BloodTypeTestingLabReport

Section1
ThaksapornSirichanyaphong(May)
KittitornPinijkij(Boss)
Introduction:

AccordingtoMendel'sstudy,thereareonlytwoallelesinonegene.However,thereis
stillsomeexceptionwhichgenecouldbeconsistedofmorethantwoalleles.Inaddition,these
[2]
kindofgenesarereferringtomultipleallelictraits.

ABObloodgrouparetypesofbloodgroup,whichfoundinhumanandmanykindsof
animal.Therearefourtypes:A,B,AB,andO.Ineachtype,thereareconsistoftwoantigensand
[1]

twoantibodieswhichareantigenandantibody:A,B,andAB.
InbloodgroupA,thereisconsistofantigenA,withtheantibodyB.
InbloodgroupB,thereisconsistofantigenB,withtheantibodyA.
InbloodgroupAB,thereisconsistofantigenAandB.
InbloodgroupO,thereisconsistantibodyAandB.
Antibodiesorimmunoglobulinsareproteinthatarefoundcirculatinginourbloodstream
andareproducedbytheimmunesystem(thewhitebloodcells)whenourbodydetectsthe

[5]
harmfulsubstance,whichiscalledantigen.
TheAntigenistheinvadingsubstanceofour
[3]
bodiessuchasbacteria,fungi,parasite,virus,andchemical.

Theinteractionbetweenantigenandantibodystartwhenthepathogen,virusorharmful
substance,whichiscalledanantigeninvadesourbody.Ourimmunesystem,atypeofwhite
bloodcellcalledlymphocyte,willrecognizetheantigenasaforeignsubstanceandproducethe
specificantibodyofthatantigentodefendagainstit.Theantibodyhastheuniquebindingsite
shapewhichwilllockontotheactigensspecificshapeandthendestroythatantigenby
[2]
engulfingit.
Onceafterourbodyhasinfectedbythisantigenagain,theantibodynowcan
rememberthisantigenandcandestroyitquickly.
BloodtypetestingisthemethodusedtodeterminewhattypeoftheABObloodtypethat
personhas.Basedonourexperiment,wedroppedafewdropofthebloodsampleoneachcircles
oftheslidesandthenmixingthebloodwithdifferenttypesantibodybyusingthetoothpicks.By
thismethod,weareabletodeterminethetypeofthebloodsamplebyobservingthereactionof
theantigenandtheantibodyorthecoagulationofblood.

Materials:
2MicroscopeSlides
AntiA,B,AB
Markers
Lancets
LancetDevice
Ethanol
CottonBall
3toothpicks

Method:
1.Make2circleswith1cmdiameteroneachslide.
2.LabeleachcirclewiththewordControl,AntiA,AntiB,andAntiAB
3.Waitfortheinstructortopuncturethetipofyourfinger
4.Dropasingledropofbloodoneachcircle
5.Drop1dropofthetypeofAntibodyassameasthenamelabeledontheplate,exceptthe
control.Forexample,thelabelAntiA,drop1dropofAntiA
6.Useatoothpicktostirit.(Onecircleperonesideofthetoothpick)
7.Waitfor10secandrecordtheresult.

Results:
Table1:Resultofbloodcoagulation
Typeofantibody

State:Coagulation/NoCoagulation

Control

NoCoagulation

AntiA

NoCoagulation

AntiB

NoCoagulation

AntiAB

NoCoagulation

Picture:Testingthebloodtypewitheachantibody

Thepictureshowstheresultofbloodtypetestingafterdroppingeachtypeofantibody.
Accordingtothepicture,thereisnoanycoagulationofbloodoneverycirclewhilethebloodofthe
controlcircledoescoagulatesoitindicatesthatthetypeofthebloodsampleisO.

Discussion:

ByKittitorn(BloodDonator)
Accordingtotheresult,thatIgotaftertestedtheblood,theresultsuggestthatmyblood
groupisO.Sincethereisnobloodthatcoagulateswithanyoftheantibodieswhenwetestedit.
Inaddition,ifmybloodgroupiseithergroupA,BorAB,itshouldbesomecoagulationleftin
theresult.ForthebloodgroupO,itmeansthatthereisnoneofantigensothatwhy,thereisno
coagulationoccurred.
Fromthisresult,wecanalsopredictourparentsgenotypes.Basedontheinformation,
myfatherhasthebloodgroupO,andmymotherhasbloodgroupB.Inorderformetohavethe
bloodgroupOwhichcanonlyhappenwhenhavingthehomozygousrecessive,thegenotypeof
mymothershouldbeheterozygous.ThisgenotypeswillbepresentedusingPunnettsquare.

