You are on page 1of 7

Research into Practice: Fostering Engaging and Active Discussions in Middle School Classrooms

Author(s): Karen D. Wood and D. Bruce Taylor


Source: Middle School Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1 (September 2007), pp. 54-59
Published by: Association for Middle Level Education (AMLE)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044329
Accessed: 07-04-2015 05:01 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044329?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Association for Middle Level Education (AMLE) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Middle
School Journal.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Research

Karen

into Practice
Practicc

D. Wood,

Editor

Fostering Engaging and Active Discussions


in Middle School Classrooms
D. Bruce

Taylor

Classroom

discussion
in American

strategy

that

2000)

is so often
middle

it is an

often

Cuban,

1995).

An

(Myers,

1996),

large-

influenced

and

Wolfe,

socioeconomic

cultural

can

Godinho

influences

dominated
and

and

questioning

and

can

foster

& Hayes,

1989)

1991).

in her

most

can

and

modeled

(2003)

and

taught
2004;

social

that
action

led

formats

both

teachers

lively

discussions

primary

This

article

and

The

Middle

across

K-6

fishbowls

foster

student

to

there

reflects

more

areas

included
(a)

exist

scaffolding

the following

in middle
in this

level

article

are

serve

all

inner

inner

with

used

the

from

circle

or five seats
or desks

students
discussion
while

students,

on

focused

outer

more

in the

students

facing

seats

outer

circle.

inner

special

allow

circle,
pattern

but
with

in the

this

are
Typically,

circle

a larger

forming

or less

the way

and

arrangements
and

in a similar

of chairs
other

its name

an

classroom

arranged

group
and

three
seats

a distinct
be

discussions.

work

research

Kong
to

strategy

outer

for the
seats

the

circle.

creation

or tables

a table

middle

with

can

or small

of the

room

group.

instructional

This We Believe

September

help

and

takes
with

remaining

can

engaging

integrative, and exploratory

Journal

that

club

education

1989).

effective

of honors

(1989)

Conoley's

and

students.

organized

students

(1993)

groups

2002),

Hensley,

in book

and

specialists

& Conoley,

an

can

discussions.

2006),

fishbowls

Priles

large

Fishbowl

(Delaney,

that

abilities.

and

to be

engagement

suggests

with

education

in their

projects

strategies
create

subject

strategies

purposes:

School

and

students

is relevant, challenging,

54

found

Not

Discussion

two

(2002)

Slade

classrooms.

classrooms.

(Kong,

strategy

2000;

Slade

1993;

and

and

work

& Featheringham,

for students.

engagement

by group

lively

providing

to large-group

activities

& Barret,

(Furr

Priles,

by teachers

discussion

used

2002;

Research

a medium-

small-group
been

(Smart

Alvermann

skills

cognitive

classroom

conversations"

to create

discussion

(Lloyd,

higher-level
used

yet the

business

of diverse

notwithstanding,

be

students

of texts,

discussions.

literary

tradition

"critical
study

to engage

comprehension

Vasquez

promote

was

analysis

have

more
(b)

practices

student

promotes

in counseling

engagement.

to organize

to model

Fishbowls

traditions

English

deep

that

1995;

(Delpit,

in secondary
goal

to foster

is a way

discussion
used

and

discursive

Fishbowl

2000),

Pedagogic

student

primary

discussions

History

race

such

is

be

to create

discussions,

Fishbowl discussions

2002;

(Lubienski,

2000).

that

teachers'

classrooms,

teachers

Wolfe,

found

(1989)

in lively

status

to model

want

society

(Crowston

& Shrimpton,

undermine

unintentionally

Marshall

in our

as gender

including

2000;

Ladsen-Billings,

such

&

who

classroom

engaged

structure

Tyack

discussion

small-group

and

of the

1994;

for teachers

techniques

(Ewens,

part

of literacy

part

factors

1998;

and

classrooms

& Tobin,

(Tyack

& Kammerer,
2000),

school

integral

by many

as a teaching

taken-for-granted

of schooling"

"grammar

used

characteristics:

