BloodTypeTestingLabReport

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NatnapinKetchaikosol(Pin)
NatthamonTrairatvarakorn(Frong)

Introduction
From Mendels studies, it was said that there are 2 alleles for every gene for one
trait and the offspring will have 3 possible genotypes (combination of alleles) and 2
possible phenotypes (either dominant or recessive). However, if there are 2 alleles
involved in determining the phenotype of a certain trait, but there are 3 possible
phenotypes, then the inheritanceofthe trait illustrateseitherincompletedominance,which
will happen when there is a blending of dominant,or codominant,whichwillhappenwhen
more than 1 allele is fully expressed. On the other hand, if there are4 or more possible
phenotypes of a particular trait, then more than 2 alleles for that trait must exist in the
population and we call this Multiple Alleles. Even though, there may be multiple alleles
within the population, but individuals will have only 2 of those alleles.Human ABO blood
type is a good exampleofmultipleallelictrait.Thisisbecausehumanbloodtypeexistsas
4 possible phenotypes, which are A, B, AB and O, and there are 3 different alleles for
bloodtype,whichareIA

,IB

andi.
Human can haveeitherbloodtypeA,B,ABorO,andthesebloodtypescomefrom
the combination of 3 different alleles of blood type. Blood type A is the combination of
either 2 Aalleles(IA

IA

)or1Aalleleand1Oallele(IA

i).Blood typeBissimilarto bloodtype

B
A
A, but this time it isBallele(I
)insteadofAallele(I
),soitisthecombinationofeither2B
B
B
B
alleles (I
I
) or 1 B alleleand1 Oallele (I
i).ForbloodtypeO,itisthecombinationof2O
alleles (ii) and lastly, blood type AB, this blood type comes from the combination of1 A
alleleand1Ballele(IA

IB

)anditalsoanexampleofcodominancebecausebothAallele(IA

)
B
and B allele (I
) are expressed. Beyond that when we observethe genotypes of allofthe
blood types, we can conclude that both IA
and IB
are dominant to i, and IA
and IB
are
codominance.
The differences in human blood are caused by the presence orabsenceofcertain
protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. Antigens are any substance that
stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, for instance bacteria and viruses.
They also called allergens becausetheycanbesubstancesthatbringonallergicreaction.
On the contrary, antibodies, which also called immunoglobulins,are proteinsproducedby
the body that help to fight against foreign substances called antigens. The antibodies,
which are typically Yshaped with a binding site on each Yarmed, will attach, or bind,
themselves to the antigen,that have the shape that fitinto them, and inactivate it so that
other bodily processes can take over, destroy, and remove the foreign substances from
the body. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells, while the
antibodiesareinthebloodplasma.
Human ABO blood group systemis a classification system for blood that depends
on the presence or absence of an A or B antigen. This meansthatthe offsprings blood
group will be determined by the types of antigens that it inherited from its parents.
Therefore, people withbloodtypeAwillhaveAantigen,peoplewithbloodtypeBwillhave
B antigen, people with blood type AB will have both A and B antigens, and lastly, people

who both antigens are absent will end up with blood type O. Unlike antigens, antibodies
are produced by the your body based on the antigen that does not present in your red
blood cells. The reasonthatyourbodydonotproducetheantibodiesthatarethesame as
the antigens that your body have is because they will destroy your own blood. Hence,
when a persons blood is transfused into another persons blood withdifferent red blood
cell antigens, the blood will then agglutinate, the red blood cells willclumptogether and
interfere with blood circulation since the other persons antibodies would recognize the
transfused red blood cellsasforeignandbind tothem. Asaresult,peoplewhohaveblood
type O are universal donors for transfusions, but they can receive only type O blood
themselves and people who have blood type AB are universal receiversfor transfusions,
but theirbloodwillbeagglutinatewhen giventopeoplewitheveryothertypebecause they
producebothkindsofantigens.
Thus, the purpose of this experiment is to see/identify the blood type. For this
reason, we will use the different type of antibodies, and drop these antibodies into the
bloodandwaitforafewsecondthatwhetherthereiscoagulationoccurornot.

Materials
TwoMicroscopeslides
AntiA,B,AB
Markers
Lancets
LancetDevice
Ethanol
CottonBall
Twotoothpicks

Methods
1. Drawtwocirclesoneachmicroscopeslidewithdiameterabout1cm.
2. MarkC(forcontrol),A(forantiA),B(forantiB),andAB(forantiAB)besideeach
circle
3. Waitfortheteachertocalltopuncturethetipofonepersonfromyourpair
4. Dropthebloodintoeachcircle
5. DropasingledropofAntiAintothecirclethatismarkedA
6. DropasingledropofAntiBintothecirclethatismarkedB
7. DropasingledropofAntiABintothecirclethatismarkedAB
8. LeavethecirclethatmarkedCalone(donotdropanythingintothiscircle)
9. Mixingthebloodandtheantibodybyusingtoothpickthoroughly.
10. Waitforafewsecondsandobservetheresult.
11. Recordtheresult

Results

Table1:BloodCoagulation

State:Coagulation/Nocoagulation
Control(topleft)

AntiA(topright)

NoCoagulation

AntiB(bottomleft)

Coagulation

AntiAB(bottomright)

Coagulation

Observation
:
Control(topleft):Thereisnothingchangebecausenoantibodyisaddedintoit.
AntiA (top right): After theantiA ismixedinto the blood, the blood become more
colorlessandquiteturbit.
AntiB (bottom left): The blood clumps together, coagulation appear, in dotlike
structure,afterthebloodismixedwiththeantiBantibody.
AntiAB (bottom right): After thebloodismixedwiththeantiABantibody,theblood
appear to be similartowhatithappenwhenitismixedwiththeantiBantibody,the
coagulationoccur.

