(Limits and Continuity)

1. (Limit): ()

a
: x y
:

()

(1). :
a , a
( > 0) 0 < x a < ( > 0)
y ( x) L < 0 ( 0 x a )
0( 0 ) y ( x) xa L y(x) L
:

lim y ( x) = L
xa

: 0 < x a < , a x a < ,

a

lim(2 x + 1) = 7
x 3

: (1) 3, ( > 0) ,
: 0 < x 3 <
(2) y(x)=2x+1
: 0 < x 3 < ,
: 0 < 2 x 3 < 2
: 0 < 2 x 6 < 2
: 0 < (2 x + 1) 7 < 2
y ( x) L <
(3)
= 2 0 < (2 x + 1) 7 <
0, 0
(2x+1) 7,

 2 lim x 2 = 4
x 2

: (1) 2, ( > 0) , 1 < x < 3

: 0 < x 2 <
(2) y ( x) = x 2
: 0 < x 2 < ,
: 0 < ( x 2)( x + 2) < ( x + 2)
: 0 < x 2 4 < ( x + 2)
: 0 < x 2 4 < 3 ( x=1)
y ( x) L <
(3)
= 3 0 < x 2 4 <
0, 0
x 2 4,

(2). (limit from left and right):

I. : :
lim y ( x) = L

x a +

a < x < a +

II. ::
lim y ( x) = L

x a

a < x < a

 1 :, 0.25

y ( x) = 1, x > 0
,,
2:
y
(
x
)
=
0,
x

2. (Continuity):
:
(1).
(2).
(3). =

:A. :
B. :

 y ( x) = x + 1, x > 0
:
y ( x) = 0, x 0
:

y(0)=0
lim+ y ( x) = 1

()
()

lim y ( x) = 0

()

lim y ( x) lim y ( x)

()

x 0

x 0

x 0 +

x 0

x=0
:

2. :
(1).
lim
(cf(x) + dg(x)) = c lim
f(x) + d lim
g(x)
xda
xda
xda
lim
f(x)g(x) = lim
f(x) lim
g(x)
xda
xda
xda
lim
f(x)/g(x) = lim
f(x)/ lim
g(x)
xda
xda
xda
lim
f(g(x)) = f(lim
lim
g(x))
xda
xda
: lim ln(tan 1 x) = ?
x

: ln(lim tan 1 x ) = ln( )

x
2
5

: lim y ( x), lim y ( x)

x

(2):2:
A. :

: lim x 2 + x + 5 = 5
x 0

: lim(sin x) = 1

: lim( x + 1) =
x

: lim(
x 0

1
)=
x2

B. :
(A).

I.

,
0

:
f(x)

lim
= lim
xda g(x)
xda

(xa)f(x)
(xa)g(x)

= lim
xda

f(x)
g(x)

lim
xd1

lim

xd2

(x 2 1)
(x1)

= lim
xd1

(x1)(x+1)
(x1)

= lim (

x2
x 2

xd2

= lim
(x + 1) = 2
xd1

(x2)( x + 2 )
x 2 )( x + 2 )

(x2)( x + 2 )
(x2)
xd2

= lim

II. :
:
f(x)
lim
xd g(x)

lim f(x)

xd

lim g(x)
xd

:
(I).:

f ( x)
=0
x g ( x )

lim

(II).:
f ( x)
=
x g ( x )

lim

(II).: !

f ( x)
=L
x g ( x )

lim

=2 2

2 x2 + 2 x + 5
2 2 5
lim
= lim( + 2 + 3 ) = 0
3
x
x x
x
x
x

2 x3 + 2 x + 5
1
1
lim
= lim(2 x + 2 + 5 2 ) =
2
x
x
x
x
x

2x2 + 2x + 5
1 5
lim
lim(2
2
=
+
+ )=2
x
x
x2
x x2

III. ()

f ( x) 0

= , or, =
x g ( x )
0

lim

f ( x)
f '( x)
= lim
=L
x g ( x )
x g '( x )

lim

f '( x), g '( x) L

sin x
=?
x 0
x
sin x
lim
= lim(cos x) = 1
x 0
x 0
x

lim

(B). 0

0
,
0

1 0
1

0 0 = 0 =
0 0

x
:
lim xe x = x
x
e

(C). 0 ,


: lim f ( x) g ( x ) = lim eln f ( x )
x a

xa

g(x)

lim g ( x ) ln f ( x )

