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R
200
=
= 50
N
4
V d* qOu
UUI* tO qJA w `{u UL u vK qOu wu vK qOu 5 lL' sJ1
WU w (R1) WUI* l wu vK Wuu WuL* c u vK Wuu (R4) (R3) (R2)
Vd* qOuU dF p S U w u wu qOu 5 e*
UUI* UD
U U
U??????????
qJA w WMOL WOzUdNJ bK WOKJ WUIL V
6
4
2.4
7.4
qJA
q????????????????(
qd vK qLF b cN WOKJ WUIL U VKD
WUI w ULN sJL u vK Uuu R3 R2 sOUIL UL v_ uD
(RT1) WUJ
RT1 =
R1 x R2
=
R1 + R2
6x4
6+4
= 2.4
RT = R1 + RT1
= 5 + 2.4
= 7.4
b WK
...................... bu UI ...................................................................... w WOzUdNJ WUI*
..................................................................................w qu WF vK U qu WUI bLF
....................................................................................................................w ULK WOuM WUI*
........................................................................................................... bu WOuM WUI* UI
................................. w tU u UF Wb qu* WUI U w b
w WF
XU pK WUI V d (0.0178) UMK WOuM WUI* d (80) tu UM s pK
23 (2,5) tFDI WU
23 (1,5) tFDI WU
pUE V 5U U
................................................................................................................ tQ dF d( qUF*
V UN_ UNO ud dO WOzUdNJ _ WUI
....................................................................
....................................................................
........................................
........................................
WOJK
WOudJ
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
: WOU UUI* Ub
d
.................................................................................. (PTC)
.................................................................................. (NTC)
.................................................................................. (VDR) ?
...................................................... dNBL WOudJ WUI*
(1000) v dH s dOG WUI vK uBK UNKOu WOHO r 1000 dOG WUI
WOzUdNJ b r
b w U* UO V
WUJ* b r ?
U
q vK bN' u V ?
WOzUdNJ b r
UB q vK bN' u
`OUB* d U* UO V ?
WUJ* WUI* V
Xu (220) bB* bN U UB q w U* UO WLO wKJ UO WLO V
wOzd bB* wd 5 u vK WOzUdNJ eN_ qu lUB* UM* w qK
WUI (120) UNM q WLO UUI WuL du (50) UNLO WUI eN& nO
25
50
50
qJA
(10) UNLO d
b???????????????
udO uU
WU uJ Wu uJ U UN
wU UO
YU UO
kqJA v dE _ udO
uU rNH
W pUM ULMO bIF v tL bOu u 1 UO UM
bIF fH UG 4UO 3 UO 2 UO UO
d od t bu tS bIF v 1 UO qb U bM t
ld UO
d_ UH od s UGL u u
_ udO
uU qJA
wK UL
UUMJ WUF v c UMLd u
4UO 3UO 2UO 1UO
I1 = I2+ I3 + I4
I1
I2 _ I3_ I4 = 0
U??????????????
qJA w I3UO U WLO b
I2 = 3A
q????????????????(
I1 = 6A
(I3) (I1)
I3 = ?
v UN
UO dH
I4 = 5A
uL UOK udO
uU UMI
V1
R1
emf =
R2 V2
E1
IxR
E2
wU udO
uU qJA
wzUdN
UO WOzUdN
WF u q
S Vu* wb U& uWU UI U& Uc S
U U uJ p nU U q
U u uJ WU UI U& w
qJA w WMO* WIK( vK bNK udO
uU oD UM
E1 - E2 = V1+ V2
E1 - E2 = I (R1 + R2)
U????????????
qJA w WMO* b w W UI q
w U* UO WLO V
bIF
R1
I3
68
12V
E1
I2
I1
R3
R2
33
E2
22
9V
I3
qJA
q????????????????(
bIF vK UOK udO
uU oOD
I1 + I2 = I3
........ (1)
........ (2)
WK
I2 = 2A
I1 = 4A
I3 = 3A
qJA
R1
8
12V
R1
R2
R3
6V
12V
9V
qJA
qJA
R2
b???????????????u
U???????F???????u???????*
U??????H??????K??????*
b?????????????????????
UFu*
b dUM b UNHu WOzUdNJ WUI* oU w X
WOzUdNJ b dUM s d dBM vK dF WOzUdNJ
uI wzUdN dBM u lu*U
(Capacitor).
wzUdNJ lu* u
UFu qJ
lu* VOd
lu* qL WO
qJA w WMOL WOO{u udU WUFU luL mdH s WOJOUJO dIH c w g UMM
UdJ s qUL b bu c luL vK oD dO bN k qJA wH
luL wu sO bN d bu wUU u q vK d
WOzUdNJ WF b
uuJ We* WMA
= UH WF
YO
u'U WUI W UD WLO =E
UHU WUI WF
=C
lu* wd 5 bN'= V
UFu* u
WLOI WU UFu*
VU VD
Vu VD
U
wbF u
uOM* U
wJO
UFuLK WOMH UH
u*
hzUB) c r uKD* ULF rz* lu* UO UNu0 r WMOF WOM hzUB UFuLK
WF
Wb UH
d( W qUF
d* UO
eF WUI
dI
UFu* qO
u
Q
C1
Q
C2
1
CT
1
C1
1
C2
uKI U
W&UM WUJ* WF
uKI SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
WuL* w lu dG WF s q WUJ* WF
uJdHM* UFuLK WHK* UF
s q
WOU W FU vDF WUJ* WF
WLO uKI Swu vK UFu* s n b q
1
CT
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
+ ...... +
C3
1
Cn
U??????????????
uKD* wu vK Wuu (C3 = 2
1
C1
1
+
C2
1
C3
1
CT
1
4
1
+
3
1
=
2
13
= 0.92 F
12
u vK UFu* qJA
uL* U
W&UM WUJ* WF
SUFu bF wu vK qOu WU wd vMF0
vDF WUJ* WF
WLO Su vK UFu* s n b q dH* UFu* UF
d'
W FU
CT = C1+ C2 + C3 + ...... + Cn
U????????????
WOKJ WF
V
u vK Wuu UdJO UNM q WF UFu W
WuLLK
q????????????????(
CT = C1+ C2 + C3
CT = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15F
sAK wMe XU
sA WOKL
bN vMM
W
sA
Vs
Vs -Vc
UO vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
Vc
sAK wMe XU
bB* WOu WLO s 63.2% v WOd 5 bN' d qB v lu* sA se dF
YO
WOUU wMe XU
_U WUI*
UHU lu* WF
63.2%
U2bB* WOu WLO s 99.3% v lu* wd 5 WOuH qB(5RC) sAK wMe XU UF{
tKLQ U uA lu* U s UMMJ1
v U Ob h UMU cQ r sA WOKL b bM U O
dO uJO lu* s UO W
MU U
WOM d w wzb* UO s 37% v qB W
M UO qI usA UN bM U dI dH `B
U
iIM s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN w wMe XU WLOI WU
cJ wI* e' s d 37% v qB W
M UO qI u (2RC)
U????????????
uKO(200) WUI* WLO UdJO lu* WF d qJA w
WKU uB lu* sA se lu* sA wMe XU V
q????????????????(
= RC
= 200 x 10+3 x 2 x 10-6
= 0.4 S
mdH WOKL
W
mdH
C
bN vMM
1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC 5RC
se
5 bN' WLO qI u 2RC U
s bF wMe XU WLOI WOU WOMe dH WUN wwMe
U qJA lu* mdH r sWdEM WOUM scJ wI* e' s 37% v qB W
M lu* wd
lu* wd 5 bN' qB 5RCsAK wMe XU UF{ 5 U
WOM d d bF sJb
wu u U
qLA rOI c tOK WuD tUuKF uJ UFu* rEF
WF
W pc lu* bM qLF c bN' WF
cN ned b UdJO*U U Lz WF
uJ WF
UuUMU WF
wMF
UFu* eOd qJA
d(
UH
1%
2%
5%
bM qLF c bN' b% d( l w U W UL d
10%
lu*
20%
30%
20%wMFO M
U????????????
p wMF UL 474K63 wU edU dR lu
q????????????????(
w lu* WF 10000 dC qUF uJO 4 u YU r d UM
UdJO 0.47 U
c UuJO 47 x 10000 = 470000
10 % w WF
W K u W U _ bF c d(
63 bN' U* c w bN' b K d( bF 63 UL d
UuJO 47 47 U O s 5L b$ Xu
UFu* UD
u dBI
WUI tQ dB lu*
WuH
WF dOG
WK
WOU qL' qL
................................................................ UNb WOzUdN dUM UFu*
.............................................................. s tUJ j
w lu* uJ
w UFu* w wzUdN UF Wb
* WUF u* ?
