INDIA AND THE WORLD

History Timeline

WORLD CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES

2014-2015
IITGN
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Ancient Indian Maritime

The earliest known civilization in India: Induas Valley

(3300 BCE-1900 BCE)
The Indus Valley civilization of ancient India was one of the
earliest civilizations in world history. It was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Over 400 distinct
symbols have been recovered from th sites of Indus Valley cities,
on seals, small tablets, or ceramic pots, and on over a dozen
other materials. This compares with many thousands of texts
from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt; and typical inscriptions are
no more than four or five characters in length, most of which are
tiny. Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for
constructing seals, beads and other objects. it was once widely
accepted that Indus Valley cities were the victims of assaults by
Aryan (Indo-European) nomadic invaders from central Asia.
References:
www.sewerhistory.org
http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization

3000 BCE

Drainage system, Lothal

Queen of Egypt, possibly the 5th ruler of the 1st Dynasty, ruling
from sometime around 3000 BCE. There are no accounts to
the length of her reign. Merneith is believed to have become
ruler upon the death of Djet. The title she held, however, is
debated. It is possible that her son Den was too young to rule
when Djet died, so she may have ruled as regent until Den was
old enough to be the king in his own right. Merneiths name
appears on a seal found in the tomb of her son, Den. The seal
includes Merneith on a list of the first dynasty kings. Merneith's
name was the only name of a woman included on the list. At
Abydos, the tomb belonging to Merneith was found in an area
associated with other pharaohs of the first dynasty, Umm elQa'ab. Two stelae made of stone, identifying the tomb as hers,
were found at the site.

www.sewerhistory.org
http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization

Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press
Curtin, Philip DeArmond (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press
Chakravarti, P. C. (1930), "Naval Warfare in ancient India", The Indian Historical Quarterly

Qaa

(About 3000 BCE)

A schematic of Lothal Dock and the products

which were traded.

2901 BCE

Merneith

References

Ancient Indian Maritime began during the 3rd

millennium. BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated
maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia and its evidences are
often found in Ancient Roman History. The main imports from
the India were spices, silk and hardwoods. Some of the luxurious
things included, carnelian, ivory, lapis lazuli etc. Almost all of the
trade was done from ancient Harrapan cities located in district of
Kutchh, Gujarat. Evidences shows that around 2900 BCE, the
Indus civilization achieved optimum conditions for long distance
voyages. Modern oceanographers have observed that the
Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides
in order to build docks, as well as exemplary hydrography and
maritime engineering. The dock of Lothal was the earliest known
dock found in the world. It is speculated that Lothal engineers
studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built
structures. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's
location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest
tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the
river estuary.

Tomb stela of Merneith from the Umm el-Qa'ab.

Qa'a was the last king (Pharaoh) of the First dynasty of

Egypt. He is believed to be Predecessor of Semerkhet. Qa'a is
believed to have ruled Egypt around 2916 BCE. Several stone
vessel inscriptions mention a second Sed festival (first festival was
usually not celebrated before 30 years of reign, and subsequent
festivals could be repeated every third year) for Qa'a, which points
to at least 33 years of reign. The numerous ivory tags dating to his
reign also mention only typical arrangements, such as depicting
and counting burial offerings and personal possessions of the king.
Those indicated that he was very prosperous king. Qa'a had a fairly
large tomb in Abydos. This tomb was excavated by German
archaeologists in 1993 and it contained 26 sacrificial burials.
'Hotepsekhemwy' is believed to be his successor. Clay seals of
Hotepsekhemwy found in Qa'a's tomb suggest that he restored the
tomb or buried Qa'a, maybe in an attempt to legitimize his rule.
Peter Clayton: Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson Ltd
Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/ New York

Restored Tomb stele of Qaa

Pyramid of Djoser-The first pyramid of Egypt

The Pyramid of Djoser (also called step
pyramid) is an archeological construction of
the Pharaoh (traditional term for kings in
ancient Egypt) Djoser in the Saqqara, Egypt,
northwest of the ancient Egyptian capital city
of Memphis. The step pyramid was
constructed in between 26672648 BC for
the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep.
This was the first pyramid structure
constructed by Egyptians and it consists of
six mastabas (rectangular tomb with sloping
sides and a flat roof) of decreasing size built
over one another. The pyramid stands 62
meters tall, with a base of 109 m125 m.
The Step Pyramid complex included a wellenclosed giant 10-meter walls inside which

THE HARAPPAN (INDUS VALLEY) CIVILIZATION

there were temples, courtyards, chapels

Step pyramid of Djoser-The first pyramidal construction by ancient
covering nearly 40 acres (16 hectares), Egyptians
which was sufficient to provide livelihood for
an average city then. This was initially planned to be a traditional, flat-roofed single floored
mastaba. But by the end of his 19-years reign as a king, in 2611 B.C., it was reconstructed into a
six stepped pyramidal structure which stood 62 meters high, which was the biggest standing
structure then.
REFERENCES:http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/djoser.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser

2700 B.C.

2600 B.C.

Expansion of Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro civilization.

The Indus Valley Civilization (33001300 BCE) was one of

three early civilizations of the ancient World; these
civilizations flourished on the banks of the Indus River, (now
dried up Sarasvati River). In the middle 2700b.c. the Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro communities grew into major civilizations
that are going to mark a significant impression over the future
civilizations. These grew into a group of 2,500 cities and
settlements across the whole of north western part of India
which includes Pakistan and large parts of Afghanistan. They
covered an aggregate approximate area of one million square
miles, which was larger than the then existing civilizations of
Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and it was also a step
ahead in terms of the technology available ,superior urban
planning, and sewage systems.
REFERENCES:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history#27th_century_BC
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daros civilization

It is without a doubt that this civilization is one

of the most important in the world of
archeology.Harappa was a city which was rise
during this period in the Indus civilization . The
Harappans used
the same size bricks and
standardized weight as were used in other Indus
cities like Mohenjo Daro and Dholavira. These cities
are well planne wide streets, public and private
wells, drains, bathing platforms etc.,
There is some proofs which tell us that during
this time period a another river Saraswati-GhaggarHakra which ran parallel and east of the Indus.
Many type of objects manufactured in the Indus
region have been found at sites of Mesopotamia.
So, at that time trade is exists between these two
civilizations. Also, an ancient Mesopotamia texts
tells about this trading and they called this
civilization as Meluhha. This trade was include
financial sophistication which could involve ton off
copper.
REFERENCES:
1. Pole: Webster's Timeline History, 2600 - 2501 BC - 1989 by
by Icon Group International
2. http://www.harappa.com/har/indus-saraswati.html

Fig.-"Priest King of
Mohenjo Daro, Sindh,
Pakisthan

Fig.-Art of Indus Civilization

Fig.-This is an artist's reconstruction of Mohenjo-Daro. Image

credit: University of Minnesota

KHUFU AND HIS GREAT PYRAMID

Kufu was an Egyptian King who built the
grate pyramid at Giza and ruled as the second
king of the fourth dynasty. He was famous by
his Greek name, Cheops. His great pyramid at
Giza was largest built at that time. It is the last
remaining of the ancient seven wonder of the
World. It stand with two other pyramids and
the Great Sphinx in a cluster at Giza. It is also
best in quality of construction. Its base area is
13.1 acres. when it was built, its height was
481.4(~147 meter) feet but now 31 feet of this
are missing. The main entrance is at height of
about 55 feet. According to the Greek historian
Herodotus that 100,000 men laboured for 20
years to complete the Great Pyramid. They
chose this place which is on the west side of
the Nile river because they believed that the
home of the dead was towards the setting of
sun. The burial chambers were placed at the
centre of the pyramid

Fig.-The Great Sphinx, at Giza, Egypt, it has the facial features of a

man but the body of a recumbent lion

REFERENCES:
1. khufus wisdom, by Naguib Mahfouz,Amercain University in
Cairo Prees, 2003
2. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Khufu.aspx
3. http://www.ancient.eu/giza/
4. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317046/Khufu Dimensions ratio of Great Pyramid of Giza match to ratio of radius of
Earth and Moon.

LOTHAL

Menkaure
Menkaure , was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of the 4th
dynasty during the Old Kingdom. According to Manetho, he
was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according
to archaeological evidences he rather was the successor of
king Khafre. Menkaure became famous for his pyramid tomb
at Giza and his beautiful statue triads, showing the king
together with goddesses and his wife Khamerernebty.
Menkaure's pyramid at Giza was called Netjer-erMenkaure which means "Menkaure is Divine".
Though information on Menkaure is lacking, we do know of
several members of his court, including the viziers Iunmin and
Nebemakhet. Sekhemkare, another sibling, is said to have
served under no fewer than five pharaohs.
Traditional legend provides that Menkaure's reign was both
benevolent and prosperous. Herodotus, who is our primary
source of information on Menkaure, tells us that
"...of all the kings who ruled Egypt, he had the greatest
reputation for justice and for this the Egyptians give him higher Greywacke statue of Menkaure, Egyptian
praise than any other monarch."
Museum, Cairo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure

2500

2400

http://www.timemaps.com/history/world-2500bc
http://www.timemaps.com/history/south-asia-2500bc

Lotha- archeological site

REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal
REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica
REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

2400

2301

URUKAGINA

Harappan Civilization
During this period Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization was
present in India. The Harappan culture spread over the whole
of Sind, Baluchistan, almost the whole of Punjab, northern
Rajasthan, Kathiawar and Gujarat. Over the past thousand
years, towns and cities have appeared in the floodplain of the
Indus river valley, covering a vast area of northern India.
Some of these cities are amongst the largest in the world at
this time. The history of this ancient civilization is very
obscure, but it shows signs of having spread from a single
centre, perhaps near the delta of the river Indus, across much
of modern-day Pakistan and north-western India. The towns
and cities show a high degree of uniformity of layout and
design. The cities contain what are thought to have been
granaries, public baths perhaps for ritual purposes and the
earliest known sewage and drainage systems. In several of
the cities the streets are laid out along a grid pattern
apparently the first case of town planning in history.

Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus

valley civilization. It is located in Bhal region of Gujarat state
and is dated 2400 BCE. A coastal route existed linking sites
such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on the Makran
coast which tells about the status of trade in lothal. A flood
destroyed village foundations and settlements. Harappans
based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to
expand their settlement and create a planned township on the
lines of greater cities in the Indus valley. Lothal planners
engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent
floods. Archaeological evidence shows that the site continued
to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of
urban influences. The few people who returned to Lothal
could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly
continued to stay and preserved religious traditions, living in
poorly built houses and reed huts.

Excavated ruins of Mohenjo daro, with the

Great Bath in the front.

Urukagina was a ruler of the city-state Lagash in

Mesopotamia. He assumed the title of king, claiming to have
been divinely appointed, upon the downfall of his corrupt
predecessor, Lugalanda. He is reigned around 2400 BCE.
He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which
is sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in
recorded history. Although the actual text has not been
discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other
references to it that have been found. In it, he exempted
widows and orphans from taxes, compelled the city to pay
funeral expenses and decreed that the rich must use silver
when purchasing from the poor, and if the poor does not
wish to sell, the powerful man cannot force him to do so. He
seems to have abolished the former custom of polyandry in
his country, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands
being stoned with rocks upon which her crime is written.

REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urukagina

First example of legal code in history

Akkadian mesoptamia
HARAPPAN 3B PERIOD
23rd century B.C. was part of the peak period of the Indus
Valley Civilization (IVC). The Harappan 3B period extended
from 2450 - 2200 B.C. and was part of the integration era of
IVC. It was the period when large cities like Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira etc. emerged and flourished.
Farming was the main occupation as the land around the
Indus River was extremely fertile and a surplus of wheat,
barley and peas were grown. This surplus along with cotton
and bronze seals and artifacts were used in trading internally
as well as with the Mesopotamian civilization. Cattle, goats
and sheep were domesticated and bullock-carts similar to
what we see today were used. The cities of IVC such as
Rakhigarhi etc. had the worlds first known urban sanitation
systems which apparently were even better than what you
would find in many areas of modern day India and Pakistan.
Many inscriptions pertaining to this period have been found
but the language as yet hasnt been deciphered which means
that little is known about the religion and political system of
the civilization.

Mature Harappan period

http://www.localhistories.org/india.html
http://history-world.org/india1.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization#/media/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization,_Mature_Phase

2300 B.C.

2200 B.C.

Sargon of Akkad also known as Sargon the great was a

very influential figure of the 23rd century. So much so that
some texts refer to this period as the time of Sargon of
Akkad. He was the founder of the Akkadian Empire which is
regarded by many texts as the first empire in history. Its
capital Akkad, which was supposedly built under Sargons
reign, became the largest city of the world in 2240 B.C.
surpassing Memphis, capital of Egypt.

http://history-world.org/sargon_the_great.htm
http://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_of_Akkad/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Sargon_of_Akkad.jpg

MAGE
high res

1- [2] Piotr Michalowski, Oriental Institute Seminars 4, pp. 3345, The Oriental Institute, 2008, ISBN 1-885923-55-4
2. http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/iraq02-03enl.html
3. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Akkadian_Empire

2200

2101

Indus valley India art

SARGON OF AKKAD

He was the son of a gardener but through his efforts

attained the post of cup-bearer of ruler of Kish. From there
he went on to defeat King Lugalzaggisi of Uruk who ruled
over South Mesopotamia. After crowning himself as the
Rightful King, Sargon embarked on a quest to conquer the
whole of Mesopotamia and more. At the time of his death,
Akkadian Empire included parts of modern day Iraq, Iran,
Asia Minor, and Syria. Sargon was regarded as a model by
Mesopotamian kings for two millennia after his death.

The earliest Mesopotamia divine ruler was Naram-Sin (22542218), the fourth king of the dynasty of Agade(2331-2154B.C)
Naram-Sins short time as a god on earth was singular and
was neither inheritable nor contagious. His son and successor
Sharkalisharri(2217-2193B.C) did not Aspire to divine status
so no divine classifiers but broken passages where it had
been restored by modern editors. The Kingdom of Akkad fell
soon after his reign but reunited under third dynasty of Ur who
ruled in between 2112-2004. He established his new capital in
the city of Ur. Empire of Akkad collapsed in 2154 BC. (First
intermediate period of Ancient Egyptian old kingdom). Empire
collapsed due to invasions of Gutians. Ur have driven out the
last of guitans. The mythological explanation was Hubris, the
pride of Narams sin which drew the wrath of gods. At the
same time there is fall in pharaoh reign called first
intermediate period in Egypt. Ur Nammus son Shulgi
introduced sweeping administrative reforms that greatly
stabilized the state. He built the famous Ziggurat. After the fall Caption perforated relief of Ur nammu
of Ur owing to Elamite invasion, Meopotamia passed foreign
influence. This period is called Old Babylonian.

Bronze head believed to be of Sargon

Mature Harappan falls in between 2600-1900BCE. In this age

early hardpan communities had been turned into large
centres which include Dholavira, Kalbangan, Rakhigarhi,
Rupar, and lothal in modern day India and Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro located on banks of the Indus and Ravi in
modern day Pakistan. These houses were solidly built of
rocks and many were multi stored. The high quality of the
pottery and silver founded at those sites, tells us about the
accumulation of great wealth. Excavations found in
Mesopotamia tells us that trade between Mesopotamian and
Indus had flourished. There were no great inequities and
democratic society was prevailed.
The best-known artifacts of the Indus civilization are a number
of small seals, generally made of steatite, which are
distinctive in kind and unique in quality, depicting a wide
variety of animals, both realsuch as elephants, tigers,
rhinoceros, and antelopes

Caption Priest king statue

IMAGE
high res

REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286837/Indus-civilization
REFERENCES - https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Ancient/Indus.html
REFERENCES - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.1997.9980377#preview

Statue of an Offering Bearer

DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The decline of Indus valley civilization began around BCE
2000. The decline was at its pick around 1700 BCE. There
are many theories explaining the process. Following are some
explanations:
Aryan Invasion: After observing some skeletons in MohenjoDaro which includes some passages from vedas this theory
was proposed.
Ecological Changes: This led to decline of land and
agriculture which are lifeline of any civilization and gradually
led to fall of civilization.
Flood: Due to change in river flow pattern the flood damaged
the agriculture area. This theory has less bases.

Ruins of Indus Valley Civilizations

explaining the greatness of civilizations

Although the Indus Valley civilization did not disappear

suddenly. There are many traits of it which are found in its
successors.

http://www.davidrumsey.com/amica/amico1256734-105377.html
https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3224/3059624010_4fe89fda60_z.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7ZWROukyUQ

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Indus_Valley_Civilization#/Collapse_and_Late_Harappan
http://reference.indianetzone.com/1/decline.htm
http://www.quora.com/What-caused-the-destruction-of-Indus-Valley-Civilization

2100 BC

This masterpiece of Egyptian wood carving was discovered

near royal chief steward Meketres tomb, who used to work
under King Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II of Dynasty 11 and kept
on serving all the kings until the beginning of Dynasty 12. With
her left leg stepping forward, carries a basket full of cut meat
on her head and a duck held with its wings which is alive. The
figure's iconography is well known from reliefs of the Old
Kingdom in which rows of offering bearers were depicted. The
women is beautified with her rich look brought to her by the
jewelry and a dress decorated with a pattern of feathers, with
such an attire she pretty much looks like a goddess. Thus, this
figure and its companion in Cairo may also be associated with
the funerary goddesses Isis and Nephthys who are often
depicted at the foot and head of coffins, protecting the
deceased.

