Electrical Energy Systems

EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems
Transmission Line Modeling

10/02/2012
Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
2/7/2012
EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen
Detailed Syllabus
20/01/2012
20/01/2012
27/01/2012
27/01/2012
30/01/2012
03/02/2012
03/02/2012
06/02/2012
10/02/2012
10/02/2012
13/02/2012
17/02/2012
17/02/2012
27/02/2012
02/03/2012
02/03/2012
2/7/2012
Three-phase circuit analysis: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase systems.

Three-phase circuit analysis: Delta-Wye connection, Relationship between phase and line quantities
Three-phase circuit analysis: Per-phase analysis, Three-phase power calculation
Guest Lecture Energy & Environment, Smart Grid & Challenges Ahead by Prof. J Nanda (IIT Delhi,
IEEE Fellow)
Generator modeling: Simple generator concept
Generator modeling: Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators
Generator modeling: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. Excitation voltage
control, real power control, and loading capability
Generator modeling: Principle of asynchronous generators
Transmission line modeling: Overhead VS Underground cable
Transmission line modeling: Four basic parameters of transmission line
Transmission line modeling: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model,
Short transmission line model
Transmission line modeling: Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation,
line loadability, efficiency
Transformer modeling: Principle of transformer, Single-phase transformer
Transformer modeling: Single-phase per unit analysis
Per unit analysis: Three-phase transformer, Three-phase per unit analysis
Per unit analysis: Review (if time permits.)
EE2022: Generator Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen
1st Mid-term Test

March 5th 5:00pm to 5:45pm
Materials (Lecture 1-5, Tutorials 1-3):
AC circuit analysis
Apparent power, power factor correction
Three-phase voltage and current
Three-phase complex power
Format:
4 questions, closed book.
45 minutes.
2/7/2012
Learning outcomes
Outline
References
IN THIS LECTURE
2/7/2012
Learning Outcomes
Explain basic operations of different
components in electrical energy systems.
Identify advantages and disadvantages of
overhead transmission lines and underground
cables in terms of technical, social, and
environmental aspects.
Formulate equivalent circuits of various

components in electrical energy systems.
2/7/2012
Outline
Overhead transmission line

Underground cable
Transmission line design consideration
Four basic parameters of transmission line
2/7/2012
Reference
Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis,

Electrical Power System Essentials.
2/7/2012
Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy

Appendix E The Representation of Lines and Cables
Isolated grids
Advantage of Interconnected System
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSMISSION
NETWORKS
2/7/2012
Isolated Grids
- Early electric power plants are built in a
remote area.
-By integrating these areas, the grid
became more stable and reliable.
-Economic operation, be able to
dispatch/use the cheap units.
-Safeguard during emergencies
Source:
http://www.edisontechcenter.
org/HistElectPowTrans.html
2/7/2012
Advantage of Interconnected System

Better system efficiency
Allow different choices of energy source: wind, solar,
geothermal.
Improve reliability
In case some generator fail, the other can help to support the
system.
Smaller frequency deviation

When a load increases, an immediate reaction of a generator is
a drop in frequency because the mechanical torque can not be
adjusted instantenously. With interconnection, more generators
can share this effect which helps to alleviate the frequency drop.
Cover large geographical area

Integration of renewable energy sources.
2/7/2012
10
(Future?) Electricity Grid in Asia Pacific

Solar power, geothermal,
wind and wave energy
from Australia.
Geothermal power of
Indonesia's volcanoes.
Wind farm-lined in South
China Sea to China .
Hydro power in Laos.
Solar power in Thailand.
Natural gas from Burma,
Malaysia, and Indonesia.
The plan would entail building a 10,000-kilometer
long electricity transmission system stretching from
Beijing to the Great Australian Bight.
2/7/2012
Source: The benefits of an intercontinental

energy grid by Stewart Taggart
http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions/2
0092001-18696.html
11
US Electric Power Grid
2/7/2012
12
Singapore Electric Power Grid