................
................
................
................
...............
................
................................................................................. WOzUdNJ WF
pc b dO b UNMJ ........................... w WOzUdNJ WF
UO b ?
WOU WF
UO b WOKLF UIOD w b
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
............................ Ue ............................
wU WF UdJO
(4)
b?????????????????????
UHK*
wc Y( nK*
eF wzUdN pK n bM
bb VK wzu VK vK
bb( d XdO VK
vL
U vK qB d U
wzUdN UO d
UbM nK*U
U bu nK* pK w
VUM nK* u w
OUMG
U* wzUdNJ UO b l tb
nKL u w
OUMGL UL uD qJ
fHM UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI WOD qLF wK_ UO b XB UM L
WOD qLF wK_ UO b be wK_ UO h UM lM WU wUU wK_ UO U&
UO be lM WU wUU wK_ UO U& fJF UO bOu vK WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI
wK_
nKLK wc Y(U vL
nK* w U* wzUdNJ UO b w dOG lM vK qLF w dUE
U* b dOG UbM tQ d WIdD wc Y( ndF sJ1 c L edU wc Y( qUF* ed
ob dOG bF l UbI VUM WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u UNO bu tU WOzUdN dz w
OUMG*
seK W
MU
(Joseph Henry) wJd rUF v W
(Henry) dM wL
UO bu nKLK wc Y( UI
UO b dOG UbM Xu UbI WdOQ WOzUdN Wd u tO bu nK* wc Y( tQ dMN dF
UHKLK dMdJO s WOdJ b w Y( WLOI b
* b* nK WOUdO bF0 tO U*
w Wb
* UHKLK dMN b s U b v WOUF d UB eN w Wb
*
dMN e b
UMU cN WOdJ bK W
MU dO b dMN U tOK uI UJ
w
dM 10-3 U
(mH) dM wKO*
dM 10-6 U
(
H) dM dJO*
d WU
nK* UH b
q WU
d WU
d WU
nK* u
U* b XK nK* u ULK
w UBI wUU tu bu* w
OUMG*
nK* c WO
q WU
d WU
VKI U
bb VK
N2
YO
dMNU WUI nK* WO
R???????????????
r uD r dD nB ju0 bb VK vK uHK WH tUH b nK WO V
UNUb UHK* u
w u_ c Uu UHK* u iF qJA 5
VK nK
VK nK
VK nK
dOG nK
wzu
bb
XdO
XdO VK
UHKLK WHKL u_ u qJ
wzu VK nK
bb VK nK
XdO VK nK
d
WOU W FU nK w dOQU bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI WLO vDF
emf = -N
dt
di
WOU W FU p s dF bu* WO( WOzUdNJ WFb uI
dt
di
wU qJAU UNU U sJ1 w
emf = -L
dt
nK* WO q1 L XU YO
U????????????????
dO dH v 2 s b w U* UO UN dM 4 UbI WO WOzUdN
WO
JF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V
WOU 0.005 WOU wKO 5 bI s w
b w bu*
q????????????????(
emf = -L
emf = - 4
di
dt
2-0
0.0005
= -1600 V
wu vK UHK* qO
u
uUI s V
% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL wu vK UHK* qOu bM
L1
L2
L3
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3
wu vK UHKL qOu qJ
u vK UHK* qO
u
uUI s V
% Lt WOKJ WU; S qJA w 5 u UL u vK UHK* qOu bM
w
Lt
L1
L2
L3
1
1
1
1
L t L 1 L 2 L3
u vK UHKL qOu qJ
WUI nK qJ
w UNKOK% UN w Vd U bu
UH* bM v WU(
b vK WUD bN oOD vK qLF UMU l{u w UH* bM
vLEF WLOI t WLO vK v uF dHB WLO s dOGU bU U* wzUdNJ UO b b
WO WUI* s q WLO vK bLF b WOM d uU s V
% UOK
nK*
dHB WLO s uF tb dOG w
OUMG U bOu vK nK* qLF WKd* c
UNLO w UI WO
J WdOQ WOzUdN WF u bOu v R w
OUMG* U* b w dOG
uU V
WUI* vK oD* bN' U dH wzb UO ubB* bN bI WOzb
dH U
w dOG fUF U& wzUdNUO bOu v wUU R WdOQ WOzUdNJ WFb uI c
nK* w U* wK_UO b
bN' h UMU nK* vK oD* bN' b b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b U l
WUI* vK oD* bN' bB* bN nK* vK oD*
wd vK oD* bN' `B WLO vK v b w U* wK wzUdNJ UO b qB UbM
dH nK*
W F s vDF
YO
1
L I
2
WK
eMO uU hM U vK
nK* WO WLO w dR* quF b
w dO dH v 1 s b w U* UO UN dM 2 UbI WO WOzUdN
w bu* WO
JF WOzUdNJ WFb uI bI V
WOU 0.01 WOU wKO 10 bI s
b
pU qK W U nK* b q
b???????????????u
UM* UO f
b?????????????????????
UM* UO U*
(AC)
fJFM UML bN bB wd WOD qJA tUd U fJFO UML UO U
dLU dOG UML bN UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU
VuL sO qJA
d sO
L tUd U fJF UdNJ Wd WDK t Ue c UML UO se l
bu WOU w
WOu* UJ_
wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA
b WDu dL
* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI
j s U dL
* bN' UOK
bM Wd d UN
H rOI bM bN' UO UUO qO
UML S qJA w WMO* WDO
qJA w 5 u UL rOI
j vK qB u se l bN' UO 5 W F vMM r
wC dL UO
se
Wu* u_ pK 5 sWOzUdNJ b
s uJ w bIF* Uu* UC UM UCM UAM* s Wu WK* Wu* WFd* Wu*WOO'
WHK d bM UuJ* s bbF
90-0 l{u
U* uD nK* u
5 dH We uJ UbM
w
OUMG* U* uD) Wu nK* d Wd uJ
WEK c w dOQ bN UM uJ UNFDI
w
OUMG* U* uD lDI b v nK* b U
v qB v UHU bN' c b dOQ bN tO buO
s b d nK* lDI YO W (90) We bM vLEF tLO
qJA
180 - 90 l{u
bN' b W
(90)s
b W be UbM
UbM U* uD s q b lDI nK* _ UHU
qJA
270-180 l{u ?
bN' b W(180) s b W be UbM
c w sJ WOU d U* uD lDI t_ UHU
W
MU tOd U& UJF V
nK* tOD fJFM WEK
qJA
nKLK WKU q bM b
d
90
WOO WuL
WKU b
180
270
360
tU t q UOzuA d c q UO sJ r edO
WOO' Wu* qJA
uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH
UbM 5FK WuK uB U FDI u{ wDF wKOH UB*
WOU nB
qJA
1
f
W F cN d_ qJA
f=
1
T
b se qJA
U????????????????
T=
1
f
T=
1
50
= 0.02 S
U????????????????