2001 BC

2000

1901

UR-NAMMU

DECLINE OF HARAPPAN CIVILICATION

Ur-Nammu (2047-2030 BCE) was the pioneer of the

Sumerian third dynasty of Ur. Southmont region of ancient
Mesopotamia (Now Iraq-Kuwait) was known as Sumer.
His ruling period is known as Ur-III which is also called as
Sumerian Renaissance. Ur-Nammu is credited as first law
code creator in the world. It is known as code of Ur-Nammu
and it is the oldest of its type surviving today. It is written in
Sumerian language on tablets.
One the prime achievement of his includes the construction
of Great Ziggurat of Ur, which rises over the ruins
The famous historian quoted in his book The A to Z of
Mesopotamia that:
Ur-Nammu did much to enhance the economic and military
security of the country. For such efforts he was lauded in a
Sumerian hymn that also extols his dedication to the god Enlil
of Nippur. Ur Nammu was also the subject of other literary
works, such as a text in which he visits the Netherworld

The Harappans were in a very good shape with the wellknown public great bath and residential buildings that housed
around 5000 citizens. They were technologically advanced
rich enough to have weapons of copper and bronze rather
than iron. They were over powered with super military power
and the Aryans couldnt lay a hand on them.
Evidence suggests that Mohenjo-Daro was destroyed and
rebuilt seven times. This was because of the damage
caused by severe floods and the river changing its course.
The entire city was wiped out. All the cities fell one by one,
weakened already by constant floods and rebuilding.
Harappans, who were termed Dasyus by the Aryans, either
joined the lower sections of the Aryan community or fled
south. The fall of Mohenjo-Daro is a typical example of the
decay of this great culture. Archeologists built the evidence of
fall of Harappan civilization by looking at the remains of
Mohenjo-Daro. It took another thousand years before a city
as well-planned was built again.

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ur-Nammu
http://www.ancient.eu/Ur-Nammu/
Leick, G. The A to Z of Mesopotamia. Scarecrow Press, 2010.

Inscription: Ur-Nammu, the mighty

hero, king of Ur; aamer, patesi of
Ikun-Sin, his servant.

http://mocomi.com/harappan-civilization/
http://files.abovetopsecret.com/files/img/mc54a15c2c.jpg
http://www.mohenjodaro.net/indusdecline.html

Plot of great bath and residential

buildings

Khakeperre Senusret II

Decline of Indus Valley Civilization

He was the fourth king of Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt

(Reigned 1897-1878 BCE). He was son of Amenemhat II,
named Senusret meaning Man of Goddess Wosret. His
pyramid was constructed near Fayym oasis at El-Lahun. His
Pyramid definitely established a new tradition in pyramid
building, since the location of the door was less important from a
religious than from security standpoint, so rather being on the
North side of the structure, it was hidden in the pavement of the
South side.
Following the established practice of his dynasty,
Senusret spent three years as his fathers coregent. Senusret II
reign was considered to a peaceful one, with more diplomacy
with many neighbours than warfare. He began to work on an
extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yussef (Canal which
connects Nile River with Fayym in Egypt) through to Lake
Moeris (Lake in Northwest of Fayyum oasis) through the
construction of Dike at El-Lahun and addition of network of
drainage canals. The main purpose of his projects was to
increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.

Statue usurped by Ramesses II portraying

Senusret II

2. ENCYLOPEDIA OF BRITANNICA
Pyramid of Senusret II at El-Lahun

Beginning of Cemetery H culture

It was named after Cemetery found in area H in
Harappa (Archaeological site in Punjab). It is considered to be
part of late harappan civilization phase. The culture reflected the
changes in harappan society possibly due to depletion of
economic resources, increase in population and may be
invasion of outsiders. Mature harappan period had weakened
during this culture but not completely destroyed!

Geography of Rigveda, Extent of Cemetery H culture

indicated

Cremation in India is first attested in Cemetery H culture,

which is coincidentally referred to in Vedas (Rigveda) also.
Bones were stored in painted pottery burial urns which was
completely different from Indus Civilization where they used
wooden coffins. Pottery was reddish, painted in black with
antelopes, peacocks, etc., sun or stars motifs on it. Rice
became the major crop in this culture.
References:

1.the decline of Indus civilization and Late harappan

Period in the Indus Valley by Dr. M. Rafique Mughal
2. Pastoral-Agricultural tribes of Pakistan in Post Indus
Period by A.H. Dani

obtained from wiki)

1800 BC

1. History of Egypt by JAMES HENRY BREASTED

3. www.touregypt.net

Ruins of archaeological site in Harappa (image

REFERENCES
1. The Lost River: On the Trails of Saraswati by Michel Danino, Published 2010 by Penguin Books India.
2. General Studies: For Civil Services Preliminary Examination Paper-1, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2012

With the death of Senusret II, the entire Nubian gold

mines, that was source of wealth to royal house of Egyptians,
was ripped off through conquest of 200 miles of Nile valley.
References:

Around 1800 BC, Indus valley civilization came to an

end. The settlements in outline region slowly de-urbanized.
There are several explanation put forth by historians. These
ranges from climatic change, deforestation, excessive floods,
the shifting and drying up of river beds etc. But none is
considered to be the sole reason for the decline of civilization,
as there is no consensus among researchers. Some say that
during this time Aryans invasion took place and thus resulted
in decline of civilization. And theory of invasion of Aryans is
also debatable.
Another solid reason as to why this decline would
have occurred is given by Michael Danino as the drying up of
Saraswati River (around 1900 BC) could have had major
impact on the fall of civilization.
Evidence for decline of civilization is characterized by
disappearance of seals, distinctive beads and pottery, shift
from standardized weight system to local weights. Civilization
did not collapse or disappeared suddenly but was gradually
transformed in to rural culture with no big structures.

Painted Motifs on Cemetery H pottery from site.

1701 BC

THE CODE OF HAMMURABI

Hammurabi was the sixth king who chiefly established
the greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. He ruled
the city from 1795 BC-1750 BC. This code was carved upon a
black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to
be reared in public view. This stone was found in the year 1901
by Egyptologist Gustave Jquier, not in Babylon, but in a city of
the Persian mountains, to which some later conqueror must
have carried it in triumph. The code begins and ends with
addresses to the gods. In his time even a law code was
regarded as a subject for prayer.
All the heavier crimes were made punishable with
death. Even if a builder builds a house badly, and it falls and
kills the owner, the builder is to be slain. If the owner's son was
killed, then the builder's son is slain.
Hammurabi's code was not really the earliest. The preceding
sets of laws have disappeared, archeologist have found several
traces of them.
The decision given was embodied in writing, sealed and
witnessed by the judges, the elders, witnesses and scribe etc.
a copy of judgment was kept in archives for the records.

Stone where code is written (Image

obtained from wiki)

(Zoomed view)

REFERENCES
1. Babylonia LawThe Code of Hammurabi, By the Rev.Claude Hermann Walter Johns,M.A. Litt.D. from the Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1910-1911
2. The code of Hammurabi by Charles F. Horne translated by L.W.King (Republished in 2007 by forgotten books).

Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan
Civilization. Late Harappan Phase began around 1700 BCE.
The Indus civilization is known to have comprised two large
cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than 100 towns
and villages, often of relatively small size. Life in MohenjoDaro was obviously highly civilized and ordered although
most of the people of the Indus Valley civilization were
farmers outside the towns. The farmers used bronze tools.
They grew wheat, barley and peas. They also raised cattle,
goats and sheep. Water buffalo were used to pull carts. The
people spun cotton and they traded with other cultures such as
modern day Iraq. Some of the people of the Indus Valley
began to live in towns. The two largest were at Mohenjo-Daro
and Harrapa.The Indus Valley civilization had a form of
writing but unfortunately it has not been deciphered so nothing
is known of their political system or their religion.

INDO-EUROPEAN INTERACTION
Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expelled
Dravidians. Indo-European speakers migrated into India.
Religious Texts were written in Vedic, an Indo- European
language.

Street of Harappan Civilization

http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html
A Dictionary of Archaeology, edited by Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson

Late Harappan period, Ochre Colored Pottery culture

flourished. By about 1500 BCE an important change
began to occur in the northern half of the Indian
subcontinent. The Indus civilization had declined by about
2000 BCE or perhaps as late as 1750 BCE, and the
stage was being set for a second and more lasting
urbanization in the Ganges valley.
References- The Horse, Wheel, and Language by David W Anthony

Priest King from Indus Valley

Civilization

1601

1700

The Hyksos

EBERS PAPYRUS

The Hyksos was the word which refers the group of Asiatic
people from western Asia who took over the whole nile delta
in Egypt. At that time there was decline of 12th dynasty.
They formed a independent realm of eastern nile delta. Based
on itjtawy the Canaanite rulres of delta regrouped and
formed 14th dynasty. But due to plague the control of 13th
and 14th dynasty gradually decreased. The Hyksos are in
Egypt for almost a century. The Hyksos captured Memphis
about 1674 B.C. By that time the Hyksos were in control of
most of Egypt, and dynasties 15th and 16th consisted of
Hyksos kings. But eventually a powerful family he emerged
in Thebes. The Theban dynasty, known as 17th, made itself
independent. In the south, a Theban family served as vassal
rulers for the Hyksos.

The Ebers
Papyrus
is
an Egyptian
medical
papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to 1550 BC. Among the
oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt,
it was purchased at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of 187374
by Georg Ebers. It is currently kept at the library of
the University of Leipzig, in Germany.

The Hyksos
http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Egypt_2a.htm
The Culture of War: Invention and Early Development, By Richard A. Gabriel

1600 BCE ____________________1500 BCE

Mercury has been discovered from Egyptian tombs dating

from this decade. Egypt started to conquer Nubia and the
Levant. Traces of Maya civilization were developing in
Belize. Legendry king of Athens Cecrops I died in 1506 BCE
after a reign of 50 years. Shang Dynasty of China
established 1556 BCE. King Cheng Tang of Shang of
China, first ruler of Shang Dynasty, ruled China for 29 years
since 1600 BC. Hatshepsut became the first
female Pharaoh which was a common title of kings of Egypt.
Referenceshttp://oilib.uchicago.edu/books/bryan_the_papyrus_ebers_1930.pdf

Ebers Papyrus 1500 BCE from

ancient Egypt

MITTANI KINGDOM

Vedic Age: Indo- Aryan Migration

The fair skinned, Aryans were the people from central Asia.
They spoke Indo- European languages. In the early Vedic
period(1500- 1000 BC) Aryans were settled in India. All their
culture and language spread into northwest India.
They were the first people in India who know the use of iron
and brought horses with them. They established themselves in
India by defeating Dasas and Dasyus, who do not obey the
commandments of God.
According to social historical theory, they came up with social
divisions in India. The caste system began with their arrival in
India. They organized themselves in three groups: Kshatria,
Brahmins and Vaisia. After this they came up with Shudras: the
labourers, menial workers. There were also people who were
not regarded as part of society and considered as
Untouchables.
Also they brought up with them the religion worshiping many
gods and goddesses. All their hymns were written in Vedas
after many years of Vedic age.

IMAGE
high res

Aryans settling in India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory
http://www.ancient.eu/Mitanni/

1401

IMAGE
high res

Then she came into power. Her right to rule was direct
descent from her father. She is considered as great woman
of history. She devised a prenomen for herself: Maatkare
(The proper manifestation of suns life force) which is
equivalent of coronation name. In later years of her regency,
there are evidences which shows that she replaces her
female image with the male one. Her reign was much longer
and prosperous than any other woman of Egyptian dynasty.
In 1458 BC, she died at the age of 50. According to medical
evidences, she might have died because of bone cancer.

1400 BCE-----------------------------------1301 BCE

TUTANKHAMUN

Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut, the 5th pharaoh of 18th dynasty of Egypt came
into throne in 1478 BC. She was born in 1508 BC. After the
death of Thutmose I (her father), Thutmose II took the
throne. He was both her half-brother and husband. He dies
unexpectedly leaving behind throne on his small son and
Hatshepsut.

The historian Leick writes, "The population of Mitanni was

predominantly Hurrian, but the ruling elites were Indo-European warriors who worshipped deities with Vedic
names such as Indar, Uruwana, and the collective Devas"
Philological and linguistic evidence indicate that the Rig-Veda was composed in the north-western region of the
Indian subcontinent, most likely between 15001200 BCE, which means primarily in the 14th Century. The language of the Rig-Veda, the earliest stratum of Vedic Sanskrit, is also assigned to about 15001200 BC.

http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-the-vedic-age
http://adaniel.tripod.com/origin.htm
Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India: ISBN 0-415-32920-5 (pbk). Chapter 1

1500

The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves, belonging to the 2nd and 3rd stage of the Indo-European migrations. The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration into the Levant, founding the Mittani kingdom in
northern Syria and the migration south-eastward of the
Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India
(14th Century BCE). About 1350 BCE Mitanni was powerful enough to be included in the 'Great Powers Club'
along with Egypt, the Kingdom of the Hatti, Babylonia
and Assyria.

Statue of Hatshepsut,
Metropolitan Museum of Art

Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh, ed. Catherine Roehrig, The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, Yale
University Press, 2005 . p.87-88
Wilford, John Noble (27 June 2007). "Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery.". New York Times.

Born in 1341 B.C.E., Tutankhamun (also known as King Tut) is the most famous and recognizable Pharaoh in the
modern world. King Tut was the 12th pharaoh of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, in
power from 1332 B.C.E. to 1323 B.C.E, is famously known for his intact tomb discovered in the Egypt's Valley of the Kings by the archaeologist Howard Carter in
1922. His golden sarcophagus is now a symbol almost synonymous with Egypt.
About mid-14th Century BCE, ancient Egypt was going through great social and
political upheaval. Tutankhamens father, Akhenaten had forbidden the worship
of many gods and in favor of worshiping one, Aten, the sun disk (Amarna Revolution). After his father's death in the midst of the continuing chaos, he ascended
to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, under the guidance of powerful advisors. Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's
reign and brought back order.
The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten and King Tut succeeded in strengthening diplomatic relations with other
kingdoms particularly with the Mitanni. Because he had no children and died at
the age of 19, ancient Egypt again witnessed turmoil until his advisor Ay succeeded him.
http://www.biography.com/people/king-tut-9512446
http://www.ancient.eu/Tutankhamun/

RIGVEDA

Black and Red Ware Culture & Beginning of Iron Age

(1300 BCE & 1200 BCE)

The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent is after the Late

Harappan civilizations after the end of bronze age, also known as
the last phase of the Indus valley civilizations. The main Iron Age
archaeological cultures of India were black and red ware cultures
and black polished ware (700-200 BCE).
The black and red ware culture is associated with the postRigvedic civilization and with Late Harappan pottery The
characteristic features are the black color inside and near the rim
on the outside, and red color over the rest of the body. This color
combination was produced by inverted heating the ware.
Reference:

Red and black urn dating to early Iron Age

http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/view/aa.06115/29

Pic reference- The Hindu

The Rigveda is the oldest from the four collection of Vedas.

It's consider the earliest literary record of indo aryan
civilization and the most sacred books of India. The term
"VEDA" means wisdom knowledge and vision. The Rigveda
is mainly dedicated to Agni. The god of fire) and the holy
priest. Rigveda is a group of poems and each poem is
dedicated to god like Agni , the sky god Varuna ,the sun god
surya ,the supreme god indra and many other gods. The
Rigveda has written in sanskrit. The rigveda has told about
the first god (prajapati) who created the world. In Ridgeda
has 1028 mantras praising them for human to the god or
natural forces and achive many benefits sach as wealth,
long live life, protection and victory in life and battle rules.
Mantras are easy way to communication with the god and
the mantras contain both blessing and curses as well. The
Ridveda also describe the basics idea for India castes
system like that upper classes Brahmans or priests middle
classes the merchant and farmer down classes was sudra
who were slaves and servants
REFERENCES - http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Pr-Sa/Rig-Veda.html

http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-rigveda
http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-the-rig-veda-penguin-classics/#gsc.tab=0

Agrawal,D.P.and J.S.Kharakwal.2003.Bronze and Iron Ages in South Asia;Aryan Books Publication,NewDelhi.

1300 BCE

1201 BCE

Rameres II

IMAGE

Celebration of Holi and Diwali in Rigveda

1200

1101

GEMPEI WAR

(1303 BC-1213 BC)

The Gempei war of 1180-1185 was fought between Taira

and Minamoto during the late Heian period of Japan. In
this war Taira clan defeated by Minamoto. The Gempei
war was fought in southern and western Japan. It is well

Rameses II, son of Seti I was of the 19th dynasty of Egypt,

He was thirty years old when he became king of Egypt and
then was on the throne for a time period of 67 years. He
had many wives, and was the father of about 111 sons
and 51 daughters.
Ramses II had a great legacy that at
least nine later pharaohs were named after him. Ramses II
helped to secure Egypt's borders from foreign invaders
and pirates along the Mediterranean and in Libya people
of Egypt worshiped Rameres II as god and Egyptian empire
fell a century and a half after his death.

remembered today in japan for the gallant and often violent

battles between the countries emerging samurai warrior
caste and for the wars, penultimate battle, the legendary
battle of dan no aura which was fought in March of 1185.

In the Gempei war, the Minamoto clan forced the imperial

court and the Taira to abandon the capital and over time
chased them all the way to the western end on Honshu (the
main island). The final battle of the 5 year conflict resulted
in the almost complete destruction of the Taira clan and the
death of the reigning emperor

Ramses II has been identified with at least two figures in

the Bible, including Shishaq and the pharaoh of Exodus

Caption
Painting of the Gempei War

Ramesses II
References:

Pic reference - www.bbc.co.uk

http://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/ramses-II.html
http://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-kings-queens/rameses-ii/
Hasel, Michael G. 1998. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C.

REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/228147/Gempei-War

http://www.kobejournal.com/Japan%20history/1185%20genpei%20kassen.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpei_War

KING DAVID

Rig-veda

According to biblical history, late 10th B.C. century was the

time of David, he was the second king of United Kingdom of
Israel. He is depicted as a righteous king, although not without
fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and great poet.
The history depicts his life conflicted between ruthless
ambitions and his desire to serve the god. City of David was
situated on the southern slope of Mount Moriah, outside
today's Old City wall of Jerusalem. He was warrior from the
very childhood. Once Philistines sent their champion warrior
goliath against shepherd boy David (10 to 12 year old), but
David killed goliath with a single shot from his sling.
Here are some best lines from Davids poem How amazing
are your thoughts concerning me,
Search me, O God, and know my heart!
Try me and know my thoughts!
And see if there be any grievous way in me,
And lead me in the way everlasting!

Most of the Hindu thinks that the Rig Veda is an ancient

scripture that forms the foundation of the Hindu religion but
now this is not true.
The Rig-veda is an ancient Indian dedicated collection of
Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It was composed it the north-west
region of India in most likely between 1400- 900 BCE.
The Rig veda is a combination of over many hymns that
praise Vedic Gods( Indra, Agni, Varuna, Surya, Yama, etc).
The Rig Veda hymns were framed by a family of seers or
Rishis. The members of these families spread different
generations and so did their composites.
Painting of David, Slaying Goliath by Peter Paul

th

19 century Rigveda script in Devanagari

Rubens. At a Sotheby's auction on 10 July

2002, Rubens's newly discovered painting

Dick, Michael B (2004), "The History of "David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian
Apologies"
Massacre Succession
of the Innocents
sold for 49.5
http://www.crystalinks.com/kingsofisrael.html
million ($76.2 million) to Lord Thomson. It is a
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+139
current record for an Old Master painting

1100 BC

1000 BC

RIG VEDA

Rigveda: A historic Analysis (2000), Talageri & Shrikant G.

http://hinduism.about.com/cs/vedasvedanta/a/aa120103a_2.htm
http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Pr-Sa/Rig-Veda.html

1000

901

Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

Rig Veda, one of the earliest religious text of the ancient

India having extant collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns was
composed early Vedic period in 1000 BC. In Sanskrit RigVeda as a compound of the roots "Reg" means praise and
"Veda" means knowledge. It is one of the oldest extant texts
in any Indo-European language. Rig-Vedic samhita consists
of 1,017 hymns or suktas, covering a set of around 10,000
stanzas, divided into 8 astakas each having 8 adhayayas.
The hymns and mantras are the work mainly of Saints.
Mantras of Rig-Veda are hymns to god, praising them for
their blessings and support in victory in battles. Originally
mantras are meant to be chanted as religious rites and were
a primary way of people to communicate with the god.
One of the famous Rig-Veda mantra is,
O bhr bhuva sva
tt savitr vre(i)ya
bhrgo devsya dhmahi
dhyo y na pracodyt

REFERENCES - https://rigvedaanalysis.wordpress.com/the-rig-veda-a-historical-perspective/
In this link describe the whole rig veda in a historical perspective.
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda

As we all know that, Egypt was a boundless civilization. It

was the vastest empire on The Earth during its time in
power. Egyptian had effectively far and wide around the
known world but finally it came to an End. The Third
Intermediate Period Ancient Egypt begins with the death of
Phoraoh Ramesses XI in 1070 BC.
Before this about 200 years problwms for Egypt began
during the reign of Ramses II. Around 1000 B.C. the whole
Egyptian Empire was already in decline in the New Kingdom
era.

Third intermediate period of Egypt

Rig-Veda (padapatha) manuscript in

Devanagari

REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt
REFERENCES - http://amazingbibletimeline.com/blog/egypt-decays-around-1000-bc/

Upanishads
PARSHVANATH

Upanishads are books related to Hindu religion.

Upanishads are mainly part of Vedas large
religious books called Vedas. These texts were
written in India around 800 BCE. Mainly these
Upanishads are not like a chapter in a book but
they are complete in themselves. These books
contain philosophical thoughts and spiritual
ancient Indian figures. They mainly highlight
Figure 1manuscript of isha upanishad
some of basic principles of life like Karma,
Dharma, Moksha etc.
So the 800 BCE was the time when Iron age India (Late Harappan Culture or Last phase of
Indus valley civilization.) to Vedic age when people started aware of spiritual figures and
religion kind of thing came into people mind, and those Upanishad had written during those
days one of them was Chandogya Upanishad.
These books played important role during modern period for shaping culture and religion in
India. So even today these books are regarded higher hierarchy in ancient Indian text.

He was the 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism. Born in 877 BC

in Kashi. His father was Aswasen And mother was
Vamadevi. He married to Prabhavati but led a simple
life. Then he decided to Live ascetic life and after all
he becomes ascetic. He was also known as the lord of
nagas (means lord of snakes ) and in his sculpture
nowadays we can see that sculptures of lots of sankes
above his head. He was the earliest jain thirthankar. For
About 70 years he travel different regions to spread the
knowledge. He gave the rules to follow religion,the
principles Right Thinking, taking right actions. He
speaks to follow truth and non-violence. After
Completing his life he got nirvana (died) at Sammet
Shikhara in 777 BC. nirvana Guru Gobind Singh has
Written his life story named Pranath avatar.
Encyclopedia of Hinduism By Constance Jones, James D. Ryan

http://jaijinendraa.tripod.com/imain.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha

900 BC

801 BC

Phoenicians Founded Carthage

Hannibal Barraca (247-182)

BCE Carthaginian general
considered as one of greatest
military leaders of World
History

Carthage (Tunisia, North Africa) was the largest city

Founded by Queen Elissa the Phoenician in 814
BC. It was known as Kart-hadasht (new city). Many
tyrians from the city of trye escaped and settled in
carthage and bring their all money and resources
It was Became the Great trade centre for
Phoenicians. Religion followed by people was Punic
and the Languages spoken by people were Punic,
Berber, and Phoenician. Carthage was richest and
wealthiest in Mediterranean. Carthage and Greece
where fighting for getting dominance in Sicily. The
city was destroyed 3 times during wars with Italian
city and state of Rome known as Punic wars. Julies
Caesar proposed a plan to rebuild the Carthage.
Carthage lost all military and political Power after
second Punic war. The city was know under the
Rome (Byzantine empire). Muslims conquered
Carthage from Byzantine Empire and re-established
the city as made city as a centre of trade and
governance. They named the city Tunis which is now a
days known as Tunisia.

Romans (Enhanced Ebook): By Tim McNeese

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume A: To 1200 By Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley

http://www.ancient.eu/carthage/

References:1. http://www.hindunet.org/upanishads/ (The Hindu Universe).

2. http://hinduism.about.com/od/scripturesepics/a/upanishads.htm (The Upanishads )
3. The Timeline history of India Dilip Hiro ISBN(13) - 978-0760779767
4. http://www.indicethos.org/Archives/manuscripts/isaUpanishad1.gif (image)

800BCE

701 BCE

Olympia (First Ancient Olympic games Greece

776BCE)
The ancient city Olympia witnesses the first
Olympic Games in honor of Zeus. There are
written records that first Olympic Games held at
776BCE at Olympia.
Initially these games were competition between
different ancient cities of Olympia mainly focused
on athletics events. According to legends and
folks it was Heracles who first called it Olympic
and established the custom such that these
events took place in every four years interval.
These events continued till 12 centuries after
Figure 2The Parthenon Athens, Greece
once started and ended at period of Theodosius
who banned such events at 393AD.
These ancient Olympic Games were linked to one
of religious festivals cult of Zeus. Obviously one of the key reasons to initiate such event was
to encourage good relationship between different cities of Greece.
During that time winners decided by Hellanodikis (Greek judge) they tied red ribbon on head
of winner.
References:1. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Olympos.jpg (Image)
2. http://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games (Ancient Olympic Games)

MANAVA

CYRUS THE GREAT

Manava was a mathematician born in 750 BCE, He was the

author of Indian geometric text Manava Sulbasutra which postdates the Baudhayana sulbasutra. He was a man of very
considerable learning but was mainly interested in using
mathematics for religious purposes.
The mathematics given in the text enables to construction of
altars needed for sacrifice. The practice of construction of
circles from rectangles, squares from circle can be thought of
as giving approximate value of mathematical constant pi ().
Essentially every construction involving circle lead to a different
such approximation, e.g. 11.14 and 11.15 of Manavas work
give pi = 25/8 = 3.125.
It is clear from his writings that He was a priest as well as a
skilled craftsmen.
Manava died around 690 BCE.
Manava (upper) and Sulbasutra
method of Circling the
square(lower)

R C Gupta, New Indian values of pi from the Manava sulba sutra, Centaurus 31 (2) (1988), 114-125.

700

601

"King of the Four Corners of the World"

http://www.iranchamber.com/history/cyrus/cyrus.php#sthash.mUt5kpW9.dpuf
http://www.cyrusthegreat.net/

600BCE

501BCE
FOUNDATION OF BUDDHISM

ZOROASTER
Zoroaster, also called Zarathustra, was an ancient Persian
prophet who founded the first world religion- Zoroastrianism.
He was born in 628 BC. Khordad Sal (6th day of Parsi
month) is the birth aniversary of Zoroatser and it is
celebrated around the world with vigour by Zoroastrians.
The Persain religion is based upon his teachings as a
philospher mainly centered on honesty, community, charity
and nobility. His key tenets is that which relates to free will.
According to him the man has been given power to choose
between good and evil and the end of world would come
when the force of light would triumph and the saved souls
rejoice in victory.
Alexander the great conquered Persia Zoroastrianism began
to die out in persia but survived in India where it became the
basis of Parsi religion.

Cyrus the Great (ca.600 - 529 BCE) was a great figure in

the history of mankind. As the "Father of the Iranian
nation", he was the first world leader to be referred to as
"The Great" also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the
founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus founded the first
world empire and the second Iranian dynastic empire, after
defeating the Median dynasty and uniting the Medes with
the other major Iranian tribe, the Persians. Upon his victory
over the Medes, he founded a government for his new
kingdom, incorporating both Median and Persian nobles as
civilian officials. The conquest of Asia Minor completed, he
led his armies to the eastern frontiers. Hyrcania and Parthia
were already part of the Median Kingdom. Further east, he
conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Margiana and Bactria.
After crossing the Oxus, he reached the Jaxartes, where
he built fortified towns with the object of defending the
farthest frontier of his kingdom against nomadic tribes of
Central Asia.
The reign of Cyrus the Great between 559530 BC (30
years). Cyrus was killed near the Aral Sea in December
530BCE during a campaign.

IMAGE
high res

http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons1_n2/zoroaster.html
http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31606.In_Search_of_Zarathustra
https://colleenday.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/tumblr_lsu0mddvqu1qlziglo1_400.jpg

A Portrait of Zoroaster

The second religion was Buddhism, whose founder,

Siddhartha, was born about 563 B.C. in Nepal into the
Gautama family of the Shakaya clan. His father,
Suddhodana, was the ruler of the Sakya people and
Siddhartha grew up living the extravagant life of a young
prince. After marriage his father had ordered that he live a life
of total seclusion, but one day Siddhartha ventured out into
the world and was confronted with the reality of the inevitable
suffering of life. The next day, at the age of twenty-nine, he
left his kingdom and newborn son to lead an ascetic life and
determine a way to relieve universal suffering.
For six years, Siddhartha submitted himself to rigorous
ascetic practices, studying and following different methods of
meditation with various religious teachers. But he was never
fully satisfied. Siddhartha then decided to meditate ("under a
Bodhi tree where he sat facing east") until the absolute truth
would lie clearly in front of him. At the age of 35, on the night
of a full moon, Siddhartha is said to have reached
enlightenment and became an "enlightened one" means a
Buddha (527 BC). From then on, he encouraged people to
follow a path of balance rather than extremism. He called this
The Middle Way.
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/buddha.htm
http://ldmark.com/India.htm

Gautama Buddha

GAUTAMA BUDDHA
Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha was born in the year 563
BCE, in what is now called as modern Nepal. His father
Suddhodhana was the ruler of Sakya dynasty and Siddhartha grew
up living a lavish and luxurious life as a young prince. As per the
tradition in his dynasty, he married at a tender age of 16 to a girl
named Yashodhara. His father strongly insisted him to live a life of
total alienation, but one day Siddhartha ventured out into the world.
He confronted the harsh realities of life and realized that it was full
of inevitable suffering. The very next day after this encounter, at the
age of 29, he left his kingdom and family to lead an ascetic life and
figure out a way to relieve universal suffering. For 6 years he
offered himself to rigorous spiritual practices, following and
adopting different methods of meditation and self-control, but he
was never fully contented. One day, he ultimately realized that
bearing physical austerities is not the right way to achieve liberation
of mind, body and soul. From then on he persuaded people to
follow a balanced path rather than practicing extremism. That night,
he sat under a Bodhi tree, meditated until dawn, purified his mind
of all thoughts and attained enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of
35, thus earning the title of Buddha. For the rest of his lifetime, he
preached Dharma to his disciples in an effort to help them attain
enlightenment. He died in the year 483 BCE.

CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA

A statue of Buddha from Sarnath,

4th Century CE.

REFERENCES: 1. The Gospel of Buddha, Compiled From Ancient Records (Chicago and London: Open Court), ed.
by Paul Carus, illust. by O. Kopetzky, 1917.
2. The Life of Buddha, According to the Legends of Ancient India, by A.-Ferdinand Herold, trans. by Paul C.
Blum ,1927.

500

401

Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda dynasty and

founded the Maurya empire in 322 BCE. The empire had its
capital at Pataliputra(modern day Patna). Chandragupta
rapidly expanded his power across central and western India,
taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers in the
wake of withdrawal westwards by Alexanders Hellenic
armies. Conquering the satraps left by Alexander, the
Mauryan had almost the whole of Northwestern India under
him by 316 BCE. In about 304 BCE, Seleucus I, a
Macedonian general from Alexanders army, invaded India.
Chandragupta defeated him and a treaty was signed. By the
terms of the treaty, Seleucus ceded to Chandragupta the
satrapies of Kandahar, Kabul, together with Herat and
Baluchistan. Thus Chandragupta was able to extend his
empire beyond the frontiers of India upto the borders of
Persia. Chandragupta on his part cemented the alliance by
presenting Seleucus with 500 war-elephants. He also married
Helen, the daughter of Seleucus.

Silver coin of Seleucus I NIcator

Radhakumud Mookerji(1966), Chandragupta Maurya and his times

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire#cite_note-11
http://indiansaga.com/history/magadha_seleucus.html

400BCE

301BCE

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

The Peloponnesian war was fought between the two leading citystates in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta (who led the
Peloponnesian League comprising of Thebans, Corinth and
Sparta). The war was divided into 3 phases:The Archidamian
war, The Sicilian war and the Ionian or Decelean war. The war
commenced in 431 BCE, when the Thebans waged a surprise
attack on Platea, an ally of Athens. It ended in 404 BCE when
Athens finally surrendered. This war reshaped the entire nation of
Greece in a devastating manner. The Athenian empire which was
a stronger side prior to the war reduced to a mere slave of
Sparta. The war destroyed the economy and brought poverty and
suffering to the citizens. The main reason behind the war was
Spartans dissent towards the growing prosperity of Athens. After
they became the leader of Delian league, they nearly drove out
Persians from their regions and occupied control over a large no.
of territories. Their naval power was also growing exponentially
frightening the neighboring states. One reason led to another and
two wars were waged in succession against Athens in
Peloponnesia. As a result of this, the Greek warfare which was
originally only a limited form of conflict transformed into a
ceaseless struggle between its city-states. The war marked a
dramatic end to the golden age of Greece.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Born in Pella in 356 BCE, Alexander III of Macedon was a king
of the Ancient Greek city of Macedon. He was commonly
known as Alexander the Great. During his youth, Aristotle,
the great philosopher, was the tutor of Alexander. At the age
of twenty, Alexander succeeded his father Phillip II to the
throne. Undefeated in battle, he is considered one of historys
most successful commanders. He spent most of his ruling
years in military campaigns to Asia and northeast Africa. By
the age of only thirty, he had created one of the largest
empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt
and into northwest India. Seeking to reach the ends ends of

The final sea battle in the Great

Harbor at Syracuse, 413 BCE

REFERENCES: 1. The Landmark Thucydides : A comprehensive guide to the Peloponnesian war, ed. by Robert
Strassler, contributor-Victor Hanson, Free Press, 1998, ISBN- 0684827905, 9780684827902.
2. The Republic of Plato , by Plato (author), Allan Bloom (translator), 1968 (1st Ed.)

Caption

the world and the Great Outer Sea, he invaded India in 326
BCE. But he was forced to return back on the demand of his
soldiers. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BCE, the city he
Empire of Alexander the Great 323BCE
planned to establish as his capital.

Jacob Ebbott(1902), Alexander the Great, Harper and Brothers Publishers

http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-87049
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great

DECLINE OF MAURYA EMPIRE

ASHOKA
Ashoka was a great emperor and also known as Ashoka The
Great. He was Chandraguptas (The first Mauryan emperor)
grandson and a ferocious warrior of Mauryan Empire. Upon the
death of his father in 272 BCE, leads to conflict and wars
among him and his brothers and sisters in order to seize control
of the Mauryan Empire. He conquered many battles and ruled
almost the entire Indian subcontinent. His life changing event
was the conquest of Kalinga (262261 BCE). In that war, about
100,00 soldiers and civilians of Kalinga forces were killed,
including over 10,000 of his own men and many people were
affected. His witness of that devastation changes his feelings
and he felt great remorse at the suffering he caused. So he
stopped the war forever and became a preacher of Buddhism.
The rest of his life he practice Ahinsa and to Dharma. He
banned hunting, all animal sacrifices and violent sports activity.
During his lifetime, he had contributed to influence the
Buddhism by making Ashoka Pillar (also known as
Ashoktambha) throughout the Northern Indian Continent. He died
around 232 BCE.

The Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in

320 BCE, with help from Chanakya, a Brahmin teacher
at Takshashila, after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty. The
Maurya Empire was one of the world's largest empires in its
time and surely Indias too. Its boundaries stretched
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and
India, with an approx. of 1,930,511 sq. mi.
The Mauryan Empire was divided into four provinces and a
head of the provincial administration. The Arthashastra and
the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary sources of written records
of Mauryan times.Morever, this dynastys importance is
marked by the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath that has been
made the national emblem of India.

A portrait of Ashoka

The Empire was ruled by great Samraats like Bindusara,

Ashoka until it dissolved in 185 BCE with the foundation of
the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha, marked by stepping down of
Brihadratha Maurya.

The Mauryan Empire as on 200 BCE

http://www.iloveindia.com/history/ancient-india/maurya-dynasty
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370216/Mauryan-empire
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/maur/hd_maur.htm
http://www.importantindia.com/8487/brihadratha/

http://www.mrdowling.com/612-ashoka.html
http://www.burmese-art.com/blog/ashoka-the-great-emperor
Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India by Vincent Arthur Smith

300 BCE

201 BCE

FIRST MACEDONIAN WAR

http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia1.html
http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_first_macedonian.html
Handbook of Ancient Geography and History by Wilhelm Ptz

101

INVENTION OF PAPER

The first Macedonian War was fought because of the

decision of Philip V of Macedonia to form an alliance
with Hannibal in the aftermath of his series of great
victories against Rome in Italy. It was fought in three
phases. At first between 214 BCE and 212 BCE,
Romans alone fought against Philip but by 212 BCE the
situation on the Illyrian coast became so serious that
they allied with the Aetolian League, Attalus I of
Pergamon, and the Messenians, who had been illtreated by the Macedonian king. So in second phase
between 212 BCE and 208BCE, the Romans, Aetolian
League and their allies fought against Philip.
At the final stage of the war, Romans support decreases
and this made Aetolians to made peace with Philip by
themselves and in 205 BCE a treaty was drawn up
at Phoenice, the so-called "Peace of Phoenice" which
formally ended the First Macedonian War.

200
Thousands of years back, on the Asian continent, the Han
Chinese people of the Yellow River valley invented a method
for reeling silk from silkworm cocoons. Since silk became
precious, bamboo or wood strips came to picture instead.
Waste fibers left over from this process led to the important
discovery in the 180 BCE that the waste fibers from hemp, a
cheaper and more easily available clothing material in those
days, could be similarly processed into a strong paper.

Roman-vs-Macedonians

Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China when Cai

Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han
Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper
using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old
rags, and hemp waste at Fangmatan in Gansu.
Since its discovery, paper spread slowly to the west via the
Silk Road. The rapid expansion of European paper production
was truly enhanced by the invention of the printing press and
the beginning of the Printing Revolution in the 15th century.

Picture depicting steps used for

papermaking in 100 BCE by Han
Dynasty

https://lediarunnels27221219.wordpress.com/2012/01/14/the-discovery-of-paper/
http://www.chinatourselect.com/travel-china-guide/china-information/china/culture/china's-four-great-inventions.html
http://www.paperdiscoverycenter.org/cailun/

Jesus Christ

VIKRAM ERA
Vikram Era (Vikram Samwat, Bikram Samvat) is the
calendar based on lunar months, established in 57 BCE.
Authentic facts are not available regarding the origin and
founder of Vikram era, yet traditionally it is said that a
powerful king named Vikramaditya of Ujjaini founded the
calendar to commemorate his victory over the Shaks. The
calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian
calendar.
Vikramaditya is legendary and features in fables of Vikram
and Vetala. Bhavishya Puran describes Vikramaditya in
around 40 chapters, thus providing a link towards his
existence. Also, there was a gold coin found that dated to
time of his reign. Kalidasa, the greatest literary figure of his
time, was one of the nine gems of king Vikrams court. The
dates that he mentioned in Jyotirvidarbharnam also
synchronize with King Vikrams reign.
Also, 57 BCE marked the transition between Nakshatras
Aswini to Revati which corresponds to the transition
between signs Aries and Pisces.

Gold Coin from reign of King

Vikramaditya

Bhaviyapurna, Pratisargaparvan. Bombay: Venkateshwar Press. 1959

http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/vikramaditya-steps-out-of-fables-into-history/article1-1043005.aspx
http://www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org/articles/52_the_dynasties_of.htm
http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/VIKRAM/VIKRAM_V7.htm

100 BCE

1 BCE
LEX JULIA

Lex Julia (or Lex lulia) refers to Roman law introduced by Julian
family member. Often these refer to the moral legislation put by
Caesar Augustus in 18-17 BCE. Extravagance and adultery were
widespread at that time. Among the upper class, marriage was
infrequent and many couples failed to produce offspring. In order
to elevate morals and number of upper classes in Rome,
Augustus encouraged population expansion and established
adultery as a crime.
He instituted the Law of the three sons, thus highly regarding
those whose who produced three male children. There were
prizes for marriage and childbearing. Adultery became a crime
punishable by exile. Fathers were permitted to kill daughters and
their partners. Even husbands could kill their partners under
certain conditions. Augustus himself had to invoke the rule
against his own daughter, Julia and send her to island of
Pandateria. There were several other rules such as penalizing
bribery on acquisition of political offices.

The Julian marriage laws. Unrv.com. Retrieved 2010-11-29

A Short History of Roman Law", Olga Tellegen-Couperus pp. 1920.
http://www.unrv.com/government/index-of-roman-laws.php

Jesus founded Christianity, one of the worlds most influential

religions. His teachings and life are recorded in the Bibles New
Testament and emulated by Christians all over the world. Jesus
Christ was born around 6 B.C in Bethlehem and he was
raised in Nazareth. In his thirties, Jesus began his public
teaching and display of recorded miracles. Jesus' key
messages included: God loves you and is with you, Love one
another, Immense value of each person, Good news: kingdom
of God has come to earth, Reality of judgment to heaven or
hell, God forgives those who ask. In each of several official
trials, the Romans found that he was not guilty of breaking
any Roman law. Therefore the religious leaders asked the
Roman government to execute him Jesus was brutally
tortured and then hung by his hands, which were nailed to a
horizontal wooden beam (cross) However, according to more
than 500 witnesses, Jesus returned from the dead three days
later, and over the next 40 days journeyed in both the
Jesus founded Christianity,
southern and northern provinces of Israel. To many, this was
one
of
the
worlds most influential
conclusive proof that Jesus' claims to be God were real
religions. His teachings and life are
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus
recorded in the Bibles New
REFERENCES - http://www.biography.com/people/jesus-christ-9354382
Testament and emulated by
REFERENCES - http://www.jesuscentral.com/ji/historical-jesus/jesus-life.php
Christians all over the world. Jesus
Christ was born around 6 B.C in
Bethlehem and he was raised in
Nazareth. In his thirties, Jesus
began his public teaching and
display of recorded miracles. Jesus'
key messages included: God loves
you and is with you, Love one
another, Immense value of each
person, Good news: kingdom of God
has come to earth, Reality of
judgment to heaven or hell, God
forgives those who ask. In each of
The Indo-Parthian rulers belong to Gondopharid dynasty,
several official trials, the Romans
who were a group of ancient kings from Central Asia, who
found that he was not guilty of
ruled parts of present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and
breaking any Roman law. Therefore
northwestern India during or slightly before the 1st century
the religious leaders asked the
AD . Most of the kings from this kingdom held texila(present Roman government to execute him
Punjab province of Pakistan) but during their last few years Jesus was brutally tortured and then
of existence the capital shifted between Kabul and
hung by his hands, which were
Peshawar. Gondophares - was the founder of this kingdom. nailed to a horizontal wooden beam
Around 2010 BCE, he made conquests in the former Indo- (cross) However, according to more
Scythian kingdom. Gondophares became the ruler of areas than 500 witnesses, Jesus returned
comprising Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul fromPortrait
of Gondophares
the dead
three days later, and
valley. Gondophares called himself "King of Kings.
over the next 40 days journeyed in
Religions followed during this time were Zoroastrianism,
both the southern and northern
Buddhism, Hinduism, Ancient Greek religion. Languages
provinces of Israel. To many, this
used were Aramaic Greek (Greek alphabet) , Pali
was conclusive proof that Jesus'
(Kharoshthi script), Sanskrit, Prakrit (Brahmi script), Parthian claims to be God were real
(Parthian script)

24

Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Caesar Augustus
The statue known as
the Augustus of Prima Porta

Jesus Christ
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom
REFERENCES- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history

RISE OF KUSHAN EMPIRE

Kushan Empire was originally formed in early 1st century CE.
The Kushan Kingdom controlled parts of Iran and Afganistan
in India. Kushan kingdom was famous for trade. Kanishka
was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. Kujula Kadphises
ruled from 30 to 80 CE.Kujula succedd to trade in IndoParthians then kujula moved to Gandhara (northeast
Afghanistan and northern Pakistan). Kushanas were master
traders in their time. In 48 CE Kujula Kadphises crossed the
Hindu Kush. Then he formed an alliance with the last Greek
king in the region, Hermaeus, in the Kabul Valley After that
kujulas son vima attack on Scythians in northen india.Then
His son started a new Empire. Kushanas made a new era
called Shaka in CE 78 and their calendar was recognized by
India in 1957 is still in use for civil purposes. Kanishka
established a kingdom, which was centered on Kashgar.
kanishka also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand, khotan
and yarkand were Chinese dependencies in the Tarim Basin
or modern Xinjiang. Kushanas introduced the Brahmi script
concept.

Fa-Hsiens account of city of Mathura

Kanishka I
(From 78 CE- 98 CE)

REFERENCES http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/kushans/essay.html
REFERENCES - http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history.htm
REFERENCES- http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-08enl.html

Fa-Hsien was a Buddhist monk who travelled out of China to

India around 2nd century to get Buddhist literature. He wrote his
interesting experience of his stay in Mathura in his travel
memoirs Project Gutenberg.
According to him, the people lived happily without any worries.
There were no strict rules, no corporal punishment. They
cultivated their own land and survived with content. People did
not indulge in activities like killing or drinking liquor, etc. Food
and medicine was provided to the needy people. People were
rich and prosperous and were willing to learn from each others
virtues. Buying and selling commodities was done by means of
cowries. There were numerous charitable institutions to
provide the necessary support. He doubted that such
hospitality existed in any part of the world at that time.
Fa-Hsien observations suggest that India was pretty well
organized and governed during the time of Guptas. India was
the most happiest and civilized region- when Roman empire
was declining and China was under similar circumstances.

A temple in Mathura

http://www.ariseindiaforum.org/india-2nd-century-ce/REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by fa Hsien

75 CE

99CE

100

124

TITUS- THE EMPEROR OF ROME

HADRIANS WALL

Titus was born in 39 CE in Rome. He was the eldest son and

heir of Vespasian. Titus was the member of Flavian dynasty.
Titus was the first roman emperor who became king after his
own biological father. Vespasian died in 79 CE. Many
Romans feared that next king would be a Nero. But Titus
immediately wear the throne of the king. But in starting the all
people of his dynasty were disliking him but he behave softly
with the peoples and make a very kind image among peoples
he became a very nice king and loved by the population. He
made Colosseum in Public works. Colosseums work
completed in 80 CE. In their rule people once faced the great
natural disaster but on that time Titus came out and help
everyone. In 81 CE Titus died because of fever. Although
Titus had ruled over Roman Empire for just 2 year but he did
many great works.

Hadrian Wall is the most popular tourist attraction site in

Northern England. This wall was made in 122 AD in
Britannia as a defensive fortification under the rule of
Emperor Hadrian. It runs for 73 miles (118 km) stretching
from Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east to Bowness in
the west on the Solway Firth.
Its purpose was to control movement across the frontier and
to counter low-intensity threats. Another possible
explanation for the construction of this wall is the amount of
control it would have provided over immigration, and illegal
activities like smuggling and customs.
This wall has a stone base and a stone wall. Milecastles with
Section of the wall along the route
two turrets are found in between. There is a fort at a
distance of every 5 miles.
In 1987, UNESCO World Heritage site designated Hadrian
Wall as a world heritage site. Over the years, many sections
of the wall have been damaged but the remaining site still
attracts the tourists from throughout the world.

res

Bust of Emperor Titus

(From 39CE To 81 CE)

REFERENCES - http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191735448.timeline.0001
REFERENCES - http://www.unrv.com/empire/timeline-of-first-century.php
REFERENCES - http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/titus.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall#SummaryREFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251254/Hadrians-Wall
Hadrians wall A novel of Roman England by William Dietrich

Huvishka
KUSHAN EMPIRE: GOLD DINAR OF VASUDEVA I
Huvishka, son of Kanishka, was considered one of the most
important ruler for the Kushan Empire as his reign was a
golden period of retrenchment and consolidation of the
empire. Huvishka tried to gain control over the city of
Mathura, being the extent of his reign over the Indian
subcontinent. He also patronized both Buddhist and
Brahmin Institutions all over his kingdom.

Vasudeva I was last of the Great Kushans and he was the

first Kushan king to be named after an Indian god. He must
have taken the throne sometime between 189 and 195 CE. He
is the last Kushan ruler to be mentioned in Chinese resources.1

Unlike of his father Kanishka, Huvishka did not much rely

on Iranian deities rather followed Indian gods like Shiva,
etc. The coinage in his rule saw a massive devaluation
which led to a major financial crisis as people tried to imitate
the new coins. Although, Kushan Empire rule lead a huge
amount of trade between India and Rome.
www.ancient.eu/india/

Coin samples from Huvishkas rule in

India

http://coinindia.com/Huvishka-G266-353.50.jpg
Image courtesy: Wikipedia

150CE

175CE

RomanParthian War of 161166

Vasudev issued coins in gold (dinars & quarter dinars) and

copper (single denomination declining in weight over time). His
coins usually bear Shiva with Bull Nandi motif depicting the
increasing assimilation of the Kushans with the local Indian
society and their adoption of Shiva, the popular deity of Hindu
pantheon.[2] He discontinued the wide pantheon of deities
(Iranian, Egyptian, Greek), restricting himself to featuring only
Shiva (except for a few rare coin types featuring other deities
like Mao and Nana). Even his name, real, adopted or titular,
suggests the broad local influence and integration.[3] He
replaced the spear held by the kings in the coins of Kanishka
& Huviska with that of a trident, to pay homage and devotion to
Shiva. In the coins, Vasudev always shows himself nimbate,
something Kanishka almost never did.

India. Kushans. Vasudeva I, c. 164200 AD. Gold Dinar (8.02 g). Reverse:
Shiva stands, holding trident, Nandi
bull behind. Obverse: King Vasudev
standing facing, holding trident in the
left hand. [2]

[1] Glory of the Kushans: Recent Discoveries and Interpretations / ed. by Vidula Jayaswal. - New Delhi: Aryan Books
International, 2012. - Xvi, 456 S.: Ill., Kt.
[2] http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=21435.0
[3] http://coinindia.com/galleries-vasudeva.html

175

199

COMMODUS
The RomanParthian War of 161166 also called
the Parthian War of Lucius Verus was fought between
the two mighty empires of Rome and Parthian over
Armenia and upper Mesopotamia. The war
concluded in 166 after the Romans made
successfully conquered into the lower Mesopotamia.
The war started with the betrayal of the Antoninus
Poius by state and foreign kings. Majorly the war
kicked off with Vologases IV of Parthia entering in to
Armenia and forcefully expelling the king and
replacing him by King Pacorus, an Arsacid like
himself.

Roman and Parthian empires in battle

King Lucius Verus was awarded with a Triumph with his

counterattack after a five year long war in which included the death of his co-emperor Marcus Aurelius
(Considered Last of the five good emperors), leading to the conquest of Armenia and lower
Mesopotamia.

www.ancient.eu /Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166
Image_Courtesy:http://www.iranpoliticsclub.net/maps/images/069%20Roman-Parthian%20Wars%2066%20BC217%20AD%203%20Map.jpg

Commodus was roman emperor from 180-192. He also ruled

as a co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 to
his fathers death in 180. In 182 CE, a conspiracy was initiated
by his older sister Lucilla and a number of senators. However,
the assassination was bungled. According to most historians,
Commodus was not only debauched & corrupt but also a
megalomaniac, seeing himself as the reincarnation of the
Greek god Hercules. Herodian wrote, First he discarded his
family name and issued orders that he was to be called not
Commodus, son of Marcus, but Hercules, son of Zeus.
Abandoning the Roman and imperial mode of dress, he
donned the lion skin, and carried the club of Hercules. He
erected statues of himself throughout the city, for he wished
even his statues to inspire fear of him.[2] In 191 CE, a fire
destroyed much of the city, he seized the opportunity to
completely rebuild Rome & renamed Rome Colonia Lucia
Annia Commodiana. In 192 CE, his mistress gave poisoned
wine but it didnt work. Later, Narcissus (a wrestler) choked
him to death.

A marble bust of Roman emperor

Commodus, r. 180-192 CE. (The
Vatican Museums, Rome). [3]

[1] Donald L. Wasson. Commodus, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified August 29, 2013.
[2] http://www.ancient.eu /commodus/.
[3] http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/1392.jpg?v=1376915420

VASUDEVA I
Vasudeva 1, the great grandson of the Kushan emperor
Kanishka, and the last of the great Kushans, reigned from at
least 191 CE to 225 CE. He was the first Kushan emperor to
be named after an Indian god and presumably, the son of
Huvishka to an Indian mother.

