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BloodTypeLabReport

Date:
March18,2015

GroupMembers(1102):
TrapoomRattanaatikul(PP)
VarinthornSuwattnanon(James)

Introduction

Thepurposeofthisexperimentistodemonstratehowbloodtestingwork,beabletoidentify
ourbloodtypes,understandwhywehaveinheritedthisspecificbloodtype,andbeabletofurther
determinethepossibilityofourparentsbloodtypeinotherscenarios.

Mendelspeaplantmodelmayhasillustratedthatonegeneoftwoallelesareusedtodetermine
particularcharacteristics,butthatdoesnotmeanthatallcharacteristicshavetorelyonasinglekindof
gene.Hence,morecomplexedpatternsofagenemustexist.

Multipleallelestraitis
oneofthetypesofnonMendelianinheritancepatternwhichrelatedtoa
traitthathavemorethantwoalleles controlling onespecific trait.Analleleinmultipleallelestraitcan
[1]
bedominancepattern, completelyrecessive,codominant, orincompletedominance.
Forinstance,the
ABObloodgroupwhichisdiscoveredbyKarlLandsteiner.

HumanABObloodtypeisoneofthemostcommonexamplesofamultiplealleleinheritance.
A
B
I
,iiandI
areallelesforbloodtypeinthehumanpopulation.Eachpersonhastwoofthesealleles,for
AA AB
B
example,I
I
,I
I
orI
i.BloodtypeAandBarecodominantandtypeOisrecessivetobothAandB.
TherearefourmajorbloodgroupsdeterminedbyantigenAandB.GroupAhasonlyantigenAonred
bloodcells,groupBhasonlyantigenB,groupABhasbothantigenAandB,andgroupOhasneither
[2]
AnorBantigenonredcells.

Antigensareforeignsubstancethatgointothebodytomotivateanimmuneresponse
(antibody),whichareonthebloodcellsurface.Antibodies(
immunoglobulins)arespecializedprotein
thatdefendforeignsubstanceintothebodyproducingbyantigen.Itcanrecognizeaspecificantigensin
[3]
ordertodestroyonlyforeignsubstance,alsoitisinbloodplasma.
Antigenscanbeprovokedby
similarlabeledantibodies.Inotherwords,theywillpairupwiththeircommontypesandoncetheydo,
[4]
coagulationwillappear.
Also,thispropertycanbeusedastheprotectionsuchasthelymphocyte,
whichisrespondingtothepathogen.Whenthepathogeninvadeourbody,thelymphocytewouldtakea
roleinproducingtheantibodythatfitwiththepathogensantigen.Withinthisprocess,thecellcanbe
[5]
abletokillthepathogen,andmaintainhomeostasis.
Inthepracticeofbloodtransfusionortransplant,
wecanonlyacceptthecertainbloodfromotherssincetheantigenAproducesantibodyB,andantigen
[6]
BproducesantibodyA.
Note:
GeneA,BisDOMINANTaswellascodominant.
GeneOisRECESSIVE.

Materials:

2microscopeslidesLancetDevice
AntiA,B,AB
Ethanol
MarkersCottonBall
Lancets3toothpicks

Methods

1. Prepare2testingslides.
2. Draw2circleswithabout1centimeterindiameteroneachslide.
3. Labeleachcircleas:Control,AntiA,AntiB,AntiAB
4. Dropadecentamountofblood(whichhasbeenpuncturedbyaqualifiedpersonnel)intoeach
circle.
5. Ineachcircle:DropAntiAforcirclenamedAntiA
DropAntiBforcirclenamedAntiB
DropAntiABforcirclenamedAntiAB
Forthecontrol,donothingwithit

6.Stirthebloodandantigenwithatoothpickprovided.
(Caution:Usedifferenttoothpickforeachcircle).
7.Waitforsometimeandobservethechange.
8.Recordtheresult.