Ud V
WOU 0.0166 WOU wKO 16.6 U
b UNM WOO Wu
q????????????????(
f=
T=
1
T
1
0.0166
= 60 HZ
vLEF WLOI
WOEK rOI
YO
0
90
180
270
360
b W VO Sin
w bN UNGK WLO vB UM s W F s
WOO' Wu* qJA
uJ b U U
U uJ UbM UNO qBVm
dH U
UbM dH U uJ UbM dHB mK bN WLO S pc (90 ) WU
qB UbM (1-) U
U UbM uJ bNK WU
vLEF WLOI U (180 ) (
0
(270 )v
t se We Wd Wb WOM WE bM bN WLO s dOF sJL pc
V(t) = Vm Sint
WO W FU
= 2F
edONU d F YO
WU w
(Vm )d_U
vLEF WLOI
vL
(Im ) UO
WOO Wu* vLEF WLOI qJA 5 (Peak Value) c WLOI UC
UdNJ Wd t Ue c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI WU
Wu* WLOI v dHB j s UI
Xu 311 mK
(Peak to Peak Value)
WLI v WLI
d_U bN' WU w UN ed WU
WLI v Wu* WLI s WOO' Wu* U
s dF w
v WLI s WLOI S dHB j) W
MU dUM WUM* WOO' Wu* U0 (IP-P) UO WU w (VP-P)
vLEF WLOI nF{ U
WLI
vLEF WLI 2 WLI v WLI WLO
(Average Value)
WDu* WLOI
vLEF WLOI
(Iav) d_U UOK WDu* WLOIK ed UL (Vav) d_U bN' WDu* WLOIK ed
(Effective Value)
WUFH WLOI
vLEF WLOI
WUFH WLOI
0.707
qUF 5F
(Root Mean Square Value :RMS). UFd* ju c WLO r WUFH WLOI vK oKD cWKU
vLEF WLOI
U????????????????
WLO X
O eM* w UF UO cQ s UNOK qB w UM XuH (220) WLO
bN' cN vLEF WLOI V
WUFH bN'
q????????????????(
WUFH WLOI x1.414 vLEF WLOI
220 x 1.414 =
Xu
311 =
WLOI(IRMS ) d_U UN edO UOK WUFH WLOI U ( VRMS) d_U bNK WUFH WLOIK ed
WLOI c fOI UO bNK UOI eN rEF UL WOKLF UO( w Ub d_
(Phase Angle)
E1
E2
uD W
90
90
180
270
360
d Wu vK Wu UN dQ bI
sbu UMb dHM uD uNH `O{u
buLU UML bN bOu UUL sOKUL
qJA
s dQ ? Wu* UI cJ
j lDI Wu* S dO
?
UbI We Wu* bF dHB
dQ Wu* UI c (180)
(180)UbI We Wu* s
WK
WOU rOI V
qJA w WMOL WOO WuL v udU
vLEF WLOI
WDuL WLOI
WUFH WLOI
WLI v WLI WLO
b?????????????????????
UM* UO
WO( WuF WFUL*
rEFL lUB* UM* w WOuO UMUO w WOzUdNJ bIK bOKI bB* u d* bN' bB
t W b t (AC) d bN bB vK qLFK WLLB WOzUdNJ UL_
w bbU UMA se vK bLF UNCF WO
OUMG* vK tKL w bLF UL_ c s dO
UNCF nK* WFO t UNCF q WUI* WFO UN WOzUdNJ UL_ lOL X
O qLK lU nJ
nJ* WFO t d
vL??
WUI vK u% UO dz w wzUdNJ UO Ud??
WOKJ W{UF* _ UNb actance)
UNb (Impedance) tFUL*U
fL
XL = 2
3.14
d nK* WLO
nKLK WO( WKUH* d ULKJ
U????????????????
V= 10VP-P
f= 50Hz
q????????????????(
XL = 2
L=mH
fL
= 2 x 3.14 x 50 x 10 x 10 -3
= 3.14
qJA
Vrms
XL
V rms =
I=
V p-p
2
3.536
3.14
10
2
= 3.536 v
= 1.13 A
Vmax
R
R
se
qJA
uD UNK/ lOD
UMMJ tOO tu WOUO UNUOMM0 UO uN' qOL UML v
UN*U vL
WLOI
* uD) c UJOUJO* w uI q9 UL UU9 WOKJ WLOI V
WLOI
t WOLJ c bI t* u q1 YO u WOL qOL b
rOI
j tU t* dF
rOI
j) W
MU tu* c t bI q9
V
90 V
L
iL
iL
L
0
t
180
360
qJA
V
90
UO vMM
V
R=10
qJA
Z=
R2 + XL2
200 = 14.1421
V
Z
10
= 0.71 Amp
14.1421
= tan-1
XL
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
WuF WKUH*
q
v
q = Cv
V
Vm
UNKu mdH
q = Cv
dq
dt
cdv
i =
dt
i =
qJA
bN' qO9 sJ1 se l bN' WLO dOG YO WOO tu s U u dOG* UO U UIU UMLKF
VO' Wb
V(t) = Vm sin t
d v(t)
= Vm cos t
dt
d v(t)
i(t) = c
dt
i(t) = c Vm cos t
Im = c vm
Vm
Xc=
Im
2fc
90
IC
I
V
90
V
90
270
qJA
XC=10
qJA
R 2 + X C2
XC
U????????????????
10V U
bB* bN U WIU
dzb w
dzb w U* wKJ UO WLO b
UO bN' 5 W W b
q????????????????(
dzbK WOKJ WFUL* U
r
Z=
R2 + XC2 =
200 = 14.142
uU vK ULU
V=ZI
I=
V
Z
10
14.142
= 0.71 Amp
XC
R
= tan-1
10
= 45
10
XL
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
XC
power)
WOIOI( bI
t v WOzUdNJ W UD c u qL v d bN bB s WOzUdNJ W UD UI bF w
WOzUdNJ bI u wzUdNJ U
p vK UL wJOUJO wzu{ d W UDK d
d v UU9
+
I
0
Time
PP =VP x IP
Pav =Veff x Ieff
qJA
U????????????????
10A bI UO d1 220 v vK qLF U w WJKN
* WOIOI( bI b
q????????????????(
P=VI
= 220 x 10
= 2200 watt
WOUO b WU( c w UOK WKUH WLOIU bNK WKUH WLOI d{ qU dF UOL L
(Q) edU UN ed WOIOI X
O
(VAR) UFH dO dO XuH UNUO b
Q=V
WdUE bI
IT
IR
IC
VT
r bB* s W U tOL cU nJ* wHJ ULMO dzb w bIK pKN
* dBMF w WUI* uJ
tKIM* bI q1 r d c S = VT IT U
dzb w WdUE bI WUI*U dJ qJA UNU
sLC IT UO p IR WUI* w U* UO s d bB* w U* IT UO l u vK WIOI
nJLK dJ mdH sA UO WUI* UO WU{U
IC
IR
qJA
VT
IR2 + IC2
=tan-1
XC
R
b$ iuFU
:WOIOI( bI
P = VT IR
= VT IT Cos
:WOUO) bI
Q = VT IC
= VT IT Sin
:WdUE bI
S = VT IT
We
WU wH WOzUdNJ dzb UuJ vK bI qUF wUU We c WLO bLF (PF=Cos
P = V I WUFH bI uJ 1=
U U dH
YO WU* WUI*
IL= I sin
S=
IR= I cos
QL= V I sin
P= V I cos
IC= I sin
QC= V I sin
S=
IR= I cos
WO dz UbI We bN' s dQ UO qJA
UNM e d
90
90
dOG* dU dz w
XL = XC XU WUI dz
XC
XL > XC
XU WO dz
qJA
Z=
R2 + (XL - XC)2
qJA
V
Z
U????????????????
