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IP Addresses:
Classful Addressing
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSFULADDRESSING
Different Network Classes
Subnetting
ClasslessAddressing
Supernetting
CIDR(classlessInterdomainRouting)
4.1
INTRODUCTION
What is an IP Address?
AnIPaddressisa
32bit
address.
TheIPaddresses
are
unique.
Address Space
..
..
addr1
addr15
addr2 ..
..
..
addr41 addr226
addr31
..
..
..
addr1
addr15
addr2 ..
Theaddressspaceinaprotocol
..
..
ThatusesNbitstodefinean
addr41 addr226
Addressis:
addr31
..
.. 2N
Binary Notation
01110101100101010001110111101010
Figure 4-1
Dotted-decimal notation
Hexadecimal Notation
01110101100101010001110111101010
75951DEA
0x75951DEA
Example 1
ChangethefollowingIPaddressfrombinary
notationtodotteddecimalnotation.
10000001000010110000101111101111
Solution
129.11.11.239
Example 2
ChangethefollowingIPaddressfrom
dotteddecimal notation to binary
notation:
111.56.45.78
Solution
01101111001110000010110101001110
Example 3
Find the error in the following IP Address
111.56.045.78
Solution
There are no leading zeroes in
Dotted-decimal notation (045)
Example 3 (continued)
Solution
Example 4
Change the following binary IP address
Hexadecimal notation
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Solution
0X810B0BEF or
810B0BEF16
CLASSFUL
ADDRESSING
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Example 5
Example 6
Find the class of the following IP addresses
00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Solution
00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st is 0, hence it is Class A
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C
Figure 4-5
Example 7
Find the class of the following addresses
158.223.1.108
227.13.14.88
Solution
158.223.1.108
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
227.13.14.88
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Blocks in class A
MillionsofclassAaddresses
arewasted.
Figure 4-8
Blocks in class B
ManyclassBaddresses
arewasted.
Figure 4-9
Blocks in class C
Thenumberofaddressesin
aclassCblock
issmallerthan
theneedsofmostorganizations.
ClassDaddresses
areusedformulticasting;
thereisonly
oneblockinthisclass.
ClassEaddressesarereserved
forspecialpurposes;
mostoftheblockiswasted.
NetworkAddresses
Thenetworkaddressisthefirstaddress.
Thenetworkaddressdefinesthenetworktothe
restoftheInternet.
Giventhenetworkaddress,wecanfindthe
classoftheaddress,theblock,andtherangeof
theaddressesintheblock
Inclassfuladdressing,
thenetworkaddress
(thefirstaddressintheblock)
istheonethatisassigned
totheorganization.
Example 8
Solution
The 1st byte is between 128 and 191.
Hence, Class B
The block has a netid of 132.21.
The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
Mask
Figure 4-10
Masking concept
Figure 4-11
AND operation
Thenetworkaddressisthe
beginningaddressofeachblock.
Itcanbefoundbyapplying
thedefaultmaskto
anyoftheaddressesintheblock
(includingitself).
Itretainsthenetidoftheblock
andsetsthehostidtozero.
Default Mak
Class
Chapter 5
Subnetting/Supernetting
and
Classless Addressing
CONTENTS
SUBNETTING
SUPERNETTING
CLASSLESSADDRSSING
5.1
SUBNETTING
IPaddressesaredesignedwith
twolevelsofhierarchy.
Figure 5-1
Figure 5-2
Note
Subnetting
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-5
StraightMethod
Inthestraightmethod,weusebinary
notationforboththeaddressandthe
maskandthenapplytheANDoperation
tofindthesubnetaddress.
Example 9
Solution
11001000001011010010001000111000
11111111111111111111000000000000
110010000010110100100000
0000 00000000
Thesubnetworkaddressis200.45.32.0.
ShortCutMethod
**Ifthebyteinthemaskis255,copy
thebyteintheaddress.
**Ifthebyteinthemaskis0,replace
thebyteintheaddresswith0.
**Ifthebyteinthemaskisneither255
nor0,wewritethemaskandtheaddress
inbinaryandapplytheANDoperation.
Example 10
Seenextslide
Figure 5-6
Solution
Figure 5-7
Thenumberofsubnetsmustbe
apowerof2.
Example 11
Solution (Continued)
Thecompanyneedssixsubnets.Thisnumber
6isnotapowerof2.Thenextnumberthatis
apowerof2is8(23).Weneed3more1sin
the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in
thesubnetmaskis27(243).
Solution (Continued)
11111111111111111111111111100000
or
255.255.255.224
Thenumberofsubnetsis8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
numberof0s)or32.
Figure 5-8
Example 3
Example 12
Solution (Continued)
Solution (Continued)
Themaskis
11111111111111111111111111000000
or
255.255.255.192.
Thenumberofsubnetsis1024.
Thenumberofaddressesineachsubnetis26
(6isthenumberof0s)or64.
Seenextslide
Figure 5-9
Example 4
Figure 5-10
Variable-length subnetting
SUPERNETTING
What is suppernetting?