Students

Multiple learning and teaching

and teachers
approaches

engaged

in active learning Curriculum that

that respond

2007

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

to student diversity

of

discussions

Fishbowl
Fishbowls
group

can

be

students

or other

or for giving

classroom

discussions

Fishbowl

as a student-centered

The
and

teacher

arranges

outer

of a textbook

(section

to be

video)

read

teacher

can

on slips

of paper

the outer
get up,

and

shoulder,
is "tapped

outer

teacher

can

the inner
students

talk

too

be

After

a student

on

teacher

a seat

for the

to jump

into

the

fishbowl

the

or three

minutes

the

If

of time
can

during

which

set a time
students

out.

tapped

and

stops,

write

After
the

out

comments

the

to strengthen
a discussion

and

talk

about

small-group

discussion.

the

text.

group.

what

the

discussion
The

or

teacher

offer

helpful
for ways

suggestions
is a great

makes

say

remain

must

inner

the

make

text

can

They

circle

about

This

discussion.

read

discussion,

and

questions,

or

to five students

group

critiques

in class

the

fishbowl
of the

strengths

The

observations

minutes,

circle

circle.

selection

outer

their

students

of a textbook

have

the

for

as a poem,

three

The

down

to the

and

students
selects

several

suggestions

point

all

want.

outer

outer

the

more

discussion.

and

such

to read

small

about

and
text

to talk

find

a vehicle

teacher

to discuss

group
they

can

discussion.

can
to

fishbowl

but

quiet

the

be

or a few pages

article,

assigns

own,

inner

students

anything

offers

(that

teacher

their

or ask

a few minutes,

fishbowl.

out),

the

student

the

them

two,

or for homework.

fishbowl,

a fair amount

a brief

on

into

peers

an

also

how

matter

subject
can

the

appropriate

story,

others

their

with

an

and

he or she

after

so that,

room

book

another
the

the

selects

know
usually

about

above,

must

takes

by tapping
to enter

having

can

discussion

a meta-discussion

example

that

discussion.

and

Fishbowl

short

circle

unless

speak

rules

tap

quick

tapping

of one,

cannot

the

give

he or she

cannot

reluctant

can

inner

Whenever

place.

fishbowl,

fishbowl

are

in

he or she

in the

or her

and

inner

not

before

limit

his

using

If a student

discussions

As in the

teacher

questions

format

teachers

however,

and

arrange

social

Students

discussion

small-group

are

to facilitate.

modeling

sit

the

is a flexible

to model

another;

large-group

write

or five students

talk.

students

group

do

is, they

can

of the

change

are

begin

to say something,

circle

to the

Four

can

to the

to generate

groups

students

challenging

them

by writing

one

and

The

school

by allowing

discussion.

as a tool for modeling

Fishbowl

teacher's.

participation

tickets"

Fishbowl

by teachers

used

the

for the

as "entry

in small

work

on

than

students'

questions

these

bring

with

or a

rather

to generate

Middle

a text

article,

a discussion

students

of the

If students

cards.

inner

discussion.

or students

wants

take

out"

returns
out.

these

one

tap

an

to the

cards,

and

with

assigns

a poem,

prior

on

fishbowl

circle

often

a set of questions

or index

only

questions;

in the

or book,

generate

inner

and

or viewed

or comments

questions
in the

of students,

circles

be

1980).

activity

in a fishbowl,

extend

collaboratively.

& Gillett,

discussion

room

the

Gall

1997;

ideas

can

or can

in

autonomy

and

can

of

& Conoley,

(Slade

topics

thoughts
Teachers
them

for

1993),

in discussions

greater

(Dutt,

for modeling

Priles,

groups

students

purposes.

tools

2002;

or challenging

cross-cultural
1989),

multiple

teaching

(Hensley,

processes

engaging

have

effective

way to model

for an

effective

Fishbowl can be a vehicle for modeling and having


a meta-discussion about discussion.

This
area

discussion

and

in which

classroom

is desired.