Fully underground
cable.
400 kV grid
230 kV
Northern/Southern
block
To alleviate power
quality issue.
66 kV/22 kV distribution
2/7/2012
EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen
13
Solar that Floats on Water
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIBcQe5tbxU
2/7/2012
14
Main features of a transmission line

Issues with overhead transmission lines
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
2/7/2012
15
Overhead Transmission Line
Support structure
Conductors
Insulators
Shield wires (earth
wire)
Source:
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/LandandDevelopment/
DDC/devnearohl_final/appendix2/
2/7/2012
16
High Voltage Conductors
3M
Aluminum
Conductor
Composite
Reinforced
(ACCR)
Source:
http://www.realwire.com/release
_detail.asp?ReleaseID=13698
2/7/2012
Source: http://www.faqs.org/secfilings/091214/COMPOSITE-TECHNOLOGYCORP_10-K/
17
Insulators
Insulators are used to isolate the transmission lines from
the tower that is connected to ground.
Traditionally insulators are made from glass or porcelain.
For new technology, insulators are made from composite
materials
Source: Electrical Power System

Essentials by Pieter Schavemaker
and Lou Van Der Sluis
2/7/2012
18
Shield Wires
Small lightening currents
can still hit the tower or the
three-phase conductors.
Protected against large

lightening currents.
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

2/7/2012
19
Galloping Lines
Conductor vibration
damper
Source:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko4g
oyw1Q84&feature=related
Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

2/7/2012
20
Severe Weather Impact on T-Lines
Severe weather swept through west

central Minnesota on Aug. 1, 2011.
The tower was designed to withstand
120 mph winds. The transmission line
operated reliably since it was energized
in 1978
2005 Hurricane Rita Damage to Gulf Transmission Lines
2/7/2012
21
Environmental Impact
Something you dont
see in Singapore.
These pictures are taken by my friend

(P. Boonyasiriwat), presented here with
his permission. He took them in Phuket
last September.
2/7/2012
22
Underground cables
Types of underground cables
Issues with underground cables
UNDERGROUND CABLE
2/7/2012
23
Underground Cable
The main difference
between underground
cables and overhead
transmission line is that
for underground cable
the conductor must be
insulated from the
ground.
1938
G.B. Shanklin, engineer of the cable section
of the General Electric Company, points out
one of the three gas channels in a section
of gas-filled cable.
2/7/2012
Source:
http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/014005.htm
24
Types of Underground Cables

Two types of cables
Pipe-type
All three phase conductors are contained in one pipe.
Self-contained
Individual phase conductor in each cable.
Pipe-Type cable
Self-contained cable
Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/understanding-underground-electric-transmission-cables
2/7/2012
25
Types of Insulation
Three main types of insulation
Paper-Oil insulation
High-pressure, fluid-filled pipe (HPFF)
Self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF)
Paper-Gas insulation
High-pressure, gas-filled pipe (HPGF)
Plastic insulation
Solid cable, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
2/7/2012
26
High-Voltage Underground Cable

Source: Electrical Power
System Essentials by
Pieter Schavemaker and
Lou Van Der Sluis
Liquid
channel
6/10 kV cable
Self Contained
Liquid-Filled (SCLF)
Cables
Source:
http://coppercanada.ca/
publications/pub21e/21
e-Section6.html
2/7/2012
Solid cable,
cross-linked
polyethylene
(XLPE)
220/380 kV cable
High Pressure Liquid-Filled Pipe-Type Cables (HPLF)