Supernetting
Figure 5-11
A supernetwork
Rules:
Thenumberofblocksmustbeapowerof2(1,2,
4,8,16,...).
Theblocksmustbecontiguousintheaddress
space(nogapsbetweentheblocks).
Thethirdbyteofthefirstaddressinthe
superblockmustbeevenlydivisiblebythenumber
ofblocks.Inotherwords,ifthenumberofblocksis
N,thethirdbytemustbedivisiblebyN.
Example 5
Solution
1:No,thereareonlythreeblocks.
2:No,theblocksarenotcontiguous.
3:No,31inthefirstblockisnotdivisibleby4.
4:Yes,allthreerequirementsarefulfilled.
Insubnetting,
weneedthefirstaddressofthe
subnetandthesubnetmaskto
definetherangeofaddresses.
Insupernetting,
weneedthefirstaddressof
thesupernet
andthesupernetmaskto
definetherangeofaddresses.
Figure 5-12
Example 13
11111111111111111111000000000000
or
255.255.240.0
Example 14
Solution
205.16.40.0
205.17.33.76AND255.255.248.0
205.17.32.0
Onlythefirstaddressbelongstothissupernet.
Example 15
A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a
supernetmaskof255.255.248.0.Howmanyblocksarein
thissupernetandwhatistherangeofaddresses?
Solution
Thesupernethas211s.Thedefaultmaskhas241s.Since
thedifferenceis3,thereare23or8blocksinthissupernet.
The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. The first
addressis205.16.32.0.Thelastaddressis205.16.39.255.
5.3
CLASSLESS
ADDRESSING
Figure 5-13
Variable-length blocks
NumberofAddressesinaBlock
Thereisonlyoneconditiononthenumber
ofaddressesinablock;itmustbeapower
of2(2,4,8,...).Ahouseholdmaybe
givenablockof2addresses.Asmall
businessmaybegiven16addresses.Alarge
organizationmaybegiven1024addresses.
BeginningAddress
Thebeginningaddressmustbeevenlydivisible
bythenumberofaddresses.Forexample,ifa
blockcontains4addresses,thebeginning
addressmustbedivisibleby4.Iftheblockhas
lessthan256addresses,weneedtocheckonly
therightmostbyte.Ifithaslessthan65,536
addresses,weneedtocheckonlythetwo
rightmostbytes,andsoon.
Example 16
Solution
Tobedivisibleby1024,therightmostbyteofanaddressshouldbe
0 and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the
address17.17.32.0meetsthiscondition.
Figure 5-14
Slash notation
Slashnotationisalsocalled
CIDR
notation.
Example 17
Asmallorganizationisgivenablockwiththebeginning
address and the prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash
notation).Whatistherangeoftheblock?
Solution
The
Example 17 contd
AblockinclassesA,B,andC
caneasilyberepresentedinslash
notationas
A.B.C.D/n
wherenis
either8(classA),16(classB),or
24(classC).
Example 18
What is the network address if one of the addresses is
167.199.170.82/27?
Solution
Theprefixlengthis27,whichmeansthatwemust
keep the first 27 bits as is and change the
remainingbits(5)to0s.The5bitsaffectonlythe
lastbyte.Thelastbyteis01010010.Changingthe
last 5 bits to 0s, we get 01000000 or 64. The
networkaddressis167.199.170.64/27.
Example 19
An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The
organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet
addressesandtherangeofaddressesforeachsubnet?
Solution
Thesuffixlengthis6.Thismeansthetotalnumber
of addresses in the block is 64 (26). If we create
foursubnets,eachsubnetwillhave16addresses.
Solution (Continued)
Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four
subnets,whichmeansweneedtoaddtwomore1stothesiteprefix.
Thesubnetprefixisthen/28.
Subnet1:130.34.12.64/28to130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet2:130.34.12.80/28to130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet3:130.34.12.96/28to130.34.12.111/28.
Subnet4:130.34.12.112/28to130.34.12.127/28.
SeeFigure5.15
Figure 5-15
Example 19 contd
Example 20
Solution
Group1
Forthisgroup,eachcustomerneeds256addresses.Thismeansth
suffixlengthis8(28256).Theprefixlengthisthen32824.
01:190.100.0.0/24190.100.0.255/24
02:190.100.1.0/24190.100.1.255/24
..
64:190.100.63.0/24190.100.63.255/24
Total6425616,384
Solution (Continued)
Group2
Forthisgroup,eachcustomerneeds128addresses.Thismeansthe
suffixlengthis7(27128).Theprefixlengthisthen32725
Theaddressesare:
001:190.100.64.0/25190.100.64.127/25
002:190.100.64.128/25190.100.64.255/25
..
128:190.100.127.128/25190.100.127.255/25
Solution (Continued)
Group3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means the
suffixlengthis6(2664).Theprefixlengthisthen32626.
001:190.100.128.0/26190.100.128.63/26
002:190.100.128.64/26190.100.128.127/26
128:190.100.159.192/26190.100.159.255/26
Total128648,192
Solution (Continued)
Numberofgrantedaddresses:65,536
Numberofallocatedaddresses:40,960
Numberofavailableaddresses:24,576