NAGARJUNA

Vasudeva may have been the king who returned the relics of
Apostle St. Thomas from Mylapore, India in 232 CE which
were transferred to the Mesopotamian town of Edessa.
The Kushans had become affluent through the trade of
spices, gold and silk with the Romans and the Greeks, as
evident by their vast issues of Gold Coins, putting India on the
map of global business.
The Kushans were patrons of art and exhibited great religious
tolerance. This was indeed the happiest time in the history of
the world as the historian Edward Gibbon put it.

Jayaswal, Vidula, Glory of the Kushans, Aryan Books, New Delhi, 2012
Brown, CJ, Coins of India, Oxford University Press, 1922.

200

Gold Coins of Vasudeva I. Obverse: The

king standing, holding a trident and
sacrificing at the fire altar. Reverse: Shiva
(Oesho) with Nandi Bull.

224

Nagarjuna, also known as The Second Buddha by Tibetians,

is one of the most original and influential thinkers in the history
of Indian philosophers after Gautama Buddha. Nagarjuna was
born in 150 CE into a Brahmin family in Vidarbha in
Maharashtra and later become Buddhist. He along with his
disciple Aryadeva, is considered to be the founder of the
Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism. Nagarjuna
developed the philosophy of the Prajnaparamita sutras. He
dedicated his life to the correct transmission of the Buddhas
teaching. He was known for reversing the argument to make
the teachings more transparent and evident to understand to
common people. Nagarjuna was believed an advisor to a king
of the Satavahana dynasty. Also scholars believe that he
written several treatises on rasayana and served as the head
of Nalanda. The essence Nagarjunas thoughts are described
in the 27th chapter of his work, Mlamadhyamakakrik. He
died in 250 CE in India.
True Buddhism (book) By Sylvain Chamberlain-Nyudo
http://www.iep.utm.edu/nagarjun/
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nagarjuna/

Golden statue of Nagarjuna at

Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery,
Scotland.

225 CE

249 CE

RISE OF SASANIAN EMPIRE

BATHS OF CARACALLA
Completed in 216 CE during the reign of Emperor Caracalla,
the Baths of Caracalla were the second largest public baths
in Rome, free and open to all, built as a piece of political
propaganda to create a lasting monument of the emperors
generosity .
A majority of the Roman citizens lived in crowded tenements,
without running water or sanitary facilities; communal baths
were essential. Moreover, they offered people a place to
socialize.
The baths spread over 25 hectares, with a capacity to house
over 1600 bathers at a time, including libraries, gymnasia,
shops, restaurants, concert halls and vast gardens were a
testimony to the level of Roman skills in architecture and
engineering.
Ruins of the Baths of Caracalla and a
Recreation.
solarhousehistory.com
Langmead, Donald, Garnaut, Christine, Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats, ABC-CLIO, 2001

Sasanian Empire or Neo-Persian Empire is the last Iranian

empire before the rise of Islam. It is also called by rnshahr
i.e. Empire of Aryan. The dynasty was founded by Ardashir I
after defeating the last Parthian king, Artabanus IV Ardavan. It
was composed of todays Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, eastern parts
of Turkey, and some parts of Syria, Pakistan, Central Asia and
Arabia. Ardashir I, in 224 CE overthrew of the Parthian Empire,
ruling the Sasanian Empire until his death in 242 CE.
Zoroastrianism was revived as official religion in Sasanian
territory and ideology was based on the principle of divinely
granted and indisputable authority. The Sassanids built fire
temples under royal direction. Iranian territory saw very
prosperous time under the Sasanian Empire also known as
Golden eras. The Sassanids struggles with the Roman Empire
(in 229232, War with Rome) which is one factor in the result
of Crisis of the Third Century initiated by death of Roman King
Alexander Severus. Although the campaigns against Rome
was little successful in the time of Ardashir I, he did more impact
on the history of Iran more than what Parthian did in many
decades, and established a stable and powerful platform for his
son Shapur I.
Sassanid Empire by Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster
http://www.victoriaazad.com/pdf/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.pdf
http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-ancient-history/sassanid-empire-map.html
http://www.crystalinks.com/Sassanid_Empire.html

Map of Sasanian Empire

showing Sasanian Dynasty and
trades routes used.

es

FOUNDATION OF VAKATAKA DYNASTY

The Vakataka Dynasty, founded by Vindhyasakti, were

contemporaries to the Guptas & successors to the
Satavahanas. It originated in the Deccan & was bounded by
Malwa along with Gujarat (North) & Tungabhadra (South)
with the horizontal spread from Arabian Sea to Bay of Bengal.
It has been suggested that Vindhyasakti must have ruled from
255 CE upto 275 CE from the evidences of Vakataka
Charters and the known date of Prabhavati-gupta, who was
a daughter of Chandragupta-II(Gupta Emperor: 375-414 CE)
and the queen of Rudrasena-II (Vakataka King: 385-390 CE).
Vindhyasakti is mentioned as a ruler of Vidisa & early capital
of Purika (central Deccan) in the Puranas. The ancestors of
Vindhyasakti were probably incharge of the local offices in
Berar under the Satavahana Empire. They continued the
administration of their assigned territories even after the rule
of Satavahanas stopped. He extended his kingdom across
the Vindhya range including Malwa. Unlike his son
Pravarasena-I (275-335 CE) who succeeded him, he did not
assume any noble title or any formal coronation.

Vakataka Kingdom Map - Around 400CE

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Anant Sadashiv Altekar, Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D, Motilal
Banarsidass Publ., 1986, ISBN: 8120800265, 9788120800267
Ajay Mitra Shastri, Great Ages of Indian History: Vakatakas - Sources and History, Aryan Books International,
1997, ISBN: 8173051232, 9788173051234
http://www.ensyklopedia.com/vakataka-empire-rulers-of-the-deccan-builders-of-anjanta-caves-250-ce-500-ce/

250 CE

274 CE

ZENOBIA
Zenobia (born 240 CE) was the ancient queen of Palmyra who
strategically rebelled against the authority of Rome. In 258 CE,
she was married to Lucius Septimus Odaenthus, king of Syria
which was under Roman control. After assasination of
Odaenthus in 266/267 CE, Zenobia became the Regent in
Palmyra. Zenobia took advantage of the ongoing civil war of
Rome, conquered Roman Egypt & by 271 CE, expanded her
empire to include Asia Minor, Syria & northern Mesopotamia
with the help of diplomatic negotiations. When Aurelian (270275 CE) became the Roman Emperor, he led his entire army
against the Palmyrene Empire. He destroyed every city in Asia
Minor loyal to Zenobia till he reached Tyana, which along with
other cities surrendered to him without any opposition. Before
the campaign started, When Aurelian sent a letter demanding
her surrender, she responded by saying that like Cleopatra, she
would rather commit suicide than surrender and had Persians
as her allies. Aurelian won the battle in Syria by pretending to
flee and then attacking once the Palmyra forces were exhausted
from chase. Zenobia tried to flee but was captured, brought back
in chains of gold & paraded through the Roman streets.

Marble sculpture of Queen Zenobia by

Harriet Goodhue Hosmer, 1859 CE,
Huntington Library, San Marino, CA

Pat Southern, Empress Zenobia: Palmyras Rebel Queen, A&C Black, 2008,ISBN:1847250343, 9781847250346
http://www.ancient.eu/zenobia/
http://www.exovedate.com/ancient_timeline_six.html

Constantius II
Constantius II was the one of the greatest empire
Of the ancient Rome .His Roman name is Flavius
Claudius constantius. He was one of the powerfull
Caesar. The word Caesar was originally the name
of the famous aristocratic patrician family of ancient
rome . he was born in Arles in 316AD. He was the
youngest empire in ancient Rome history which was
killed while fighting over territory with his brother in age
of 24 . constantius was responsible for the slaughter of
his cousin and uncles , of Theodoras line during the
great massacre of 337AD. And now the Constantius is
remember as :
The emperors who was killed fighting over territory with his brother ..

Origin of Varman Dynasty

(350 CE 600 CE)
The Varman Dynasty was established by Pushya Varman in 350
CE, who was the first ruler of Kamarupa Kingdom in Assam. They
became the vassals of Gupta Empire. Pushya varmans grandson
Bala Varman whose strength (Bala) and armour (Varma) were
never separated and whose soldiers were always forward against
his enemies. It appears from some inscriptions that SamudraGupta
and Samudra Varman married in the same family. Samudra Gupta
was compelled, inspite of this relation, to fight with Bala Varman
according to the rules of Asvamedha sacrifice. Perhaps this
invasion of Samudra Gupta limited the power of the kings of
Kamarupa for a time.
References:

http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/constantine-ii.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II

The Social History of Kamarupa Vol. I by Nagendra Nath Vasu

(Chapter II)
http://www.indianetzone.com/50/kingdoms_assam.htm

350 CE
Establishment of the Pallava Empire
Pallava gained prominence after the eclipse of the
Satavahana dynasty . Whom pallavas served as
Feudatories . North tamil nadu and south andhar pradesh
Were under the rule and control of the pallavas. The
Pallavas and chalukas of badami were seen struggling
for a long period of time for supremacy in peninsular
India soon after the kalabhra upheaval . The pallavas
Capital , kanchi was a city of temples and vedic learning .
They were dedicated for help the people . Villagers were granted free of taxes to the brahmanas by them .
http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/pallava-dynasty.html

Cultural contribution of Kamarupa Kingdom

(Varman Dynasty)

374 CE

St. Augustine of Hippo

(13 November 354 CE 28 August 430 CE)
Augustine was intellectually brilliant and a gifted writer, he is
known primarily as one of the great figures of Christian late
antiquity. He was baptized, became a priest, a bishop, a
famous Catholic writer, Founder of religious priests, and one of
the greatest saints that ever lived. This famous son of St.
Monica was born in Africa and spent many years of his life in
wicked living and in false beliefs. Through the prayers of his holy
mother and the marvelous preaching of St. Ambrose, Augustine
finally became convinced that Christianity was the one true
religion. He saw the human being as a perfect unity of two
substances: soul and body. Augustine is probably best known
for his Confessions, which is a personal account of his earlier
life. His On the Trinity, in which he developed what has become
known as the 'psychological analogy' of the Trinity, is also among
his masterpieces, and arguably one of the greatest theological
works of all time.
References

http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/pallavadynasty.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty

AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO: A Biography by Peter Robert and Lamont

Brown
http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=418

Saint Augustine painting by Antonio Rodriguez

CHANDRAGUPTA II (380-415AD)
Chandragupta II (Chandragupta vikramaditya) was great and
powerful monarch of Gupta empire. He vastly extended the
Gupta Empire by his conquests with judicious combination of
diplomacy policy and warfare. He used matrimonial policy
against Nagas and Vakatakas by marrying with Kuveranaga
(Naga princess) and his daughter Prabhavati married with
Rudrasena II (Vakataka prince). He used it to extend the
authority and constitute formidable opposition against Sakas.
He extends Gupta Empire from the Bay of Bengal in east and
Arabian Sea in west. His major conquests were against Malwa,
Gujarat and Kathiawar from western Sakas straps.

KALIDASA

He flourished the Art and Culture in his Empire which reflected

by his own court by employing the scholars and artisans of
several vocations. He established cabinet of nine gems,
Kalidasa (Sanskrit scholar) and Varahamihira (astronomer
and mathematician) well known. The famous Fahiens visited
India during his reign and spent six year in Gupta Empire. The
annexation of western provinces provides him control over
commerce with Egypt and Europe.

Portrait of Chandragupta II

(1)http://historiarex.com/e/en/219-chandra-gupta-ii-reign-ca-380-415
(2) http://holisticthought.com/chandragupta-ii-380-415-a-d/
(3) http://www.indianetzone.com/22/chandragupta_ii_a_conqueror.htm

399

ThepoetKalidasa

400424

GOTHIC WAR (376AD-382AD)

(1) http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Gothic_War_(376-382).html
(2) http://www.balkanhistory.com/goths.htm
(3) http://www.ancient.eu/visigoth/

Master Indian poet and artist. Circumstantial evidence

provesthatKalidasalived in theearly 400sC.E,adorning thecourt
of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya of Ujjaini, as of the nine
gems. Though numerousworkshavebeen attributed to hisname,
seven have been identified as genuine, including
Abhijnanasakuntala and Malavikagnimitra. His poems suggest he
wasaBrahmin,whowasaworshipperofLord Shiva.Thedateand
works of Kalidasa have beenoneofthemostperplexing questions
in history, however conceived lacking certainty. It is to be
regretted that India has not been ableto preservethehistory ofher
greatestpoetanddrama.

V.V.Mirashi,N.R.Navlekar(1969),Kalidasa:Date,LifeandWorks
BhattacharyaShastriGaurinath(1943),AConciseHistoryofClassicalSanskritLiterature.

375

Gothic War refers to warfare between Eastern Roman

Empire and Goths (Eastern Germanic tribes) in Balkans in
several periods. In the summer and autumn of 376, tens of
thousands Godos and other tribes arrive the Roman Empire
from Danube and appealing to Roman Emperor Valens for
settlement in south Danube. Emperor Valens permits this but
later following a famine due to lack of production food, Goths
and Thracians rebelled and Gothic War took place.
At winter end of 377, the war in serious began and going
382. Goths moved to Marcianopolis and near Adrianopolis
where the entrance is denied by the military trimming. In 378
Valens moved to the north of Constantinople and defeated in
Batalla de Adrianopolis. The beginning of sacking foods
happened in Danube (376-377) and later moved Vagando
(378), northwest in Dacia (379). In 380 they divide into
Terving and Greuthung moved to Pannonia and Macedonia.
In 381 western Empire force lead return Goths to Thrace and
finally 382 La Paz was done.

THEARMENIANALPHABET

Caption

Armenian works had originally been written in Cuneiform

script, but this was considered unfit,asithad been utilised forpagan
purposes, for the religious works of Christianity. In late4th century,
King Vramshapuh commissioned the setup of a new script, in order
to translate the Bible. The alphabet, consisting of 36 letters, were
formed with the o ne letter for one sound basis, following the most
advanced languageofthetime,Greek,and isdated to 405 C.E.Most
of the letters in Armenian also denote numerical values. The letters
which were created were deemed so perfectthatchangeshavenever
rarely been made to them. The new script precedented a literary
boom, leading the 5th century to be known as the Golden Age of
ArmenianLiterature.

ArmenianAlphabets

Sack of Rome by Visigoths

Maksoudian,KrikorH.(1978),TheOriginsofArmenianAlphabetandLiterature
Daniels,Peter&Bright,William(1996),TheWorldsWritingSystems

Kumargupta I

THE AJANTA CAVES

Kumaragupta I was a famous emperor of Gupta Empire who

ruled during 415-455 CE. He was the son of emperor
Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II). The Gupta Empire attained its
zenith during his time. He has been said to be almost equal to
Indra in a statement of Tumain inscription. His empire was very
vast, extending from Bengal to Kathiawar and from the
Himalayas to the Narmada in the south. During his reign, there
were very less number of invasions in the state, but in the last
times of Kumaragupta I, Gupta Empire started to decline. It is
said that he had performed Ashvamedha after defeating the
invasions. He had also issued different gold and silver coins.

The Ajanta Caves are described as the finest surviving

examples of Indian art, particularly painting, by ASI. This is a
Buddhist Cave and include mainly paintings and sculptures.
The caves were built in two phases with first phase starting
around 2nd century BCE and the second group of caves built in
a brief period of 460 to 480 CE according to the recent proposal
of Walter M. Spink. The site is a protected monument of ASI
and been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983.
The earliest group of caves are believe to get constructed
during the 2nd century BCE, during the ruling period of
Satavahana dynasty. The second phase of construction of
cave begun in 5th century and most of the work took place over
the very brief period from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of
Harishena of the Vakataka dynesty.
Padmpani Mural, Ajanta Cave No. 1
After the fall of Harishena Ajanta Caves were abandoned and
gradually forgotten during the Gupta dynesty and but it was
rediscovered again in 1819 by John Smith.

He is said to a peace loving emperor and he promoted

Hinduism. In Borobudur, Java, many temples were built in the
same style like Guptas.

IMAGE

Ganguly, Dilip Kumar, The Imperial Guptas and Their Times, 1987, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi
Agrawal, Ashvini, Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, 1989, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Delhi
http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/53/Gold_Coin_of_Kumaragupta_I.jpg

425 CE

449 CE

Rajesh Kumar Singh (2012). An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves. Hari Sena Press Pvt. Ltd.
Walter M. Spink (2005). Ajanta: The end of the Golden Age. BRILL.

450

Conquest of Carthage by Vandals

SACK OF 455

Carthage is a city in Tunisia and earlier it was the centre of

ancient Carthagian civilization. In Greek language its meaning

The sack of 455 was the second of three sacks of Rome, it

was conducted by Vandals. The sack of 455 is considered as
being more thorough than the previous sack, because the
Vandals looted and plundered Rome for fourteen days
whereas previously the city was plundered for only three
days.

is new city. Vandals were East Germanic tribe or group of

tribes. In 439 CE, king of Vandals Gaiseric defeated the
Roman general Bonifacius easily because of disaffection of
African Christians and then Gaiseric made the city his capital.
But after some decades war started and the Eastern Roman
Empire subdued the Vandals in the Vandalic war 533-534 CE.
Gaiseric had recalibrated the state calander, declaring the
occupation of the city in 439 to be the year of Carthage- i.e,

Invasion of the roman empire

year one of his reign, and of the kingdom as a whole.

474

The most controversial and amazing thing about the sack of

455 is that the sack was relatively non-violent and clean. Very
few people got killed and Vandals did not destroy or burn the
city but many Romans were taken back to Africa as slaves.
The words of St. Jerome The city which had taken the whole

Looting by Vandals in Rome

IMAGE
high res

to recapture the richest lands of their former empire.

world was itself taken, written after sack of 410 could easily
have been used to describe the sack of 455 and this time
more efficiently. Just 21 years after this incident, the last
western Roman emperor was deposed.