dzb w U*UO WLO WOKJ WFUL* b
q????????????????(
2F
XL = 2
=2x
FL
x 50 x 5 x 10-3
= 1.571
qJA
XC =
=
1
2 FC
2x
x 50 x 2 x 10-6
= 1591.55
Z =
R2 + (XL - XC)2
(1000)2 + (-1589.98)2
1000000 + 2528033.22
Z =
3528033.22 = 1878.31
XL=1.571
90
90
R = 1000
I=
XC=1591.55
V
220
=
= 0.117 A
Z
1878.31
qJA
(Electrical resonance)
5d
IL
XL
Vf
IC
XC
V
IL
qJA
IC
IL
IC
nJ* UO
IC
IT
IC
IL
qJA
5d d WLO U
XL = 2
fL
XL = XC
4
XC =
1
2
fL=
fC
1
2
fC
2 2
f LC=1
1
f=
2
LC
IC
Vf
XC
XL
IR
IL
qJA
IT =
IR
IT2
= IR2 + (IL IC )2
IT2
IT2
V2
I2
V
I
ZT
V2
V
1 2
+(
)
2
XL
XC
R
1
1
1 2
+(
))
2
R
XL
XC
1
=
1
1 2
1
+(
)
2
XL XC
R
= V2 (
1
1 ( 1 - 1 )2
R2
XL XC
1
1
1
+(
-2
2 FL
R2
FC)2
ZT=R
f
qJA
f (Hz)
f=
2
LC
bI qUF 5%
QC(VAR)
WOU UE* d
c s b Wb
90
90
QL(VAR)
UNM e
qJA
P=
V2
(Watt)
R
Q = I2 X ,
Q=
V2
(VAR)
X
S = I2 Z ,
S=
V2
(VA)
Z
qL
wKJ UO wKJ bN' 5 We U9 VO WLO V
p 0.1 5 bI qUF WLO d
vMF0 nK* w WFzUC bI WLO XK `O 1 s bI qUF d ULKJ WO( dzbK
%85 U b qUF WOKJ bI s %40 WFzU{ b wDF %60 U bI qUF
L=160mH
220V
50Hz C
RL=60
U* b
M R
c vK WU
wU
qJA
ZT =
XL = 2
S1
QL
ZT =
qJA
FL = 2
VT
220
=
= 2.81 Amp
ZT
78.28
IT =
P
473.77
=
= 0.77
S
618.2
QT=QL- QC
QL
S1
QL QC
qJA
Cos
= 0.95
Cos
=
2
S2 =
P2
Cos
Z2 =
473.77
= 498.71 (VA)
0.95
=
2
P22 + QT2
QT = QL - QC
498.71 =
QT =
(473.772 + QT2
QT = QL - QC
155.74 = 396.94 - QC
QC = 396.94 155.74 = 241.2 (VAR)
220 V U
bB* bN U
nJ* bN U
V2
QC =
XC
V2
XC =
QC
(220)2
= 200.66
XC =
241.2
=
2x
1
x 50 x 200.66
XC =
1
2 FC
b?????????????????????
WOOUMGdNJ
WOOUMGLK WOU_ U*
WOOUMG* u*
WOOUMG* dO u*
wFOD fOUMG*
wUMB fOUMG*
WO dD bQ WDMG* WOKL UNOK d& UNJzU s WdF* WO
OUMG* u* b s lMB
pbU WDMG*
d fOUMG0 WO
OUMG U s VOC pb
dOQU WDMG*
d fOUMG s dIU WO
OUMG* U* l{u
UdNJU WDMG*
U uO d_ w WIdD c WO
OUMG U s VK u uHK qu w wzUdN UO ddL
WOKLF UO( w
U rzb fOUMG* WUM w XUuJ qJOM s W?
vK u?% w uH pzU b
U C WuN
UbIH tMJ WuN
tDMG sJLO UF bb(
fOUMG* UD
d(U t ed wuM VD (N) d(U t ed wUL VD 5O
OUMG 5D fOUMG qJ
WOKLF U X b tHBM u XN& ULK nFC tOD bM fOUMG* u edL (S)
U WHK* UD _ dUM WNUA* UD _
WO{_ WOOUMG*
vK u qO1 r{ fOUMG s U w WO{_ dJ
(N)wULA
tD lI
11
UbI We _ u
(S)
wuM' tD
WK
u
WKu qJA
wOUMG* U*
WOOUMG* uI uD
WO
OUMG* UD _ 5 dUM U u ZM
WO
OUMG* UD WO
OUMG* uI uD qUH s
qJA w `{u u UL
WOOUMG* WUJ
U??????????????
iOH WLO b 2r 20 WU
wDG
wK 2.5 tU dH w w
OUMG U
wKJ w
OUMG*
q????????????????(
2.510-3
wK 2.5 = B
A = 20cm2 =
20
10000
=2010-4m
?=
=BA
= 2.5 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-4
= 50 x 10-7 = 5 x 10-6
= 5Wb
w OUMG* bb(
100
qJOM
8000
20000
WO OUMG* U*
bb +21.5%qJO
+2%qJO 75%s WuJ
WJO
bb +18% U +5% d
jMG2 dO VOC
jMG2 VOC
qJA
WOOUMGdNJ
rOI q
u w wzUdNJ UO d
B=
0I
2r
U????????????
nK u wOUMG* U* u Ue d UM
UO Ue r v_ WIdD
UHK b U WOU WIdD
ed w bb VOC US r WU WIdD
v R U2 qJA w 5 u UL nK*
WUHM V
dO qJA w
OUMG* U* u U
w
OUMG* U* b U qJA
nK* ed w bb VK UU
xNxI
L
YO
nK* VK U* WIKD* WUH
nKLK wKJ UHK b N
d*U nK* u L
dO_U nK* UO I
U????????????
WU bdO1 nK* w U* UO WLO WH 100 tUH b d 0.1 tu weK nK
U
nK* VK U* w
M WUH qUF rK nK* ed bM w
OUMG* U*
79.577
q????????????????(
xNxI
L
xNxI
B= r 0
L
79.577x12.57 x 10-7 x 100 x 1
B=
0.1
B = 0.1 T
B=
wOUMG U w q
u vK dR* uI
q
u* vK dR* uI WLO
wKU vK w
OUMG U w UO qL qu vK dR* uI WLO bLF
U????????????
tU w
OUMG U w qu* l{dO 15 bI UO qL d 0.2 tu qu
U* uD qu* s We XU qu* vK dR* uI V
0.8
300w OUMG*
q????????????????(
F = I x B x L x Sin
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x Sin30
F = 15 x 0.8 x 0.2 x 0.5
F = 1.2 suO
ed w (Electro Motive Force) WOzUdNJ WFb uI bOu b (1831) U U rUF nA
UO UOI dOuUHK UN qB nK qJ vK qu0 rUF c UF bI (EMF) d_U UNO
qJA w `{u UL rz fOUMG s "U w
OUMG U w nK* c d wzUdNJ
w OUMG* U* uD qu*
b WK
WOOUMG* w WOU_ U*
WOU UdH qL
............................................................................................................u*wWO
OUMG*u*
...................................................................................................WO
OUMG*u*dNs
.....................................................................................................u*wWO
OUMG*dOu*
.................................................................................WO
OUMG*dOu*vKWK_s
.........................................................................................................buwFODfOUMG*
w d W WO
OUMG* u* WDMG r
............................. ? ............................. .............................
.........................................................................................................srzbfOUMG*lMB
UL 5O
OUMG 5D fOUMG qJ
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
............. d(U t ed ..................................... VDI
...................................WHK*UD _................................WNUA*UD _
..................................................................................WIDM*uw
OUMG*qI(U*
..............................................................................................wWO
OUMG*uIuD ?
WO
OUMG* uI uD eO2 r
............................................................... ...............................................................
..................................buUI.....................................................wWO
OUMG*WUJ
...............................................................................vKu*b sdFWO
OUMG*WUHM
..............................................................................................WUHqUFUNWO
OUMG*u*
.......................................................................................WUHqUFUNWO
OUMG*dOu*
rz fOUMGLK w
OUMG* U* uD r
WO
OUMGLK Wc WdEM rd l d
....................................................................................tAnK*tMcw
OUMG*U*
w W nK* tM c w
OUMG* U* b U sJ1
............................. ? ............................. .............................
WOU u* u w
OUMG* U* uD r
wzUdNJ fOUMGLK w
OUMG* U* uD r
WOU u* vK dR* uI U& b dLK vMLO bO bU bU
w
OUMGdNJ qd* VOd 5 U D
U OO{u U L r
b???????????????u
u???;
b???????????????
WOzUdNJ u;
(Mutual Inductance)
U* dOQ
uU nK*
L1
L2
wzUdN qL
50 Hz
wOUMG* U* uD
U* dOQ qJA
(L2) uU nK* v (L1)
j b
bM U* dOQ e :qJA
bb(U WOU WOOUMG WUH
(Coupling Coeffcient)
jd qUF
L1L2
M
L1L2
YO
dMNU 5HK* 5 U* dOQ =M
dMNU _ nKLK wc dOQ L1
dMNU wU nKLK wc dOQ L2
`OB bu s qI dA d u wOUMG* jd qUF K
qI U vbb VK b
w bI u iF w 0.99 0.98 jd qUF WLO d
wzu VK b
w Wud u; iF w 0.01 0.05s
u; VOd
u; VOd qJA
bb( VKI
rK 0,35 UNM q pL mK d WU U gOuU UNzD eF bb ozU s uJ
ULK xB U qJA UNMO WOzuN uH s bK u qJA UF ozUd c lL UdI
Wbb uKI rOI sJL uLK wzb nKL w wzUdNJ UO Ud s ZUM wOUMGL
w WOU u W v
(Closed Core)
ULK U IKG U qJA wuJOK bb `zUH s lMB qJA WKOD WIK s U
nK sOU sOHB v wzb nKL rI uL wHK sO wOUMGL jd Ue wOUMGL
U pc d_ wU c vK wU nBM nK _ wU c vK _ nBM
uU nKLK WMU
(Shell Core) dAI bb( VKI
wIK( VKI ?