= lim e g ( x ) ln f ( x ) = e x a
xa

: lim+ x x = lim+ eln x = lim+ x ln x = lim+

x

x 0

x 0

x 0

x 0

(D).

ln x
( ) (Ans: 1)
1
x

: lim(
x 0

1
1
x ln(1 + x) 1
) = lim
= =
x 0 x ln(1 + x )
ln(1 + x) x
0

(E).
()
: lim(sin x) = ? , lim[ x] = ? , lim(1) n
x

(Pinching law):

n
=?
n +1

:
h( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
lim h( x) = lim g ( x) = L
xa

x a

lim f ( x) = L
xa

: h(x),g(x) f(x)
:

lim+ x sin

x 0

1
=?
x

:
0 [ sin 1x [ 1 d 0 [ x sin 1x [ x d 0 [ xd0
lim+ x sin

0 [ lim+ x sin 1x [ 0 d lim+ x sin 1x = 0

xd0

1
x

[ xd0
lim+ x

xd0

lim x sin
x

1
=?
x

:
0 [ sin 1x [ 1 d 0 [ x sin 1x [ x d 0 [ lim
x sin 1x [ lim
x
xd
xd
1
0 [ lim+ x sin x [ d
xd0

10

10n
=?
lim
n n !

10 n
n!

10 10 10
10 10
10
1 2 3 .... 10 11 ... n
n

10

10
10
lim
0 [ lim
[ lim
nd
nd n!
nd 10!

10
n

d0[

10 n
n!

10 10 10
10! n

10
10
d 0 [ lim
[ 0 d lim
=0
nd n!
nd n!

(F). [x]:
n x n + 1,[ x] = n
:
x 1 [ [x] [ x,

1
x

1 [ [ 1x ] [

1
x

: lim[
x] = [n + ] = n , lim[
x] = [n ] = n 1
+

x n

xn

: lim[
x] = [3 + ] = 3, lim[
x] = [3 ] = 2
+

x 3

x 3

1
: lim+ x 2 = ?
x 0
x
:
1
1
1
2
2 1
x 1 [ [x] [ x d x x [ x [x] [ x
d xd0
lim+ x x 2 [ xd0
lim+ x 2 [ 1x ] [ xd0
lim+ x d 0 [ xd0
lim+ x 2 [ 1x ] [ 0
[x]2

lim 2 = ?
xd2 [x ]4

:
:

lim
xd2

[x]2
[x 2 ]4

lim [x]2

xd2

lim [x 2 ]4

xd2

12
34

=1

x 2 ] = ?, lim[
x]2 = ?, lim[
x 2 ] = ?, lim[
x]2 = ?
: lim[
+
+

x 3

x 3

x 3

x 3

11

4.
sin x
(1). lim
=1
x 0
x
Proof:

1
x
1
2 tan x m 2 m 2 cos x sin x
d tan x m x m cos x sin x
d cos1 x m sinx x m cos x
d cos x [ sinx x [ cos1 x
sin x
1
lim
cos
x
[
lim
x [ lim cos x d 1 [
xd0
xd0
xd0

sin x
x

[1

sin x
d lim
x =1
xd0

1 cos x
lim
= 0 xd0
x 0
x

(2). lim

1cos
cos x
x

=0

Proof:
cos x)
1cos
cos x
1cox (1+cos
1cos
sin2 x
sin x sin x
cos 2 x
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
=
lim
x
x (1+cos
x (1+cos
x(1+cos
cos
x)
x(1+cos
cos
x)
cos x)
cos
x)
xd0
xd0
xd0
xd0
xd0
sin x
d lim
cos x = 0
xd0 1+cos

x
(3) lim(1 + ) n = e x
n
n
x
1
Proof: lim(1 + ) n = e x , ( y = )
n
n
n
1
y

lim(1 + yx) = lim e

y 0

= lim e
y 0

y 0

x
1+ yx

ln(1+ yx ) y

= lim e
y 0

= ex

12

ln(1+ yx ) 0
( )
y
0