The

and

various

novels

in math

the
and

classes

way, fishbowl

be

in any

used

this

used

and

short

stories.

for discussions
discussions

social

such

World

It has

also

of problem
place

in primary

science,
on

classrooms

Holocaust

Fishbowl

subject

discussion

format

arts,

language

mathematics

warming,

can

student-centered
has

English

global

this

author

secondary

studies,

format

the

topics

War
been

solving.
focus

on

as

II, and
effective
Used
students'

discussions

discussions

of challenging

any

subject

area.

use

fishbowl

For

at the

students

establish

for their

discussions

studies

discussions
Also,

fishbowl

about

be

of a unit

about

issues

is a great

and
the

way

on

Similarly,

as a way

as slavery
to model

to help
boundaries
a social

to begin

or segregation.
literature

Research

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

in

can

Evolution

appropriate

topic.

fishbowl
such

material
teacher

a biology

example,

outset

use

to model

used

or controversial

generative

can

teacher

can

circle

into Practice

55

or book
in an
and

club

tool

discussions

that

across
can

increase

arts

language

powerful

to talk,

& McMahon,

(Raphael

English

be

Fishbowl

help
areas.

including

is a flexible

and

students

in

The

strategy,

ticket

next
with

fishbowl

of classroom

ownership

discussions

empower

in conjunction

used

student

can

subject

1994)

class.

to

to talk

or exit

slips.

at the
with

an

comments

can

use

class
The
be

assigned

class)

day's

participation
levels

Ticket

reading
talk

as an

be

the

an

and
slip

authors

in a variety

1 Discussion

give

of middle

web

to

assign

lively

level

classrooms,

with

discussion

paired

in this

to

1977)

discussions

of Bridge

who

to

of an

issue

to teacher
knowledge

prior

text.

in

& Taylor,

(Wood

activate

the

are

sides

alternative

to help

work

discussion

This

not

comfortable

talk

with

can

activity

participating

a partner

class.

class

was
their

book.

web

decision

is an

views

web

can

The

group

discussing

or in a

be

to consider

used

in an

bombs

in
in
English/

students

grade

(Paterson,

finished

group

reasons

atomic

format
warming

to Terebithia

studies

areas.

As we see

of sixth

circle

in a social

to drop

global

2005).

also

content

excellent

on

Bridge

literature

Students

in various

& Taylor,

(Wood

after

well

web

differing

arts

discussion
U.S.

an

are

about

1, discussion

the

conclusions

webs

class

language

discussion.

ch awing

discussions

instance,

Figure

a ticket

for students

group.

a science

to generate

a framework
different

students

for considering

Teachers

seen

For

1995).

fishbowl

help

Discussion

not

students

to the

have

tool

also

small

in thoughtful

consider

predictions

students

encourage

other

webs

in large-group

student

(O'Keefe,

effective

make

1992)

each

discussions

and

prompts.

access

greater

discussions.

of class

admission

this way,

generated

Figure

can

for fishbowl
in or out

Used

teachers

next

Teachers

should

increase

of comprehension

to talk

questions

slip

allow

can

before

dominated

for whole

questions
use

or topic

to the

slip
1985).

or as writing

of student-generated

and

slip)

questions

discussions

Their

a text

and

Discussion

2005).

or as homework

Gere,

student-generated

underestimated.

students'

about

2004;

discussion

by writing

admission

(an

& Frey,

admission

involving
slips

exit

(an

period

or small-group
value

these

or questions

reading

(Fisher

these

strategy

create

(Alvermann,

text and

by creating
texts

explore

is a discussion

of a class

end

the

health,

arts,

language

webs

webs

to engage
discussion

Students

anonymous

family/consumer

Discussion

discussions.

studies,

science.

Discussion

Ticket to talk
Ticket

social

science,

class
for and
on

reading

could

use

against

the

Hiroshima

and

to Terebithia

Question
Should Jess have gone back to
Terebithia after the accident?

Reasons
He wanted

to say goodbye

to Leslie.

to face his fear.

Reasons
\

Yes/
He needed

v
No

It could have been dangerous.


It wasn't the same without Leslie.

He was there to save May Belle.

He should have gone back when he


found out May Belle followed

He saw a sign (a bird) and it


made him feel better.

Conclusions
Yes. Even though it was
dangerous,

going back to

Terebithia helped

56

Middle

School

Journal

September

Jess.

2007

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

him.