27
Singapore Underground Power Cables

Voltage Level
400 KV
230 kV
66 kV
Cable Type
Single-core selfcontained
Single-core selfcontained
Single-core
Insulator
fluid-filled
Polypropylene
Laminated Paper
(PPLP) insulated with
copper conductor
and seamless
aluminium sheath
Either fluid-filled
kraft paper insulated
or XLPE insulated
with copper
conductor and
seamless aluminium
sheath
XLPE insulated
with copper
conductor and
seamless
aluminium
sheath
Power rating
1000 MVA
500 MVA
100 MVA
Source: SP powergrid http://www.sppowergrid.com.sg/items2.htm
2/7/2012
EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen
28
Underground Cable Construction
Source:
http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/pub
lications/electric/electric11.pdf
2/7/2012
29
Issues with Underground Cables
Source: SP
Powergrid
Working
together to
prevent cable
damage
2/7/2012
30
Underground Cable Damages
Source: SP Powergrid Working together to prevent cable damage

2/7/2012
31
Cost Comparison
Median ratio of underground to overhead costs*
3.8 to one at 115 kV

The ratio may go even higher for life cycle cost

that includes maintenance, outage repair costs.
Source: Report of the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission To the Governor and
The General Assembly of Virginia Evaluation of Underground Electric Transmission Lines
in Virginia, HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 87 2006, available online http://jlarc.state.va.us/reports/Rpt343.pdf
2/7/2012
32
Overhead/Underground Comparison
Overhead Lines
Lower construction cost and
cable cost.
Advantage of air for cooling
and insulation of the line.
Vulnerable to strong wind
and severe weather.
Negative visual impact.
Easier maintenance/repair
work
Underground Cables
Expensive pipe work and
cable cost (because of the
special insulations)
Less vulnerable to the
severe weather because it is
buried underground.
Environment and aesthetic
advantage.
Tedious and costly
maintenance/repair work.
What about electrical properties?

2/7/2012
33
Transmission line services
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tzga6qAaBA&feature=related
2/7/2012
34
Resistance
Conductance
Inductance
Capacitance
FOUR BASIC PARAMETERS OF

TRANSMISSION LINES
2/7/2012
35
Resistance and Conductance

Resistance
Voltage drop along the line
from resistive loss
This effect can be represented
by a resistor along the line.
Conductance
Leakage current through
insulators which allows the
current to pass the tower to
the ground.
This effect can be represented
by a conductance from a line
to the ground.
2/7/2012
36
Inductance and Capacitance

Source:
http://www.tp
ub.com/conten
t/neets/14182
/css/14182_12
1.htm
Amperes Law
Current passing through

a conductor creates
magnetic field around it.
This gives inductance
property.
Gausss Law
indicates the positive

current is directed out of
plane of the paper.
indicates the positive
currents is directed into the
plane of the paper.
Electric charge is a
source of electric fields.
This gives capacitance
property.
You will learn more about these properties in EE2011.

2/7/2012
37
Corona Discharge
When the electric field strength is high, air might become
electrically ionized and conduct.
This is called a corona effect and can be represented by
a conductor from the line to the ground.
The power loss due to this effect is call corona loss.
Source:
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw7Chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLrP9mck7eM&feature=related
Mdwq38&feature=related
2/7/2012
38
How to Reduce Corona Effect?

Corona effect is caused by electric fields.
Recall Gausss Law Electric charge is a source of electric
fields
If the current pass through only one conductor per
phase, electric charges on each line will be quite high.
We can reduce electric charges in each conductor by
sending electricity through bundles of conductors per
phase.
Not only that we can reduce the electric fields, the
thermal capacity of each line can be reduced because the
current per conductor per phase is smaller.
2/7/2012
39
Transmission Line Parameters

R from Ohmic losses
Types, sizes of conductor determine resistance value.
G from insulator leakage current and corona

losses
Types, number of insulators determine conductance
value.
L from magnetic field and C from electric field

Conductor spacing, bundling, determines magnetic
and electric field strength
All these values can be measured.

