Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 1 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Problem 1

Beam

Compute Mr for the four beams shown. In each case, f'c=30MPa, fy=400MPa, b = 300
mm, d = 700 mm, and d' = 65. Prepare a plot the area of compression steel on the
horizontal axis and moment resistance (Mr ) on the vertical axis. Plot the total moment
resistance ( Mr ) as well as the concrete compression-steel component ( Mr1 ) of the
bending strength. Comment on whether the addition of compression steel is a
cost-effective way of increasing the bending strength, Mr, of a beam.

width of compression zone

effective depth of compression steel
effective depth of tension steel

Material Properties

b 300mm
d' 65mm
d 700mm

Specified compressive strength of concrete:

fc 30MPa

Specified yield strength of reinforcing steel:

fy 400MPa

Material resistance factors

concrete

c 0.65

reinforcing steel

s 0.85

The following variables are computed from the entered material properties
Equivalent stress block parameters:

1 0.85 0.0015MPa

fc 0.805

1 0.97 0.0025MPa

fc 0.895

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 2 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

A s 4200mm

(a) tension reinforcement only

balanced steel
ratio:

steel ratio

1 c 1
s

700MPa fc

700MPa fy fy

As

2.00 %

b d

76.1 %
b

< b

resistance factor

Kr s fy 1

bending strength

Mr Kr b d

(b) doubly reinforced section

( 2 No. 20 )

b 2.63 %

but the steel ratio is very close to the

balanced steel ratio

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 5.33 MPa

Mr 783 kN m

tension steel area:

A s 4200mm

compression steel area

A' s 600mm

Check if compression steel yields( i.e., is s y and 's y , where y = .2% )

location of neutral axis

strain in compression
steel

1 A s A' s s fy

1 1 c fc b

's 0.0035

c 290 mm

c d'
c

's 0.272 %

"compresion steel yields" if 's 0.2%

"compresion steel yields"

"compresion steel does not yield" otherwise

strain in tension
steel

s 0.0035

dc
c

"tension steel yields" if s 0.2%

"tension steel does not yield" otherwise

s 0.494 %
"tension steel yields"

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 3 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

i) steel-concrete component
A s A' s
b d

steel ratio

1.714 %

resistance factor

Kr s fy 1

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 4.75 MPa

ii) steel-steel component

A' s

steel ratio

'

' 0.286 %

resistance factor

K'r ' s fy 1

bending strength

Mr1 Kr b d 698 kN m

b d

d'

K'r 0.881 MPa

Mr Kr K'r b d 827 kN m
2

(c) doubly reinforced section

( 2 No. 25 )

tension steel area:

A s 4200mm

compression steel area

A' s 1000mm

Check if compression steel yields( i.e., is s y and 's y , where y = .2% )

location of neutral axis

strain in compression
steel

1 A s A' s s fy

1 1 c fc b

's 0.0035

c 258 mm

c d'
c

's 0.262 %

"compresion steel yields" if 's 0.2%

"compresion steel yields"

"compresion steel does not yield" otherwise

strain in tension
steel

s 0.0035

dc
c

s 0.599 %

"tension steel yields" if s 0.2%

"tension steel yields"

"tension steel does not yield" otherwise

i) steel-concrete component
A s A' s
b d

steel ratio

1.524 %

resistance factor

Kr s fy 1

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 4.326 MPa

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 4 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

ii) steel-steel component

A' s

steel ratio

'

' 0.476 %

resistance factor

K'r ' s fy 1

bending strength

Mr1 Kr b d 636 kN m

b d
d'

K'r 1.47 MPa

Mr Kr K'r b d 852 kN m
2

(d) doubly reinforced section

( 2 No. 20 )

tension steel area:

A s 4200mm

compression steel area

A' s 1400mm

Check if compression steel yields( i.e., is s y and 's y , where y = .2% )

location of neutral axis

strain in compression
steel

1 A s A' s s fy

1 1 c fc b

's 0.0035

c 226 mm

c d'
c

's 0.249 %

"compresion steel yields" if 's 0.2%

"compresion steel yields"

"compresion steel does not yield" otherwise

strain in tension
steel

s 0.0035

dc
c

s 0.735 %

"tension steel yields" if s 0.2%

"tension steel yields"

"tension steel does not yield" otherwise

i) steel-concrete component
A s A' s
b d

steel ratio

1.333 %

resistance factor

Kr s fy 1

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 3.879 MPa

ii) steel-steel component

A' s

steel ratio

'

' 0.667 %

resistance factor

K'r ' s fy 1

bending strength

Mr1 Kr b d 570 kN m

b d

d'

Mr Kr K'r b d 872 kN m
2

K'r 2.06 MPa

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 5 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Horizontal axis values:

Vertical axis values:

600

compression steel area, A' s

1000

1400

783

827

moment resistance, Mr
852

872
783

698

concrete compression, Mr1

636

570

Moment Resistance vs. Compression Steel

1000

Moment Resistance (kNm)

900

Mr

800

Mr1
700

600

500

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

A's
Compression Steel Area (mm2)

Comment: Adding the reinforcing steel into the compression zone over the range of 0 to 1400 mm2
increased the bending strength by 11%. Although there is an increase in the bending
strength, in this particular case, the additional steel that is added to the compression zone
reduces the concrete compression - steel component of the bending strength. Steel in the
compression zone is most effective when an equivalent amount is added to the tension zone
(and the concrete compression - steel component is at or near the balanced condition).

