Ngn ng hc i chiu

Anh - Vit
Th.S Nguyn Vn Huy
T Ngn ng hc
Khoa Vit nam hc H NN Hu

Quiz
Tm hiu s lc v ngn ng trn th gii v Vit
Nam
C bao nhiu ngn
5000 7000 9000
ng hin ang c
Anh, Php, Nga,
s dng trn th gii?
Trung, Rp, Hindi,
Hy lit k 05 ngn
TyBan Nha
ng c s ngi ni
50tr 60 tr 70tr
nh bn ng nhiu
200tr 400tr 600tr
nht theo th t t cao 300 triu 500tr 700tr
n thp.
C bao nhiu ngi
bn ng ni ting Anh
Anh? M? Trn th
gii?

Quiz
Tm hiu s lc v ngn ng trn th gii v Vit
Nam

Vit Nam hin c

bao nhiu ngn
ng? c c
khong bao nhiu
phn trm ngi ni
ting Vit nh ngi
bn ng trn tng
dn s?
C bao nhiu ngi
bn ng ni ting
Vit Anh? M?

100 200 300

60% 80% 100%
20 ngn 50 ngn 100
ngn
2 triu 50 triu 100 triu

Theo The Ethnologue @ www.ethnologue.com

Area

Living languages
Count

Africa

Percent

Number of speakers
Count

Percent

Mean

Median

2,110

30.5

726,453,403

12.2

344,291

25,200

993

14.4

50,496,321

0.8

50,852

2,300

2,322

33.6

3,622,771,264

60.8

1,560,194

11,100

Europe

234

3.4

1,553,360,941

26.1

6,638,295

201,500

Pacific

1,250

18.1

6,429,788

0.1

5,144

980

Totals

6,909

100.0

5,959,511,717

100.0

862,572

7,560

Americas
Asia

Theo The Ethnologue @ www.ethnologue.com

Nm ngn ng c s ngi bn ng theo th t t thp
n cao l Ting Trung Quc (1 t 2 ngi), ting Ty
Ban Nha (329 triu), ting Anh (328 triu), ting rp
(221 triu), ting Hindi (118 triu). Ting Vit xp th 14/
6.909.
Vit Nam hin c 107 ngn ng (k c ngn ng bng
tay cho ngi cm ic). C khong 65,8 triu ngi bn
ng ni ting Vit, theo s liu 1999, trong tng s 68,6
triu ngi dn.
Ting Anh c ni nh ngn ng th nht (first language)
112 quc gia. Vng quc Anh, c khong 58,1 triu
ngi bn ng ni ting Anh. M quc, c khong 215
triu ngi bn ng ni ting Anh

Theo The Ethnologue @ www.ethnologue.com

Ting Vit c s dng 23 quc gia khc nhau,

ngoi Vit Nam ra, cn c Australia, Cambodia,
Canada, China, Cte dIvoire, Czech Republic,
Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique,
Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines,
Russian Federation (Asia), Senegal, Taiwan,
Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, Vanuatu.
C khong 1,9 triu ngi ni ting Vit M v
khong 22 ngn ngi Vng quc Anh

Dn nhp ngn ng hc i chiu

Cu hi tho lun TL1
1. nh ngha khi nim i chiu. i chiu trong ngn ng
hc hin i c hiu nh th no?
2. nh ngha khi nim ngn ng hc i chiu.
3. Anh/ ch hiu nh th no v ngn ng hc so snh lch
s v ngn ng hc so snh loi hnh.
4. Nu r s ging nhau v khc nhau gia ngn ng hc
i chiu vi nhng phn ngnh ngn ng hc k trn.
5. Theo Krzeszowski 1990, ai l ngi u tin s dng thut
ng i chiu gn vi nhng hin tng khc bit gia cc
ngn ng?
6. Trn quan im ca J. Fisiak 1983, hy tm tt ba hng
pht trin chnh ca ngnh ngn ng hc i chiu trong th
k XX.

Hng dn TL1
Khi nim so snh i chiu (compare contrast/ confront):
o

o
o

so snh: xem xt tm ra nhng im tng ng

hoc khc bit v mt s lng, kch thc, phm
cht
i chiu: so snh hai s vt c lin quan cht ch vi
nhau
Trong ngn ng hc hin i: so snh i chiu l
phng php ly i tng l hai hay nhiu ngn ng
lm sng t nhng nt ging v khc nhau (hoc ch
lm r nhng nt khc nhau) theo nguyn tc ng i
(synchronical/ contemparory principles). (L Quang
Thim, 2004)

TL1

Khi nim ngn ng hc i chiu (contrastive

linguistics):
o

Tn gi khc: Phn tch i chiu contrastive analysis,

Nghin cu i chiu contrastive studies, Nghin cu
xuyn ngn ng - cross linguistic studies, Nghin cu
tng phn confrontative studies
y l mt phn ngnh ngn ng hc nghin cu so
snh hai hoc nhiu hn hai ngn ng BT K xc
nh nhng im ging v khc nhau gia cc ngn ng
, khng tnh n vn cc ngn ng c quan h
ci ngun hay thuc cng loi hnh hay khng (Bi Mnh
Hng, 2008, p. 9)

TL1
V tr ca ngn ng hc i chiu trong cc phn
ngnh ngn ng hc hin i
Ngn ng hc hin i tip cn ngn ng theo ba cch:
Ngn ng hc i cng (essential/introductory
linguistics): nghin cu tt c cc ngn ng trn th gii
nhm lm r bn cht, chc nng, ngun gc ca ngn ng ni
chung, xy dng nn h thng khi nim, phm tr l cng c
nghin cu mt ngn ng c th.
Ngn ng hc miu t (descriptive linguistics): miu t tng
ngn ng c th lm r c im ca ngn ng cn nghin
cu
Ngn ng hc so snh (comparative linguistics): cc ngn
ng ca nhng cng ng ngi khc nhau c so snh vi
nhau

TL1
V tr ca ngn ng hc i chiu trong cc phn
ngnh ngn ng hc hin i
Cc phn ngnh ca ngn ng hc so snh
(comparative linguistics):
o

Ngn ng hc so snh lch s (historical comparative

linguistics): lm r mi quan h v mt ci ngun v qu
trnh pht trin lch s ca cc ngn ng c gi nh l c
quan h v ngun gc.
ng h n u (Indo European): dng n, dng Iran, dng Slave,
dng Roman (, Php), dng German (c ting Anh, c, H Lan)
ng h Semit: dng Ai Cp, dng Semit
ng h Th: Th Nh K, Azecbadan
ng h Hn Tng: Hn
ng h Nam Phng (Austronesian): dng Nam Thi, Nam ,
trong Nam c ngnh Mn-Khmer,

trong Mn Khmer c ting Vit, Mng, Ba Na, Ka Tu

TL1
V tr ca ngn ng hc i chiu trong cc phn
ngnh ngn ng hc hin i
Ngn ng hc so snh loi hnh (typological linguistics):
phn loi ngn ng trn th gii da v nhng im ging
nhau trong cu trc ngn ng, khng nht thit cng mt
ngun gc
(xem loi hnh ngn ng)
Ngn ng hc i chiu: nghin cu so snh hai hay nhiu
ngn ng bt k xc nh nhng im ging nhau v khc
nhau, bt chp yu t ngun gc hay loi hnh nhm phc v
nhng nhu cu l lun v thc tin ca ngi nghin cu.
(phm vi hp hn nghin cu loi hnh, v ch xt cc yu t
ng i ch khng mang tnh lch i nh nghin cu ng h/
ngun gc)

TL1
Qu trnh pht trin ca NNHC

- C lch s lu i: hu ht cc cng trnh ng php miu t u c so snh i

chiu v tnh hay hu .