Results

Figure1PPsbloodsamplesmixingwithantibodyA,BandAB

Table1Coagulationofbloodineachsampleafteraddingantibodies

State:Coagulation/No
Coagulation
Control

Nocoagulation

AntiA

Coagulation

AntiB

Coagulation

AntiAB

Coagulation

Keepinginmindthatthecoagulationinthisexperimentwilloccuronlywhenanyantigens(A
orB)ofthebloodareinducedbythecorrectpairingantibodiesdropped.Bylookingatwhetherornot
thebloodcoagulatesonthetableabove,wecancertainlyrealizethatthebloodtypeisAB.Thisis
becausePPsbloodcomprisedofbothantigenAandantigenBwhichcaninteractwithallantibodies
thereforetheABbloodwasabletocoagulateineverysample.

PPssituation:

Inmycase,MymomhasbloodgroupAB,MyfatherhasbloodgroupBandMysisterhave
bloodgroupA.IhavebloodgroupAB.Thatweprovedinthebloodtypetestinglab.Whyweknowmy
bloodgroupisABbecausemybloodcoagulationonthreeslidethathaveantibodyA,AB,B.The
coagulationoccurredbecauseactionofantibodyandantigenifdropantibodyAonbloodgroupABit
willcoagulation,ifdropantibodyBonbloodgroupABitwillcoagulationsame.BloodgroupABhas
bothAntigenAandBwhichdoesn'thasantibodyAorB.WhendropantibodyA,B,ABtoslide
thereforethebloodcoagulation.AllpossibleofmyparentsoffspringshouldbebloodgroupA,AB,B
becauseGeneofbloodgroupAandBbothofthemisdominantorcancallcodominant.HoweverI
willdrawonpunnettsquaretofindthepossiblescenariooffsprings

Thefirstpunnetsquareitpossible

Thesecondpunnetsquareitimpossible

WhenseethefirstpicturethatwillrepresentmymomhasbloodgroupAB(heterozygous),myfather
hasbloodgroupBo(heterozygous)andmysisterhasbloodgroupAo(heterozygous)ispossible.

Jamesssituation:


Mymother,oneofmyeldersisters,andIallhavethesamebloodtype,groupA.However,my
father,myeldestsister,andmyyoungerbrothersbloodtypeisO.Withthisinformationbeingtaken
intoaccount,Iamnowabletoknowspecificgenotypesofmyparent.

MyfathersbloodtypeisO.Thus,itisundeniablethatmyfathersgenotypeisii(twoO
recessivealleles).MymothersbloodtypeisA.IfIdidnotknowthat2ofmyparentschildrenwere
bornhavingthegroupAblood,andtheothertwowerebornhavingthegroupOblood,therewouldbe
AA
A
twopossiblegenotypesthatmymomcouldhaveheldwhichareI
I
(twoAalleles)andI
i(oneA
alleleswithOalleles).However,sinceIamabletoknowmysiblingsbloodtype,theonlyfeasible
A
wayleftisthatmymothersgenotypecanonlybeI
i.Toassuremyhypothesis,Ihavebelowcreatea
punnettsquaretoshowthepercentageofpossiblescenarios.

A
A
I
I

A
I
i

A
I
i

A
I
i

A
I
i

Scenario:1
ThispunnettsquaredisplaysthecrossingbetweentwodominanthomologueofA
AA
alleles(I
I
)withtworecessivehomologueofOalleles(ii).Youcanseethatthereisonlyone
A
possiblegenotypetheoffspringcouldinheritwhichis100%heterozygousallelesofgroupA.(I
i)
A
However,thisisnotmycase.
I
i
A
I
i

ii

A
I
i

ii

Scenario:2
Forthispunnettsquare,IcrossedoneAdominantalleleandoneOrecessiveallele
(I
i)withtworecessivehomologueofOalleles(ii)andtheoffspringsarehappenedtobe50%ofone
A
AwithOrecessivealleles(I
i)whichbloodtypeisAand50%oftworecessivealleles(ii)whichisan
A
Obloodtype.Thus,whenmymothersgenotype(I
i)crosseswithmyfathersgenotype(ii),itis
possibleandreasonableformyparenttopassonbothbloodtypeAandbloodtypeO.

