his friend Kriton how he asked two sophists, Euthydemos and his brother Dionysodores, to help a young man called Kleinias in his search for thee truth, But Kleinias fell victim to Euthydemos'verbal trickery. AABov yOéc cic wb Abnerov, db Kpicuy, not xarEAaBov ESOGEnUS re Kal ArovvedBuopov Buadzyopevous pec” BANU neARGV. na cob ye dyeporépos rod EvBpac, Br xchiy ska Eyounn aporpenovees ele rhoonplay tos vBpcinous, Ey obv voix Exelay ASyoU eros oudbuevec, ueic pa’, v-B€YG,"o AtovwsdBupe, Ben Eyerex yporpénere ode s vOpinous eic grhovogiay nal dpeni Hob; ‘Soxotuéy ye 84,6 Eeoxpacec’, 7G. Vocabulary for Section Seven D (Grammar for 70-F Firs aorist participles, active and middle: naGsaq, navaduevos © Aspect in participles Past of ofS: fin ‘knew ‘© Present and past of nut say’ Gugdrepox ata both vaca Rapin (xaraheB-} pert) &ARwv nok with perf, excellence, viewe (la) comeupon aay others BioveegBup-0s, &Dionysodoras —Abxer-ov, 16 Lykeion 24) postpér-a urge, impel (2) (evining ground, where devo philosophy (1b) vB eystssia vung and old met) x0 yesterday AS ihe said30 Part Two: Moral decay Section Seven A-H: Socrates and intellectual inquiry 8 ‘elev, "8 “Eys, ‘Se ob Suac mporpénar rourovi tov veavionov ei¢ prhoaopiay kai épery, xahotn 8 adtbv Kerio. ort BE wos, AAAK Bik xf ob kgcilere vay veavoxoy, icheySuevorévOcBe évaveiov” hyve 0 65 EsBsBquog eVGic dvBpeitag émexpivero: ‘Bouhsyeta 54 év846e ahéyeoBou, Supa dAAt dxonpiveOat “BARE pev BA, Eony gy, "8 Ye Kherwias Berm donprvbpevor. roAAEKIG YEP pds abriv rpaaépyoveat oi got épurdvezs nal BianeySuevor, del 8€ Aéyoves 5 xbrdv nai €noxpSyevov éEerdovetv: xed BBG NEG drove ob, Ken 6 BE KAewias, ‘romow toOt0', A bv veavioxov “Be, xoioas 8, dxoxpivon! 8, "wal droKpwvoduat ABouen yap Byye exoxprvéuevo, Aéye ob, G ESOOBnyE, Kal erage. Aye yo Brow xa eEeTeiov b cogiacig nporpéres 0B, pode ec épenty: 2» ‘cai 5 EDBGEnpos ‘eit abv’, Zon, ‘nétepoteiow o} yavBévoveey ol sogol ot aeuadeig? ea 5 veavioxoc — uy yipEruyev By x éptoemua indpnoev. énoprisas 8° ‘eBhenev cic Eu, not puepiacev. yO 8 épvprcwvea iv boa ‘uh gpdvnk éexopivou! xa Ev odty 6 atovwad8was EyEhuew,yehdous BE, xa wiv’ 8%, ‘e6 O18" Ses EOBUEN Noe addy vetoes MEywv! ea yh obx dexpivduny. 5 yp KAewiag, fac taba Fheyev 6 hioveadSipo5, dxoxpivduevoc Ervyev 5:10} ooget eiow of uarvBdvovtes, 30 Zonv, ‘unb2 goBod, AA avipeiang 25 exobe-a¢ upon hearing ‘AovosdSup-0s 8 Dionysodoros (am. 5m.) Gob) 2») ANE ylVB.. yebutahe fact elev wel, al ihr then! fu (ure) 6 Kriton (3) {pnb and done verview-ag, 6 young man 2a) isthe, fvaveiov ApOvin font of us ——_-npo-spéto age, impel ua ignorant (po) esBae here soda thi nerval of el pels bravely pudpid-wo bla gihosogea, i phitsopty (1) eroepiv-oua answer (ut pcre Epa), 5 xo-xpv-of ya) question 38) ‘Vocabulary tobe learnt firo-xp-yey-oc in answer, answering dr0-Kpiv-9pa0) 2000Bmiroc, @Euthycemos 2a) avptiog doy brave manly cat once roxpivoua (éxouete- answer fnopfoag on beingataloss —— E-pnv (sad ignad pect vrme,exeitence (Fe) (om. s,m) (ope) Eon the) sid ona) Bou of cour, ely pee excellence, virwe (1a) tag while Aon eniy be pleased vp Soy of couse Boum enjoy fy By fod ve itcenainly APachesaid AB ache seid edge (yehoo-) lau p0Bplactr se tpn veviono, 6 oung man (20) Yebdo-acon laughing. witha xa uv Hok tre ‘orp urge on pel ugh (coms. m)(yehées) Khang @ Kline (1) ‘pean, pilospy (16) Kleinias has answered thar it is the clever who learn, But Euthydemos now exploits an ambiguity in the terms ‘clever’, ‘ignorant’, ‘learner's a man may be clover either because he has leatnt something, or because he is able 0 learn it. The ‘same word covers both cases, and this gives Euthydemtos room to manoeuvre aid ESBGB NOG, “GANA tig BBdoxer rods pavOévoveac’tign, 6 BiSGoxaRO., f ede vi? podsyet 8x16 BiBdoxados rod uavOdvoveac Bibkoxe: “rai ie 8 Sidonahog €5(Saokev dais natbag Svea, Spee wana ve! apoddyet 5 ‘ai ce yar Fic, odBEv foté xu? “09 ud Bia. wana vip 6vees, obBEv Flowey. “%p' obv oowpo ite, obx elBSres ObBEA ‘ob Sica coat Huey’ fi8' 5¢ 6 KAewvias, ‘oixoby ei pm oogot, pet “advo” ye" “outs dpa, waren Sve, obx fore 8, AAN bee Srces EuavOvere:

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5794)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1090)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (838)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (599)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1712)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1103)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (894)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (587)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (537)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2099)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (344)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1015)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1839)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (119)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (440)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (399)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2219)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4609)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1937)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4200)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (265)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2322)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1891)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (73)
• Hobbes - On The Citizen PDF

  

  Document310 pages

  Hobbes - On The Citizen PDF

  Ana Carolina Gomez

  No ratings yet
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carre

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Metaphysical Explanation and The Inference To The Best Explanation

  

  Document54 pages

  Metaphysical Explanation and The Inference To The Best Explanation

  DanielCoimbra

  No ratings yet
• Byrne, Review of Perceptual Content PDF

  

  Document20 pages

  Byrne, Review of Perceptual Content PDF

  DanielCoimbra

  No ratings yet
• Understanding Windows Registry

  

  Document7 pages

  Understanding Windows Registry

  garv_sk9

  100% (4)
• Critique of Scott Soames's History of Analytic Philosophy

  

  Document11 pages

  Critique of Scott Soames's History of Analytic Philosophy

  DanielCoimbra

  100% (1)
• What Are Object Files? (Green & Quilty-Dunn)

  

  Document37 pages

  What Are Object Files? (Green & Quilty-Dunn)

  DanielCoimbra

  No ratings yet
• Teach Yourself Logic

  

  Document100 pages

  Teach Yourself Logic

  Andrew Li

  No ratings yet
• Metaphysics Schema

  

  Document1 page

  Metaphysics Schema

  DanielCoimbra

  No ratings yet
• Review Heritability Behav Traits

  

  Document4 pages

  Review Heritability Behav Traits

  Vlad Cârcu

  No ratings yet
• Why Has CEO Pay Increased So Much? (Gabaix & Landier, 2006)

  

  Document48 pages

  Why Has CEO Pay Increased So Much? (Gabaix & Landier, 2006)

  DanielCoimbra

  100% (1)
• Piketty

  

  Document39 pages

  Piketty

  José Pacheco de Freitas

  No ratings yet
• The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation: How Mandates Failed to Reduce Deaths

  

  Document50 pages

  The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation: How Mandates Failed to Reduce Deaths

  DanielCoimbra

  No ratings yet