- n 1789, James Pickbourne l ngi u tin dng thut ng i chiu

(contrast) gn vi hin tng khc bit gia cc ngn ng, trch theo Krzeszowski,
1990)

- Sau mt s cng trnh ni bt, nghin cu i chiu ri vo khng hong v thiu

mt h thng l lun khoa hc dn dt.

- n u th k XX, NNC pht trin theo ba hng:

+ Cng trnh ca Baudouin de Courternay (1902), nh ngn ng Nga gc Ba Lan,
so snh ting Ba lan, Nga v ting Slave c, p ng nhu cu hc ting Nga ca
cng dn Lin X.

+ Cng trnh ca Ch. Bally (1932) Ngn ng hc i cng v mt s vn ca

ting Php i chiu ting Php v ting c, p ng nhu cu hc ting c ca
ngi Php

+ Cng trnh ca Ch. Fries (1940), Transfer Grammar ca Z. Harris (1954),

Linguistics Across Cultures ca R. Lado (1957) i chiu ting Anh vi nhng ngn

TL1
Qu trnh pht trin ca NNHC
Vit Nam, cng trnh nghin cu i chiu u tin l
Nghin cu i chiu cc ngn ng ca L Quang Thim
(1989) vi nhng lun c ca ting Vit v ting Bungary,
sau l cun Ngn ng hc i chiu v i chiu cc
ngn ng ng Nam ca Nguyn Vn Chin (1992).
H Ni nm 1997 nh du Hi tho chuyn ngnh i
chiu ngn ng ln u tin Vit Nam.

Phm vi ng dng ca NNHC

Cu hi tho lun TL2
Anh/ ch hiu nh th no l tnh trng d u
vi trung trong s pht trin ca ngnh ngn
ng hc i cng Vit Nam. Nu v d
chng minh vai tr ca NNHC trong vic
khc phc tnh trng .
Bi Mnh Hng 2008, p. 33, c cp cc
khi nim loi hnh ngn ng khut chit
v n lp. Anh/ ch hy gii thch cc thut
ng trn v cho bit nhng ngn ng tiu
biu thuc cc loi hnh trn.

Phm vi ng dng ca NNHC

Cu hi tho lun TL2
BMH 2008, p.37, cho rng nghin cu i
chiu cc ngn ng gip pht hin c
nhng trng ca ngn ng ny so vi
ngn ng kia. Anh/ ch hiu trng y
l g? Cho v d minh ho.
Bn v nh hng ca NNHC i vi lnh
vc dy hc ngoi ng, BMH 2008 p. 42 c
cp n khi nim chuyn di ngn ng.
Anh/ch hiu nh th no v khi nim trn.
Cho v d v 02 loi chuyn di ngn ng.

Hng dn TL2
D u vi trung: hin tng ly ng liu ca
cc ngn ng n u xy dng nn cc
khi nim, cc phm tr i cng, ph
qut, dng cho vic nghin cu, miu t cc
ngn ng khc.
Cu trc cu Ch - V & cu trc cu - Thuyt
Phn bit t loi ng t & tnh t

c im

Khut chit (ho kt) fusional

n lp - Isolating

c im t php (lexical
features)

- n v t th hin r nt
- Cn t v ph t kt hp
cht ch
- T bin hnh nhiu

c im c php
(syntactical features)

- Hin tng hp dng pht - Khng c hp dng

trin mnh
- Quan h ng php khng
- Quan h ng php th
th hin trong t m th
hin nhiu trong t
hin ch yu qua trt t t
- Trt t t kh t do
v h t

Tiu biu

Nga, Anh

Ngoi ra

Chp dnh agglutinating Hn nhp Polysynthetic

- Cn t c th l t n
- Mi ph t ch mang mt
nghi
- Tiu biu l Turkish

- n v t th hin khng
r nt
- n v c bn l hnh tit
- T khng bin hnh

Vit, Hn
- n v va l t m cng
c th l cu
- Tiu biu l Tschinuk
Bc M: inialudam (ti
n cho c y ci ny)

Hng dn TL2
Tm hiu s chuyn di ngn ng
nh hng ca ting m vi ngoi ng
+ ging ngoi quc
+ hc mt ngn ng c c im loi hnh ging vi
ting m th d hn
+ khi nim chuyn di ngn ng (language
transfer) do T.Odlin (1989) khi xng trong cng
trnh cng tn: nh hng ca ting m vi hc
ngoi ng. i khi cn gi l giao thoa ngn ng
(interference) (J. Fisiak, 1983. Present Trends in
Contrastive Linguistics)

Hng dn TL2
An example
Cu trc make somebody/ something do
something b sinh vin Vit Nam lm dng
v tr thnh ngun gc ca cc li nng nhng trng hp m khi ngi ni ting
Anh nh ting m c thi quen dng
nhng ngoi v t (transitive verbs) thay
cho kt cu nu trn (T Minh Thanh, tp ch
NCKH- HXHNV s 19)

Hng dn TL2
(1a) The white ceiling and walls of the living room make it
seem brighter and larger.
Trn nh v nhng bc tng mu trng ca phng khch
lm cho n dng nh sng hn v rng hn.
Ngoi v t Brighten lm cho sng hn v Enlarge
lm cho rng hn thng c dng trong trng hp
ny:
(1b) Its white ceiling and walls seemingly Brighten and
Enlarge the living room.
(2a)* Drugs can make a person become completely
different.
Ma tu c th lm cho mt ngi tr nn hon ton khc.
Ngoi v t Change lm thay i s lm cho cu ny
nghe ging ting Anh hn:
(2b) Drugs can change a person completely.

