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Calculus, Spring 2009 , C. J.

Chang

= {1, 2, 3 }

Z = { 2, 1, 0,1, 2, }
 + + 0
n
Q = { m, n Z , m 0}
m

R



4
3





1
2

abab

 ab(a,b)
 [a,b]

( a, b ) = { x a < x < b}

[ a, b] = { x a x b}
( a, b] = { x a < x b}

[ a, b ) = { x a x < b}


( a, ) = { x x > a}

[ a, ) = { x x a}
( ,b ) = { x x < b}

[ ,b ) = { x x b}
( , ) = { x x R}
6





3x-4<5x

a<b b<c a<c


 a<b c<d a+c<b+d
 a<b c>0 ac<bc
 a<b c<0 ac>bc
 a<b a+c<b+c
 a<b a-c<b-c


(1)


3x-4<5

3x 4 < 5
3x 4 + 4 < 5 + 4
3x < 9
1
1
( )3x < ( )9
3
3
x<3
8

(2)


x2<x+6

x < x+6
2

x x6< 0
( x 3)( x + 2) < 0 2 < x < 3
2

-2
+

3
-

 a

a, if a 0
a =
a, if a 0


ab = a b
a b = a b, b0

a =a
n

a =a
2

10

 abb-a
 baa-b
 aba-bb-a

 x1x2d

d = x2 x1 = ( x2 x1 ) 2

11

-34-344
-3
3 4 = 7 = 7
4 (3) = 7
3 4 = 7
347
347
4 - 3 - 7

12

32
x 3 2
2 x 3 2
1 x 5

x
1

13

add>0

xa d ad x a+d
xa d x ad a+d x

14

0.35%0.17%
100000
(
8.98)
r
0.0035 0.0017 r 0.0035 + 0.0017
0.0018 r 0.0052
xx = 100000r
100000(0.0018) x 100000(0.0052)
180 x 520
CC = 8.95 x

=(a+b)/2
3132.5

8.95(180) C 8.95(520)
1611 C 4654
16114654

15

(1)


 xnxnxnnx

xn=xxxxxn

 xx0x0=1

 x0nx-n=1/xn

16

(2)


 nan=xaxn
n

x = a x = an

 a<0nan

 m,n

x m / n = ( x1/ n ) m = ( n x ) m
x

m/n

= (x )

m 1/ n

= x
n

17

x>0, y>0, m,n

x n x m = x n+ m
n
m
nm
x /x =x
n
n n
( xy ) = x y
n
n
n
( x / y) = x / y
n m
nm
(x ) = x


abx + acx
n

n+m

= ax (b + cx )
n

18

(1)


(a)y = 2 x 2 , x = 4

(b)y = 3 x 3 , x = 1

1
(c)y = ( x) , x =
2

2
(d)y = 2 , x = 3
x

(a ) y = 2(42 ) = 2(16) = 32
3
3
3
(b) y = 3(1) =
=
= 3
3
(1)
1
1 2 1
(c ) y = ( ) =
2
4
2
2
(d ) y = 2 = 2 = 2(32 ) = 18
3
13

19

(2)


(a)y = 2 x1 2 , x = 4 (b)y = 3 x 2 , x = 8

(a ) y = 2(4)1 2 = 2 4 = 2(2) = 4
(b) y = 3 82 = 82 3 = (81 3 ) 2 = (2) 2 = 4

20

(1)


(a)2 x ( x ) (b)(3x)

23

3x 2
(c) 1 2 3
(x )

5x4
(d) 2 3
(x )

x
(e)x (2 x ) (f) 1
5x
1

(a)2 x 2 ( x3 ) = 2 x 2+3 = 2 x5
(b)(3 x) 2 3 x = 9 x 2 ( x)1 3 = 9 x 2+1 3 = 9 x 7 3
2

3x
x
(c) 1 2 3 = 3 3 2 = 3x 23 2 = 3 x1 2
(x )
x
5x4
x4
(d) 2 3 = 5 6 = 5 x 46 = 5 x 2
(x )
x
(e)x 1 (2 x 2 ) = 2 x 1+ 2 = 2 x
1 x1 2
1 1 2( 1)
1 32
x
(f) 1 =
= x
= x
1
5x
5x
5
5

21

(2)