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 6 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Problem 2

A 12 m long continuous beam has an off-centre support located 7 m from the left end of the
beam. In addition to its own weight, the beam must support a specified dead load of 12.5
kN/m and a live load of 27.5 kN/m. The beam has a rectangular cross section, 250 mm
wide by 500 mm deep. Select the size and number of reinforcing bars required at sections
of maximum positive moment for the 7 m and 5 m spans and the maximum negative moment
above the off centre support. Use f 'c = 20 MPa and fy = 400 MPa. Use interior exposure
and assume the maximum nominal aggregate size is 20 mm. Use the bending moment
envelope shown below to determine the maximum positive and negative factored bending
moments.

Beam

Applied Loads

Material Properties

Span length:

L 12m

width of compression zone

b 250mm

maximum depth

h 500mm

Transverse Reinforcment

No. 10 stirrups, bar diameter

ds 11.3mm

Exposure Conditions

Interior Exposure, concrete cover

cs 30mm

Dead load

wD 12.5

kN
m

Live load

wL 27.5

kN
m

specified compressive strength of concrete:

fc 20MPa

specified yield strength of reinforcing steel:

fy 400MPa

material resistance factors

c 0.65

unit weight of concrete

23.5

s 0.85

kN
3

m
equivalent stress block parameters:

1 0.85 0.0015MPa

fc 0.82

1 0.97 0.0025MPa

fc 0.92

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 7 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Calculations
Step 1: Calculate the factored bending moment envelope

Maximum factored bending moments

7 m span
Load Case 2

Mf = 260kN m (positive moment)

5 m span

Load case 3

Mf = 123kN m (positive moment)

above interior support

Load Case 1

Mf = 295kN m (negative moment)

Determine the reinforcement required in the beam above the support

factored moment (negative)

Mf 295kN m

Step 1: Check to see if compression steel is required

1 c 1

700MPa fc

700MPa fy fy

balanced steel ratio:

resistance factor:

Kr_max s fy b 1

effective depth

assume d h 100mm

moment capacity

Mr_balanced Kr_max b d

Mr_balanced Mf

s fy b

2 1 c fc

b 1.84 %

Kr_max 4.41 MPa

d 400 mm
Mr_balanced 177 kN m

steel must be added to the compression

zone in order to design this beam as an
under reinforced beam

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 8 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Step 2 Design the beam with compression reinforcement:

Mf = Mr1 Mr2

i) concrete compression component

steel ratio

assume
0.85 b

resistance factor:

Kr s fy 1

effective depth

assume d h 100mm

moment capacity

Mr1 Kr b d

steel area

A s1 b d

A s1 1560 mm

moment capacity

Mr2 Mf Mr1

Mr2 136 kN m

resistance factor

K'r

1.56 %

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 3.98 MPa
d 400 mm
Mr1 159 kN m
2

ii) compression steel component

Mr2

K'r 3.39 MPa

effective depth

b d
assume d' 65mm

steel ratio

'

steel area

A' s ' b d

K'r

' 1.191 %

d'
s fy 1
d

A' s 1191 mm

Size and number of bars required

top steel
(tension)

bottom steel
(compression)

A s A s1 A' s
use 4 No. 30 bars,

A s 2751 mm
2

As 2800mm

A' s 1191 mm
use 2 No. 30 bars,

A' s 1400mm

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 9 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Check spacing in this case, the top and bottom bars are No 30's and we need to verify whether or not
the four bars in the tension zone will fit across the width of the beam
assume maximum nominal aggregate size amax 20mm
No. 30 bars; bar diameter, db 29.9mm
smin max 1.4 db 1.4 amax 30mm

minimum spacing for No. 30

bars:
actual spacing:

n 4

bars / layer
s

smin 41.9 mm

b 2 cs 2 ds n db
n1

s 15.9 mm

s smin place the four No 30 tension bars in two layers

place the two No 30 compression bars in a
single layer

Effective depths (bar diameter, db 29.9mm)

d' cs ds

tension steel

yc

smin

2 No 30

compression steel

yc

db
2

db

d' 56.3 mm

smin

yc 35.9 mm

d h cs ds

db
2

yc

d 408 mm

2 No 30

Check if compression steel yields( i.e., is s y and 's y , where y = .2% )

location of neutral axis

strain in compression
steel

1 A s A' s s fy

1 1 c fc b

's 0.0035

c d'
c

"compresion steel yields" if 's 0.2%

"compresion steel does not yield" otherwise

c 194 mm
's 0.249 %
"compresion steel yields"