Hng dn TL2
Chuyn di ngn ng
chuyn di tch cc (positive transfer): gip hc d
dng hn v c s ging nhau
o
o

Do you have money with you? Yes, I do (E)/? Ni you qian ma?
You (C)/ Em c mang theo tin khng? C (V): cu tr li ngn
Kumain na ako (Tag). I have eaten. Ti n ri: trt t thnh phn
cu

chuyn di tiu cc (negative transfer): gy kh

khn do khc bit
hn ch/ trnh s dng nhng cu trc xa l

Tag questions/ negative polar questions for Viets

Cu trc trung tm ng ca ting Trung: Ni xi huan wo song
ni de li wu ma?

qu lm dng nhng cu trc gn gi

Hng dn TL2
Chuyn di ngn ng
C hai quan im lin quan n chuyn di ngn
ng, nhng iu phin din v cn c s dung
ho:
+ Xem vic s li v d bo li l phng php ton
nng dy ngoi ng - error analysis (Corder),
approximative system (Nemser), interlanguage
(Selinker)
+ Lm ng nhng khc bit ca ngn ng th nht v
ngn ng th hai, thc hnh theo phng php t nhin

Vn t ra l, li do ting m chim v tr nh
th no trong ngn ng trung gian ca ngi hc:

Cng trnh nghin cu

% li giao thoa

i tng ngi hc

Grauberg 1971

36

Ni ting c, ngi ln,

trnh nng cao

George 1972

33

Ni nhiu th ting, ngi

ln, tt nghip i hc

Dulay&Butt 1973

Ni ting Ty Ban Nha, tr

em, nhiu trnh

Trn Th Chu

51

Ni ting Trung, ngi ln,

nhiu trnh

Mukattash 1977

23

Ni ting rp, ngi ln

Flick 1980

31

Ni ting TBN, ngi ln,

nhiu trnh

Lott 1983

50

Ni ting Italia, ngi ln,

sinh vin

Hng dn TL2
Khc bit ngn ng v kh khn ngn ng
Khc bit v ngn ng khng ng nht vi kh khn
trong hc ngoi ng. Khc bit l phm tr thuc
ngn ng, cn kh khn l phm tr thuc tm l tn
ti trong u c tng ngi.
Khc nhau gia hai ngn ng khng phi khi no
cng gy kh khn nh nhau vi ngi hc:
o
o
o
o

Ngi Anh: anh v em/ c, cu, m, d, dng, bc, ch, o,

thm trong ting Vit kh khn
Ngi Vit: brother/ uncle/ aunt d dng
Ngi Vit: rice d dng
Ngi Anh: la, thc, go, cm, cho, h, np, xi, tru,
tm, cm kh khn

Hng dn TL2
Khc bit ngn ng v kh khn ngn ng
Do vy, cn xc nh (xt v vic dy ting):
o ging nhau cn yu: ging nhau gip ngi hc chuyn di tch
cc t ting m sang ngoi ng:
trt t t, thnh phn cu (A-V): trt t t gia danh t trung
tm v tnh t trong ting Anh, Hn l ging nhau, khng cn
dy nhiu, nhng vi ting Vit th cn tp trung lm r.
o ging nhau khng cn yu: ging nhau khng gip ngi hc
chuyn di tch cc:
phm tr s ca Anh - Vit
ngn ng no cng c nguyn m (ph nim)
o khc nhau cn yu: khc nhau dn n chuyn di tiu cc:
thanh iu ca ting Vit vi ngi Anh, trng m ca ting
Anh vi ngi Vit
o khc nhau khng cn yu: khc nhau khng dn n chuyn di
tiu cc:
ng t ca ting Anh i vi ngi Vit: thi, th, thc

Hng dn TL2
NG DNG V DY HC CA NNH C

Ngn ng hc i chiu do vy gip thit lp cn c

thit k chng trnh, bin son ti liu theo i tng
ngi hc
+ (tr em, ngi ln, ngi bn x, ngi nc ngoi, ngi
nc ny, ngi nc khc)
+ nhng khng phi l cn c duy nht: tui tc, mc ch, tm
l, mi trng, vv.

Ngn ng i chiu gip d bo li khi hc ngoi ng,

phn tch li tm nguyn nhn v cch khc phc.
+ NNHC d bo li trn c s im ging nhau v khc nhau
ca ngn ng, Phn tch li (error analysis) da vo kt qu s
dng ngoi ng ca ngi hc trong thc tin.
+ Tuy nhin, hai mng ny quan h cht ch, NNHC gp phn l gii
nhiu li ca ngi hc, phn tch li cung cp nguyn liu th cho

C s ca vic i chiu ngn ng

Cu hi tho lun TL3
Bn v thao tc so snh, BMH 2008 p. 96 cp
n vic Saussure 2005 so snh c ch ngn
ng vi mt vn c. Anh ch hiu nh th no v
so snh trn?
Anh/ ch hiu nh th no l Tertium
Comparationis (TC)? Cho v d minh ho
Trong nghin cu i chiu t vng, mt gii php
phn tch ng ngha xc lp TC l l thuyt
siu ngn ng ng ngha t nhin (natural
semantic metalanguage theory) ca A. Wierzbicka.
Anh/ch hiu nh th no v l thuyt ni trn
Nu tm tt 02 cch tip cn c bn trong nghin
cu i chiu ngn ng: i chiu mt chiu v

Hng Dn TL3
C s i chiu (Tertium Comparationis)
Hai i tng i chiu phi c mt im chung.
chnh l TC, l yu t quyt nh kt qu so snh.
Nu i chiu hnh vung v hnh ch nht:
o
o

TC: s cnh v s gc nh nhau

TC: tng quan v chiu di ca cc cnh khc nhau

Xc nh TC trong nhng v d sau:

o
o
o
o

i ta nh la mi nhen/ Nh trng mi mc nh n mi
khu
Vo ma h qut my t nh nh tm ti, nhng vo
ma ng th li r nh bo
Tnh yu ca h m hoa kt tri
Th gi l vng bc

Hng Dn TL3
C s i chiu (Tertium Comparationis)
TC l mt i lng chung khng thuc v mt
ngn ng no trong s nhng ngn ng c i
chiu. N c th thuc phm tr ph qut hoc
phm tr chung ca hai hay mt s ngn ng no
.
+ TC trong ng m m v hc: c trng v cu
m-m hc, nt khu bit m v
+ TC trong T vng: ngha ca t v cc nt ngha
+ TC trong ng php: tng ng v cu trc v
ngha
+ TC trong ng dng: lc ngn trung, cc chc nng
trong giao tip

Hng Dn TL3
C s i chiu (Tertium Comparationis)

Vic xc nh TC khng nn da vo hnh thc (cch

gi tn, khi nim) v s dn n s b tc, hoc lch
chun, sai lm, hoc phin din. NCC nn da vo
s tng ng v ngha, cc thnh t ngha
+ V d: nghin cu i chiu phm tr Th trong ting
Vit v ting Anh c th c trong ting Anh nhng trong
ting Vit th cch tip cn khng thng nht, thm ch
cn khng c th trong ting Vit.
+ ti gi l: Nghin cu i chiu cc phng tin
biu t ngha thi gian trong ting Vit v ting Anh
Xem slide 33, 35

Hng Dn TL3
Nhng cch tip cn TC c bn trong NCC cc
ngn ng

Tu vo nhim v mc ch, c hai cch tip cn:

Cch tip cn hai hay nhiu chiu: xem xt cc

hin tng c so snh ca hai hay nhiu ngn ng. Cu hi

t ra l: Nhng phng tin no c trong ngn ng A v B dng
biu th ci c xy dng trong TC?
Cch i chiu ny thng c ta dng Nhng phng tin/
cch thc biu hin phm tr X trong ngn ng A v B.
VD1: Cch biu th ngha tng lai trong ting Anh v
ting Vit
VD2: Cch biu th ngha nguyn nhn trong ting Anh v
ting Vit
VD3: Cch biu th ngha mnh lnh trong ting Anh v
ting Vit
VD4: Phm tr lch s trong ting Anh v ting Vit
VD5: Khong cch giao tip trong ting Anh v ting Vit

Hng Dn TL3
Nhng cch tip cn TC c bn trong
NCC cc ngn ng
Cch tip cn mt chiu:
o

Cch tip cn ny ly TC lm trung tm, khng c ngn

ng ngun v ngn ng ch. ngn ng A c th c 4
phng tin biu t, ngn ng B c th c t hoc
nhiu hn, vv.