Merrilis Andrew & Miles Richard, The Vandals, November 2013, Wiley-Blackwell
Jaques Tony, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A-E, 2007, Greenwood Publishing Group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png

Peter Heather (2005). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University
Press.
Peter Heather (2010). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History. Pan Macmillan.
REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

Gaiseric looted the coast of Eastern and Western empires for

35 year but after Attila the Huns death, Romans turned back

Julius Nepos

ARYABHATA

Julius Nepos(430-480AD) ruled on western empire and

Roman Dalmatia(468-480AD). He was son of Nepotianus,
master of soldiers and nephew of Marcellinius. He started his
career as the governer of provenance of Dalitlama. His wife
was niece of Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, his name Nepos
was given by Leo I in 474 AD in order to end the reign of
Glycerius.

Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He

lived in Pataliputra, Patna. A verse mentions that Aryabhata
was the head of an institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and,
because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the
time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated
that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda
university as well.

As an emperor he tried to merge the Western roman emperor

with Italy and Illyria. He also settled a peace settlement with
Visigoths and their king Euric.
Overall Julius Nepos was one of the most capable emperors
of Western Roman Empire, but Roman Senate always hated
him because of his relation with Eastern roman emperor.
In 475 AD he appointed the Orestes as Magitier Millitium , by
whom Nepos got cheated . Orestes took over the governance
of western empire and made his son Romulus Augustus as
emperor. But Odoacer killed the Orestes and gave back
empire to Nepos on the statement of Eastern emperor Zeno.
In 480AD, Nepos was assassinated by his own soldier.

In 511 AD, he gave the concept of mathematical equations for

describing the rotation of earth on its own axis. This discovery
was one of his remarkable ones and is very much accurate
also. He said that the earth revolves around the sun and the
moon rotates around the earth. He discovered the positions of
nine planets and stated that these planets also revolve
around the sun. He discovered scientific reasons for both
solar and lunar eclipses, claiming that the shadow cast by the
earth and the moon cause the eclipses. He also stated the
correct number of days in a year are 365.

Tremissis of Julius Neops

Shalu Sharma (2014). Life and Works of Aryabhata.Createspace Independent Publishing

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37461/Aryabhata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata
http://www.famous-mathematicians.com/aryabhata/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nepos
Late Roman Warlords by MAC George ISBN no:0-19-925244-0
http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/julius-nepos.htm

475

499

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata

500 CE

525 CE

Mausoleum of Theodoric

Aryabhata
Aryabhata (476-550AD) was first great mathematician
astronomer from Indian Classical age. We do not have his
birth place, but He was firstly mentioned by Bhaskra I as
Asamkiya, one who belong to Asmaka country.
He went to Kusumpura for higher education; Kusumpura is
indentified to be Modern Patna. He was head of institution
Kulapa there. He had also set up an observatory at Sun
temple Bihar.
He is well remembered for his famous contribution to Indian
mathematics and Astronomy called Aryabhatiya. The
another major work, Arya-siddhanta is lost work but it is
known through the writings of Varahmihara, Bhaskara I and
Brahamgupta.
He introduced the number system in Aryabhatiya which hs
been used from many centuries, value of Pie and Knowledge
of Zero. In his system of astronomy, called audKya, in which
he mentioned about the elliptic orbit of planet.
His works influenced other culture and mathematics.

Statue of Aryabhata in IUCAA, Pune

The Ostrogothic (eastern German people) ruler Theodoric

the Great built the ancient monument, Mausoleum of
Theodoric as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy). It was built
in 520 AD as his burial place.

Statue of Aryabhatta at IUCAA, Pune

Its structure consists of two decagons, placed one over the

other. The upper decagon is roofed by a big monolithic
dome. In contrast to other monuments, the Mausoleum of
Theodoric is made of carved stones instead of bricks or
stone blocks. The stones were imported from Istria,
including the solid circular stone that forms the roof of the
building. This roof stone is 11 m in diameter and around a
meter thick. It remains unclear how this 230-ton stone was
transported from Istria or lifted onto the top of the building.

Mausoleum of Theodoric
http://www.turismo.ra.it/eng/Discover-the-area/Art-and-culture/Unesco-world-heritage/Mausoleum-of-Theoderic
http://www.european-traveler.com/italy/the-mausoleum-of-theodoric-in-ravenna/

VISHNUGUPTA
Vishnugupta was the last known major ruler of the Gupta
Dynasty, the death of whom in 550 AD marked the end of the
Gupta rule and the golden age of the country. Less is known
about him. By the excavations in Nalanda, some copper coins
suggest his given reign and that he was the son of
Kumargupta III and grandson of Narsimhagupta Baladitya.
The excavations also suggest that his rule extended from
Magadh up to Nothern Bengal. Some records suggest that
Isanavarman (suggested in records to be the son of the sister
of Vishnugupta) took the title of maharaja in 551-552 AD just
after the death of Vishnugupta. His attacks have been evident
from before by the inscriptions obtained which are dated 554
AD. Some text also regard Narsimhagupta, the grandfather of
Vishnugupta as the last king of the Gupta Empire. No such
development in terms of arts, literature, and architecture is
evident in his period. His time period of rule was only of 10
years which are anyways less for any ruler to do such
activities. The end of Gupta Empire thus brought in the rule of
another great ruler, Harshvarshan.

Prasanna (525 550 CE):

After Narendra (previous king of Sarabhapuriya),
Prasanna became the king of Sarabhapuriya dynasty.
The name of the dynasty is known as Sarabhapuriyas
because their earliest grants were issued from
Sarabhapura town. He was the son of Jayaraja and
grandson of Sudevaraja. His full name was
Prasannamatra which is found on his coin. He is the
only Sarabhapuriya king whose gold coins have been
discovered. His coins are found in many regions like
Kalahandi in Orissa, Chanda in Maharashtra and
Chattisgarh area. These coins are divided into two
halves. Upper part has the figure of Garuda with
spread out wings in centre and a conch and a chakra
on either side. The lower portion has the legend SriPrasannamatra in box-headed character. This also
suggests that Vaishnava character of the Sarabhapuriya
Kings. The issue of coins by him seems to indicate that
He was a powerful king. Later he founded a city
named Prasannapura on the river Nidila. Later it
became the capital of the Amararya-kula. He ruled
about 25 years.

Gold coin of Prasannamatra

The ruins of Nalanda, from where the

excavations helped discovering the king.

Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir.450-1200 AD;B P Sinha;ISBN- 8170170591; Pg. No. 92

Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas; Ashvini Agrawal; ISBN-8120805925 ; pg. no. 239

INSCRIPTION OF THE SARBHAPURIYAS, PANDUVAMSINS AND SOMAVAMSINS part 1 by Ajay Mitra Shastri
http://puratattva.in/2011/08/04/the-sarabhapuriyas-800

525 CE

549 CE

Battle of Camlann (537 CE):

The Battle of Camlann was the final battle of King Arthur
with his enemy Mordred (Medraut). King Arthur was the
legendary king of British who led the defence of Britain
against many invaders in early 6th century. The battle was
caused by King Arthur's return to Camelot, after his quest
to hunt down Sir Lancelot. King Arthur had learned of
Guenevere and Sir Lancelot's affair, so Sir Lancelot fled to
France. Arthur wanted to take revenge from him; but his
enemy, Mordred, took over Britain. When Arthur returned
and tried to take back his kingdom, Mordred refused. A
battle erupted, and Arthur was severely wounded. Arthur
was mortally wounded at the battle. In the End, Arthur
became victorious. Merlin, the king's enchanter (an
incarnation of the Doctor) placed his body and the sword
Excalibur in an inter dimensional spaceship and hid it at
the bottom of Lake Vortigern. An entry in Annales
Cambriae:

550

574

AVLOKITESHWARA(GUANYIN) IDOL

How Mordred was Slain by Arthur

"Gueith camlann inqua arthur & medraut corruerunt

et mortalitas in brittannia et in hibernia fuit."

(The strife of Camlann in which Arthur and Medraut perished, and there was plague in Britain and Ireland)
http://tardis.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann
https://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=isch&q=battle+of+camlann+high+resolution+pictures&ei=YxcYVer2CY3V8gWFr4Bo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann
http://www.camlann.org/battle_of_camlann.htm

A sculpture of a bodhisattva made of sandstone and

pigment, dated 550-560AD in the Northern Qi Dynasty,
China.
A Bodhisattva is an enlightened being in Buddhism who
does not pursue nirvana but enlightens himself living in the
world. A possible way to differentiate idols of them with ne of
Buddha is to see that they are usually heavily adorned. The
bodhisattva found in the remains of the Northern Qi dynasty
in China, presently in the Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New
York is stated as Avlokiteshwara (or Guanyin), the
bodhisattva of compassion. The hugeness of the sculpture
and the quality of adornment points towards the growing
devotion in Guanyin in Chinese culture and standardization
of Chinese Buddhist art. A similar idol is present in the
British Museum as well. The artistic touch in the sculptures
in the time of Northern Qi dynasty is more than in the
counterparts in other dynasties. Apart from Buddha, whose
sculptures depict simple clothing, these sculptures
specifically attribute to the fact of them residing on earth.
China, A history, John Keay, ISBN 978-0-00-722178-3; Pg. no.256,216-239
Chinese Sculpture; Anjela Falco Howard, ISBN-9780300100655, Pg No. 274

Sculpture of Bodhisattva, probably

Avlokiteshwara, Northern Qi Dynasty,550-77

SHASHANKA

Pope Gregory I

Shashanka was the first independent ruler of Bengal (Gauda) from

600 CE to 625 CE. His capital was Karnasuvarna
(Murshidabad)[1]. His kingdom spread to Magadha, Orrisa,
Kongoda, Vanga and Kannauj. He was contemporary of
Harshavardhana. Shanshaka was a very powerful monarch and
defeated Rajyavardhan, Grahavarman and Harshavardhana.
Shashanka was referred to asThe lord of the earth, Mahimpati girdled by the four oceans
in inscriptions on copper plates of Midnapur and Ganjam[3]. He
followed Shaivism and suppressed Buddhism. According to Hiuen
Tsang, Shashanka cut down the Bodhi tree, the tree where
Buddha got his enlightment and tried to efface the footprint of
Buddha on a stone[2]. But it is also said that he built many
monasteries and supported Raktamrittika Vihara. Architecture in
his time include Rajbaridanga which contained several stupas and
rooms[1]. It was because of Shashanka that Bengal was brought
into competition with other states to control rest of India. He died of
a foul disease[3].

St. Gregory, born at Rome about the year 540, was the son of
Gordianus, a wealthy senator, who later renounced the world
and became one of the seven deacons of Rome. After he had
acquired the usual thorough education, Emperor Justin the
Younger appointed him, in 574, Chief Magistrate of Rome,
though he was only thirty-four years of age.
After the death of Pelagius, St. Gregory was chosen Pope by
the unanimous consent of priests and people. Now began
those labors which merited for him the title of Great. His zeal
extended over the entire known world, he was in contact with
all the Churches of Christendom and, in spite of his bodily
sufferings, and innumerable labors, he found time to compose
a great number of works. He is known above all for his
magnificent contributions to the Liturgy of the Mass and
Office. He is one of the four great Doctors of the Latin Church.

Pope Gregory 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245549/Saint-Gregory-I
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06780a.htm

575 CE

599 CE

Gold coins during Shashankas rule[1]

http://www.indianetzone.com/69/shashanka.htm
V.K Agnihotri(1981), Indian History, Allied Publishers
George E. Somers(1977), Dynastic History of Magadha, Abhinav Publications

600

624

HORYU-JI TEMPLE

Simhavishnu
Simhavishnu reigned around AD 550 (a reign of thirty-plus
years), beginning the Pallava revival. He recreated a strong
Pallava kingdom by subduing many kings in the south (such
as the Kalabhras, Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras, and the king of
Ceylon). His kingdom soon extended beyond Kanchi (as far
as the River Kaveri). Through his naval expeditions he
subdued Malaya (Indo-China) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
Simhavishnu also patronised literature and poetry. He was
said to be a patron of the great Sanskrit poet, Bharavi, and
was himself a Vaishnavite Hindu by religion.
Simhavishnu is known to have been the patron of
the Sanskrit poet Bharavi, who wrote
of the duel
between Siva and Arjuna known as Kirata Arjuneeya, after
which Lord Shiva blessed Arjuna with the divine 'Pasupata'
missile. The structure of Bharavi's play suggests that it was
written for koodiyattam plays for worship in temples during
festivals. Kirata
Arjuneeya is used
as a subject
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhavishnu
http://www.historyindia.org/

Stone Carving of king Simhavishnu

Horyu-ji ("Temple of the Flourishing Law") is the oldest surviving

Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan, and is one of
the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world[1]. It was founded
in 607 by Prince Shotoku Taishi, an early convert to Buddhism, as
a dedication to Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of healing[2]. It
features a five-tiered pagoda housing symbolic relics of the
Buddha, a monumental gateway, a lecture hall (kodo) and an
image hall (kondo) among the many structures in the complex.
The pagoda, which stands 106.5ft tall, is constructed around a
single wooden column that raises the interior height of the
building and the eaves of the pagoda are supported by
cantilevered cloud pattern bracket arms, indicating Asuka style of
architecture[3]. It is believed that the base of the pagoda is
enshrined with a fragment of one of Buddhas bones. The temple
contains several famous statues like Kudara Kannon, that of
Yakushi Nyorai and Yumedono Kannon as well as murals
containing the paintings of Shaka, Amida, Miroku and Yakushi
The pagoda of Horyu-ji temple[3].
Nyorai Bhuddas.

IMAGE
high res

Christopher E.M. Pearson (2014). 1000 Monuments of Genius. Parkstone International.

Beth Reiber (2012). Frommers Japan. John Wiley & Sons.
Marian Moffett, Michael W. Fazio, Lawrence Wodehouse(2003). A World History of Architecture. Laurence King Publishing

Bhaskara I

NARASIMHAVARMAN I

Bhaskara was a seventh century Indian mathematician, who

writes the numbers in Hindu decimal system with a circle for
the zero. He was a famous scholar Aryabhatas astronomical
school. He wrote two books, the Mahabhaskariya, this is called
the greet book of Bhaskara and the Laghubhaskariya ,this is
called small book of Bhaskara. He also wrote commentaries on
the work of Aryabhatta I. In the Mahabhaskariya there are eight
chapters all are about mathematical astronomy. He gives a
formula which is used to calculate maximum error of less than
one percent and the formula is:

sin

16x x

, 0
4
2

5 2

Bhaskara I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:7th-century_Indian_people
http://scientistsinformation.blogspot.in/2009/07/bhaskara-was-indian-mathematician-of.html

Narasimhavarman I was a Tamil King who belongs to Pallava

dynasty. He ruled the south India from 630 AD- 668 AD. He
was the successor of Mahendraverman I. He completed the
work started by Mahendraverman in Mahabalipuram. He also
avenged his fathers death at the hands of Chalukya King,
Pulakesin II in 642 AD. He was also known as Mamallan and
the place called Mahabalipuram is named after him. It was
during his kingship that Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang visited
Kanchipuram. He gives an interesting description of Pallavas
and their people. He was a great devotee of Shiva. He was
succeeded by his son Mahendravarman in year 668 AD. He
was the greatest ruler of the Pallavas. People were happy
under his monarchy and there was an abundance of
agricultural products. Narasimhavarman has a great influence
on Srilankan politics. The Sinhalese prince lived at his court.
The prince helped him to crush his enemy Pulakesin II.
Narasimha supplied Manavarma with twice an army to invade
Srilanka and in the second attempt, Manavarma occupied Sril
Lanka.

India and South Asia between 650-675 CE

http://www.timemaps.com/history/south-asia-500ad
Sastri, K A N (2008). A History of South India (4th ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535

625

649

Conquest of Persia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Jq0damMgUU

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535

650

674

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/the-pallavas-kingdom-origin-and-life-under-the-pallavas/2535Sikh

Missionary Society

Within the one year of Muhammads death in 632, Arabia was

secure enough to allow his heir, Abu Bakr, who was the first
caliph, to begin the campaign against the Sassanid Empires.
Arabia first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633, which was
the political and economic center of the Sassanid state. Abu
Bakr defeated the Byzantine army at Damascus in 635 and
then began his conquest of Persia. Arab forces occupied the
Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon in 637 and than in 641-642 thet
defeated the Sassanid army at Nahavand. After that, Persia
lay open to the attackers.
Than
the
Muslims
offered
relative
religions
Islamic attack in Persia tolerance and fair treatment of
population that accepted Islamic rule without any resistance.

Sikh Missionary Society

FIRST ISLAMIC WAR

Sikh Missionary Society

In 656 Medina (Yathrib), the 3rd caliph, i.e. Successor of

Mohammad
Sikh Missionary
wasSociety
murdered. He had appointed members of

Islamic attack in Persia

his own family as regional governors and caused bitter

jealousy among other families. This caused an angry mob of
500 to murder him. This gave Ali an opportunity to claim
power. Some claim that Ali plotted Uthmans murder. The
civil war broke out which continued to nearly 4 years. In
1661, an assassination attempt has been made on Ali ibn
Abu Talib, the son in law of Mohammad, and he dies of his
wounds, aggravating a split between his supporters, called
Shia Muslims. The Umayyad regime was founded by
Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680), long-time governor of
Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War. Muawija
became caliph. He moved the capital from Medina to
Damascus. His followers were called the Umayyads.
Muawija was one of the soldiers who helped capture
Damascus and for 25 years he had served as governor of
Syria. Muawija began the practice of appointing his own son
as the next caliph, and so the Umayyads ruled for the next
90 years.

Part of the Islamic Civil War

Islam: An Illustrated History By Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart Christopher Munro-Hay Pg-40
http://timelines.ws/0600AD_999AD.HTML
http://www.fsmitha.com/time/ce07.htm

Sangameswara Temple

BATTLE OF KARBALA
The Battle of Karbala was a military engagement that took
place on 10th of October, 680 in Karbala (present day Iraq)
between the Prophets of Islam led by Husayn Ibn Ali, the
grandson of Muhammad and forces of Yazid I, the second
Ummayad caliph. It is the battle which separated Sunni and
Shia Islam. The battle was a defining moment in Islamic
history. It has been described as indescribably tragic and as
casting its shadow over all subsequent Muslim history
(Bennett 1998, 149). In Shia Islam, Ashurah is the annual
commemoration of Husayns martyrdom. Yazid becomes the
epitome of evil. The battle is viewed differently by Shia and
Sunni. Both regard it as deeply tragic but for Shia it marks the
departure from Sunni Islam. Shia Muslims mourn the death of
Husayn on Ashurah and on this day, speeches emphasize the
values for which Husayn sacrificed himself and his family and
followers. Resisting oppression and speaking out against
tyranny have become values that are readily associated with
the Shia culture.

Sangameshwara
temple
in
Kurnool
district
of
Andhra
Pradesh, was built around 696 to
733 AD. This temple is known to
be one of the oldest and beautiful
temples
built
in
Chalukya
Dynasty.

IMAGE
Battle of Karbala

REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312214/Battle-of-Karbala
REFERENCES - http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Battle_of_Karbala
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala

675

Temple is dedicated to Lord

Shiva. They say that when
Pandavas wanted to pray Lord
Shiva, they felt this place as
sacred place as it is situated at
the confluence of Bhavanasi and
Krishna rivers.
They
say
that
Nivruthi
Sangameswaram
has
great
spiritual significance because of
its antiquity

Sangameshwara temple: By Vijayaditya SatyashrayA, a great Chalukya King

http://indierovers.blogspot.in/2014/05/ir2-state-of-our-ruins.html

Reference:- Temples of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh". Indianetzone. Jupiter Infomedia. 2008

699

700

PAPANATHA TEMPLE

Pepin the Short: Frankish Kingdom

Papanath temple is built in the vesara style which is dated

back to 680. The temple which was started in nagara style
was later changed to a more balanced Dravidian style.
Scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata are depicted in
the sculptures here. The temple has a portico, a main hall,
sanctum with an encircled pathway and an antechamber.
The main hall has 16 pillars. The pillars have fine figures of
couples and carved figures of females. A royal court is
depicted on the north western wall. The ceiling has
impressive figures of Shiva-Parvathi along with Vishnu and
the Gandharvas. External walls have figures of lion and
elephant riders and also Ramayana scenes. The temple is
built in various stages and has many similarities with the
Navabrahma temples in Alampur, Andhra Pradesh which
were also built by the Badami Chalukyas.

Dates: Birth 717 to 768, September, AD

IMAGE

Papanatha temple at Pattadakal

724

The first Carolingian King of the Franks. (Now known as

France)
Pepin the Short played an integral role in establishing holy
Roman Empire.
He began the work of subduing the Saxons, which was
Finished by his son, Charlemagne.
One of the influential factors to claim superiority of Catholic
Church over Constantionople.
For the recognition from Pope, he defended Rome
against the Lombards.
Donation of Pepin: Land given by Pepin to Pontiff and the
Catholic Church, after known as Roman Catholic Church,
from Byzantine Christian Exarch of Ravenna.
Also recorded as one of the most evil people due to
forgeries he created
Pepin The King: Ruler of
Nustria, Burgundy and Provence

REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattadakal
REFERENCES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty

References:
ONE-EVIL.org, Organization for the unified understanding, revelation and truth of Evil.
The Original Catholic Encyclopedia

Vikramaditya-II

Cordoba

Vikramaditya-II(reigned 733 CE-744 CE) was the

son of King Vijayaditya. After the death of his father, he
ascended the badami chalukya throne. At that time, the
Pallavas of Kanchipuram was their enemy. As a prince,
Vikramaditya has conducted military campaigns against
Pallavas. Capture of Kanchipuram on three occasions
were his important achievements, first time as a prince,
second time as an emperor and third time under leadership
of his son Kirtivarman-II. He invaded the Pallava kingdom
after 735. After victory, he ensured that beautiful
monuments were not destroyed and the residents were not
harmed. Many donations were made to Brahmins and
weak citizens. He transformed himself into a humble
devotee of god in the temple of Kanchipuram. In
Virupaksha temple, Kailasanatha temple and many other
temples, the inscriptions about benevolent acts of
Vikramaditya-II were recorded. The victories against
Chera, Chola and Pandyas were also written in his
inscription.

Vikramaditya-II

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90201/Chalukya-dynasty
www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chalukya_dynasty

Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba

REF: http://www.spainthenandnow.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba

725

749

BATTLE OF TOURS
The Battle of Tours was fought on 10th October, 732
in an area between Tours and Poitiers, in north-central
France. So, this battle is often called Battle of Poitiers. It
was fought between forces under Frankish leader Charles
Martel and Islamic leader Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. During
the battle, Islamic army was defeated by the Franks. Abdul
Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed. Charles Martel extended his
authority in south. The outcome of this battle was
interpreted as divine judgment in favour of Charles by
some historians. Charles Martel was given a nickname
Martellus which means Hammer. Charles was also called
the champion of Christianity. After the battle, Ummayad
army retreated south over the Pyrenees and in the
subsequent years Charles continued to drive the
Ummayad forces from France. According to historian, this
battle was characterized as a turning point in the struggle
against Islam. After the battle, Christianity as a religion was
preserved in Europe.

Cordoba is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, capital of the

province of Cordoba. This city was the capital of the province
of Baetica under the rule of the Roman Emperor Augustus.
The citys greatest glory started in 756 as it became the
capital of al-Andalus(Islamic Spain), when Christian
Hispania(Spain and Portugal) empire was conquered by the
Muslims. During this period the Great Mosque of Cordobaalso known as La Mezquita was rebuilt. This MosqueCathedral was originally a Catholic church, which was built on
the ruins of the Roman temple of Janus and when Muslims
conquered Spain the church was divided into Muslim and
Christian halves, it was after demolishing this that the Great
Mosque of Cordoba was built. It again became a Catholic
church in the 13th century. The city grew even bigger in the
next centuries under the Islamic empire until it came to the
downfall in 1031A.D. The city dazzled with multicultural
activity, with Muslims, Jews and Christians mingling at
different levels. Cordoba had a booming economy, had well
organised communities and was a centre of learning in
Europe.

750

774

Dharmapala

Charles Martel(mounted) facing Abdul

Rahman Al Ghafiqi(right)

Gibbon, Edward The Battle of Tours, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Watson, William E., "The Battle of Tours-Poitiers Revisited"
Creasy, Edward Shepherd (1851/2001). Decisive Battles of the World. Simon Publications

Dharmapala was the second ruler of the Pala Empire. He

took over the throne from his father Gopala, who established
the Pala Empire in the Bengal and Bihar region of Indian
subcontinent in 770A.D. and ruled it until 810A.D. He
expanded the boundaries of the Pala Empire and made it a
dominant power in north-east India. He defeated king
Indraraja of Guraja-Pratiharas of Kanauj. But later he was
defeated by Vastraraja of Pratiharas and King Dhruva of
Rashtrakutas, who also defeated Vastraraja. Then Dhruva
left for Deccan, the defeat did not affect Dharmapala much
but Pratiharas were badly mauled and Dharmapala availed
this opportunity and made himself Lord of North India
(Uttarapathasvamin). He was a patron of Buddhism, built
Somapura Mahavihara-greatest Buddhist Vihara which
became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. He revived
the Nalanda University and founded the Vikramshila
University. He remained a dominant ruler in North India till
the end of his life. He was succeeded by his son Devapala.

Vikrmashila University

REF: http://www.hawaiilibrary.net/article/whebn0005579182/dharmapala%20(emperor)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)
http://www.snipview.com/q/Dharmapala%20(emperor)

AMOGHAVARSHA NRUPATUNGA

GURJARA PRATIHARA
DYNASTY:
The Gurjara Pratihara was an imperial
dynasty that rules much of Northern India
from mid-7th to the 11th century. It is also
known as Pratihara Empire. There are many
rulers how rule on Gurjara Pratihara in
between 7th to 11th century. Vatsaraja is one
of the great ruler how rule in (780 CE-800
CE). He was grand-nephew of Nagabhata,
he also rule(750 CE-780CE) Gurjara
Pratihara,
his
mother
was
queen
Bhuyikadevi. Gwalior inscription tells that
Vatsaraja conquered parts of central
Rajasthan after defeating the Bhandi clan
and also defeat Indrayudh of Kannauj and
Dharampala of Bengal.
Reference:

Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga was one of the greatest kings that

India has seen. He is known to be the greatest of Rashtrakuta
Kings, a dynasty that ruled the large part of India between 6th
and 10th century C.E. Amoghavarsha was born in 800 C.E.
He was on his throne in the year 814 C.E at an early age of
14. He waged wars against many of the contemporaries like
the Chalukyas and won them. He reign lasted for more than
60 years.
Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga was a patron of Jains and
Kannada literature. Both of these flourished under him. The
king himself and his court author Sri Vijaya wrote the
Kavirajamarga. It is the earliest available work on poetic,
rhetoric and grammar in Kannada language. An Arab visitor,
Sulaiman (851 C.E) has addressed him with the title King of
Kings apart from the numerous indigenous titles.

Pratihara
avatar)

coin

(boar-headed

Vishnu

IMAGE

The extent of Rashtrakuta Empire

(800CE - 915 CE)

REFERENCES - https://ithihas.wordpress.com/2013/04/02/amoghavarsha-nripatunga-the-king-of-kings/
http://www.gktoday.in/rastrakuta-empire/
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491822/Rashtrakuta-dynasty

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249669/Gurjara-Pratihara-dynasty
History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 228

775 CE

799 CE

HARUN UR RASHID 786 CE:

Harun al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph.
He born in 763 CE, and he was the sun of AlMahdi and Al-Khayzuran. He ruled in
Baghdad from 786 to 809 CE during the peak
of Islamic Golden Age. He was 22 years

800

824

VIKINGS
Around 800 C.E vast number of Scandinavians left their
properties and went seafaring in search of better
fortune. They were primarily people from the current day
Denmark, Norway and Sweden looking for riches but
have been often regarded as pirates or raiders. The
word Vikings originates from the Scandinavian word
Vikingr that means pirates.

old at the time of his accession to power

and at that time his father Al-Mahadi he
had been the governor of the western
provinces and he led military campaigns
against the Byzantines. His full name is
Harun al-Rashid ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi.
He established the ancient library Bayt alHikma in Baghdab in present-day Iraq, and
during his rule Baghdad began to develop as
a centre of knowledge, culture and trade.
During the reign of the Harun al-Rashid
(city Baghadad began to develop)
Reference:
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WBodU7eS5dUC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=Harun+ur+Rashid+786+CEs
source=bl&ots=0OI9Nvbl2z&sig=aE9k_SFqGmT5IlhSzHEB_KS4KMg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q30ZVaeWNszHuAT6go
DADg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Harun%20ur%20Rashid%20786%20CE&f=false

At the very beginning of the 9th century C.E, they made

their mark by raiding the monastery of St. Philiberts on
Noirmoutier, near the estuary of the Loire River. This
was the first Viking attack in continental Europe.
Thereafter, they have made attacks and settlements
along many coastal and inland cities of European
countries like Britain, France, Russia, Scottish Islands
and others. They have invaded the British Islands of
Iona twice during 802 and 805.

Caption
The Viking Ships of 9th Century

REFERENCES - http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/vikings-history
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab86

SAMRAAT MIHIRA BHOJA- I

WISDOWISDOMPLACE THING

Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty

Mihira Bhoja-I (836-885 CE) was a ruler of Gurjar Pratihara

dynasty. He succeeded his father Ramabhadra and was
succeeded by his son Mahender Pal-I. During his reign, his
empire extended over large areas from the foot of Himalayas
up to the river Narmada. The territories were rich and
prosperous and also rich in natural resources. Bhoja was a
great devotee of Lord Vishnu and adopted the title of
Adivaraha. His coins have an inscription of Adivaraha. Many
temples made by him still survive, one of which includes Teli
Mandir, near Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, marks the presence
of Vishnu on earth. The architecture and design feature an
outstanding fusion of architectural styles: the roof resembling
Dravidian while the decoration resembles the art of North
India.
Statue of Gurjar Samraat Mihira Bhoja-I

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64156/Mihira-Bhoja
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja_I
Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

825

Ancient Indian History and Civilization

http://iyadav.com/history/yadavs-of-devgiri/

849

THE HOUSE OF WISDOM

850

874

Viking Age

The House of wisdom was founded by Caliph Harun alRashid and culminated under his son al-Mamun. It was a
major intellectual center during the Islamic golden age.
Under the reign of al mamun, the economic support of the
house of wisdom increased and the society appreciated the
value of knowledge. Al mamun is credited with bringing well
known scholars to the house of wisdom for sharing new
ideas and information. The house of wisdom attracted most

The Seuna, or Yadavas of Devagiri (850 - 1334 CE),

was an Indian dynasty, sometimes believed to be of
descendent of a mythical king Yadu. They a kingdom
stretching from the Tungabhadra to Narmada rivers,
with capital at Devagiri (present day Daulatabad in
modern Maharashtra). Initially Yadavas were
feudatory rulers of Western Chalukyas, after the
decline of Chalukya Empire they declared their
independence and established rule that ended in 13
century after the decline of Singhana II. There are
many stories and evidences of Seunas origin, one of
which suggest that they were the descents from the
Devagiri the capital of Yadavas
Chandravanshi (Yaduvanshis) to which belonged the
legendary Mahabharata hero Krishna. They were
originally from Mathura and later moved to Dwarka. Other stories suggested that they were
Maratha or Old Kannada descents.
The founder of Seuna Dynasty was Dridhaprahara, the son of Subahu, he founded the city of
Chandradityapura, and the modern Chandor as it headquarter. Seuna Chandra the son of
Dridhaprahara helped Rashtrakutas in their war against Pratiharas (835-860 CE).

Scholars discussing at house of wisdom

of the Arab and Persian minds. The house was also a center
for the research, astronomical observation and humanities. It
was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. They destroyed all
the books. Indeed the house of wisdom was much more
than a library, it had laid the foundation of research work.
http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/abbasids%E2%80%99-house-wisdom-baghdad
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom
Jonathan Lyons (2009).The house of wisdom: How the Arabs transformed western civilization. Bloomsbury publishing
Image courtesy: Wikipedia

The Great Britain faced the barbaric invasion by Viking in the

9th century as the Viking Age continued from the previous
century. The raid was uneven until 840s CE, but in 850s the
Viking armies began to assemble in large groups by intension
of conquering the England and by the end of 867 CE they
took over York and the southern part of Northumbria. Under
the leadership of Ragnar Hairy-Breeks and his son Ivarr the
Boneless they destroyed the fortress of British Kings of
Strathclyde and also killed King of Northumbria and East
Angles. Later under the control of Viking leader, Halfdan The
Black, the Vikings had conquered Mercia in 874 CE. Under
his control the Vikings had conquered almost whole of
England.

Oseberg Ship
@ Viking Ship Museum, Osla, Norway
The burial ship of Queen Asa,
mother of Halfdan The Black

Moreover Vikings were considered as raider and warriors, but majority of them were traders and
explorers and their trade network was so extensive that it covered all of modern Europe, Russia,
Northern India, & China
The Oxford Illustrated history of the Vikings edited by Peter Sawyer (Oxford University Press, 1997)
Britain in the First Millennium by Edward James (Edward Arnold, 2001)
http://www.pointsandtravel.com/viking-queen-viking-ship-museum-in-oslo-norway/

Rise of the Chudasama Dynasty

875 CE marks the beginning of the Chudasama Dynasty. The
Chudasama Dynasty was established in Junagadh, which is in
the Saurashtra region in the state of Gujarat. An important ruler
of the Chudasama Dynasty during 875 to 899 CE was Chandra
Chuda.The Dynasty was also expanded in the districts of
Kacchh and Jamnagar. It is believed that the Chudasama
dynasty allied with the Ahir community so as to regain power in
the province of Junagadh.Chudasama are known to be the
Bhanjas (nephews) of the Ahir community.The Chudasama
Dynasty rulers mostly have their origin in the Yadu clan. The
Chudasama Dynasty had been attacked by Begarha during
several occasions. It also had small alliance with small royal
clan of the Rajputs. The last of the rulers were cruelly forced to
change their religion to Islam. The rulers of this kingdom were
addressed with the prefix "Ra. The Chudasama Dynasty was
considered to be a brave dynasty because of its rulers who had
shown great bravery and valour during invasions.

King Indra III

King Indra III(914-929 CE) was the grandson of Rashtrakuta
Krishna II and became the ruler of the empire after the early
demise of his father Jagattunga. Immediately after coming to
power, Indra III had to fight a Paramara ruler, a feudatory
of Gurjara Prathihara and routed him out of Govardhana
near Nasik. Thereafter the Paramaras became feudatories of
the Rashtrakutas. The Gurjara Pratihara ruler Mahendrapala
I was experiencing some family feuds and this gave Indra III
an opportunity to attack Kannauj in the Ganges Yamuna doab. Kannauj at this time was under the control of
the Pratihara empire.
For several years it was believed that Indore was founded in
18th century by the Holkars. But according to recent
development by historians and archaeologists Indore city's
foundation was laid nearly 1100 years ago. Rashtrakuta king
Indra III, while returning to his capital Mayankheta after
conquering Kannauj camped with his army at a site, which
gradually took the shape of current day Indore.

