Nghin cu phng php xc nh ti lng nhim khng kh t hot ng

cng nghip
Nguyn nh Tun
i hc Ti nguyn v Mi trng TP.H Ch Minh
I. T VN
S nhim khng kh (NKK) khi u bng vic pht thi cc cht NKK
t cc hot ng ca t nhin v con ngi. Sau di tc ng ca cc yu t
kh tng, cc cht NKK c vn chuyn, khuych tn v lng ng ti nhng
lp kh quyn khc nhau v tc ng ln mi trng t nhin, mi trng nhn to
v con ngi.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t nc ta hin nay, vn tnh ton ti lng pht
thi cc cht NKK hu nh cha c ch trng ng mc; Cha thng k c
ti lng pht thi t cc hot ng cng nghip hay giao thng vn ti trong phm
vi c nc hay ti tng a phng lm c s cho cng tc qun l mi trng.
V vy nhm nghin cu xut cc phng php xc nh ti lng NKK
mt cch n gin, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t k thut ca nc ta hin nay.
II. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Tng quan ti liu nhm mc ch tm hiu cc phng phc xc nh ti
lng NKK thng dng trn th gii, t chn mt phng php ph hp vi
iu kin Vit Nam.
Kho st cng ngh, thit b v o c thc nghim ti lng pht thi ca
mt s ngnh cng nghip ti Vit Nam, t so snh vi ti liu i chng xc
nh h s hiu chnh cho phng php chn.
Lp phiu iu tra v kho st thc t hot ng ca cc nh my, x nghip
xc nh lng nguyn liu, nhin liu tiu th v sn lng sn phm, t
tnh ton ti lng pht thi NKK.

III. KT QU NGHIN CU
3.1. Cc phng php xc nh ti lng NKK
a. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng o c
v c bn, o c ti lng pht thi bao gm: Vic o c nng cht
nhim v o lu lng kh thi t suy ra ti lng l tch s gia nng v lu
lng.
b. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng cn bng vt cht
Tnh ton cn bng vt cht gia dng nguyn liu i vo v dng sn phm
i ra. Chnh lch gia khi lng nguyn liu v khi lng sn phm l do c s
tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut.
c. Xc nh ti lng pht thi bng h s pht thi
S dng cc h s pht thi c xy dng cho tng loi cng ngh sn xut
tnh ti lng pht thi cho mt trng hp c th.
C th tm tt ni dung v so snh u, nhc im ca cc phng php ni
trn qua (bng 1) sau y:
3.2. Xc nh phng php tnh ton ti lng ph hp iu kin Vit Nam
Ti Vit Nam, cc phng php ni trn u c th s dng. Tuy nhin, vic
xc nh ti lng nhim khng kh cho cc ngnh cng nghip, nht l trong
iu kin cn nhiu kh khn th nn s dng phong php c tnh bng h s
pht thi, v n ph hp vi kh nng kinh t, khoa hc k thut hin nay. Nhc
im l chnh xc khng cao, nhung nu so snh vi phng php o trong iu
kin ca nc ta th kt qu thu c vn ng tin cy.
Khi s dng phng php c tnh bng h s pht thi, iu ng lu l
phi so snh cng ngh sn xut ca i tng cn xc nh vi cng ngh sn
xut dn chng c ph hp hay khng. Ngoi ra, nhng thng s khc cng c
quan tm nh: mc hin i ca thit b, lng tiu hao nhin liu, nguyn

liu... m bo thu c cc s liu c tin cy cao, chng ta khng th sao

chp y nguyn cc h s nhim c gii thiu ti nc ngoi. Mt trong nhng
ni dung nghin cu l xc nh cc h s pht thi cho cc ngnh cng nghip
Vit Nam trn c s k tha cc kt qu hin ang c s dng ph bin trn th
gii nhung c hiu chnh li do nhng yu t khc bit.
H s pht thi cc cht NK.K cho cc ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam c
xc nh nh sau:
Eij = Eijik.K,j, g/T (1)
Trong :
- E,j: H s pht thi cht NKK i cho ngnh cng nghip j no ti Vit
Nam, mg/T
- Eij&: H s pht thi cho ngnh cng nghip tung ng dng tham kho.
- Ky: H s hiu chnh k n s khc bit v cng ngh, thit b, lng tiu
hao nguyn liu v cht lng nguyn liu.
- H s pht thi cho ngnh cng nghip tng ng dng tham kho:
Chng ti s dng cc h s pht thi t ti liu "S tay h s nhim tp 2 Ngun nhim cng nghip" ca H Lan lm Eijtk v nhng l do chnh nh sau:
- y l mt trong nhng ti liu gii thiu mt cch y nht v h s
nhim ca cc ngnh cng nghip.
- Ti liu m t cc qu trnh cng ngh kh chi tit c th i chiu vi
cng ngh cn nghin cu.
- Ti liu ny c bin son trn c s k tha rt nhiu ti liu v ngun
nhim ca cc nc M, c, H Lan, Nht, cc nc chu u v nhiu ngun
khc.
- Cc cng ngh dng xy dng h s pht thi kh ph hp vi cng ngh
hin nay ti Vit Nam.