Cch tip cn ny c nhiu kh nng ng dng cho nghin

cu loi hnh, bin son t in sp xp theo ch .

Hng Dn TL3
Nhng cch tip cn TC c bn trong NCC cc ngn
ng
Gii thch ngha ca mt n v, hin tng no
trong ngn ng ny v xc nh nhng phng tin biu
hin ngha tng ng trong ngn ng khc.
C th bt u bng cch miu t cc hnh thc trong
ngn ng th nht ri i chiu vi ngn ng th hai
hoc ngc li. (ngn ng ngun v ch)
Cc ta thng gp l: H thng X/ cu trc Y trong
ngn ng A v nhng h thng/ cu trc tng ng
trong ngn ng B.

Hng Dn TL3
Nhng cch tip cn TC c bn trong
NCC cc ngn ng
o
o
o

o
o
o

VD1: Tr ng t trong ting Anh v nhng phng tin tng

ng trong ting Vit
VD2: Nhng c im dng hc ca t WELL trong ting Anh
v cch din t tng ng trong ting Vit
VD3: V mt s ngha ca gii t FOR trong ting Anh trong
s so snh vi nhng phng tin tng ng v chc nng
trong ting Vit
VD4: Cu trc b ng trong ting Anh v cch din t tng
ng trong ting Vit
VD5: Cu hi ui trong ting Anh v cch din t tng
ng trong ting Vit
VD6: Cc cu ting Anh mi u bng t THERE v nhng cu
tng ng trong ting Vit

Cu hi tho lun TL4

Nguyn tc v phm vi i chiu
Anh/ ch th tm mt cng trnh nghin cu i
chiu Anh - Vit (hin c ti th vin nh trng)
v m t li cc bc phn tch i chiu
c p dng trong cng trnh .
Anh/ ch hiu nh th no l ng php cu trc,
ng php ci bin to sinh, ng php chc
nng?
Hy nu tm tt 05 nguyn tc nghin cu i
chiu ngn ng c BMH 2008 a ra.
Krzeszowski 1990 phn bit 03 lnh vc i chiu
b phn, l nhng lnh vc no?

Nhng nguyn tc c bn trong i chiu

cc ngn ng:
Theo Bi Mnh Hng (2000), nghin cu ngn ng
cn tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau:
Nguyn tc th nht: Cc phng tin trong hai
ngn ng i chiu phi c miu t mt cch
y v chnh xc trc khi tin hnh i chiu
tm ra im ging v khc nhau.
o
o

C th s dng kt qu ca ngi khc nghin

cu
T mnh miu t nhng thut ng v cc n v s
dng i chiu

 Nguyn tc th hai: Vic nghin cu khng nn

ch n nhng phng tin ngn ng no
c tch bit mt cch my mc, khin cng
m phi nm trong mt h thng.
o

VD: khng th so snh I v ti m khng t trong h

thng cc vai giao tip, khng so snh will vi s m
khng t trong h thng ngha ch v thi gian

 Nguyn tc th ba: Phi xem xt cc phng tin

i chiu khng ch trong h thng ngn ng m
c trong hot ng giao tip.
o

VD1: trong ting Anh you c phm vi hot ng rt

rng v c rt nhiu phng tin din t tng
ng trong ting Vit ty vo tng hon cnh giao
tip c th
VD2: ng t trong ting Vit c chc nng bin i
ty thuc vo tng hon cnh giao thip c th

 Nguyn tc th t v l nguyn tc hay b vi phm nht:

Phi m bo tnh nht qun trong vic s dng cc m
hnh l thuyt miu t cc ngn ng i chiu
Phi s dng nhng khi nim c th ph hp miu
t c hai ngn ng c i chiu v nhng khi nim
phi c hiu cng mt cch
Phi theo cng mt khung l thuyt
o

Nu hiu hnh v l mt n v ngn ng nh nht c ngha

(Bloomfield) th ting Vit v ting Hn khng c n v t, ch
c hnh v; nhng nu hiu hnh v l n v c ngha ca t, to
nn t th cc ngn ng ny ch c t, khng c hnh v.

Mc d s l l tng c mt h thng thut ng trung lp

m t chung cho cc ngn ng, khng thin v mt nhm ngn
ng no nhng thc t, ngn ng i cng hin ti trn th
gii vn l d u vi trung (thin v ngn ng bin hnh)

Cc khung l thuyt v ngn ng:

Ng php truyn thng traditional
Bt ngun t cc cng trnh nghin cu ng php Latin v Hy lp,
vn c gi tr s dng cho n ngy nay

ng php cu trc structural

Xy dng trn c s ng php m t, ch trng n cc cu trc nn
tng ca mt ngn ng c th

ng php to sinh - ci bin generative-transformational

Xut pht t deep structure v surface structure ca Noam Chomsky,
nhn mnh n nng lc ngn ng (competence) khi qut ca con
ngi

ng php tri nhn cognitive

Khi ngun t 1976 do Ronald Langacker, ch trng n nhn thc
v t duy vi ngn ng

ng php chc nng functional

Bt ngun t nghin cu ca Simon C. Dik University of
Amsterdam vo nhng nm 1970.
Semantic function (Agent, Patient, Recipient, etc.), describing the role
of participants in states of affairs or actions expressed
Syntactic functions (Subject and Object), defining different
perspectives in the presentation of a linguistic expression
Pragmatic functions (Theme and Tail, Topic and Focus), defining the
informational status of constituents, determined by the pragmatic
context of the verbal interaction

 Nguyn tc th nm: n gin, thit

thc vi ngi dy v ngi hc ting

Phng php i chiu:

1. Khi qut:
- Trong ngn ng hc c 2 phng php nghin
cu chnh:
+ Miu t (descriptive)
+ So snh (comparative):
+ so snh lch s
+ so snh loi hnh
+ so snh i chiu
+ so snh bn trong ngn ng (intralingual): so snh gia cc n v,
phm tr thuc cc cp khc nhau trong cng mt ngn ng: phn
bit m v m t, hnh v - hnh t, cc phm tr ng php, cc phng
thc ng php..
+ so snh bn ngoi ngn ng (extralingual): so snh cc n v, cc
phm tr gia cc ngn ng vi nhau

2. Phm vi i chiu:

i chiu tng th gia hai ngn ng: khng kh thi

i chiu du hiu: cc mt, cc cp , cc thuc tnh c th
ca hai ngn ng
o
o
o

So snh nhng h thng tng ng gia hai ngn ng nh i t,

qun t, ng t, h thng nguyn m, h thng ph m
So snh nhng cu trc tng ng nh nghi vn, ph nh, cm
thn
So snh cc quy tc tng ng: quy tc b ng, o ng, nhn
mnh, ng ho d ho ng m

