Human Body Systems

Unit 1: Identity
Jennifer Bui

1.1 Human Systems

The 12 systems that ALL humans have are:

Digestive System
Immune System
Lymphatic System
Urinary System
Integumentary System
Reproductive System

Skeletal System
Muscular System
Endocrine System
Cardio-Vascular
(Circulatory) System
Respiratory System
Nervous System

Skeletal System
The Skeletal System bones are
complex living organ that is made up
of many cells, protein fibers, and
minerals. They are made up of 206
bones and tissues, such as the
tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.
These bones will provide structure,
protection, and movement for the our
body. The tissues in this system
connects the bones together.
Bones in the human skeleton are the skull,
mandible, cranium, vertebrae, ribs, clavicle,
scapula, humerus,patella, tibia, fibula ulna,
sternum, radius, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges, pelvis, femur, tarsals, and
metatarsals.

Muscular System
The Muscular System is an organ system that permits
movement in the body, circulates blood around your
body and maintain postures.
The 3 types of muscles in the body:
Cardiac: muscle-involuntary, found only in the heart
Skeletal: muscle-involuntary, found throughout the
whole body
Smooth: muscle-involuntary, found in internal organs

Nervous System
The Nervous System communication and control system of our
body. The job of this system is to send and obtain messages. Which
controls our thoughts and body movements.
The nervous system consists of the
brain
spinal cord
neurons.
The brain which is the control center of

the nervous system; helps the body react

to the information that is received from
the sense and thoughts you are thinking.
The spinal cord
Information from nerves that branch
out to the rest of the body goes to
the spinal cord.
The neurons are the cells of the
nervous system.

Endocrine System
The Endocrine System produces hormones.The glands are controlled by
stimulations from the nervous system as well as by chemical receptors in
the blood and hormones produced by other glands.
The endocrine system eects the:

sexual development
reproduction
cellular metabolism
sugar mineral homeostasis
heart rate
digestion

Cardio-Vascular System
The Cardio-Vascular, aka the
Circulatory System is responsible for
transporting oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and cellular waste products
throughout the body.
The main organ of this system is the
heart. Its job is pumping blood and
keeping blood flowing throughout our
body.
The three types of blood vessels are:
arteries
capillaries
and veins.

Respiratory System
The Respiratory System provides
oxygen throughout the body while
removing carbon dioxide.
Organs of the respiratory system
are :

Lungs
Trachea
Bronchi
Diaphragm

The trachea filters the air we breathe

in. The bronchi are 2 tubes that goes
off of the trachea and helps carry air
into our lungs. The diaphragm
contracts once you breathe in.

Digestive System
The Digestive System is a
group of organs joining
together to convert food into
energy and basic nutrients to
feed the body.
The five major functions of
the digestive system are
ingestion
secretion
digestion
absorption
excretion
The digestive system contains
of the mouth, throat,
esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestine, rectum, and
anus.

Immune System
The Immune System is a system
of cells, tissues, and organs that
work together to fight against
germs. The immune system
prevents the entry and growth of
viruses, bacteria, and lots more.
The main organs of the immune
system include:
thymus
bone marrow
spleen
tonsils
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
adenoids,
skin
liver

Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
is a system of
capillaries, vessels,
nodes, and a few other
organs that help
transport lymph from
tissues. The lymph will
contain white blood
cells that helps the body
get rid of any toxins,
wastes, and unwanted
materials.

Urinary System

The Urinary System stables the balance of salt and other

substances in blood. The main function is to remove liquid waste
from our blood which is urine. Urine travels from the kidneys to
the ureters and into our bladder.

Integumentary System
The Integumentary Systems main
function is to act as a barrier to
protect the insides of the body. Its an
organ system containing skin, nails,
hair, and exocrine glands.
Some of the functions of the system
is to protect against invasion by
infectious organisms, protect the
body against abrupt changes in
temperature, help dispose of waste
materials, act as a receptor for touch,
for example; pressure, pain, heat, and
cold, and stores water and fat.

Reproductive System
The main purpose of the Reproductive System is to reproduce babies.
The organs in the reproductive system are the external genitalia and internal
organs.

Two major parts of the female reproductive system are the uterus, ovaries
which will produce the female ova.
The major parts of the male reproductive system are the testes, which produces
sperm.

Maintaining Homeostasis
The systems of the body help maintain
homeostasis: the ability of the body/cell to seek
and maintain a condition of equilibrium in its
internal environment when dealing with
changes. The ten major organ systems in the
human body each provides a vital role in
maintaining equilibrium within the body. All the
systems work together to maintain homeostasis
Examples of Body Systems maintaining
Homeostasis:
The Skeletal System maintain homeostasis
by supporting all the organs in the body;
keeping them intact helping the organs
system function properly.
The digestive system is responsible for the
digestion and absorption of the nutrients
from the food to give to the body.