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 10 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

s 0.0035

strain in tension
steel

dc
c

s 0.385 %

"tension steel yields" if s 0.2%

"tension steel yields"

"tension steel does not yield" otherwise

check steel ratio
maximum steel ratio

'

A' s

' 1.37 %

b d

max b '
actual steel ratio

check crack control

As

2.75 % < max 3.21 % okay

b d

number of bars in tension zone

dc cs ds

dc
smin

y
yc

4 No 30

max 3.21 %

y dc yc
A

db

dc 56.3 mm

2
(double layer of bars)

2 y b
n

A 11516 mm

fs 0.6 fy

fs 240 MPa

z fs dc A

z 20.8

minimum steel area

A s_min

kN
mm

< 30

z 20.8
kN
mm

0.2MPa.5
fy

n 4

fc

kN
mm

okay for interior exposure

b h

A s_min 280 mm

A s As.min okay

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 11 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Check moment capacity ( Mf 295 kN m )

i) steel-concrete component
A s A' s
b d

steel ratio

1.37 %

resistance factor

Kr s fy 1

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 3.65 MPa

ii) steel-steel component

A' s

steel ratio

'

' 1.373 %

resistance factor

K'r ' s fy 1

d'

bending strength

Mr Kr K'r b d

b d

Mr 319 kN m > Mf 295 kN m

K'r 4.02 MPa

Mr 319 kN m
okay

Part 2: Determine the reinforcement required in the beam at the centre of the 7 m span
factored moment (positive)

Mf 260kN m

in the design at the support, we determined that the moment resistance at the balanced strain
condition was Mr_balanced 177 kN m which is less than the maximum factored moment at the
mid-point of the 7 m span
reinforcing steel must be added to the compression zone at this point

Design the beam with compression reinforcement:

Mf = Mr1 Mr2

i) concrete compression component

steel ratio

assume
0.85 b

resistance factor:

Kr s fy 1

effective depth

assume d h 100mm

moment capacity

Mr1 Kr b d

steel area

A s1 b d

1.56 %

s fy

2 1 c fc

Kr 3.98 MPa
d 400 mm
Mr1 159 kN m
2

A s1 1560 mm

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 12 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

ii) compression steel component

moment capacity

Mr2 Mf Mr1

resistance factor

K'r

Mr2
2

effective depth

b d
assume d' 65mm

steel ratio

'

steel area

A' s ' b d

K'r
d'
s fy 1
d

Mr2 101 kN m
K'r 2.52 MPa

' 0.883 %

A' s 883 mm

size and number of bars required

bottom steel
(tension)

A s A s1 A' s

A s 2444 mm

use 4 No. 30 bars,

2

top steel
(compression)

A s 2800mm

A' s 883 mm

use 2 No. 30 bars,

2

A' s 1400mm

this is the same size and number of bars specified above the support where we have already checked
to ensure that the compression steel and tensions steel had yielded (i.e., s 0.2% and 's 0.2% )
as well as the spacing, crack control requirements, and minimum amount of steel so there is no need
to check these here

Part 3: Determine the size and number of bars required at the centre of the 5 m span.
factored moment (positive)

Mf 122kN m

in the design at the support, we determined that the moment resistance at the balanced steel ratio
was Mr_balanced 177 kN m which is greater than the maximum factored moment at the mid-point of
the 5 m span
there is no need to add reinforcing steel to the compression zone at this point
also, when we designed the beam above the support, we placed two No 30 bars in the compression
zone at the bottom of the beam; these two bars can be extended along the bottom of the 5 m span

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 13 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

effective depth

d h cs ds

steel area

A s 2 700mm

steel ratio

resistance factor:

Kr s fy 1

moment resistance

Mr Kr b d

db
2

d 444 mm

A s 1400 mm

As

1.262 %

b d

s fy

2 1 c fc

Mr 169 kN m

Mr 169 kN m > Mf 122 kN m

check crack control

number of bars in tension zone

dc cs ds

A
2 No 30
dc

db

2
(single layer of bars)

y dc

2 y b
n

fs 0.6 fy
3

z fs dc A

Kr 3.43 MPa

okay
n 2
dc 56.3 mm

A 14063 mm
fs 240 MPa
z 22.2

kN
mm

z 30

kN

mm
okay for interior
exposure

Reinforced Concrete Design

CIVL1622

Page 14 of 14

Calculation Sheet:

March 10, 2015

Assignment #4 Solution

Design Sketches:
positive moment in 7 m span

positive moment in 5 m span

250 mm

250 mm

No. 10 stirrup

500 mm

30 mm cover

500 mm

No. 10 stirrup

2 No. 30

30 mm cover

2 No. 30

4 No. 30

negative moment above support

250 mm

500 mm

4 No. 30

No. 10 stirrup
30 mm cover

2 No. 30

tension across top of beam

theoretical
cut-off point
theoretical
cut-off points

tension across bottom of beam

tension across bottom

of beam