Discussion
1.Statethebloodtypeofyourmomanddadandexplainthedifferentscenariosofallele
inheritancethatledtoyourbloodtype.
NatthamonsScenario:
Momsbloodtype:O(genotype:ii)
Dadsbloodtype:B(genotype:IB

IB


There is one outcomescenariowhichisBloodtypeB.Thisbloodtypeshowswhen
I receive the IB
from my father and the i allele from my mother. My genotype is IB

i, so I
havebloodtypeB.

NatnapinsScenario:
Mom'sbloodtype:AB(genotype:IA

IB

)
Dadsbloodtype:O(genotype:ii)

Firstoutcomescenario:BloodtypeA
This blood type will be shown whenIreceivetheIA
allelefrommymomand
the i allele from my dad, which means that I will have blood type A with the
genotype IA

i. Moreover, if my blood type in this scenario is mixed with the

antibodies, it will coagulate only when it is mixed with antiA and antiAB
antibodies.
Secondoutcomescenario:BloodtypeB
This blood type will be shown whenIreceivetheIB
allelefrommymomand
the i allele from my dad, which means that I will have blood type B with the
genotype IB

i. Beyond that, if my blood type in this scenario is mixed with the

antibodies, the coagulation will appear when it is mixed with antiB and antiAB
antibodies,whichwillbethesameastheresultofNatthamonsbloodtype.
To sum up, there will be 50% chance to have blood type A and 50% chance to
have blood typeB. Besides, thegenotypeofthemybloodwillneverbeIA

IA
(forbloodtype
B
B
A
B
A), I
I
(for blood type B), ii (for blood type O) and I
I
(for blood type AB) because the
genotype of blood type AB (from my mom)will always be IA

IB
and genotype ofbloodtype
O (from my dad) will always be ii, which means that when their blood genotypes are
combined, I will receive one allele from mom and another one from dad. So,oneof the
allelesthatIwilldefinitelyhaveformybloodsgenotypeistheiallelefrommydad.

2.Explainwhybloodcoagulateswithsomeantibodiesbutnotwithotherantibodies.
The blood coagulates with antiB and antiAB antibodies but not with antiA
antibodies.This showsthatthebloodisblood typeB.ThisisbecausethebodyhavetheB
antigens attach to the red blood cells, which means that the immune systemwill not be

familiar with A antigens, so the body would form antiA antibodies to act against A
antigens. So, when antiA antibodies are mixed with B antigens, the blood does not
coagulate because there is no A antigen. However, when B antigens in blood type B are
mixed with antiB and antiAB antibodies, thebloodcoagulatebecauseantiBandantiAB
antibodies match to theBantigens and cause the reactionto occur, and we can see this
reactionintheformofcoagulation.

Conclusion
In this experiment, we use the antiA, antiB and antiAB antibodies to identify
Natthamons unknown blood type by dropping these antibodies into the blood. This
process can help us to figure out the blood type by observing the coagulation that will
happen in the blood. The coagulation will happen when the blood contains same type of
antigens and antibodies. As a result, in Table1, the unknown blood type of our group is
blood type B this is because we can see that there are coagulation happen when antiB
and antiAB antibodies are mixed with the blood. This experiment, we do not have any
error. However, we can improve this experiment by making sure that the blood that you
dropped into each circle isenough for you so that you caneasilyseethecoagulationthat
occurinblood.
From this experiment, we learn that different bloodtypescontaindifferentantigens
and antibodies.Besides, the type of the bloods antibodieswillbetheoppositetypeof the
bloods antigens, for instance, people with A antigens will have antiB for antibodies.
Beyond that, this experiment also help us to understand that we cannot automatically
transfuse the blood to each other, because transfuse the blood recklessly can cause
serious,potentiallylifethreateningreactions.

References
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http://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/multalle.htm
2. BloodTypes/MultipleAlleles.(n.d.).RetrievedMarch14,2015,from
http://science.halleyhosting.com/sci/soph/genetics/notes/bloodtype.htm
3. Scoville,H.(n.d.).MultipleAllelesDefinitionandExamples.RetrievedMarch15,
2015,from
http://evolution.about.com/od/EvolutionGlossary/g/MultipleAlleles.htm
4. ScienceClarified.(n.d.).RetrievedMarch15,2015,from
http://www.scienceclarified.com/AlAs/AntibodyandAntigen.html
5. BloodGroups,BloodTypingandBloodTransfusions.(n.d.).RetrievedMarch15,
2015,from
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landsteiner/readmore.html
6. BloodTypes:ABOSystem,RedBloodCellAntigens&BloodGroupsVideo&
LessonTranscript|Study.com.(n.d.).RetrievedMarch16,2015,from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/bloodtypesabosystemredbloodcellantigensb
loodgroups.html
7. O'Neil,D.(2014).HumanBlood:ABOBloodTypes.RetrievedMarch16,2015,
fromhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm