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Culture Documents
Chang
= {1, 2, 3 }
Z = { 2, 1, 0,1, 2, }
+ + 0
n
Q = { m, n Z , m 0}
m
R
4
3
1
2
abab
ab(a,b)
[a,b]
( a, b ) = { x a < x < b}
[ a, b] = { x a x b}
( a, b] = { x a < x b}
[ a, b ) = { x a x < b}
( a, ) = { x x > a}
[ a, ) = { x x a}
( ,b ) = { x x < b}
[ ,b ) = { x x b}
( , ) = { x x R}
6
3x-4<5x
(1)
3x-4<5
3x 4 < 5
3x 4 + 4 < 5 + 4
3x < 9
1
1
( )3x < ( )9
3
3
x<3
8
(2)
x2<x+6
x < x+6
2
x x6< 0
( x 3)( x + 2) < 0 2 < x < 3
2
-2
+
3
-
a
a, if a 0
a =
a, if a 0
ab = a b
a b = a b, b0
a =a
n
a =a
2
10
abb-a
baa-b
aba-bb-a
x1x2d
d = x2 x1 = ( x2 x1 ) 2
11
-34-344
-3
3 4 = 7 = 7
4 (3) = 7
3 4 = 7
347
347
4 - 3 - 7
12
32
x 3 2
2 x 3 2
1 x 5
x
1
13
add>0
xa d ad x a+d
xa d x ad a+d x
14
0.35%0.17%
100000
(
8.98)
r
0.0035 0.0017 r 0.0035 + 0.0017
0.0018 r 0.0052
xx = 100000r
100000(0.0018) x 100000(0.0052)
180 x 520
CC = 8.95 x
=(a+b)/2
3132.5
8.95(180) C 8.95(520)
1611 C 4654
16114654
15
(1)
xnxnxnnx
xn=xxxxxn
xx0x0=1
x0nx-n=1/xn
16
(2)
nan=xaxn
n
x = a x = an
a<0nan
m,n
x m / n = ( x1/ n ) m = ( n x ) m
x
m/n
= (x )
m 1/ n
= x
n
17
x n x m = x n+ m
n
m
nm
x /x =x
n
n n
( xy ) = x y
n
n
n
( x / y) = x / y
n m
nm
(x ) = x
abx + acx
n
n+m
= ax (b + cx )
n
18
(1)
(a)y = 2 x 2 , x = 4
(b)y = 3 x 3 , x = 1
1
(c)y = ( x) , x =
2
2
(d)y = 2 , x = 3
x
(a ) y = 2(42 ) = 2(16) = 32
3
3
3
(b) y = 3(1) =
=
= 3
3
(1)
1
1 2 1
(c ) y = ( ) =
2
4
2
2
(d ) y = 2 = 2 = 2(32 ) = 18
3
13
19
(2)
(a)y = 2 x1 2 , x = 4 (b)y = 3 x 2 , x = 8
(a ) y = 2(4)1 2 = 2 4 = 2(2) = 4
(b) y = 3 82 = 82 3 = (81 3 ) 2 = (2) 2 = 4
20
(1)
(a)2 x ( x ) (b)(3x)
23
3x 2
(c) 1 2 3
(x )
5x4
(d) 2 3
(x )
x
(e)x (2 x ) (f) 1
5x
1
(a)2 x 2 ( x3 ) = 2 x 2+3 = 2 x5
(b)(3 x) 2 3 x = 9 x 2 ( x)1 3 = 9 x 2+1 3 = 9 x 7 3
2
3x
x
(c) 1 2 3 = 3 3 2 = 3x 23 2 = 3 x1 2
(x )
x
5x4
x4
(d) 2 3 = 5 6 = 5 x 46 = 5 x 2
(x )
x
(e)x 1 (2 x 2 ) = 2 x 1+ 2 = 2 x
1 x1 2
1 1 2( 1)
1 32
x
(f) 1 =
= x
= x
1
5x
5x
5
5
21
(2)
(a)2 x 2 x3
(b)2 x1 2 + 4 x5 2
(a)2 x x = x (2 x)
2
(b)2 x1 2 + 4 x5 2 = 2 x1 2 (1 + 2 x 2 )
(c)( x + 1)
1 2
(2 x 3)
52
+ 10( x + 1) (2 x 3)
12
32
22
(3)
3x 2 + x 4
(a)
2x
x + x3 2
(b)
x
3x + x
x (3 + x ) x(3 + x )
(a)
=
=
2x
2x
2
x + x3 2 x1 2 + x3 2 x1 2 (1 + x) 1 + x
=
=
=
(b)
x
x
x
x
2
23
(4)
3
3
53
(a) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)8 3
5
4
3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1)3 3( x + 2)3 ( x 1) 2
(b)
[( x 1)3 ]2
3
3
12
15
53
83
53
(a) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) =
( x + 1) + ( x + 1)8 3
5
4
20
20
3
3
53
=
( x + 1) [4 + 5( x + 1)] =
( x + 1)5 3 (5 x + 9)
20
20
3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1)3 3( x + 2)3 ( x 1) 2 3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1) 2 [( x 1) ( x + 2)]
(b)
=
3 2
[( x 1) ]
( x 1)6
3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1) 2 (3) 9( x + 2) 2
=
=
6
( x 1)
( x 1) 4
24
(domain)
2x + 3
2x + 3
25
(a) 3 x 2
1
(b)
3x 2
(c) 3 9 x + 1
(a) 3 x 2 3x 2 0 x 2 3
1
(b)
3x 2 > 0 x > 2 3
3x 2
(c) 3 9 x + 1 x R
26
(1)
b
4ac
2
ax + bx + c = 0 x =
2a
6 36 16 6 20
4x + 6x +1 = 0 x =
=
8
8
2
6 2 5 3 5
=
=
8
4
3 9 + 4 3 13
2
x + 3x 1 = 0 x =
=
2
8
6 36 36 6
x + 6x + 9 = 0 x =
=
= 3
2
2
2
27
(2)
x2 a2
x3 a3
x3 + a3
x4 a4
= ( x a)( x + a)
= ( x a )( x 2 + ax + a 2 )
= ( x + a )( x 2 ax + a 2 )
= ( x 2 a 2 )( x 2 + a 2 ) = ( x a )( x + a)( x 2 + a 2 )
x 9 = x 3 = ( x 3)( x + 3)
3
3
3
2
x 8 = x 2 = ( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
x 3 + 64 = x 3 + 4 3 = ( x + 4)( x 2 4 x + 16)
4
2
2
2
x 16 = ( x 4)( x + 4) = ( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4)
2
28
(3)
( x + a) 2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
( x a) 2 = x 2 2ax + a 2
( x + a ) 3 = x 3 + 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x + a 3
( x a) 3 = x 3 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x a 3
( x + a) 4 = x 4 + 4ax 3 + 6a 2 x 2 + 4a 3 x + a 4
( x a ) 4 = x 4 4ax 3 + 6a 2 x 2 4a 3 x + a 4
( x + 3) 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9
( x 5) 2 = x 2 10 x + 25
( x + 2) 3 = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
( x 1) 3 = x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x 1
( x + 2) 4 = x 4 + 8 x 3 + 24 x 2 + 32 x + 16
( x 4) 4 = x 4 16 x 3 + 96 x 2 256 x + 256
29
(1)
Example
3x 3 2 x 2 6 x + 4 = x 2 (3x 2) 2(3x 2)
= (3 x 2)( x 2 2)
x 3 4 x 2 x + 4 = x 2 ( x 4) ( x 4)
= ( x 4)( x 2 1)
30
(2)
x 2 2x + 1
x 2 x 3 4 x 2 + 5x 2
x3 2 x 2
2 x 2 + 5 x 2
2 x 2 + 4 x
x2
x2
0
2 1 4 5 2
2 4 2
1 2 1 0
( x 2)( x 2 2 x + 1) = x 3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2
31
(3)
anxn+an-1xn-1++a1x+a0
x=p/q
pa0qan
Example
2 x3 + 3x 2 8 x + 3
1, 2
1, 3
1, 3, 1 2, 3 2
32
(a)x 2 6 x + 9 (b) 2 x 2 + 5 x 3
( x a ) 2 = x 2 2ax + a 2
(a ) x 2 6 x + 9 = x 2 2(3)( x) + (3) 2 = ( x 3) 2
x = 3
2x
1
(b)2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = (2 x 1)( x + 3) x
x = 1 2, 3
33
x 2 3x + 2
x 2 3x + 2 x 2 3x + 2 0
( x 1)( x 2) 0
x 1, x 2
(,1) (2, )
1
2
x
x
x
+
2
-
34
3
2
2
x
+
3
x
8 x + 3
1 3
2 x + 3 x 8 x + 3 1, 3, ,
2 2
1 2(1)3 + 3(1) 2 8(1) = 0 2 x
1
x = 1
x
3
3
35
(1)
()
a c a d c b ad bc ad + bc
+ = + =
+
=
, b 0, d 0
b d b d d b bd bd
bd
a c a d c b ad bc ad bc
= =
=
, b 0, d 0
b d b d d b bd bd
bd
36
(2)
a c ac
, b 0, d 0
=
b d bd
()
a b a d ad
= =
, b 0, c 0, d 0
c d b c bc
a b a 1 a
= = , b 0, c 0
c
b c bc
37
(3)
ab a
= , a 0, c 0
ac b
ab + ac a( b + c) b + c
=
=
, a 0, d 0
ad
d
ad
38
a b
a+ b
a+ b
a+ b
a b
a b
39
(1)
1
2
x +1 2x 1
1
2
1(2 x 1)
2( x + 1)
x + 1 2 x 1 ( x + 1)(2 x 1) ( x + 1)(2 x 1)
2x 1 2x 2
3
=
= 2
2
2x + x 1
2x + x 1
40
(2)
x
3
1
1
(a) 2
+
(b)
2
x 1 x +1
2( x + 2 x) 4 x
3
3
x
x
(a) 2
+
=
+
x 1 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)
x
3( x 1)
x + 3x 3
=
+
=
( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1)
4x 3
= 2
x 1
1
1
1
1
1(2)
1( x + 2)
(b)
2
2( x + 2 x) 4 x 2 x( x + 2) 4 x (2)2 x( x + 2) 4 x( x + 2)
2 x2
x
1
=
=
=
4 x( x + 2) 4 x( x + 2) 4( x + 2)
41
x
x +1
2 x +1
(a)
x +1
1
2x
(b)
1 +
2
2
x + x +1 2 x +1
x
(2 x + 1) x + 1
x
2( x + 1) x
2 x +1 =
2 x +1
2 x +1 = 2 x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x+2
x+2
x+2
2( x + 1)1 2
=
=
=
12
x +1
2( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2( x + 1)3 2
x +1
(a)
2 x2 + 1
1
2x
1
2x
(b)
+
1 +
=
2
2
2
2
2
x + x + 1 2 x + 1 x + x + 1 2 x + 1 2 x + 1
2 x + x2 + 1
1
=
2
2
x + x +1 2 x +1
) =
1
x 2 + 1 42
x +1
(a)
2
x +1
(a)
=
2
1
(b)
5+ 2
(c)
1
x x +1
x +1 x +1
x +1
=
2 x +1
2 x +1
5
1
1
(b)
=
5+ 2
5+ 2 5
1
1
(c)
=
x x +1
x x +1
=
2
5 2
5 2
=
=
3
2 (5 2)
x + x +1
x + x +1
=
x + x + 1 [ x ( x + 1)]
x + x +1
= x x +1
1
43