Cng c th phn bit phm vi i chiu trn c s bnh din

ngn ng nh ng m m v, ng php, ng ngha, ng
dng

Cc bc i chiu:
a. Miu t
b. Xc nh ci g c th so snh vi ci g.
c. So snh thy ci ging v ci khc
+ XL1 = XL2
+XL1 =/= XL2
+ XL1 = 0L2: th trong ting Anh: Y, trong ting Vit:
N

V d
Cch din t cu nghi vn trong ting Anh v cc
hnh thc din t tng ng trong ting Vit
Vng Th o

Hin nay, cng c nhiu quan nim khc nhau v cch thc
phn loi cc cu hi trong ting Anh cng nh cc loi ngn
ng khc. Xt theo cu trc ng php, cu hi trong ting Anh
thnh cc loi nh sau:
o Yes/ No questions (cu hi c/khng)
o Wh- questions (cu hi c t nghi vn)
o Alternative questions (cu hi la chn)
o Tag questions (cu hi ly li)
o Declarative questions (cu hi dng tng thut)

Cu hi
ting
Da vo tnh cht
cu
hiAnh
v nhng phng tin biu
th cu hi, ngi
taquestions
c th
1. Yes/No
chia cu ting Vit thnh
cc loi sau:2. Wh- questions
o
o
o
o

Cu hi ting Vit
1. Cu hi tng
qut
2. Cu hi c t

Cu hi tng qut.
nghi vn.
Cu hi c t nghi vn.
Cu hi la3.chn.
Alternative questions 3. Cu hi la
Cu hi dng ng iu.
chn.

4. Declarative questions 4. Cu hi dng

ng iu.

 2. Wh-questions (cu hi c t nghi vn)

* Ging nhau
S tng ng gia cc t nghi vn trong ting Anh v ting
Vit l kh cao. V d: Ting Anh c: who(m), what, when,
where, why, which. Ting Vit c: ai, ci g, khi no, u, ti
sao, ci no,...
Khi t nghi vn (wh- word) l ch ng trong cu hi th trong
ting Anh v ting Vit hon ton tng ng. Trt t t trong
c hai cu hi Anh- Vit nh nhau. V d:
o
o
o
o

Who loves Fiona?

Ai yu Fiona?
What makes you cry?
iu g lm em khc?

T nghi vn (wh-word) trong c hai loi Anh Vit u c hnh

thc rt gn v t nghi vn c th l t n hoc mt cm t.
V d:
o
o
o
o
o

Who Ai
What Ci g
What for lm g
Why Ti sao

 Trong ting Anh v ting Vit, loi cu hi m t

nghi vn c dng hi nguyn nhn (Why- ti
sao, for what reason- v l do g, for which reasonv l do no) u cng v tr u cu, u thc
hin chc nng trng ng trong cu. V d:

Why do you want to learn English?

Ti sao anh thch hc ting Anh?
For what reason did many people leave for big cities?
V l do g m nhiu ngi b qu hng n cc thnh
ph ln?
For which reason do birds migrite?
V l do no m chim di tr?

 * Khc nhau
Khi t nghi vn khng phi l ch ng th trong ting
Vit khng cn cc tc t (operators: auxiliaries,
modals hoc tobe) ng trc ch ng ca cu hi
nh trong ting Anh v t nghi vn ai ng ngay
sau ng t chnh trong ting Vit. T nghi vn who
trong ting Anh ng u cu v phi dng cc tc t
t trc ch ng. V d:
o
o

Who did you help?

Bn gip ai?

Cui cu hi Wh - questions phi xung ging. Trong

ting Vit khng cn ng iu.
T nghi vn When ch ng u cu trong cu hi
loi ny. Thi gian trong cu tr li ph thuc vo th
(tense) m ta s dng.V d:
o
o

A: When are you going to get married?

B: Next year.

 T khi no/bao gi/lc no trong ting Vit ng

c c hai v tr: u cu v cui cu. Khi ng
u cu, n cp n thi gian ca hnh ng trong
tng lai, v trng hp ng cui cu, n ch thi
gian ca hnh ng xy ra qu kh. V d:
o
o
o
o

A: Khi no em tt nghip i hc?

B: Sang nm.
A: Em tt nghip i hc khi no?
B : Nm ngoi.

Khi hi v phng tin i li trong ting Anh, ngi ta

thng dng How (nh th no ). V d:
o
o

o
o

A: How do you go to school?

B: By bicycle.
Trong ting Vit th ni i bng phng tin g (By what). V
d :
A: Anh i lm bng phng tin g?
B: Bng xe my.

Cc bnh din i chiu

Nghin cu i chiu v
Nghin cu i chiu v
ngha
Nghin cu i chiu v
Nghin cu i chiu v
s bnh din khc

ng m
t vng - ng
ng php
ng dng v mt

Nghin cu i chiu v ng m
Cu hi tho lun:
o
o

Anh/ ch hy cho bit s lng cc ph m/ nguyn m

trong ting Anh.
i chiu vi ting Vit, anh/ ch thy nhng ph m/
nguyn m no ging nhau, nhng ph m/ nguyn m
no khc nhau?
Hy m t s khc nhau ca cc ph m theo phng
thc pht m, v tr pht m v v tr phn b trong m
tit.
Hy m t s khc nhau ca cc nguyn m trn biu
h thng nguyn m chun ca Daniel Jones (tham
kho Peter Roach, L Quang Thim)

Ting
Vit

Theo on
Thin Thut, c
30 ph m (22
ph m u, 8
ph m cui,
cha k m
gia w)

22: ba, me, ph, v, th, tn, n,

n, s, gi, ln, trng, sng, rng,
cha, nhanh, con, ng, kh, g, m,
hi
8: hp, bit, cc/ chch, cm, n,
hang/ khnh, tu, tay
1: w: quang

Ting
Anh

Theo Peter
Roach, c 24
ph m

pen, beer, tea, desk, cold, get

four, very, think, they, sad, zero,
shoe, pleasure, hot, church, judge,
man, new, fang, low, won, red,
yellow

Bng tng hp ph m Anh - Vit

Thc hnh c
phin m quc t ting Vit

Gii thiu phn mm Praat

M t tnh nng ca
phn mm nghin cu
v ng m
Mt s phng php
v xu hng ng dng
phn mm vo nghin
cu i chiu ng m
Anh - Vit

Mt s gi v ti nghin cu i chiu
ng m
So snh i chiu cc c tnh v cu m-m hc
ca
o
o
o

o
o
o

hai nguyn m ting Anh /i/ v /i:/ trong cch pht m

ca ngi Vit hc ting Anh v ngi Anh bn x
cc ph m tc xt ting Anh /S, tS, dz/ trong cch pht
m ca ngi Vit hc ting Anh v ngi Anh bn x
cc ph m tc bt hi /p, t, / ting Anh trong cch
pht m ca ngi Vit hc ting Anh v ngi Anh bn
x
Cc nguyn m i ting Vit trong cch pht m ca
ngi Anh/ M/ c v ngi Vit bn x
Cc ph m ting Vit // v // trong cch pht m ca
ngi Anh/ M/ c v ngi Vit bn x

Nghin cu i chiu v
t vng-ng ngha
Cu hi tho lun
o

Anh/ ch hiu nh th no v quan h ng

ngha? Hy gii thch cc mi quan h ng
ngha sau:
ng ngha, Tri ngha, Bao hm ngha, a ngha,
ng m/ ng t, n d, Hon d, Ngoa d

Anh/ ch hiu nh th no l khi d liu. Hy

nu mt s phng thc s dng khi d liu
trong vic nghin cu i chiu ngn ng.