YO uL UHK UNu nK db WIK qJ vK uJ
v uU d??D? U??H? q??b?? v?? w??zb??? d??D? UH uJ
wIK uL X qJA `{u UL UN WDO U??
?
wbF d WDu wzUdNJ UN q?? (Toroidal
Transformer)
u; WUF
NS
NP
UHK b W
= NS
NP
YO
VP
VS
NP
NS
nK* UH b?? U??
wzb UH b?? s q?? uU
Q b??? s?? q?? U??H?K? W
u??B? b??N? ' iH
u??I? u?? ;
dF UHK b W WUM
bN' iH u0 u;
? ?
qJA w?? 5???* u?? ;
s w?? zb?? ? ? n??K? * u??J? ?
uU nK* uJ ULMO WH100
nK* bN U jI UH 10 s
n??K?* b??N? d??A? u??J? O? u??U???
.(100\ 10 =0,1) wzb
qu W YO s u; qJA
WUFL uU nKL w bIK WU wzb nKL w bI uJ wUL uL w
w wUL uL w uU nKL b wzb nKL b sO jd w
PP PS
b WF c s
VS
VP
IP
IS
YO
wzb nKL UO IP
uU nKL UO IS
uLK WUF WUFL vK qB WIU UFL jd
NS
NP
VS
VP
IP
IS
bI WU d
b vI YO UO iH
wGM bN ld c uL dcU db
UHK b WM bN WM WUF uJ UO W Q cqb
U??????????????
nKL bN WH 40 uU nKL UH b WH 400 wzb nKL UH b iH u
uU nKL bN V Xu 220 wzb
NS
V
= S
NP
VP
NS
VS =
x VP
NP
40
VS =
x 220
400
VS = 22V
q????????????????(
WH NP= 400
WH NS= 40
Xu VP=220
VS = ?
U????????????
wzb nKL UO V dO 2 uU nKL UO Xu 12220 iH u
VS
=
VP
IS
IP
V
IP = IS x S
VP
12
IP = 2 x
220
IP = 0.11A
q????????????????(
Xu VP=220
Xu VS= 12
dO IS= 2
IP= ?
u; UH
WU) bI
UHJ
WKb bI
bb( bIH
WOU WUB UO
q WUB UO
wUM bIH
WOzb uL UHK _ WUL WUIL V uLK WOUM UHKL w QAM c bIH u
qJA k UO b ld l U d VUM bIH c WuU
u; u
bI u
qJA k WHK
UOu
UHK* bF u;qJA
220V
110V
T1
e d bF bI u iF
WcG vK UGU UL U??O?z b??? UHKL
sO qJA Xu 220 Xu 110
220V
SA
0V
110V
220V
110V
SB
110V
110V
Common
0V
WOuLF WcG V
M* WOu/ qJA
(Auto-Transformer)
wc u;
_ WOL du UL uU wzb sOU sO dA b nK s wc uL uJ
tHK t tL iH
WKLFL WOUM
uL VOd () qJA `??{u??
IP
IS
IP-IS qL UO
UNd o w WUF uL WUF dOc V ld wc uL VOd qJA `{u UL
WuKDL qu W uJ UbM WOuH iH ld wc uL b
wc uL vK U C oDM
d{ dO uU wzb UHKL sO wzUdNJ eF uJ UbM WFHd dO
UO u
UO eN l UO u b
iH bN dOL_ UML UO
WLO v?? tUO dL UML UO WLO
eF b
UL UNUO qN WUM
WOUF WOuH s UOI UN
s qJA w UL UO u uJ
OK tUH b uJ wzb nK
WU
vK nKL c?? q?? u?? d??O?? tJK lDI
UO u qJA
v_ bK d
WUI WFUL sO oOu vK qLF YO U F sOOzU dN sO jd qLF
dHM WUD s b vB qI ULC WOU bK qb WFUL
u r
C UMb bu t
u b
V p bM 8 UNFUL WUL l tK bd 4300 U td WFUL
sOFULL sOU oOu WUM UH W
dJ
WUL
NS
ZP
ZS
YO
wzb nKLU u uL UN d WFUL
uU nKLU u uL UN q WFUL
NS
4300
8
NP
23
1
NS
WOCM u;
uLK WOMH UH u*
bM dO 5 uBI tLO UO wDF sJ1 Xu 10 uU bN' WLO VA50 4I* u;
(I=50/10=5A) b qUF
wzu VK u
Xd VK u
bb VK u
UHK* bF u
WOuHK iU u
WOuHK l u
j WDIM u
w u
UO u
u; UD
WOKJ UD_
w WFu*
uLK dI* pK s bB* WOu UH WO wzb nK* d
qL( w u dB u V dI* s vK UO qL( V WO uU nK* d
uLK dI* qL( s d qL q
WCH
M u; d W vI uU nK* WOu bFM u; UHK b w lD u WU w qJA
sJL uL wHK b w lD u vK b cN dHB WU uU nKL WOu XU S
WOU uD
V UHKL WUI UOI nU nKL U
1000 bL WUIL UOI UOI UN TO
WcG bB s uL qB
wzb nKL WUI h
nU uJ b WOU WUI wDF c nKL uU nKL WUI h
WOze' UD_
b WK
wzUdNJ uL VOd rdU `{
wzUdNJ uL qL b UBU d
wzUdNJ uLK uU nKL w buL WOuH UNOK bLF w dOGL d
uU nKL UH b V WH 200 wzb nKL UH b Xu 30/220 iU u
uU nKL UO V dO 0.5 wzb nKL UO Xu 25\220 iU u
dO
11
uU UOK uBI WLOI b Xu 12 uU tHK WOu VA dOXu 24 tb u
bb uL w UNdA w WOMH UH uL r w U bb dP nU u qb bd UbM
WOU uLK WOMH ud r
ld wc u; ?
iU) wc u;
bI u
ju WDI u; ?
XdH VK u;
WOB WU u l{
WO U vK uL qL b bLF
5HK 5 U* dOQ
wc dOQ
d U lOL
wOUMGdNJ dOQ ?
w WOU_ uL VK WHO
u; UHK qL
d U lOL
wIK( VKI ?
vK uL VK U u bLF
wzb UO
WOuH d
qL( UO ?
d U lOL
WOUF Wud d ?
e uL wc uL ULF sJL
QD
bb( bIH
WOuHK WCH
UH W b
?
w rN gOu s tID UNMO ULO WeF* wuJOK uH ozU s u; VK qOJA
u; WHK r iOH
u; WOM WU U
1 ?
3
1
5
1
4
uU tHK UO WFu* WLOI dO 2 wzb tHK UO WOuHK iU u
dO 2 s vK
dO 2 s q
RM VFB
dO 2 U ?
wzb nK* d
U OzUN qLF u; ?
WH110 ?
WH 200
WH 800
b???????????????u
??u??* U????
b?????????????????????
Semiconductors
WKu* t u*
WOdJ dUMF
uM
-e
(-e)
dJ
RUJ b
u* U qL
l WOLU j l
w UL U* uJKO
Si
Si
qJA
Si
Si
RUJ b
p WOU WUIUF
U??d????J?? u?? ? ? b?? ?F? ?
W dA* UdJ
uK `D vK WOLU
d??' W?? U??H?U??
Si
d dJ
u
WOLU j??d?? iF
UL W??d??( WUD qFH
Si
Si
Si
qJA 6
WOLU WD
WuIM
uI UMMJ1 YO
s d UdJ Q
RUJ b
Si
` WOLU WDd
tUJ U U W d( d
W dA* UdJ
WDd vK oKD U U
WKLJ* dO WOLU
WD U dJ UG Q WOUJ bu WKLJ dO WOLU WD uJ U w (Hole) u WKJA*
UM d WKLJ dO WOLU WD uJ W U U tUJ U U WuJ* uH b U WOLU
UdJ W d W d( s 5u eOO9 sJ1
7
(Doping)
WKu* t u* rOFD
uJKO
b b' w WU WuL* dUM b WzU u (Doping) rOFDU uBI*U
uJ q U uJKO uK WOKu 5% q s p wIM uJKO uK w WU) WuL*
uOK WzU qJ WzU b WKOK VM rOFD
(Donors) WU* u*
XU uH b vI d WN s uK
_ WzUA c WU{ WOKLF dQ dO WLOI
(n-type)
(Acceptors)
WKI* u*
WOLU WD vI 5 w W UNUdJ
qJA w UL hole u WKLJ dO
(p-type impurities)
P-type
WKu WIDM
P-N WK qJA
qJA w UL
d( uH UdJ d - qJA w
P-type
eM WIDM
WOU UNUI
WCHM WUI
RegioneM
0.7
uJKOK ju
0.3
uOUd'
WK
WUM* UFU WOU UdH qL
b?????????????????????
(Diodes)
UOzUM
U& w UO lM1 b U& w UO d0 `L jNbFB 5d UF dBM wzUM
WKu t U s b Wd vK qJAp-n WK s u* U wzUM V d f UF*
n u U*U qB* dD vL A d(U t ed u_U p u U*U qB* dD vL
wzUM r vK wzUM e lD U O r( dOJ UOzUMK WMUK d(U t ed uUJU
wUN b u UCO WIK UM U L dG_ UOzUM uUJ u UN u_ u UD_ `{uO
uK u WIK WDu uUJ 5 u_ bF UIK l WOUe UOzUM uUJ 5
wzUM qL n
bM UO d0 `L ULMO wU_ UO WU vK tKOGA bM UO qOu vK wzUM qLF
wJF UO WU vK tKOGA
(Forward Bias)
wU_ UO
uUJ qu ULMO bBLK Vu* VDIU Vu* uM u_ qu wU_ UO WU w
(ON) qOu WU w UH tQ wzUM dB WU( c w bBLK VU VDIU VU uM
UO dd9 vK qLF b WCHM tOd 5 WUI*
wU_ UOqJA
oOC eM WIDM
wzUM qL WOqJA
wJF UO
uM uUJ qu bBLK VU VDIU Vu* uM u_ qu wJF UO WU w
dB b WFHd wzUM wd 5 WUI* `B WU( c wbBLK Vu* VDIU VU
d wzUdNJ UO d0 `L (OFF) lD WU w UHL wzUM
wJF UOqJA
l eM WIDM
wzUM qL WOqJA
wU_ UO
s dEM iG uJOKO wzUM Xu [ U dI U (Vf) wU_ bN' u vMM* 5
wzUM d U* (IF) wU_ UO WLO
wJF UO
d9 b WFHd wzUM WUI uJ WU( c w wJF UO eO2 U C 5 vMM*
Vd UO vL tUL sJ1 YO b dOG UO
wzUM nK v R c UO ddL b wzUM UNM WMOF WDI s wJF bN' e UbM
wJF UON bN bN' c vL
wU_ UO
vB_ wJF bN'
IN4007
IN4148
OA91
OA47
Si
Si
Si
Ge
Ge
uJOKO
uJOKO
uJOKO
uOUd
uOUd
IV
1.6V
1.0V
2.1V
0.6V
(Vf) uBI WO
U
_ WOuH
3A
1A
100mA
50mA
50mA
(IF) vB_ w
U
_ UO
220v
1 KV
75V
115V
25V
WOuHK bu
WOb*
WOuHK bu
WOUF
u?? ? ? ? ? M
U?? ? ? ? L?
U wzUM
WU d
nU
ULF
b'
W?UG vB wJ bN dO WUG qB vB wU UO U qJA d_ WOJK ub du
dI wU UO du Wd b vK VO dK WLLB* d_ WuKI* ub U Xu
dO v dO 5 U d
UOzUM U
WFHd WUI
wJ UO
WEHM WUI
wU UO
wzUM UqJA
vK qLF wzUM U eO2 pK1 c (Digital Multimeter) UUOI bF* wLd UOI UN
k rOK wzUM Xu [v [ s d w wzUM wd 5 wU_ bN' u WLO UO
qJA
WU) UOzUM
hzUB) s bOH dO UIOD uu WLN UNK eOL* UHB UOzUM s b u UM
UNOL_ WU) UOzUM c u iF vK UM UMd w dBIMUOzUM cN eOL*
(Zener Diode)
wzUM dM
b bM UNUd V w UHu* r s
dM wzUM UO bM U w nU dM wzUM
wK U WMOF w tb
(Vz) dMe bN
b dMe UbM UNM c wJF bN' WLO w
s rdU U U bN' c vI wJF UO ddL
wJF UO WLO w dOG
WKK
bI
uF
d u* uN' b
BZY 88 series
500mW
wU
2.7V to 15V
BZX 85 series
1.3w
wU
5.1V to 62V
BZX 61 series
1.3w
wU
7.5V to 72V
BZX 55 series
500mW
wU
2.4V to 91V
BZY 93 series
20W
wd
9.1V to 75V
BZY 97 series
1.5W
wJO
9.1V to 37V
IN 5333 series
5W
wJO
3.3V to 24V
(BZY88C9VI)U*
dMe rEM
qb bN w dOG s rdU WLOI XU WcG bN dOu UNHO s U u dMe rEM
UON uM vK dMe qLF b c wdM wzUM b bN rEM qJA 5 qL( UO
qL( qB cJ dMe l uU (RL) qL( qu Vu* VDIU uUJ qu YO wJF
(Vz) dMe wd 5 XU bN' vK
dMe bN s d bB* bN WLO uJ V rEM dO bN bB s rEM* WcG r
bN (RS) WOKK WUI* qu p ULCXu WKO wJ UO WU w dMe UI sLC bI0
w dMe qL UL{ dMe WUL UO WLO bb%
WMU UL u wJF UO WU
bN sJ1 U vK qL( UO uJ UbM rOEMK
RS- 5LOI 5
RSmax =
VIN(min) - VZ
ILmax
RSmin =
VIN(max) - VZ
Izmax
uJ YO
YO
bB* bN
VIN
dMe bN
VZ
ILmax
IZmax
U????????????????
20-5 5 U dOG qL( UO Xu 20-15 s dOG bB* bN U bN rEM w
.RS wu WUI* WLO d b Xu 68 dMe bN U S dO wKO
q????????????????(
RSmax =
RSmax =
VIN(min) - VZ
ILmax
15 - 6.8
20 x 10-3
RSmax = 410
(50mA) wb UO UNO d w UIOD VUM uM c s bN' ULEM d cU db'
dMe wzUM U
uCK WFA* wzUM l wu vK WUI qOu U eK WUM WLO bM wU_ UO s bK
WUI* WLO V% qJA w 5 UL
WOU WUF* WUu
RS =
VS - VF
I
U
(VF)
(VF)
YO
qJA
U????????????????
wKO uCK lA* wzUM UO Xu bN' bB WLO XU qJA w
d wU_ bN' u rKF l wu WUI* WUM* WLOI V dO[dO
Xu U wzUM
q????????????????(
RS =
RS =
VS - VS
I
12 - 2
0.02
RS = 1000
qJA
dF b qJA
U*
(P)
U* q9 YO bOKI u_
b?????????????????????