In theory, we can derive these values, more details in EE2011.
2/7/2012
40
Single-Phase Single-Line Model

One current-carrying
conductor
L
G
Ground
2/7/2012
41
Single-Phase Two-Line Model

Mutual Capacitance
Mutual Inductance
Source:
http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/physmod/powersys/ref
/power_lineparam.html#bqs3dxu
When there is more than one phase, there will be coupling effect
from magnetic field and electric filed.
This effect is represented by mutual inductance and mutual
capacitance in the conductor model.
The magnitude of mutual inductance and capacitance depends on
the distance between conductors.
2/7/2012
42
Three-Phase Line, Bundled Conductors

Source:
http://www.
mathworks.c
om/help/too
lbox/physmo
d/powersys/
ref/power_li
neparam.ht
ml#bqs3dxu
Unbalanced system
Three-phase line causes coupling effect of the magnetic field

and electric field among three phase conductors. This is
represented as unbalanced capacitance and mutual inductance
among the three phase conductors.
2/7/2012
43
Transposition
Source:
Electrical
Power
System
Essentials
by Pieter
Schavema
ker and
Lou Van
Der Sluis
The coupling effect is caused by asymmetric

distance between phase conductors.
Simple solution Make the distance between
phase conductor equal.
ab
bc
ac
ac
ab
bc
cb
ac
ab
By transposing the line, we can reduce (or

eliminate) the coupling effect between
phases from both magnetic field and
electric field.
This means that we can now use one conductor model to

analyze three-phase line.
2/7/2012
44
Per Phase Conductor Model

We can now use the per phase conductor model to
describe the circuit model of each phase in three-phase
circuit.
Series Impedance (/m)
L
R
G
Shunt Admittance (S/m)
These parameters are given as per unit length of the

transmission line.
We will use this information to derive an equivalent circuit
of the transmission line.
2/7/2012
45
150 kV Line/Cable Parameters

Overhead Transmission Line
Underground Cable
R = 0.125 /km
XL = 0.425 /km
C = 7.7 nF/km
130 MVA rating.
R = 0.12 /km
XL = 0.166 /km
C = 210 nF/km
135 MVA rating.
The main difference in electrical properties between

overhead transmission lines and underground cables.
Electrical Power System Essentials
Line/Cable Magnetic Field
Underground cable seems to filter the magnetic field better than

overhead line in a longer distance from center of Right-of-Way.
2/7/2012
Source: http://
jlarc.state.va.us/reports/
Rpt343.pdf
47
Why Three-Phase? (again)
2/7/2012
48
Next Lecture
Transmission line modeling
Short-transmission line model
Medium-transmission line model
Long-transmission line model
2/7/2012
49

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EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Transmission Line Modeling

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Three-phase circuit analysis: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase systems.

1st Mid-term Test

EE2022: Generator Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Generator Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Formulate equivalent circuits of various

EE2022: Generator Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Overhead transmission line

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Pieter Schavemaker and Lou Van Der Sluis,

Chapter 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy

EE2022: Generator Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Advantage of Interconnected System

Smaller frequency deviation

Cover large geographical area

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

(Future?) Electricity Grid in Asia Pacific

Source: The benefits of an intercontinental

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

US Electric Power Grid

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Singapore Electric Power Grid

EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen

Solar that Floats on Water

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Main features of a transmission line

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Overhead Transmission Line

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

High Voltage Conductors

Source: Electrical Power System

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Protected against large

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Source: Electrical Power System Essentials

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Severe Weather Impact on T-Lines

Severe weather swept through west

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

These pictures are taken by my friend

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Types of Underground Cables

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

High-Voltage Underground Cable

High Pressure Liquid-Filled Pipe-Type Cables (HPLF)

Singapore Underground Power Cables

Source: SP powergrid http://www.sppowergrid.com.sg/items2.htm

EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen

Underground Cable Construction

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Issues with Underground Cables

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen

Underground Cable Damages

Source: SP Powergrid Working together to prevent cable damage

EE2022: Transmission Line Modeling by P. Jirutitijaroen