Phm vi i chiu v t vng

Kh c th nghin cu i chiu ton b h
thng t vng
R. Lado (1957): gii hn phm vi i chiu
khi t vng hn ch: cc t chc nng (do/
does/did), cc t thay th (one/ he/ she), cc
t b hn ch v phn b (some/ any) v mt
s t c la chn c ch ch.

Cc kh nng c th c trong nghin

cu i chiu t vng
*Nghin cu i chiu mi quan h v hnh thc,
ngha ca mt b phn t vng

Ging nhau v hnh thc, ngha: nhng t vay mn (loan

words) hoc c quan h v ci ngun (cognates): chat, nh
bng, TV, internet, download, x tin, MC, stress, charge,
shoot
Ging nhau v hnh thc, khc nhau v ngha: (false friends/
false cognates): i ca, university, party,
Khc nhau v hnh thc v ngha: first floor, cho nh
Khc nhau v kiu cu to: phrasal verb, t ly
Ging nhau v ngha gc, khc nhau v ngha phi sinh: cat,
old flame, massage
Ging nhau v ngha, gii hn v a l: gas, petrol, mi, v

V d v t ly trong ting Anh

Onomatopoeic words (t m phng m thanh):
t m phng m thanh ca s vt, hin tng
mun din t.
ng vt: chirp-chirp
Cuckoo-cuckoo
Meow-meow
Hin tng t nhin: beep-beep (automobile)
room-vroom (engine)
aps-zaps (laser weapon)

V d v t ly trong ting Anh

Reduplicating (lp t): t ghp c hai yu t t
vng tr ln.
Cc yu t t vng ging nhau goody-goody
Khc ph m u ca t walkie-talkie
Khc nguyn m gia ca t criss-cross
T thng tc, quen thuc, ly t pht m ca tr con
din-din

V d v t ly trong ting Anh

Alliteration (lp t): lp nguyn m hoc ph m
ca cc t trong cu.
o

o
o
o
o
o

Tiu bo ch: Science has Spoiled my Supper, Too

Much Talent in Tennessee?, and "Kurdish Control of
Kirkuk Creates a Powder Keg in Iraq"
Nhn vt hot hnh: Beetle Bailey, Donald Duck, Peter
Parker, Bruce Banner, Clark Kent
Nh Hng: Coffee Corner, Sushi Station
Thnh ng: busy as a bee, dead as a doornail, good as
gold, right as rain, etc...
m nhc: Blackalicious' "Alphabet Aerobics" focuses on
the uses of alliteration in rhyme
Tn ring: Ronald Reagan, Rodney Rude

T ly trong ting Vit

*Nghin cu i chiu trng t vng: (t ch s

chuyn ng, t ch mu sc, t ch quan h thn tc,
t ch b phn c th ngi, t ch hot ng ni
nng,t ch cm xc, t ch thc vt, t ch ng vt)

Cc ngha thay i tu thuc vo nn vn ho. Mt s

nim c trong ngn ng ny nhng khng c trong ngn
ng khc. Do , khng c n v t vng tng ng (
trng trong ngn ng) hoc phi din t bng mt ng
t do
o
o

Ting Anh: pig/pork, cow/beef, sheep/ lamp, deer/venison

Ting Vit: la/thc/cm/go, gnh/cng/gi/mang/vc/u/b/bng,
ni thch, mt trn, ng ngoi/cu/bc/m/anh

V d v t ch quan h thn tc:

*Nghin cu i chiu v c im phn b, kt hp

ca t vng:

ng dng trang web wordcount.org v phn mm AntCon

trong vic nghin cu so snh tn sut s dng v s phn
b trong khi ng liu
PROJECTS:
o Kho st trng t vng v tnh yu trong cc bi ht
tr tnh ting Anh v ting Vit giai on na sau th k
20.
o Kho st trng t vng v thin tai trong cc bi bo
in t ting Anh v ting Vit
o Kho st v trng t vng v x cng an trong cc
bi bo in t ting Anh v ting Vit

*Nghin cu i chiu v thnh ng

Lm sng t nhiu phng din vn ho
Nn gii hn phm vi i chiu thnh ng:
i chiu thnh ng c yu t so snh,
thnh ng c cu trc i, thnh ng cu
to bi 4 thnh t, thnh ng c yu t ch
b phn c th ngi, thnh ng ch ng/
thc vt.

*C th i chiu cc quan h ng ngha nh

a ngha, bao hm ngha, n d, hon d:
V d: i chiu v uyn ng trong ting Anh v ting
Vit

Ting Vit: tt th, trt hi th cui cng.

V d: C thng Biu trt hi th cui cng khi ngi ta
ang chia t, ma ni y ng. Ton nhng con ma sng
m khng ba no tr c.
(Chn dung v i thoi, Trn ng Khoa)
Ting Anh: cease the breathe, breathe the last, the breath is
out of the body, last gasp, dying breath, yield ones breath.
V d: It was a day to mourn, as Bollywood lost the veteran
ace singer Mahendra Kapoor, aged 74, as he breathed his
last on Saturday evening at his residence, Bandra in
Mumbai (IndiaGlitz, 2008)

Nghin cu i chiu v ng
php
Cu hi tho lun:
o Nhiu

ngi cho rng t c cu to

bi cc hnh v. Hy cho v d bng ting
Anh v phn tch cc loi hnh v c s
dng. Phng thc cu to t trong
ting Vit c khc ca t trong ting Anh
khng? Nu c th khc bit nh th no?
Cho v d

Mt s vn cn lu
i chiu bnh din ng php phong ph,
a dng hn
i chiu hnh v: trong cc ngn ng bin hnh, c s phn
bit chnh t v ph t, cn ting Vit th khng, ranh gii hnh v v t
khng r rng (mua o mua xng, khng vui khng v)

i chiu phng thc cu to t:

phng thc
ph gia ting Anh, phng thc ghp v ly ting Vit

i chiu s lng t loi: lu cch tip cn

i chiu cc phm tr ng php ngi, s, ging,
thi, th, thc, dng

i chiu trt t t trong cc cm t t do,

cm t c nh (thnh ng, qun ng, ng c nh nh danh)
i chiu khun hnh hoc cc cu: phn loi
theo chc nng, theo cu trc, theo s phn cc