Nagasaki

at the

consider

alternate

As with
discussion

end

webs

controlled

opening

for student

are

with

create

yes/no

that

arise

Motivation
which,

and

The

1999).

and

strategies

there

texts

challenging
requiring

and

when

material

strategies

and

scaffolding

promote

and

not

classrooms.

such

tools

text

& Cox,

for motivating

demanding,

more
offer

(Combs,

QAR

with

a science

causes

Students
in turn,

with

of a text

"say

with

a character,
take

or prompts

the

text

is read

well

and

then

reading

either

with

turns

what

for say something

reading

are

they

the

or asking

selection

silently

of the

parts

about

summarizing

Partners
until

something

turns

involve

or topic

work

a partner

that

something"

might

in a text

prompts

students

take

approach

a set of discussion

or

text
have

just

material,

each

other

and

saying

is complete.

The

rules

these:

opportunities
2004)

of processes

Make

Ask

a prediction.

as say something

textbook

"Right There"

What are three common

aloud.

connecting

and QAR.

Figure

assign

texts

texts.

expository
assign

a portion

questions.

are

such

and

These

more

to discuss

structured

to use

narrative

This

is a more

of students

conversation.

challenging

so far provide

provides

for pairs

and

for students

something

prompts

read.

discussions.
struggles

Say

and

comprehension

suggested

say something

centered

and,

as fishbowl

strategies

opportunities

topics,

Teachers

for

students'

the

students

provides

of diverse

understanding

to discussion.

can

and

While

open-ended
so

of engagement,

above,

that

comprehension,

texts.

substantive

Metsala,

powerful

times

but

prerequisite

in classroom

teaching

for modeling
that

are

that

their

is a

1996)

that

strategy

to increase

opportunities

monitor

does

achievement

Wigfield,

are

web,

area

important

suggested

students

web

discussion

metacognitive

& Burke,

Harste,

(Short,

something

with

carefully

about

aspect

in reading

(Guthrie,

engaging

However,

an

to talk,

However,

questions

subject

Say

an

crafted

discussions

important

a factor

create

1995).
be

nuanced

lively

is itself

discussion

must

Say something

to

of teacher

and

Discussion

in different

comprehension

and

and
and

is an

in turn,

learning

webs

open-ended

ticket

in conversations

questions.

meaningful

issues

tradition

class

problem.

and

(O'Keefe,

thinking

for discussion

that they

the

discussion

engagement

higher-level

questions

II or in a math

a multi-step

as fishbowl

break

help

and

work

such

strategies

War

to solve

ways

centered

foster

of World

reading

about

forest

a question.

fires

"Think and Search"

of forest fires?

Why are more homes

affected by forest fires

"On My Own"

Should forest fires be allowed

to burn

(lightning strikes, volcanic eruptions,

today than 50 or 100 years ago? (Increases

on their own? (students can take a position

and humans)

in population,

for or against this)

more homes built near forests,

more firesuppression

today than in the past)

Research

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

into Practice

57

Clarify

something

Make

had

you

misunderstood.

their

a comment.

Make

a connection.

prior

to make

inferences,

students

answer

students

to indicate

to answer

a student

or she

needs

cannot

to reread

is a strategy

that

a conversation
embedded

final

and

foster

kinds

what

text.

The

hallmark

strategy,

also

helps

but

we ask

he

something

student's
calls

learners

with

and

scaffold

discussions

learning.

on

emphasis

into

the

of texts.

Like

its name

that

has

text and

to make
fits into.

QAR

and

questions,
be

answered

search"

kind

as

(a)

directly

questions

that

the

relationships

three

or four

there"

"right
from

the

require

needed

text,

(b)

students

of

categories

questions
"think

to answer

that
and

to combine

can

are

three

the

then

and
questions

to reading

which

model

each
an

using

responsibility
then

and

pairs,

the

category

QAR

transfer

causes

text

more

homes

or 100

years

ago?",

their

knowledge

on

to burn
by what

their

they

explicit

it. Students

must

the

question,

but

second

by forest
must

they

fires

also

take

use

than

today

make

of population
can

inferences

increases

a stand

on

over

either

side

"Should

forest

fires

be

allowed

Their

answer

may

be

informed

own?"

have

is an

to a specific

to answer
affected

question,

on

"What

fires?",

to go

of

natural

to answer

Students

century.
third

of forest

textbook

kinds

on

first question,

students

are

last

The

three

a unit

during

class.

in the

of the

examples

requires

of the

of the

about

of students

common

information

based

the

It is helpful

prior

groups,

2 provides

that

section

50

fiction
create

categories.

can

and

in a science

question

"Why

can

questions

to small

asked

hazards

between

relationship

that
from

students.