Table2:PunnettSquare

B
Asyoucanseeinthetable2,incasethatmymotherhasheterozygous(X
x),halfofthe
offspringshavethechanceofbeinghomozygousrecessive(xx).Whenitiscrossbreedingwith
anotherthehomozygousrecessive.

ByThaksaporn
Basedonmyparentsbloodtypes,myfatherhasgroupBbloodtype,whilemymother
B B
B
hasgroupObloodtype.ThatmeansthepossibilitiesofmyfathersgenotypesareX
X
andX
x
andthepossibilityofmymothersgenotypeisonlyxxsowecanpredictmybloodtypebyusing
thePunettSquarebasedonthegenotypesofmyparents.Wecanseparatethiscaseintotwo
B B
scenariosthefirstscenarioisthematingbetweenX
X
frommyfatherandxxfrommymother,
B
andthesecondscenarioisthematingbetweenX
xfrommyfatherandxxfrommymother.

Table3:PunnettSquareofthefirstscenario

B B
Accordingtothetable3,myfathersgenotype,whichisX
X
andmymothersgenotype
B
whichisxxaremating.ThegenotypesofF1offspringsareallX
xwhichdeterminesthe
phenotypeofalloffspringsthatwillhavegroupBbloodtype.Therefore,inthisscenariomy
possibilitytohaveBbloodtypeis100%.

Table4:Punnettsquareofthesecondscenario

B
Intheotherhand,accordingtothetable4,myfathersgenotype,whichisX
xandmy
mothersgenotypewhichisxxaremating.ThegenotypesofF1offspringshavethepossibilities
B

ofbeingX
x
50%andxx
50%.Therefore,theratioofthephenotypesofthisscenarioisgroup
Bbloodtype1:groupObloodtype1.Thisscenariodeterminesthatmypossibilitytohavegroup
Bbloodtypeis50%andthepossibilitytohavegroupObloodtypeis50%.
Basedontheexperiment,wedroppeddifferenttypesofantibodiesintothebloodsample
andobservedwhetherthebloodcoagulatedornot.Thereasonthatwhybloodcoagulateswith
someantibodiesbutnotwithotherantibodiesisbecauseeachbloodtypehasitsspecificantigen,
forexample,groupAbloodtypehasAantigenonredbloodcells,groupBbloodtypehasB
antigenonredbloodcells,groupABbloodtypehasbothAandBantigenonredbloodcellsand
groupObloodtypehasnoantigenonredbloodcells.Thereactionwilloccur,andthebloodwill
coagulatewhentheantigenontheredbloodcellofthatbloodtypeismatchedwiththesame
typeofantibody.Thisprocessisdonebythebindingbetweenthespecificbindingsiteofthe
antibodyandtheantigenthatmakesthebloodcoagulate,soiftheantigenfoundinthebloodtype
isnotmatchedwiththesametypeofantibody,thebloodwillnotcoagulate.Likeourresultfrom
theexperiment,therewasnobloodbeingcoagulated.Thisstatesthatthereisnoanyantigenin
thebloodsamplematchedwithalltypesofantibodydropped,soitdeterminesthatMr.Kittitorn
hasgroupObloodtypebecausegroupOhasnoantigenonredbloodcells.

Conclusion:
Accordingtotheresult,thebloodsamplethatweputanddroppedantibodiesonthe
slideshadnothingchanging.Inotherword,therewasnotanycoagulationoccurredinallcircles
whichcanbeconcludedthatthebloodsampleweusedwasgroupO.Inaddition,whenwelook
atourresult,thereisnoneofthesamplesreactedwiththeantibodies,whichmeansthattheblood
samplehasnoantigen.Therefore,thereisonlyonegroupofbloodtypethathasnoantigen,
whichisbloodgroupO.

References

[1]

ABOBloodtypes.(2013).ABObloodtypes[Online].Availble:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm[Tuesday.17March201512:56]

[2]
CornellUniversity.(2013).BasicGeneticsfromananimalscienceperspective[Online].
Available:http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/usdagen/mult_alleles.html[Tuesday.17March2015
12:38]

[3]

Martin,L.J.(2014).Antibody[online].Available:
16:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm
[Monday.16Mar2015
52]
[4]

MicrobiologyOnline.(2015).Antibodyantigencomplex[Online].Available:
http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/aboutmicrobiology/microbesandthehumanbody/antib
odyantigencomplex
[Monday.16March201517:16]

[5]

Robinson,A.(2012).AntibodyandAntigenTests[Online].Available:
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/antibodyandantigentests[Monday.16Mar201516:35]