1.1.2
Regional Directional Terms/
Universal Language

Directional Terms

Superior: toward the head end or the

upper part of the structure or body; above
(cranial)
Inferior: away from the head end or
toward the lower part of a structure of the
body; below caudal
Anterior: Toward or at the front of the
body; in front of ventral
Posterior: toward or at the back of the
body; behind dorsal
Medial: toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side of
Lateral: away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of
Intermediate: between a more medial and
more lateral structure

1.2
Human Tissues

Tissues
Tissue is an aggregate of cells with their
intercellular substance that forms one of
the structural materials of a plant or
animal. The four main tissues are,
Connective
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
The different tissues have a specific
function in the body.

Nervous Tissue
The Nervous tissue helps the
stimuli and helps transmit
signals to and from different
parts of the body. The basic
unit of the nervous tissue is
Neurons. They are also known
as the tissue that moves
information in your body. It
conducts pulses to other parts
of the body. Theyre are two
nerves called the Neurons and
Neuroglia. The neurons receive
and send electrical signals in
the body. The neuroglia serves
to support neurons.

Muscular Tissue
The muscle tissue is a soft tissue the composes muscles;
gives rise to the muscles for the ability to contract.
3 types of are muscle tissue:

Cardiac muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

The cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart. It moves
blood and maintains blood pressure in the body.
The skeletal muscle tissue: It stabilizes the position of
the skeleton, generates heat, and protects internal organs.
Movement of the skeleton: fingers, toes, neck etc
Movement of tissue: ability to smile and frown.

The smooth muscle tissue moves food, urine and tract

secretions in the body, controls respiratory passageways
and regulates diameter of blood vessels.

Connective Tissue
The Connective Tissue is the animal tissue that functions mainly to
support other tissues. The connective tissue contains various types of
tissues, including: loose connective tissue and specialized connective
tissues, which are bone, blood, cartilage, lymph, and adipose tissues.
Connective cells also have cells throughout an matrix of fibrous proteins
and glycoproteins which is attached to the membrane (basement).

Epithelial Tissue
The Epithelial Tissue lines the
surfaces and cavities of the body
organs.The functions of the
Epithelial cell is absorption,
protection, and secretion. These
cells are closely packed together
with almost no intercellular spaces
and only a very small amount of
intercellular substance.

1.2.2
Skeletal System

20 major bones

Skull
Clavicle
Sternum
Vertebral column
Ribs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Ribs
Scapula

Pelvis
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Patella
Femur

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Parts

Vertebral Column
The Vertebral Column is made
of 31 bones also known as the
vertebrae. There are 3 sections
which are:
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sternum Parts
The sternum is known as the breast bone. It is a long, narrow flat bone that serves
as the keystone of the rib cage.
Located along the mid-line of the body in the anterior thoracic region.
Sternum has three parts: manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid.

Manubrium is widest and

most superior region of
the sternum.
The body which is
longest region of the
sternum.
Xiphoid is the smallest
and most inferior region
of the sternum.

Different bones: males and

females

Female and have different bone structure which helps Forensic

Anthropologists to determine sex among skeletons.
For example, the bone structure of the pelvis in a male and a female are
different.
The female pelvis is much larger and wider than those of males. It helps
them, deliver their child.
The male pelvis is taller and narrower.The male sacrum is more longer,
narrower, and straighter.

Forensic Anthropology
Determining Sex: main bones used to determine sex are
the skull and the pelvis. The lengths of the femur, tibia, and the
humerus.
Determining Race: The skull is used to determine the race. One would
trace origins and various measurements around the face to reveal
information about their heritage.
Determining Height: Bones like the tibia, femur, or humerus are use to
determine height.
Determining Age: Look for landmarks that occur as a human ages.

1.3

Identity: DNA

DNA
DNA is a double-stranded;
helical nucleic acid molecule
capable of determining the
inherited structure of a cells
proteins.
Each person has different DNA
structure. Each person receives
half their DNA from each
parent.

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction Enzymes known

for the other name of
restriction endonucleases, are
is a degradative enzyme that
recognizes specific nucleotide
sequences and cuts up DNA.

RFLPs
RFLPs known as Restriction
fragment length
polymorphisms is different in
DNA sequence on
homologous chromosomes
that can result in different
patterns of restriction
fragment lengths.

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis are the separation of nucleic acids or

proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by
measuring their rate of movement through an electrical eld
in a gel.

DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting is a
method identifying variable
elements within the base-pair
sequence of DNA.
The procedure for creating a
DNA ngerprint consists of
rst obtaining a sample of
cells, for ex. a skin, hair, or
blood cells.

1.3.3
Biometrics
Biometrics is a field of science which uses physical
characteristics; like facial features, patterns in the eyes, and
behavioral characteristics, to determine/confirm identity.

Resources
http://www.innerbody.com
http://www.britannica.com
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.livescience.com
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/circulatorysys.html
http://www.biology-online.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_system
http://www.innerbody.com/image/skelfov.html
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometrics
http://askabiologist.asu.edu/restriction-enzymes