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Date:
March18,2015
GroupMembers(1102):
TrapoomRattanaatikul(PP)
VarinthornSuwattnanon(James)
Introduction
Thepurposeofthisexperimentistodemonstratehowbloodtestingwork,beabletoidentify
ourbloodtypes,understandwhywehaveinheritedthisspecificbloodtype,andbeabletofurther
determinethepossibilityofourparentsbloodtypeinotherscenarios.
Mendelspeaplantmodelmayhasillustratedthatonegeneoftwoallelesareusedtodetermine
particularcharacteristics,butthatdoesnotmeanthatallcharacteristicshavetorelyonasinglekindof
gene.Hence,morecomplexedpatternsofagenemustexist.
Multipleallelestraitis
oneofthetypesofnonMendelianinheritancepatternwhichrelatedtoa
traitthathavemorethantwoalleles controlling onespecific trait.Analleleinmultipleallelestraitcan
[1]
bedominancepattern, completelyrecessive,codominant, orincompletedominance.
Forinstance,the
ABObloodgroupwhichisdiscoveredbyKarlLandsteiner.
HumanABObloodtypeisoneofthemostcommonexamplesofamultiplealleleinheritance.
A
B
I
,iiandI
areallelesforbloodtypeinthehumanpopulation.Eachpersonhastwoofthesealleles,for
AA AB
B
example,I
I
,I
I
orI
i.BloodtypeAandBarecodominantandtypeOisrecessivetobothAandB.
TherearefourmajorbloodgroupsdeterminedbyantigenAandB.GroupAhasonlyantigenAonred
bloodcells,groupBhasonlyantigenB,groupABhasbothantigenAandB,andgroupOhasneither
[2]
AnorBantigenonredcells.
Antigensareforeignsubstancethatgointothebodytomotivateanimmuneresponse
(antibody),whichareonthebloodcellsurface.Antibodies(
immunoglobulins)arespecializedprotein
thatdefendforeignsubstanceintothebodyproducingbyantigen.Itcanrecognizeaspecificantigensin
[3]
ordertodestroyonlyforeignsubstance,alsoitisinbloodplasma.
Antigenscanbeprovokedby
similarlabeledantibodies.Inotherwords,theywillpairupwiththeircommontypesandoncetheydo,
[4]
coagulationwillappear.
Also,thispropertycanbeusedastheprotectionsuchasthelymphocyte,
whichisrespondingtothepathogen.Whenthepathogeninvadeourbody,thelymphocytewouldtakea
roleinproducingtheantibodythatfitwiththepathogensantigen.Withinthisprocess,thecellcanbe
[5]
abletokillthepathogen,andmaintainhomeostasis.
Inthepracticeofbloodtransfusionortransplant,
wecanonlyacceptthecertainbloodfromotherssincetheantigenAproducesantibodyB,andantigen
[6]
BproducesantibodyA.
Note:
GeneA,BisDOMINANTaswellascodominant.
GeneOisRECESSIVE.
Materials:
2microscopeslidesLancetDevice
AntiA,B,AB
Ethanol
MarkersCottonBall
Lancets3toothpicks
Methods
1. Prepare2testingslides.
2. Draw2circleswithabout1centimeterindiameteroneachslide.
3. Labeleachcircleas:Control,AntiA,AntiB,AntiAB
4. Dropadecentamountofblood(whichhasbeenpuncturedbyaqualifiedpersonnel)intoeach
circle.
5. Ineachcircle:DropAntiAforcirclenamedAntiA
DropAntiBforcirclenamedAntiB
DropAntiABforcirclenamedAntiAB
Forthecontrol,donothingwithit
6.Stirthebloodandantigenwithatoothpickprovided.
(Caution:Usedifferenttoothpickforeachcircle).
7.Waitforsometimeandobservethechange.
8.Recordtheresult.
Results
Figure1PPsbloodsamplesmixingwithantibodyA,BandAB
Table1Coagulationofbloodineachsampleafteraddingantibodies
State:Coagulation/No
Coagulation
Control
Nocoagulation
AntiA
Coagulation
AntiB
Coagulation
AntiAB
Coagulation
Keepinginmindthatthecoagulationinthisexperimentwilloccuronlywhenanyantigens(A
orB)ofthebloodareinducedbythecorrectpairingantibodiesdropped.Bylookingatwhetherornot
thebloodcoagulatesonthetableabove,wecancertainlyrealizethatthebloodtypeisAB.Thisis
becausePPsbloodcomprisedofbothantigenAandantigenBwhichcaninteractwithallantibodies
thereforetheABbloodwasabletocoagulateineverysample.
PPssituation:
Inmycase,MymomhasbloodgroupAB,MyfatherhasbloodgroupBandMysisterhave
bloodgroupA.IhavebloodgroupAB.Thatweprovedinthebloodtypetestinglab.Whyweknowmy
bloodgroupisABbecausemybloodcoagulationonthreeslidethathaveantibodyA,AB,B.The
coagulationoccurredbecauseactionofantibodyandantigenifdropantibodyAonbloodgroupABit
willcoagulation,ifdropantibodyBonbloodgroupABitwillcoagulationsame.BloodgroupABhas
bothAntigenAandBwhichdoesn'thasantibodyAorB.WhendropantibodyA,B,ABtoslide
thereforethebloodcoagulation.AllpossibleofmyparentsoffspringshouldbebloodgroupA,AB,B
becauseGeneofbloodgroupAandBbothofthemisdominantorcancallcodominant.HoweverI
willdrawonpunnettsquaretofindthepossiblescenariooffsprings
Thefirstpunnetsquareitpossible
Thesecondpunnetsquareitimpossible
WhenseethefirstpicturethatwillrepresentmymomhasbloodgroupAB(heterozygous),myfather
hasbloodgroupBo(heterozygous)andmysisterhasbloodgroupAo(heterozygous)ispossible.