Phng thc cu to t ting Anh v ting Vit

Dng mt hnh v to thnh mt Phng thc dng mt ting lm mt

t: ti, bc, , nu
t: in, house, web
T hp hai hay nhiu hnh v to Phng thc t hp cc ting:
t ghp ng lp:
t
o Cc thnh t u r ngha: n , n ni
o Phng thc ph gia:
o
Thm vo tin t: pre-war
Thm vo hu t: homeless
Thm vo trung t:
singabloodypore

motion sickness
Ngha c bit: greenhouse,
lighthouse, blackboard

Phng thc ly:

zig zag, willy-nilly, ding-dong, flipflop, higgledy-piggledy

t ghp chnh ph:

Cc thnh t u r ngha: tu ho, ng
st, sn bay
o C thnh t khng r ngha: da hu, xanh
l, cht
o

Phng thc ghp cc yu t

gc t:
Ngha tng hp: Newspaper,

C thnh t khng r ngha: ch ba, bp

nc, su mun, cc m

T ngu kt: b hn, thn ln, k nhng

Phng thc t hp cc ting trn c

s ho m: t ly (i, ba, t)
C mt t gc c ngha: xanh xao,
nhanh nhu
o Khng c t gc c ngha: ra r, rng
rc
o

 Phng thc cu to t trong ting Anh v ting

Vit
t ch mu sc:
o

Phng thc ly:

o , en en, trng trng, xanh xanh, vng vng, nu nu,
hng hng, tim tm, xam xm.
n, en a, xanh xao, vng vt, xm xt, tm ti, hng ho

Phng thc khc: mu ht d, mu khi, mu c rt,

mu lng nga, mu boc

t ch dng c lao ng: t duy tng qut n c

th
t ch cm xc
t cm k

Nhn li mt s khi nim

T trong ting Anh: Khi phn tch cu trc
ca nhng t thuc ngn ng bin hnh
(inflecting language) c tnh tng hp
(syntheticity), t (word form) cha phi l
n v nh nht c ngha ca ngn ng m
n cn c to nn bi nhng thnh t nh
hn gi l t t (hnh v-morpheme).

 HNH V (morpheme): l n v nh nht c

ngha, l b phn nh nht cu to nn t
Hnh v c th c phn chia thnh nhiu
loi da vo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau
(free/bound), (lexical/functional),
(derivational/ inflectional), (root/ affix)

 T trong ting Vit: T l n v nh nht

c ngha, c kt cu v ng m bn vng,
hon chnh, c chc nng gi tn, c vn
dng c lp, ti hin t do trong li ni
to cu.
n v cu to ca t ting Vit l cc
TING, ci m ng m hc vn gi l m
tit

 Ting ca ting Vit c gi tr tng ng nh

hnh v trong cc ngn ng khc, cn c gi l
cc hnh tit (morphemsyllable)
Xt v ngha, v gi tr ng php, v nng lc
tham gia cu to t
C nhng ting t thn n mang ngha: cy, tri,
c, nc
o C nhng ting t thn n khng quy chiu vo mt
i tng: (dai) nhch, (xanh) l, (o) xng, (tre)
pheo
o C nhng ting t thn n khng quy chiu vo mt
i tng, v xut hin cng vi mt ting tng t:
m-hi, b-hn, m-chnh
o

loi trong ting Anh v Ting Vit

Trong ting Vit, theo Mai Ngc Ch, c

10 t loi:
o Danh t
o ng t
o Tnh t
o S t
o i t: i t nhn xng, i t thay
th (th vy), i t ch nh, i t
ch lng (tt c)
o Ph t: lm thnh t ph cho danh
t (nhng, cc, mi, mi, tng) hoc
v t (vn, va, c, , ri)
o Kt t: v, cn, m, th, v, nn, nu,
tuy, mc d
o Tr t: xut hin bc cu, ch s
nhn mnh (c, chnh, ng, ch
th)
o Tnh thi t: nh du cu theo
mc ch ni: nghi vn, mnh lnh,
cm thn, tng thut (, , nh,
nh, h, nghen) hoc nhn xt, thi
ca ngi ni i vi ni dung
ni hoc ngi nghe (hnh nh, c
v, tt nhin, y, y)
o Thn t: cm xc, gn vi ting ku

Open
wordclass

Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb

Closed
Wordclass

Article
Quantifier
Genitive
Demonstrative
Wh-words
Pronoun
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection

Theo V.Gak, 1983

C nhng ngn ng c 4 t loi c bn
(danh, ng, tnh, trng): Anh, Php
C nhng ngn ng c 3 (danh, ng, tnh):
an Mch
C nhng ngn ng c 2 (danh, ng) Arp,
Hn, Vit
o
o

ng lm, ng khc, ng xanh nh l, hy

dng cm ln
Rt bun, rt yu, rt ght

Cc Phm tr ng php ph bin

Mt s ti gi :
Phm tr th ca ng t chuyn di, ng t cm xc trong
ting Anh v nhng cu trc tng ng trong ting Vit
Phm tr s ca danh t ting Anh v ting Vit
Phm tr th trong ting Anh v nhng cu trc tng
ng trong ting Vit
Phm tr dng ca ng t trong ting Anh v nhng cu
trc tng ng trong ting Vit
1.Phm tr S (Number)
a) (ca Danh t): biu th s lng ca s vt: s t, s hai,
snhiu,
s trung...V d: con mo, cc con mo, mo; nh, nh nh; 1
book, many books...
b) (ca Tnh t): biu th mi quan h gia tnh cht din t
tnh
t vi mt hay nhiu s vt. V d: les livres precieux...
c) (ca ng t): biu th mi quan h gia hat ng, trng

2.Phm tr Ging (Gender)

a) (ca Danh t): ging c, ging ci, ging
trung: le stylo, la table; ting Vit khng c
ging mc d c cc danh t ng, b, c, nam,
n, trng, mi, c, ci,...c th dng trc
danh t...V d: ch Ba, nam sinh vin, g
trng,...
b) (ca Tnh t) i km vi ging ca Danh t.
c) (ca ng t): chia ngi th ba s t...

3.Phm tr Cch (Case) (ca Danh t) biu th mi quan h

ng
php gia danh t vi cc t khc trong cm t, hoc trong
cu. V
d: ting Anh c 2 cch: Cch chung book(s) v cch s hu
books, books; ting Nga c 6 cch...
4.Phm tr Ngi (Person) ca ng t biu th vai giao tip
ca
ch th hat ng qua cc ph t sau ng t, tr ng t,
...V d:
I am, you are, he is, she is, it is, you are, we are, they are; I
have
gone, she has gone...

5.Phm tr Thi/Th (Tense) ca ng t biu th quan h

gia
hnh ng vi thi im pht ngn hoc vi mt thi im
nht
nh nu ra trong li ni. Thi qu kh, thi hin ti, thi
tng lai
(gn...) c th hin bng ph t hoc tr ng t.... V d: I
go
I went -I will go;
6.Phm tr Th (Aspect) ca ng t biu th cu trc thi
gian
bn trong ca hat ng vi tnh cht l nhng qu trnh c
khi
u, tip din, han thnh. Th thng xuyn- Th tip din,
Th

7.Phm tr Thc (Mood) ca ng t biu th quan h gia

hnh
ng vi thc t khch quan v vi ngi ni.
*Thc tng thut (indicative mood) (khng nh, ph nh
s
tn ti ca hat ng, trng thi...trong thc t khch quan).
*Thc mnh lnh (imperative mood) (nguyn vng, yu cu
ca
ngi ni i vi thc t khch quan).
*Thc gi nh-iu kin (hat ng ng l c th din ra
trong nhng iu kin nht nh). V d: BE; am, are, is;
were...