(Rectier Circuits)
ud eN q WKOK U w
(D.C)dL
.uI
WOdJ eN_ WcG VUM dL bN v dOG* bN' qu (Supply Power) WcG
uI bN
WcG b qd s WKd q WHO hOK sJ1 WcG bu wUL jD* qJA 6
w uM vK qJA w WMO*
iH) u
`Od
bN' rEM ?
p oOI% VFB s U OKL WLOI XU d bN WcG b wDF V WOU* U( w
d) bN dOG v UR sJ1 U UM
Xu 5 dOG q XU fO UF bN'
bN iH WcG b s UO V wzUdNJ qL( ULK XU dO wzUdNJ qL(
`O fJF UNd
wzUdNJ qL( qb bN w dOG s rdU d) bN XO rOEM b pc
bN' ULEM dzb c vL
.uI tu* nB .uI w .uI s WHK U/ W dIH c w gUMM
dDMI .uI uD WOzUM WKUJ Wu*
(Half wave)
tu* nB uI
RL
qL(
WcG b Ud
uF `d*
(C1)
lu* v bN WC u bM
YO
uLK uU nK* bN' WUFH WLOI uILK cG* bNK WUFH WLOI V
bN' u WLO 0.7
.uI wzUM d
m??d??H???? s?? ? ?A? ?
tM ZM l??u??L?K? nOHD
U??O? W?? ? ? d?? u?? L? ?? ? b?? N? ?
v??K? v??K? V?? d??U??M? ?
ULK XU dL* bN'
`Od U q uL U
qC
`Od lu qL qJA
(RC) :
`d*
VKG - cJ qJA (L) oU) nK*U (R) WUI* bU oU (RC) `d 5% sJ1
.oU) nK* nOUJ r w `d* c WO WUI* d bN' u WKJA vK
U u (C) WDIM bN `B U U
qb tu* Vu* nBM
(C) WDIM Wu (A)WDIM uJ WOO'
(B)ju
d qL( WUI w Vu* tu* nB d1 cJ wJ UO WU w uJO (D2) wzUM U wU
(D1).wzUM
WDIM WMU p Wu (C) WDIM WU A WDIM uJ WOO' qb tu* VU nBM
nB d1 cJ wU UO WU w(D2) wzUM wJ UO WU w
qU uI eO2 w c tu* wHB UM w qL( d U& fH w d1 UO WE sJ1
wC bu t WE V qL( w jI b Wu nB d9 w tu* nB uI vK tu*
UCM d q tu q qUI d
wUU WOO' qb Wu d nF{ u
UL bu WOU w WC 100 UM S
WU( c w uI* bNK WDu* WLOI
uI* bNK WDu* WLOI nF{ U
Wu* qU uI d qJA
V(AVG)= 0.9Vrms
YO
uLK uU nK* bN' WUFH WLOI uILK cG* bNK WUFH WLOI V
.uI wzUM d bN' u WLO 0.7
(Bridge Rectifier):
dDMI uI
UOzUM uJ
WUI (D1)
(D2) wzUM
(RL)qL(
qB cJ (D4) wzUM
(RL)qL(
WUI
(D3)wzUM
d UO d1
uI d vK qu (50HZ) WOO' qb Wu d nF{ (100HZ) Ud WuI* Uu*
(100) s d WOU WF ULO lu dDMI
YO
uLK uU nK* bN' WUFH WLOI uILK cG* bNK WUFH WLOI V
.uI wzUM d bN' u WLO 0.7=
WKUJ* dDMI UuI b sJ1 UL WKI .uI UOzUM WF bU dDMI uI UM sJ1
qJA `{u WF_ UOzUM vK UNKb u% w
(V
RRM
vB_ wJF bN'
IFM
VRRM
VM WKK
d WKUJ
0.9A
800v - 200v
DF WKK
d WKUJ
0.9A
800V - 200V
WO WKK
WOuD
1A
800V - 50V
SKB2 WKK
j w
1.6A
800V - 200V
KBPC WKK
WFd
6A-2A
800V - 200V
KBU4 WKK
j w
4A
880V-200V
SKB25WKK
wuJU uLG
35A-6A
1200V-200V
`Od lu
dI* qOGA bN
qB bM .uI b lu* d) bN s d `Od lu* dI* qOGA bN uJ V
tu bN' vLEF WLOI U dI UF qL WU w tu* qU uI d bN uKF* s qL(
WU w uU nK* bN WOO' qb tu bN' WUFH WLOI nF{ d (1.4) WOO' qb
uI sL{ wU_ bN' uN WO U dI Xu 2 wA iF d) bN iHM qUJ qL(
WOU WUF*U (Vout) d) bN wDF dDMI
Vout = 1.4 V 2 VF
YO
uU nK* bN qb bN' WUFH WLOI V
wuJOKO .uI wzUM Xu 0.7 U wU_ bN' u VF
luLK dI* qOGA bN uJ V 5F U gU vK uB( qO w U q vK
uU nK* bN nF{ qb bN' WUFH WLOI nF{
lu* WF
WU bU UM t uL* uL bI vK qL( UO vK VUM* `Od lu* WF bLF
UdJO*U `Od lu WF vK bUI c hM WUM* `Od lu WF WLO U( WDO
UdJO*U lu* WF
qL( UO
dO [
dO [
dO [
dO
dO
s d
dO
b'
lu WF dG_ WLOIU UH UJU tS bN' rOEM b Wu .uI uJ UbM
`Od
.uI UOzUM
vB_ wU_ UO
wJF bN'
bN' nF{ UF vB wJ bN vK .uI wzUM q qbF wGM bO U gU vK uBK
.uI sL{ wzUM t dF sJ1 c vB_ wJF
b u
b'
U????????????????
(220V/12.0.12) j WDIM iH u b uD wzUM tu* qU uI
`Od lu 5uI
wK U b dO 2 bI dL UO wzUdN qL cG b
UuILK dI* vB_ wU_ UO
Xu33.6 = 16.8 x 2
(Voltage Multipliers)
bN' UHUC
bN' WHUC r YO
(Voltage Multipliers)
VS
wzUdN qL
VS
Vi
vLEF WLOI v (C1) nJ* s r pc wJ UO WU w (D2) wzUM wU UO WU w
qJA w WMO* WODIU (Vs=1.41Vi) bB* bN' (Peak Value)
(D2)
wzUM wJ UO WU w (D1) wzUM WU WDIM uJ WuLK VU nBM w
s r pc wU UO WU w
(Peak vLEF WLOI v (C2) nJ*
(Vs=1.41Vi)bB*
bN'
Value)
VS
Vi
Vi
b?????????????????????
U qJA ued b
WOzUdNJ U rCL
wzUdNJ UO qBH qB wdJ UHL
WO u_ v ued nMB
ued u
U* U WKu ued
U* dOQ ued
MOSFET
JFET
PNP
NPN
NPN _
w W ued d
(E:Emitter) YU
(B:Base)bUI
(C:Collector) lL*
WKF pK s t W qOu
qLF b
PNP
ued
WOU_ ued
dA* lL*
:(Ai)UO V
IOUT
Iin
VOUT
Vin
WdA* bUI
dA* lL*
dA* YU
d
U
d (500) U
(1)b
d (50) Uju
WOuH V
(1)b
d (200) U
d(200) U
UO V
d (500)U
d (200) U
d(10000) b U
bI V
(200)WWOb
(100)KWWOU
(2.5KWWDu
qb WUI
(100)KWWOU
(100)WWOb
(20K)WOUWDu
d) WUI
W0
W0
W180
uD W
IEYU UO v IC
lL* UO W w WU( c w
IC
IE
. 0.995 v 0.95 s U
WLO d YO
IC
IB
c w dFhfe edU t edWUM* dOGB U rOC WU w UO V wDF wU qUF*
hfe =
qJA w 5* uM vKuedK eOL* qu vMM bU hFE hfe rO U sJ1
O{ uJO hfe WLO hFE WLO 5 dH QU OD uedK eOL* qu vMM U S
rO d
d 200 v 20 s WUF uedK hFE
U????????????????