(a)2 x 2 x3

(c)( x + 1) 1 2 (2 x 3)5 2 + 10( x + 1)1 2 (2 x 3)3 2

(b)2 x1 2 + 4 x5 2

(a)2 x x = x (2 x)
2

(b)2 x1 2 + 4 x5 2 = 2 x1 2 (1 + 2 x 2 )
(c)( x + 1)

1 2

(2 x 3)

52

+ 10( x + 1) (2 x 3)
12

32

= ( x + 1) 1 2 (2 x 3)3 2 [(2 x 3) + 10( x + 1)]


= ( x + 1) 1 2 (2 x 3)3 2 (2 x 3 + 10 x + 10)
= ( x + 1) 1 2 (2 x 3)3 2 (12 x + 7)

22

(3)


3x 2 + x 4
(a)
2x

x + x3 2
(b)
x

3x + x
x (3 + x ) x(3 + x )
(a)
=
=
2x
2x
2
x + x3 2 x1 2 + x3 2 x1 2 (1 + x) 1 + x
=
=
=
(b)
x
x
x
x
2

23

(4)


3
3
53
(a) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)8 3
5
4

3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1)3 3( x + 2)3 ( x 1) 2
(b)
[( x 1)3 ]2

3
3
12
15
53
83
53
(a) ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) =
( x + 1) + ( x + 1)8 3
5
4
20
20
3
3
53
=
( x + 1) [4 + 5( x + 1)] =
( x + 1)5 3 (5 x + 9)
20
20
3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1)3 3( x + 2)3 ( x 1) 2 3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1) 2 [( x 1) ( x + 2)]
(b)
=
3 2
[( x 1) ]
( x 1)6
3( x + 2) 2 ( x 1) 2 (3) 9( x + 2) 2
=
=
6
( x 1)
( x 1) 4
24

(domain)
2x + 3

2x + 3

25

(a) 3 x 2

1
(b)
3x 2

(c) 3 9 x + 1

(a) 3 x 2 3x 2 0 x 2 3
1
(b)
3x 2 > 0 x > 2 3
3x 2
(c) 3 9 x + 1 x R

26

(1)


b
4ac
2
ax + bx + c = 0 x =
2a

6 36 16 6 20
4x + 6x +1 = 0 x =
=
8
8
2

6 2 5 3 5
=
=
8
4
3 9 + 4 3 13
2
x + 3x 1 = 0 x =
=
2
8
6 36 36 6
x + 6x + 9 = 0 x =
=
= 3
2
2
2

27

(2)


x2 a2
x3 a3
x3 + a3
x4 a4

= ( x a)( x + a)
= ( x a )( x 2 + ax + a 2 )
= ( x + a )( x 2 ax + a 2 )
= ( x 2 a 2 )( x 2 + a 2 ) = ( x a )( x + a)( x 2 + a 2 )

x 9 = x 3 = ( x 3)( x + 3)
3
3
3
2
x 8 = x 2 = ( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
x 3 + 64 = x 3 + 4 3 = ( x + 4)( x 2 4 x + 16)
4
2
2
2
x 16 = ( x 4)( x + 4) = ( x 2)( x + 2)( x + 4)
2

28

(3)


( x + a) 2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
( x a) 2 = x 2 2ax + a 2
( x + a ) 3 = x 3 + 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x + a 3
( x a) 3 = x 3 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x a 3
( x + a) 4 = x 4 + 4ax 3 + 6a 2 x 2 + 4a 3 x + a 4
( x a ) 4 = x 4 4ax 3 + 6a 2 x 2 4a 3 x + a 4

( x + 3) 2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9
( x 5) 2 = x 2 10 x + 25
( x + 2) 3 = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
( x 1) 3 = x 3 3 x 2 + 3 x 1
( x + 2) 4 = x 4 + 8 x 3 + 24 x 2 + 32 x + 16
( x 4) 4 = x 4 16 x 3 + 96 x 2 256 x + 256
29

(1)


acx 3 + adx 2 + bcx + bd = ax 2 (cx + d ) + b(cx + d )


= (ax 2 + b)(cx + d )

Example
3x 3 2 x 2 6 x + 4 = x 2 (3x 2) 2(3x 2)
= (3 x 2)( x 2 2)
x 3 4 x 2 x + 4 = x 2 ( x 4) ( x 4)
= ( x 4)( x 2 1)

30

(2)


x 2 2x + 1
x 2 x 3 4 x 2 + 5x 2
x3 2 x 2
2 x 2 + 5 x 2
2 x 2 + 4 x
x2
x2
0

2 1 4 5 2
2 4 2
1 2 1 0
( x 2)( x 2 2 x + 1) = x 3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2