- H s hiu chinh kij: Nh trnh by trn, h s hiu chnh kij ph thuc

vo mt s yu t nh cng ngh, thit b, tiu hao nguyn liu, nhin liu, trnh
vn hnh. xc nh kij i hi phi xem xt mt cch ton din cc vn nu
trn. Trong ti ny, nhm nghin cu tin hnh nghin cu phng php xc
nh ky theo 2 hng: Thc nghim v bin lun. Kt qu thu uc th hin bng
2.
Trn c s ca vic xy dng h s hiu chnh kij v da vo cc ti liu v
h s pht thi dn, nhm nghin cu xy dng cc h s pht thi cho
khong 30 ngnh cng nghip ch yu Vit Nam. (Phan Ph lc)
3.3. Ti lng cc cht nhim khng kh ti TP. H Ch Minh
T vic xy dng cc h s pht thi trn, chng ti xy dng cng thc
tnh ton ti lng pht
thi cc cht NKK t hot ng cng nghip cho 2 trng hp: Theo ngnh
sn xut hoc theo a bn.
a. Tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim theo, ngnh sn xut
Ti lng cc cht NKK i ca mt ngnh cng nghip n s c xc nh
bng cng thc sau:
Gn = 2 Kin.Njn, g/nm (3.4) Trong :
- Gia'. Ti lng cht NKK i ca ngnh sn xut cng nghip n trn a bn
no (g/nm)
- Kin: H s pht thi cht NKK i ca ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn
liu hoc nhin liu hoc g/tn sn phm)
- Njn: Khi lng nguyn liu (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca nh my j
thuc ngnh sn xut n ang xt (tn/nm).
b. Tnh ton ti lng cc cht NKK theo a bn

Ti lng cht NKK i ti qun (huyn) m no c tnh bng cng thc

sau:
- Gim: Ti lng cht NKK i trn a bn qun (huyn) m (g/nm).
- Gin: Ti lng cht NKK i ca ngnh sn xut cng nghip j trn a bn
qun m (g/nm).
- kin: H s pht thi cht NKK i ca ngnh cng nghip n (g/tn nguyn
liu hoc g/tn sn phm)
- Nnm: Khi lng nguyn liu (nhin liu) hoc sn phm ca ngnh cng
nghip n trn a bn qun (huyn) m (T/nm).
S dng cc cng thc ny, chng ti tnh ton c ti lng pht thi
cc cht NKK ch yu t mt s ngnh cng nghip v cho cc qun huyn ti
TP. H Ch Minh. Hnh v 2 gii thiu biu phn b ti lng NKK mt s
ngnh v a phng ti TP. H Ch Minh.
IV. KT LUN
1. Thng k tnh ton ti lng NKK l mt nhu cu cp bch trong cng
tc qun l mi trng khng kh nc ta hin nay.
2. Phng php xc nh ti lng NKK thch hp vi nc ta hin nay l
phng php s dng h s pht thi.
3. Trn c s tham kho t nhiu ngun ti liu v nghin cu trnh cng
ngh, thit b, nguyn liu, nhin liu, trnh vn hnh trong sn xut cng
nghip nc ta, nhm nghin cu xut h s hiu chnh t h s pht
thi NKK cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip ph bin ti Vit Nam, p ng c
nhu cu cp bch ni trn.
TI LIU THAM KHO:
1. B KHCNMT (1998), Chin lc Pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh Vit
Nam n nm 2020, H Ni.

2.
Cc Thng k TP. H Ch Minh (1997, 1998,1999, 2000), Nin gim
thng k TP. H Ch Minh, TP. H Ch Minh.
3.
D n VIE/97/051 (2000), Phn tch kt qu iu tra cng nghip Vit
Nam 1999, NXB Thng k, H Ni.
2.
Nguyn inh Tun (2002), nh gi hin trng pht thi nhim
khng kh do sn xut cng nghp ti TP. H Ch Minh - Nghin cu cng ngh x
l kh thi cho mt s ngnh cng nghip in hnh. Lun n TS, Vin Mi trng
v Ti nguyn, i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.
3.
UBND TP. H Ch Minh 1994), (1997) Tinh hnh cng nghip
nhim trng im ti TP. H Ch Minh (Sch en t , 2), TP. H Ch Minh.
4.
UBND TP. H Ch Minh 1997), iu tra mi trng hot ng sn
xut tiu th cng nghip ti TP. H Ch Minh, TP H Ch Minh.
5.
Ministry ofHousing, Physica Panning and Envirorunent (1983),
Handbook of emissionactors- Part 2: ndustrian sources, Government Publishing
offce, The Hague.
EPA 454/C -00-003 (2000), Compilation of air pollution emissionactors
(AP-42), Emsionactorand Emission in-ventory Group, u.s. Environmental
Protection Agency.
TCMT 06/2013