OurhumanbloodtypeisdeterminedbyAorBantigenwecarryonourredbloodcells.These
antigensareinheritedfrommomordad,dependingonwhichalleleisdominant.(InJamesscase,itis
groupA.)Inversely,Antibodiesprotectourbodyfromforeignbacteriaorviruses.AntiAantibody,as
itsname,fightsagainstAntigenAonredbloodcellsandAntiBantibodyfightsagainstAntigenB.
A

Red

bloodcellscontainingantigensontheirsurfacethatmatchwithidenticaltypeantibodies
willcoagulate.Becauseantibodieshelppreventpeoplesbodyfrombacteriaandotherpathogens,
specificantibodieswillbindcertainantigens,substancethathaseffectsonimmunesystem.On
peoplesredbloodcell,theremustnotbeAantigensiftheyhaveAantibodiesotherwise,Aantibodies

willsticktoAantigensandcausecoagulationasAantibodiesrecognizetheAantigensasforeign
particlesthatneedtogetridof.

Eachofushasadifferentpossibilityoftheoffspringsduetothedifferentbloodtype.The
bloodcontainsantigens,whichhavetheactivesitethatwouldbindwithonlythespecificsubstance.In
thiscase,itpairsupwiththesametypeofantibody,formingcoagulation.IfyouhaveAbloodtype,
youwillhaveantigensA.Therefore,thecoagulationwouldformwhenyourbloodtestedwithantibody
AandantibodyAB.IfyouareB,youwillhaveantigenB,andcoagulationwillformonlyonceittests
withantibodyBandantibodyAB.However,ifourbloodweretypeO,thecoagulationwillnotoccur
becauseOtypedonothaveanyantigen.AndifyouareA,nothingwillhappenwhenyoumixthe
bloodwithantibodyBbecausetheycannotmatchwitheachother.

Conclusion:

Thisexperimentisconductedtodemonstratehowbloodtestingwork,tounderstandwhywe
haveinheritedthisspecificbloodtype,andforthepurposeofdeterminingthepossibilityofourblood
typeindifferentscenarios.Antigensalongwithantibodiesareinteractivesubstancesthatallowusto
carryoutthisexperiment.Thispropertyofhowantigenreactswithantibodycanidentifythebloodtype
wehaveexperimented.Assoonaswemixourbloodwithdifferenttypesofantibody,wecanobviously
seewhetherornotourbloodiscoagulatedthusweareabletoknowourbloodtype,usingtheconcept
ofbloodclassification.

Speakingoftheresultinwhichallsampleswerecoagulated,itindicatesthatthebloodweare
testingiscertainlyAB.WeknowthisbecauseantigenAwasfusedwithantibodyA,andantigenB
wasalsofusedwithantibodyB,formingthecoagulation.

Regardingthepredicitonofbloodtypeindifferentcases,wehavelistedoutallthepossibilties
ofourparentsgenotypesandplacethemintoapunnettsquare,inordertocalculatethechancesor
percentagesofcertainpossiblegenotypesandphenotypesoffuturegenerationinourdiscussion.

Theoutcomeofthisexperimentisgreatlysatisfied.Theconcepthasbeenprovedtobepractical
asweareabletopreciselyconductthebloodtypetestingusingthevividreactionbetweenantigenand
antibody.Inaddition,wehavefurtherunderstoodourownbloodtypesinaccordancewithourparents
bloodgenotype,andknewtheotheralternativesofourparentsbloodgenotype.

Reference:

1. Scoville,H.(n.d).MultipleAlleles.

[online].Available:
http://evolution.about.com/od/EvolutionGlossary/g/MultipleAlleles.htm

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

[Wednesday,18March201512:41:21]
ONeil,D.(2014).ABOBloodtypes.[online].Available:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm
[Wednesday,18March201513:14:32].
Bailey,R.(n.d).
BloodType.
RetrievedMarch10,2015,from
http://biology.about.com/od/genetics/ss/bloodtype.htm
AmericanAssociationforClinicalChemistry(AACC).(2014).BloodTyping[online].
Available:
http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/bloodtyping/tab/test/
[Thursday,12March201519:48:19].
JamieSymondsMediumRare.(2015).Antibodyantigencomplex[online].Available:
http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/aboutmicrobiology/microbesandthehumanbo
dy/antibodyantigencomplex
[Tuesday,10March201518:48:32].
Gersten,T.(2014).BloodTyping[online].Available:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003345.htm
[Thursday,12March201519:59:23].

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