Jamesssituation:
Mymother,oneofmyeldersisters,andIallhavethesamebloodtype,groupA.However,my
father,myeldestsister,andmyyoungerbrothersbloodtypeisO.Withthisinformationbeingtaken
intoaccount,Iamnowabletoknowspecificgenotypesofmyparent.
MyfathersbloodtypeisO.Thus,itisundeniablethatmyfathersgenotypeisii(twoO
recessivealleles).MymothersbloodtypeisA.IfIdidnotknowthat2ofmyparentschildrenwere
bornhavingthegroupAblood,andtheothertwowerebornhavingthegroupOblood,therewouldbe
AA
A
twopossiblegenotypesthatmymomcouldhaveheldwhichareI
I
(twoAalleles)andI
i(oneA
alleleswithOalleles).However,sinceIamabletoknowmysiblingsbloodtype,theonlyfeasible
A
wayleftisthatmymothersgenotypecanonlybeI
i.Toassuremyhypothesis,Ihavebelowcreatea
punnettsquaretoshowthepercentageofpossiblescenarios.
A
A
I
I
A
I
i
A
I
i
A
I
i
A
I
i
Scenario:1
ThispunnettsquaredisplaysthecrossingbetweentwodominanthomologueofA
AA
alleles(I
I
)withtworecessivehomologueofOalleles(ii).Youcanseethatthereisonlyone
A
possiblegenotypetheoffspringcouldinheritwhichis100%heterozygousallelesofgroupA.(I
i)
A
However,thisisnotmycase.
I
i
A
I
i
ii
A
I
i
ii
Scenario:2
Forthispunnettsquare,IcrossedoneAdominantalleleandoneOrecessiveallele
(I
i)withtworecessivehomologueofOalleles(ii)andtheoffspringsarehappenedtobe50%ofone
A
AwithOrecessivealleles(I
i)whichbloodtypeisAand50%oftworecessivealleles(ii)whichisan
A
Obloodtype.Thus,whenmymothersgenotype(I
i)crosseswithmyfathersgenotype(ii),itis
possibleandreasonableformyparenttopassonbothbloodtypeAandbloodtypeO.
OurhumanbloodtypeisdeterminedbyAorBantigenwecarryonourredbloodcells.These
antigensareinheritedfrommomordad,dependingonwhichalleleisdominant.(InJamesscase,itis
groupA.)Inversely,Antibodiesprotectourbodyfromforeignbacteriaorviruses.AntiAantibody,as
itsname,fightsagainstAntigenAonredbloodcellsandAntiBantibodyfightsagainstAntigenB.
A
Red
bloodcellscontainingantigensontheirsurfacethatmatchwithidenticaltypeantibodies
willcoagulate.Becauseantibodieshelppreventpeoplesbodyfrombacteriaandotherpathogens,
specificantibodieswillbindcertainantigens,substancethathaseffectsonimmunesystem.On
peoplesredbloodcell,theremustnotbeAantigensiftheyhaveAantibodiesotherwise,Aantibodies
willsticktoAantigensandcausecoagulationasAantibodiesrecognizetheAantigensasforeign
particlesthatneedtogetridof.
Eachofushasadifferentpossibilityoftheoffspringsduetothedifferentbloodtype.The
bloodcontainsantigens,whichhavetheactivesitethatwouldbindwithonlythespecificsubstance.In
thiscase,itpairsupwiththesametypeofantibody,formingcoagulation.IfyouhaveAbloodtype,
youwillhaveantigensA.Therefore,thecoagulationwouldformwhenyourbloodtestedwithantibody
AandantibodyAB.IfyouareB,youwillhaveantigenB,andcoagulationwillformonlyonceittests
withantibodyBandantibodyAB.However,ifourbloodweretypeO,thecoagulationwillnotoccur
becauseOtypedonothaveanyantigen.AndifyouareA,nothingwillhappenwhenyoumixthe
bloodwithantibodyBbecausetheycannotmatchwitheachother.
Conclusion:
Thisexperimentisconductedtodemonstratehowbloodtestingwork,tounderstandwhywe
haveinheritedthisspecificbloodtype,andforthepurposeofdeterminingthepossibilityofourblood
typeindifferentscenarios.Antigensalongwithantibodiesareinteractivesubstancesthatallowusto
carryoutthisexperiment.Thispropertyofhowantigenreactswithantibodycanidentifythebloodtype
wehaveexperimented.Assoonaswemixourbloodwithdifferenttypesofantibody,wecanobviously
seewhetherornotourbloodiscoagulatedthusweareabletoknowourbloodtype,usingtheconcept
ofbloodclassification.
Speakingoftheresultinwhichallsampleswerecoagulated,itindicatesthatthebloodweare
testingiscertainlyAB.WeknowthisbecauseantigenAwasfusedwithantibodyA,andantigenB
wasalsofusedwithantibodyB,formingthecoagulation.
Regardingthepredicitonofbloodtypeindifferentcases,wehavelistedoutallthepossibilties
ofourparentsgenotypesandplacethemintoapunnettsquare,inordertocalculatethechancesor
percentagesofcertainpossiblegenotypesandphenotypesoffuturegenerationinourdiscussion.
Theoutcomeofthisexperimentisgreatlysatisfied.Theconcepthasbeenprovedtobepractical
asweareabletopreciselyconductthebloodtypetestingusingthevividreactionbetweenantigenand
antibody.Inaddition,wehavefurtherunderstoodourownbloodtypesinaccordancewithourparents
bloodgenotype,andknewtheotheralternativesofourparentsbloodgenotype.
Reference:
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