31

(3)


 anxn+an-1xn-1++a1x+a0

x=p/q
pa0qan


Example
2 x3 + 3x 2 8 x + 3

1, 2

1, 3

1, 3, 1 2, 3 2

32

(a)x 2 6 x + 9 (b) 2 x 2 + 5 x 3
( x a ) 2 = x 2 2ax + a 2

(a ) x 2 6 x + 9 = x 2 2(3)( x) + (3) 2 = ( x 3) 2
x = 3
2x
1
(b)2 x 2 + 5 x 3 = (2 x 1)( x + 3) x
x = 1 2, 3

33

x 2 3x + 2

x 2 3x + 2 x 2 3x + 2 0
( x 1)( x 2) 0
x 1, x 2
(,1) (2, )

1
2

x
x

x
+

2
-

34

3
2
2
x
+
3
x
8 x + 3

1 3
2 x + 3 x 8 x + 3 1, 3, ,
2 2
1 2(1)3 + 3(1) 2 8(1) = 0 2 x
1
x = 1
x
3
3

2 x3 + 3 x 2 8 x + 3 = ( x 1)(2 x 2 + 5 x 3) = ( x 1)(2 x 1)( x + 3)


x = 1, 1 2, 3
2 x2 + 5x 3
x 1 2 x3 + 3x 2 8 x + 3
2 x3 2 x 2
5x2 8x + 3
5x2 5x
3 x + 3
3 x + 3
0

35

(1)


()
a c a d c b ad bc ad + bc
+ = + =
+
=
, b 0, d 0
b d b d d b bd bd
bd

a c a d c b ad bc ad bc
= =

=
, b 0, d 0
b d b d d b bd bd
bd

36

(2)


a c ac
, b 0, d 0
=
b d bd

()
a b a d ad
= =
, b 0, c 0, d 0
c d b c bc

a b a 1 a
= = , b 0, c 0
c
b c bc
37

(3)


ab a
= , a 0, c 0
ac b
ab + ac a( b + c) b + c
=
=
, a 0, d 0
ad
d
ad

38

a b

a+ b
a+ b

a+ b

a b
a b

39

(1)
1
2


x +1 2x 1

1
2
1(2 x 1)
2( x + 1)

x + 1 2 x 1 ( x + 1)(2 x 1) ( x + 1)(2 x 1)
2x 1 2x 2
3
=
= 2
2
2x + x 1
2x + x 1

40

(2)
x
3
1
1
 (a) 2
+
(b)

2
x 1 x +1
2( x + 2 x) 4 x

3
3
x
x
(a) 2
+
=
+
x 1 x + 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)
x
3( x 1)
x + 3x 3
=
+
=
( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 1)
4x 3
= 2
x 1
1
1
1
1
1(2)
1( x + 2)
(b)

2
2( x + 2 x) 4 x 2 x( x + 2) 4 x (2)2 x( x + 2) 4 x( x + 2)
2 x2
x
1
=
=
=
4 x( x + 2) 4 x( x + 2) 4( x + 2)
41

x
x +1
2 x +1
 (a)
x +1

1
2x
(b)
1 +

2
2
x + x +1 2 x +1

x
(2 x + 1) x + 1
x
2( x + 1) x

2 x +1 =
2 x +1
2 x +1 = 2 x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
x+2
x+2
x+2
2( x + 1)1 2
=
=
=
12
x +1
2( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2( x + 1)3 2

x +1
(a)

2 x2 + 1
1
2x
1
2x
(b)
+

1 +
=

2
2
2
2
2
x + x + 1 2 x + 1 x + x + 1 2 x + 1 2 x + 1

2 x + x2 + 1

1
=

2
2
x + x +1 2 x +1

) =

1
x 2 + 1 42

x +1
(a)
2

x +1
(a)
=
2

1
(b)
5+ 2

(c)

1
x x +1

x +1 x +1
x +1
=
2 x +1
2 x +1

5
1
1
(b)
=

5+ 2
5+ 2 5

1
1
(c)
=

x x +1
x x +1
=

2
5 2
5 2
=
=
3
2 (5 2)
x + x +1
x + x +1
=
x + x + 1 [ x ( x + 1)]

x + x +1
= x x +1
1

43

The end of this chapter.


Thank You

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