UO tLO bdO dJO 600 tLO bU UO dO wKK 30 tLO lL UO qLF ued
h
FE
IC
IB
30
0.6
= 50
ued u UOMM
VCE U) bN' 5LO bM dA* YU WU w uedK qb u qJA `{u
wzUM u vMM dO b v tA c qb UOMM S `{u u UL
Ib A
300
bUI UO
200
100
0-25
0-50
0-75
1-00
VBE
IB o UO q1
(0.7V)u
v d) bN u bM
uOUd'
IC
Ib = 250 A
Ib = 200 A
20
mA
Ib = 150 A
Ib = 100 A
lL* UO
10
Ib = 50 A
5
YU lL* WOu
10
15
20
VCE
()
qJA q1
ued
WUFH WIDM*
Ib = 250 A
lA WIDM
IC
30
Ib = 200 A
mA
20
WUFH WIDM*
WOD)
Ib = 150 A
Ib = 100 A
lL* UO
10
Ib = 50 A
lDI WIDM
0
5
YU lL* WOu
10
15
20
VCE
lDI WIDM
UUM lL* bUI YU bUI wK s q uJ UbM lDI WIDM w ued qLF
UO Ud p vK Vd qJA k dH bUI UO U UbM p b UOJ UO
WOu S WIDM* c w ued qLF WO tUL sJ1 wJF d UO vL b dOG lL
UH TUJ lDI WU w ued uI sJ1 lL* YU 5 U UNKUJ dNE WcG bB
qJA k (OFF) lDI WU w wJOUJO
lA WIDM
lL* bUI YU bUI wK s q uJ UbM lA WIDM w ued qLF
U OU UO UUM
UO w d c dOG v R s bUI UO w U S WIDM* c w ued qL bM
lA lL* UO WOK oKD WU qL( WUI UI d vK U dI UU dO_ UO vI YO lL*
5 WOuHK ed IB(sat) wFA bUI UO lL*U lA UO d v R c bUI UO dF IC(sat)
UbM uJOKO s uMB* uedK Xu 0.2 U wVCE(sat) edU lA bM YU lL*
qJA k (ON)qOu WU w wJOUJO UH TUJ tS lA WIDM w ued qLF
Darlington Transistor
uMO ued
UM_
VCB(max) uBI
WOu
IC (max) uBI
lL* UO ?
b bM UNLO s 0.707 v
edOuKO
UNb WIdD U F WHK WOUO UJ UQ ued lMB wU) qJA
WHK* td eO9 WOHO ued qJA u vK ued UUO UL u%
nOMB sJ1 uedK WKCH* UIOD ued UUO UL b% UIOD
WO UM_ v UIOD YO s ued
d_ bF ued
bI iHM (AF) WOFL d ued
WO_ UdA
uJOKO
U* qO vK
BC108
BD132
BF194
BU508
hFE = 240-500
hFE = 450-900
WOJd_ UdA
_ rd vDF UEM c w (JEDEC) WOdJ dUMF wbMN* dA* fK* UE b
udU 3 N
3055 rd X% q b U BJT ued u 2N3055 U* qO vK
WOUUO UdA
d(
uM
PNP power
PNPu s b ued
NPN power
NPN u s b ued
P-channel FET
N-channel FET
WuJ UdA
d_ U_ s tOK WuL ( K ) ed b
ued UD
(PN)
ued WO bb% sJ1 tS wJF UO wU_ UO wU bM tO WUI*
bF nU dO ued d 5 UUI* WFO b' 5 dO2_ bU
ued p nK vK U O UUI* c s
wJ UO
w
U
UO
W
UI
UO
WOU WUI
WCHM WUI
WOU WUI
WCHM WUI
lL*bUI WK
WOU WUI
WOU WUI
YU lL*
US (Digital
Multimeter)
FE
WO uD)
(hFE)UO V qUF UO l{ w UO UH l{
ued U UM U C pMJ1
WU w qJA w WMO*
NPN
b WK
WO qL' w dH qL
v WODI WOzUM ued nMB
w W ued d
WK uJ V uKD* qJAU NPN u s ued qLF v
wJ UO WU w WK wU UO WU w
U Ai UO V
? dF UbU d) U bN Wu qb U bN Wu 5 uD W
U IE w IE, IC, IB UO 5 WF
w HFE w
w U uO ued UD d s
BC108 ? bBI
ZN 3055
ULMO UNb udd u vK bO ed WOUUO U dA b
ed WuJ U dA b
b?????????????????????
ued UH*
ULMO (OFF) lDI WU w wJOUJO UH UF lDI WIDM w ued oU b w Ud
qJA k (ON)qOu WU w wJOUJO UH UF lA WU w ued
ued UH*
(IB= 0)
VCC - 0.2
RL
YO
WcG bB bN VCC
_U qL( WUI RL
wFA lL* UO IC
YU bUI b WMU
Vin = IB x RB + VBE
Vin = IB x RB + 0.7
IB =
RB =
Vin - 0.7
RB
Vin - 0.7
IB
IC
IB
WIDM w UO V WLO s dOJ q tLO uJ lA WU w uedK UO V hFE :YO
ued UUO Wu w vDF* dGB UO V WLO nB tLO uJ U WOD) qOGA
U????????????????
qJA w WMO* b w lA WU v ued lb (V )qb bN WLO V
in
.10
IC =
VCC - 0.2
RC
5 - 0.2
IC =
100
IC = 50mA
wK UL bUI UO U r
IB =
IB =
IC
hFE
50mA
= 5mA
10
1000
x 2000 + 0.7
Vin = 10.7V
U* qJA
VCE
P = IC x VCE
bI WLO uJ wUU b WCHM lL* UO WLO uJ lDI WU w ued uJ UbM
lL* bN WLO uJ qu WU w ued uJ UbM U C b WCHM ued w b*
b WCHM ued w b* bI WLO uJ wUUU dI Xu0.2 b WCHM YU
b WCHM UHL tKL bM ued w b* bI ZM cJU C
b?????????????????????
U* dOQ ued
vK U `B U c W bF pM lu
U* dOQ ued eO2 d c
JFETWKu U* dOQ ued qL b VO d rdU U MOF 5
lM
(JFET)ued VO d qJA
:S)lM*
UN qB (N)
(Insulated Gate
DEMOSFT
ued UM qJA 5
weMMOSFETued VO d qJA
MOSFET
U* dOQ ued
dA* lM*
WdA* Wu
dA* dB*
vK
MOSFET JFET
b?? ? ? ? ?
d
U
dA* lM*
dA* dB*
WdA* Wu
WOuH V
40WDu
250 U
UO V
200000 b U
200000 b U
bI V
U
(8000000) b
200000 b U
250 U
qb WUI
1M b WOU
1M b WOU
500 WCHM
d) WUI
WOUWDu
WCHM
WOU
uD W
W180
W dH
W dH
b'
b?????????????????????
udU
VOd
udU e VO d qJA
udU qL n
pqu WU w UHL qLFU UbM b w WEK w rJ sJ1 U UH udU TUJ
`BO qOu s UbM nu w WEK w rJ sJ1 UL WU b Wu d od s
tu UOMM Wb WOMH tUHu udU qL b vK dF sJ1lDI WU w UHL
WOJF WU WIDM
WOU_ WU WIDM
uDU rJ
sJL* sudU bU UM UO qL( WU* bIU rJ WOU_ bqJA 5
WMU U u udU u UNO uJ w Uu* UB s WDI bM qOu WU( udU
Wu v uu* UCM bu WDu udU UNO oKD w WDIM w rJ sJ1 uUJ
oOI% sJ1 q s jI e UM w UOU tcG wzUdNJ qLK WU* bIU rJ r
W (Delay angle) dOQ W rUdHB WDIb Wb v WMU udU UbM oKDZ
bK Vu* nBM wU qOu w dL udU Q oKD U*U(Firing Angle)bI
WLOI VUM lDI WU v UOzUIK udU u dHB WDI bM c b nB WUN bM
dOQ W WLO U 5 cJqJA k UO vMM X% WU* l qL( UO WDu*
qL( UO WLO s v R
WKUJ b rJ%
qu WO UO bNK ld dOG UNO{u oU uDU rJ WId uO b s
dR sJ1 wRFIWu d b bu sJ1 b nBM bM dIU udU
uU( UHK UB eN U uB U* WOdJ eN_ qL vK
WIdD c wWKUJ b rJ% rU dF WKb d WId b WKJA* c vK VKG
dHB U bB* bN uJ UbM jI b Wb bM qOu v udU oKD rJ s
qL( s bB* bN s WKU e qL( v bB* bN s WKU dd9 r wUU
WFd WU v_ b w udU b - WU( c w qJA w `{u u UL p
b WOI e -jI
(Triac)
pd
tO d e pMd qJA
wU& w UO dd9 lOD t_ dE UM* UOU rJ w wU qJA pd b
sJ1WU Wu* Uu* UB s WDI bM qOu WU( pd sJL* s YO
qJA kWu v uu* UCM bu WDu udU UNO oKD w WDIM w rJ