8.Phm tr Dng (Voice) ca ng t biu th quan h gia

hat
ng vi cc s vt ni ch ng v b ng ca ng t y.
Dng
ch ng (Active Voice) - Dng b ng (Passive Voice). V d:
I
kicked the ball. The ball was kicked by me.
9.Phm tr So snh (Comparison) ca Tnh t, Trng t
(ting n u) biu th quan h so snh cc mc khc
nhau v
nhng thuc tnh c th so snh gia cc s vt, hat ng:

Cu v cch phn loi cu

Cu l n v ca ngn ng c cu to ng
php t lp, c ng iu kt thc, mang t
tng tng i trn vn, c km theo thi
ca ngi ni, gip hnh thnh v biu
hin, truyn t t tng, tnh cm vi t
cch l n v thng bo nh nht

 C ba cn c phn loi cu:

o

Mc ch ni

Tng thut (declarative):

Nghi vn (interrogative)
Mnh lnh (imperative)
Cm thn (exclamative)

Quan h vi hin thc

Khng nh (affirmative)
Ph nh (negative)

Cu to
Cu n (simple sentence)
Cu n 2 thnh phn: Chim ht
Cu n c bit: Bom t, Chy nh
Cu di bc: ti ngh n sc mnh ca th. Chc nng v vinh
d ca th

Cu ghp
ng lp: v, m, cn (compound)
Chnh ph: v, nu, tuy (complex)
Qua li: khng nhng,m cn; cmi; va; mi;
cngcng
Chui: ci th thc p, ci th thc xu, ci th thc mi, ci th
thc c

Nghin cu i chiu v ng
dng

Mt s vn lu
Cn gi l ng dng hc i chiu, phn tch din
ngn i chiu
C nhiu ngha thc tin
C hai hng i chiu
o

i chiu ng dng trn c s so snh chc nng ca

mt cu trc trong ngn ng ny vi chc nng ca mt
cu trc tng t trong ngn ng kia: How do you do;
how do you go to work? C ln Go Ja you

 Da vo khi nim hnh ng li ni (speech acts)

o

Cm n, mi mc, cho mng, khen, hi, ngh, xin

li, chi, th nguyn, v.v.
Hello i u y, n cm cha, lm g y
Coi chng m take care; kho ng watch out; coi chng rn
cn watch out for the snake; kho vp mind your steps:
negative-affirmative
Thank you- qu ho qu; khch so qu; ng lm th; lm ti
ngi qu

HNH NG NGN T/HNH VI NGN NG/ HNH VI

LI NI:
Ngn ng khng ch c dng thng bo hoc miu t ci
g m n thng c dng lm g , thc hin
cc hnh ng.Trong giao tip Austin (1960) v Searle (1969)
chia ra 2 loi pht ngn:
Pht ngn kho nghim/trn thut/khng nh/miu t/xc tn)
cha nhng ng t trn thut (constatives) nhm trnh by mt kt qu kho nghim, mt s
miu t v cc s vt, s kin, nhng bo co v hin thc.V d: - Chic xe ny mu xanh.C ta i ph mt mnh.

Pht ngn ng vi/ngn hnh cha nhng ng t ngn hnh

(performative) nhm lm mt vic g nh vic hi, vic nh cuc,
vic bc l cm xc ca ngi ni. V d: - Ti xin li. Ti ha n sm. Ngoi ra c
nhng pht ngn khng phi l ngn hnh nhng cng c s dng thc hin cc hnh ng.
V d: - Qu cu u?

Ba loi hnh ng ngn ng (speech acts):

Hnh ng ti li/Hnh vi to li (locutionary act): s dng t, ng to ra mt
pht ngn v hnh thc v ni dung.

Hnh ng ngoi li/Hnh vi mn li (illocutionary act): mn phng tin ngn

ng, mn cc pht ngn gy ra mt hiu qu ngoi ngn ng no cho ngi nghe, ngi c hoc
chnh ngi ni (v d to ra mt li tuyn b, mt li cho, li ha). V d: ng ca li! Ngy mai, 25 thng 7
H Ni s c ma ln, gi mnh.

Hnh ng sau li/Hnh vi li (perlocutionary act):

l nhng hnh vi ngi

ni thc hin ngay khi ni nng. Hiu qu ca chng l nhng hiu qu thuc ngn ng, c ngha l chng gy ra
mt phn ng ngn ng tng ng vi chng ngi nhn.

Nm kiu hnh ng ngoi li:

.1.Khng nh/xc tn/ti hin (assertives/representatives):
V d: Ti ngh l phim ang chiu
.2.Cu khin/iu khin (directives): ra lnh, yu cu
V d: Ti ra lnh cho anh v ngay.
.3.Ha hn/Cam kt (commissives): V d: Nu my lm th na tao s
nh my cht
.4.By t/biu cm (expressives): cm n, chc mng, xin chia bun
.5.Tuyn b (declaratives): lm thay i trc tip trng thi tn ti ca s
vic.:gi l, b nhim, ch nh, tuyn b

 i chiu cch thc th hin tnh lch s

(politeness theory): negative face-positive face
o

Phng ng c li ni t khim

Trnh ca ti c hn
C g mong cc bn b qua
Theo thin , ngu ca ti
My khi rng n nh tm

Phng Ty c li ni t khng nh

 Cch thc s dng cc phng tin ch xut

l h thng
cc i t nhn xng, t ch tr, t so snh, qun t c s dng thay cho cc
danh t hoc cc cm/ng danh t)

Nhng t

ch xut c th tp hp thnh 3 nhm:

(1) Nhng i t nhn xng (personal pronouns): (chng) ti,

tao, t, ta, my, mi, bay, n, hn, y, (mnh)
V d: Ti gp hn.

(2) Nhng t ch v tr (locative), t ch tr v tr

(demonstratives: THIS, THAT, HERE, THERE, y, , ny, y, kia) hoc t xc nh

(determiner: THE):
V d: y l u? Ci ny l ci g? Come (here)/Go (to
there)/Bring (back here)/Take (from here)

(3) Nhng t ch thi gian (temporal): hin nay, mai, ln sau

V d: Hin nay anh y lm y vi h.

 Nghin cu cu trc hi thoi, c bit l

cp k cn (adjacency pair)
o

V d: hnh ng hi p trong ln quen u

tin, trong m phn thng mi, qua in
thoi, vv
V d: khen v p li khen, xin li v p li xin
li,

 Ngoi ra cng c th tho lun v mt s

yu t ngn ng - vn ho tm l
o
o
o

Rng/ D/ Nga trong ngn ng ca ngi Anh

v ngi Vit
Mu sc trong ngn ng ca ngi Anh v
ngi Vit
S m trong ngn ng ca ngi Anh v
ngi Vit