Figure
questions

is a strategy

2005)

of information

uses

QAR

such

& Au,

examine

the

question.

question-answer

in the

entirely

both

Teachers

for using

explicit

stated

(information

with

predictions

transparency

textually

directly

students
three

the

overhead

relationships (QAR)

Raphael

students

question
that

suggests,

1982;

(Raphael,

of the

question

individual

Question-answer

well

and

to read

used

they

knowledge.

works

one

was

that

cause

categories

text was

text

questions

or information

text),

the

information

implicit

Teachers

fall

the

background

for students

conversation,

reading

places

that

the

information

strategy

nonfiction.

These

whether
about

from

my head"

own.

that

own

This

"in

(c)

their

in the

implied

information

(information

textually

with

(1995)

that

text),
was

of questions

range

of successful

comprehension

of questions

struggle

for having

QAR,

Say

Wolfe

provides

vocabulary

is the

The

who

to have
the

five things,

text selection.

in say something

metacognitive

of these

students

helps

with

one

the

learn

comprehension

which

do

and

on

questions

information
When

with

knowledge

but

read,

it is essentially

an

opinion

question.
can

QAR

It can
be

when

students

students

test-taking
follow

reading

a text.
kind

or explicit

accountability

strategy

demands

The

question.
testing,

for multiple

choice

can

a question

teacher

of question

of them.

that

to answer

struggle

what

text implicit

of high-stakes

conversation

a question

or set of terms

about

to consider

askeda

a metacognitive

what

a vocabulary

a discussion

during

era

about

provide

useful

foster

help

students

among

can

ask

is being
Finally,
QAR

in an

is a useful

test questions

that

passages.

Conclusion
like

Strategies
A small group of students learns to apply the question-answer
t, AlanGeho
strategy, photo

relationship

58

Middle

School

Journal

September

talk

can

help

to participate

discussion

fishbowl,
middle
in active

grades
and

2007

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

teachers

webs,

and

motivate

comprehensive

ticket

to

students

discussions

in several

content

levels

ability

discussion

and

areas.

to students.

two key ingredients


diverse
with

more

give

in fostering

comprehension,

These

two

strategies
and

meaningful

discussion.

students

of classroom

and

may

struggle

we include

QAR

and

say something.

provide

learning

Patterns of discourse in classroom discussions of


Marshall, J. D. (1989).
literature. Albany, NY: SUNY Albany, Center for the Learning
and Teaching
of Literature.

D. E. (1992). The discussion


web: A graphic aid for
across the curriculum.
The Reading Teacher, 45, 92-99.

Myers, M. (1996).
Changing our minds: Negotiating English and literacy.
Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

D. E., & Hayes, D. A. (1989).


Classroom
discussion
Alvermann,
of content area reading assignments:
An intervention study.
Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 305-335.
Combs,

D. (2004).

reading

V. (1995).
O'Keefe,
Speaking to think/thinking to speak: The importance
NH: Boynton/Cook
of talk in the learning process. Portsmouth,

A framework

strategies.

for scaffolding content area


Middle School Journal, 36(2),
13-20.

Publishers.

Paterson, K. (1977).
Crowell.

E. (1998).
Communicative
K., & Kammerer,
style and
communications.
In
gender differences in computer-mediated
B. Ebo (Ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class, and gender on

Crowston,

the internet (pp.

185-203).

Westport,

CT: Praeger.

The

fishbowl motivates

students

Reading

to participate.

T. E., & McMahon,


S. (1994).
Raphael,
framework for reading instruction.

Slade,J.

Communication

R. (2006).
effective
Developing
and discussion
skills. Business

Quarterly, 69(3),

276-283.

V. (2003).
"Hike
like the book": Creating space
Getting beyond "I
for critical literacy in K-6 classrooms. Newark, DE: International
Reading Association.

Vasquez,

B. (2002, December).
S., & Shrimpton,
Exploring
differences in students' engagement in literature discussions. Paper
Association
presented at the Annual Meeting of the Australian

Godinho,

Brisbane,

discourse:
Wolfe, J. (2000).
Gender, ethnicity, and classroom
Communication
and White students
patterns of Hispanic

Australia.

networked

Guthrie,J. T., Wigfield, A., Metsala, J. L., & Cox, K. E. (1999).


Motivational
and cognitive predictors of text comprehension
and reading amount. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 231-256.

and graduate

Written Communication,

in

17, 491-519.

K. D., & Taylor, D. B. (2005).


Literacy strategies across the
subject areas (2nd ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Wood,

L. G. (2002).
The
Teaching
group process and leadership:
two-way fishbowl model .Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 27,
273-286.

D. Wood
is a professor of reading education
E-mail: kdwood@emall.uncc.edu

classrooms.

Wolfe, D. P. (1995). Reading reconsidered: Literature and literacy in high


school. New York: The College Board.

Hensley,

is an assistant
Taylor
E-mail: dbtaylor@uncc.edu

Teacher, 48, 102-116.

of schooling:
Tyack, D., & Tobin, W. (1994). The "grammar"
Why
has it been so hard to change? American Educational Research
Journal, 31, 453-479.

Writing to learn across


Council
of Teachers of

English.

D. Bruce

club: An alternative

Reading

Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1995).


Tinkering toward utopia. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.

Roots in the sawdust:

Karen

Book

areas.

Multicultural
for
C., & Conoley, C. W. (1989).
experiences
educators.
Teaching Exceptional Children, 22(1), 60-64.

Smart, K. L., & Featheringham,


communication
interpersonal

method in
Gall, M. D., & Gillett, M. (1980). The discussion
classroom
teaching.
Theory into Practice, 19(2), 98-103.

in Education,

for children.

special

94-104.

for Research

strategies

Short, K. G., Harste, J., & Burke, C. (1996).


Creating classrooms for
authors and inquirers (2nd ed.). Portsmouth,
NH: Heinemann.

skills:
Furr, S. R., & Barret, B. (2000).
Teaching
group counseling
Problems and solutions.
Counselor Education and Supervision,

IL: National

A strategy for large


49-50.

T. E & Au, K. H. (2005).


QAR: Enhancing
and test taking across grades and content
comprehension
The Reading Teacher, 59, 206-221.

Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2004).


Improving adolescent literacy: Strategies at
work. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Gere, A. R. (Ed.).
(1985).
the disciplines. Urbana,

Question-answering
Teacher, 36, 186-191.

Y.

Raphael,

In R. Neff & M.
Ewens, W. (2000).
using discussion.
Teaching
Weimer (Eds.),
Classroom communication: Collected readings for
WI:
Madison,
effectivediscussion and questioning (pp. 21-26).
Atwood Publishing.

40(2),

T. E. (1982).

Raphael,

Other people's children: Cultural conflict in the


Delpit, L. (1995).
classroom. New York: The New Press.
College Teaching, 45, 143-148.

Bridge to Terabithia. New York: Thomas

Priles, M. A. (1993). The fishbowl discussion:


honors classes. The English Journal, 82(6),

Delaney, E. (1991). Applying geography in the classroom


through
structured discussions.
Journal of Geography, 90, 129-133.

Dutt, K. M. (1997).

for our lives .Journal of Teacher

S. T. (2000).
A clash of social class cultures?
Lubienski,
Students' experiences
in a discussion-intensive
seventh-grade
mathematics
classroom.
The Elementary School Journal, 100,
377-403.

to model

References
Alvermann,

San Francisco.

Association,

L.loyd, S. L. (2004).
Using comprehension
strategies as a
for student talk. Journal of Adolescent and Adult
springboard
Literacy, 49(2), 114-124.

tools

metacognitive

Reading

G. (2000).
Ladsen-Billings,
Fighting
Education, 57(3),
51(3), 206-214.

with

who

a way

International

are

engagement

comprehension

teachers

Kong, A. (2002, April). Scaffolding in a learning community of practice:


A case study of a gradual release of responsibility from the teacher to
the students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the

across

for students

provide

for students

with

ownership

Motivation

but

learners,

work

They

reading

professor of reading and elementary

program coordinator

education

at the University of North Carolina

at the University of North Carolina

at Charlotte.

at Charlotte.

Research

This content downloaded from 27.254.22.254 on Tue, 07 Apr 2015 05:01:20 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

into Practice

59

You might also like