Chudasamas Logo

https://harshad30.wordpress.com/2014/11/03/today-at-uperkot-fort-junagadh/
https://raol1810pr.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/raizada-rajput-clan-in-gujarat/
Junagadh by K. V. Soundra Rajan

875

899

Reu, Pandit Bisheshwar Nath (1997) [1933]. History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas). Jaipur: Publication scheme.
http://dnasyndication.com/dna/article/DNIND193

External links[edit]

900

Huang Chao Rebellion

Cluny Abbey

The Tang Dynasty suffered a lot of cruelty in the end of the

ninth century. The common man had to suffer a lot. Huang
Chao came forward as a supporter of the public and initiated
a rebellion. The Tang Dynasty had to go through a rebellion
under the leadership of Huang Chao. The rebellion took place
for ten years starting from 874 CE to 884 CE. The rebellion
had a lot of crucial stages. The rebellion was a turning point
in the history of the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao had alliance
with Wang Xianzhi. The rebellion initiated with very few
people. During the rebellion, Huang Chao became the
emperor of Qi. One of the reasons of Huang Chao of not able
to conquer the Tang Dynasty was that he was not able to
convince many generals about his capability and even
refused to accept certain conditions. The Huang Chao
rebellion is also known as the Huang Chao uprising. Huang
Chao was considered to be a great ruler in support of the
people and thus a great rebellion. Huang Chao was killed by
his own nephew.

Cluny Abbey dedicated to St. Peter, is a former Benedictine

monastery
in
Cluny
France.
It
was
built
in
the Romanesque style, with three churches built in
succession from the 10th to the early 12th centuries.
Founded in 910, it was the center of a monastic reform
movement that would spread throughout Europe. The abbey
was built on a forested hunting preserve donated by William I
the Pious, duke of Aquitaine and count of Auvergne. At
Cluny the liturgy was extensive and beautiful in inspiring
surroundings, reflecting the new personally-felt wave of piety
of the 11th century. Another uniqueness of Cluny was in
its administration. Before Cluny, most monasteries were
autonomous and associated with others only informally. But
when new monasteries were founded in the Cluniac tradition,
these were designated.

http://totallyhistory.com/huang-chao-rebellion/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Chao#Rebellion

Huang Chao Rebellion

Ending an Era: The Huang Chao Rebellion of the Late Tang, by Adam Fong

IMAGE
high res

Indreshwar temple built by Indra III which led to

people settling around it and was the foundation
stone for the city of Indore.

924

IMAGE
high res

Painting of Cluny Abbey before it was mostly

destroyed.

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/cluny-abbey
Conant, Kenneth J. (1968). Cluny. Les glises et la maison du chef d'Ordre

QUEEN DIDDA OF KASHMIR:

Athelstan: The King of All Britain

Athelstan was the eldest, but illegitimate, son of King Edward
the Elder born to his common-law wife, Egwina, in AD 895. He
was brought up by his aunt at the Royal Court of Mercia and
was, thus, very popular in the Midlands and the North. After the
death of the King in 924, legitimate son Elfweard took on the
throne but just in 15 days he was murdered by Aethelstan. In
925 Athelstan became king of Wessex and Mercia. In 926 to
help consolidate his links to the North, Athelstan married his
sister to Sihtric, the Norse King of York. At the age of 32
Athelstan became overlord king of England.
In 937 Athelstan defeats alliance of Scots, Celts, Danes, and
Vikings, and takes the title of King of all Britain. Athelstan was
a religious man who patronized a number of Wessex
monasteries. He founded Muchelney Abbey in Somerset, for
example. His generosity to the Church was well-known, not just
in terms of money, but books and other holy treasures. He died
on 27th October AD 939 and was buried, not in the family
mausoleum in Winchester, but at his favorite abbey at
Malmesbury. A medieval tomb bearing his effigy can still be
seen there today. Athelstan was succeeded by his half-brother,
Edmund.

A picture of Athelstan from

Athelstan Museum Malmesbury
Wiltshire, United Kingdom

950

950 CE

974CE

RISE OF SONG DYNASTY:

Kingdom of Tondo
Tondo was a fortified Philippine kingdom whose capital was
located north of the Pasig River which flows into the Manila Bay
on the archipelagos largest island of Luzon. It is one of the older
settlements mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription
which dates back to 900 AD. Tondo was an Indianized kingdom
in the 10th century. It was based essentially on Hindu and
Buddhist cultural and economic influences that permeated most
of Southeast Asia at the time. Despite being culturally akin to
Hindu cultures, kingdoms like Tondo were truly indigenous and
independent of India but they nevertheless enthusiastically
adopted elements of raja-dharma (Hindu and Buddhist beliefs,
codes and court practices) to legitimate their own rule and
constructed cities.
According to the earliest known written document found in the
Philippines Laguna Copperplate Inscription the Ruler or
Senapati of the Kingdom Tondo is mentioned as Jaydewa, who
gave a pardon for a debt to a person Namwaran and his family.
The writing system used is the Kawi Script, while the language
is a variety of Old Malay, and contains numerous loanwords
from Sanskrit. The plate is cited as the evidence of cultural links
between Asian civilization (The Srivijaya Kingdome and Middle
Kingdoms of India) and Classical Tagalog People.

India, Kashmir, Queen Didda Rani (Sole

Reign), AD 979-1003, AE Panchi or Stater

Eminent Personalities of Kashmir by Krishan Lal Kalia (books.google.co.in)

http://www.streeshakti.com/bookD.aspx?author=6
http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=12167.0

REFERENCES
The Age of Athelstan: Britain's Forgotten History by Paul Hill
http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelstan.html
British Empire: A very short introduction by Jackson and Ashley

925

Queen Didda (958 CE-1003 CE) was one of the most influential
rulers in the history of Kashmir. She was the daughter of
Simharaja, Lord of Lohara and grand-daughter of Bhima Sahi,
ruler of Gandhara. She was married to Ksemagupta, son of
Parvagupta, ruler of Kashmir. Ksemagupta came into rule in
950 CE after his fathers death. But Ksemagupta was always
pre-occupied with drinking, debauchery and gambling.
Therefore, Queen Didda was welcomed in to the administration
of the Kingdom. She did not take much time to make her mark
and soon took full control on the administration so much that
the coins were issued in both their names together.
When Ksemagupta died, his son Abhimanyu was instilled
on the throne, under the guidance of her mother, Didda. Didda
followed nepotism but at the same time killed her followers
ruthlessly if she found them to be disloyal. She lived till 1003
CE and before she died she appointed her brothers son
Sangramarala of Lahore as her heir.

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription

(900 CE) A thin copper plate measuring
812 inches in size and inscribed with
small writing that had been hammered
into its surface.

REFERENCES
https://sites.google.com/site/truelakandula/kingdomoftondo
https://thebulwaganfoundation.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/the-kingdom-of-tondo/
History of the Philippines before European Colonization: Kingdom of Tondo, Models of Migration to the Philippines,

The song dynasty was culturally well developed in the

Chinese history. In the year 960 CE, the Emperor Taizu found
this dynasty. The song dynasty was divided into northern
song (960-1127) and southern song (1127-1279). The
Emperor Taizu ruled for over 16 years (960-976). His capital
was in Kaifeng. He set the policy that most of the government
officials should be Confucian literati who passed the imperial
exam. This policy made sure that all the officials are
intelligent, loyal and literate. Many academies were
established from where the great scientists of their time
evolved. Many great achievements in literature, technology
and arts were known. One of the most important artistic
expression of Chinese civilization is landscape painting.
During the Song dynasty, there were many great inventions
in China. Gun powder was one of the great inventions of that
time. Initially, they used it for fireworks and later for cannons
and firearms. The invention of paper and ink, typography and
the magnetic compass were other great achievements.
http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/china-history/the-song-dynasty.htm
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm
https://sites.google.com/site/sungdynastydmd/inventions
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/song-dynasty.html

This detail of a Song Dynasty painting

called An Elegant Party shows a small
banquet hosted by the emperor for
scholar-officials

Mahmud of Ghazni Invasions

RAJA RAJA CHOLA-1

Also known as Raja Kesari Verman Raja Raja Devar [1] and
peruvudaiyar. Raja Raja literally means king of kings. He
ruled Chola Empire from 985 to 1014 C.E. It was during his
reign he chola dynasty expanded its empire and he is
harbinger of chola dynasty. By conquering seven kingdoms in
India he expanded Chola Empire till Sri Lanka in the south
and Kalinga (Orissa) in the North-East. He is a great
conqueror,an able administrator
And a great builder [2].

Mahmud of Ghazni was the most important ruler of Ghaznavid

empire. He was the eldest son of Abu Mansur Subuktigin and
was born in 971 AD. He died in 1030 AD.
He was the first ruler to get the title of Sultan. He succeeded
his father in 997 AD at the age of 27. He was an ambitious
ruler. Between 1000AD to 1027AD he is believed to have
raided India 17 times. At the time of his conquests Rajput
power had declined. India during that period of time was of the
richest countries of the world. Politically India was unstable at
that time. To accumulate this wealth of India, spread Islam
and to make Ghazni, his capital city, centre of power in
Central Asia, he decided to attack India.
He raided many temples of India because of the enormous
wealth they had. During the period he also raided the famous
Somnath Temple of India.
Because of these attacks, India became weak both politically
and economically and became more prone to foreign attacks.

He was a great patron of Tamil literature. During his reign the

poems of famous Tamil poets like Appar,Sambandar and
Sundarar are collected and edited into a single book called
Thirumurai
He built a temple called Brihadeeshwara temple which is one
of the largest and tallest temples in India
Caption
1.

http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article432582.ece

2.

A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana) by Chandra Mauli Mani p.51

975

999

Early Civilization- Greenland

inGREENLAND
Europeans are aware of existence of an island

called
Greenland in early 10 century. According to some stories a
person called Eric the Red is exiled from his country for a
murder for 3 years during those 3 years he sailed to
Greenland and explored its coastline and then claimed that it
belongs to him. Later in 980 he persuaded some people to
join him at Greenland and settle at Greenland [1]. Thus they
are first settlers in Greenland. Later in the year 1000 Erics
son explored the surroundings of Greenland and found
another island called Vinland (Which is now Newfoundland)
th

25 ships left Iceland for Greenland in 985 but only 14 Caption

reached Greenland successfully there were about 500 men
and women who started living on Greenland[2]
They survived for about 500 years and why they
disappeared is a mystery till today

Invasions of Mahmud Ghazni

REFERENCES - http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/battles/mahmud-ghazni-invasions-of-india.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mahmud_of_Ghazni
http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/history/mahumud-ghazni.html

1019
IMAGE
high res

1000
Stephen I of Hungary
King Stephen I also known as the Saint Stephen was the
first king of Hungary. His year of birth is not known with
certainty. His birth name was Vajk, a Pagan name.
He is considered to be the founder of Hungarian state, and
thus is one of the important figure in the history of Hungary.
It is widely believed that he was crowned on Christmas Day
in 1000 AD by the famous Pope Sylvester II. He believed in
German Model of rule, and even organized his kingdom on
that model. He also succeeded in keeping his kingdom safe
from German and Byzantine conquests. He organized the
army, promoted agriculture and did a lot of other things in his
kingdom.
He believed in the authority of Church and thus was into a lot
of missionary work. Because of his contribution to
Christianity, he was granted the title Apostolic King by the
Pope. He died in the year 1038.

AGE
high res

1. http://www.greenland-guide.gl/leif2000/history.htm
2. http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/greenland/

REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565415/Stephen-I
http://stephenchurch.org/life.htm

Stephen I of Hungary

Raja Bhoj

CHENNAKESAVA TEMPLE

Hoysala dynasty is a south Indian dynasty which mainly ruled

over modern day Karnataka and was very famous for its
architecture. It was established in 1110 AD and ruled till 1326
AD. The dynasty was founded by a tribal chief Nripa Kama. They
build a new and unique style of temple architecture. There were
more than 100 temples, out of these 3 of them are very famous,
Chennakeshava temple at Belur, Hoysaleswara temple at Halebid
and Kesava temple at Somanathapur. They build the Belur temple
also known as Chennakeshava temple in 1117 AD to celebrate the
victory against Cholas. However some sources also say that
Vishnuvardhana built this temple when he embraced
Vaishnavism as told by his Guru. The Belur temple has very
beautiful ornamental Gopuram (Monumental tower at the
entrance). This Temple has two drawbacks one of them is that the
shrine has lost the tower. There are many pillars and they show a
large variety in design. The Hoysala dynasty administration was
inherited from Chalukyas. Chalukyas started the Vesara style of
building temple which however came into complete application
during the time of Hoysala.

AGE

Chennakesava Temple, Belur

REFERENCES - http://www.karnataka.com/belur/about-belur/ , http://templenet.com/Karnataka/beluarti.html

REFERENCES - http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/books/11/std11-hist-em.pdf
REFERENCES-A Complete Guide to Hoysalas Temple by Gerard Foekema

1020

1039

MAGE
high res

http://www.destinationinfinity.org/2010/12/19/king-bhoja-paramara-dynasty-11th-century-ad/
https://www.jatland.com/home/Raja_Bhoj

1040

1059

Kaifeng Iron Pagoda

Conrad II
Conrad II, the first Franconian Emperor was born in 990
AD and died on 4th June 1039AD. He was the son of
Count Henry of Speyer. He was the founder of Salian
dynasty. He has ruled more than one Empire. He has
served as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (102739), King of Germany and King of Italy. In the year 1027
he was crowned emperor of the Roman Empire, it was
mentioned that he could travel 150km in 24hrs on
horseback. In the year 1033, during the chilly winter he
rode across the breadth of Germany to burgundy to save
his inheritance there. After the death of Henry II on 13 July
1024 without any successor left behind he became the
king of Germany. The reign of the Conrad II is noticeable
for the acquisition of the Empire of the Burgundy and ruled
it from 1033 AD. His successor was his son Henry III
under whom the empire rose to its peak.

Raja Bhoj ruled the Malwa region from the beginning of 11th
century to 1055 A.D. He belonged to Parmara dynasty. He
founded the city Bhojpur. In addition to being a King, he was a
great scholar, great poet, great critic, great builder, great
virtuoso, great experimenter, great thinker and great giver. He
had strong alliance with the powerful king of South- Rajendra
Chola and had even helped the Shahi Kings to resist the
attacks of Mohammad of Ghazni.
Raja Bhoj wrote many books during his life which cover
philosophy, poetry, phonetics and archery etc. He together
with the solanki king Bhimdev rebuilt the Somnath temple
after it was sacked by Mahmud of Gajni. He constructed
several spectacular temples like Bhojeswara,shiva temple in
Bhojpur. He built Bhoja lake which was built by daming and
channelizing the Betwa river. The great Jain Scholar
Dhanapala convinced Bhoj to give the practice of sacrificing
animals for propitaion of god. Bhoja was caught in the Pincer
Grip and while fighting his two enemies he was shot down by Raja Bhoj Statue at Bhopal M.P
and arrow on the battle field.

Caption

Conrad II

REFERENCES - Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of three Kingdom

REFERENCES - The Holy Roman Empire by James Bryce.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44101/44101-h/44101-h.htm#Page_150
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133162/Conrad-II

Iron Pagoda is a Buddhist Chinese Pagoda built in 1049. It

was built by the ruler of northern Song dynasty. It is located
in the Iron Pagoda Park, northeast corner of Kaifeng City.
Pagoda was built in the first year during the reign of
Huangyou (1049A.D.). The pagoda is a 13-storeyed
octagonal building as high as 55.88 meters. It is also called
Kaibao Temple Pagoda due to its location. There was a
wooden pagoda which was struck down by lightening and
burnt down. Later Ruler ordered to build another pagoda at
same location. This time it was built with fire-resistant
glazed bricks.
It is elaborately designed in traditional Chinese wooden
structure, with dozens of patterns decorated on the tiles,
such as the flying kylin, dance performance, etc. The tiles
are skillfully arranged and tightly built.

http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/Scenery88bye361.html
http://www.china.org.cn/english/TR-e/43300.htm

gh res

Iron Pagoda,Kaifeng

VIKRAMADITYA VI

Late Classical Period

Vikramaditya VI rule began from 1076 AD.He became the chalukya

king after defeating his brother Somesvara II. His reign marks the
start of Chalukya-Vikram era and is known to have ruled for the
longest period. He was also attributed with the title
Tribhuvanamalla. He reigned over a vast empire stretching
from Kaveri River in Southern India to the Narmada River in Central
India.He is also renowned for his love for art and learning.
Kannada and Sanskrit were the mainlanguages of his interest. As a
prince he invaded Bengal some time before 1068 CE and defeated
the kings of Gauda and Kamarupa. The records of Vikramaditya also
refer to other military expeditions against Bengal under him. He
invaded Malwa thrice in 1077, 1087 and 1097. He conquered the
southern territories of Narmada and even erected a victory pillar at
Dhar. His rule was a glorious era in the literary history of Kannada.

Tribhuvanamalla

The 12th century in India saw a transition from a classical

period to beginning of European exploration. During this period
the main dynasties in India were Chalukyas , Hoysalas ,
Kakatiyas , cheras , pandyas and the most powerful dnasty at
that time was the Cholas which covered almost the whole land
of south india. Also during this period people started to come
from European countries in search of spices which led to
increase trade with the European countries.
During and after this period of time the introduction of islam
in india increased and there was a rise of a mixed culture in
india along with islam. People started to come to india from
north as they knew about the wealth that india had .Also the
Islamic rulers were interested in indian spices and indian gold
which lead to increased influence by Islamic dynasties in india
during this period.

(lord of three worlds)

Vikramaditya VI
http://www.indianetzone.com/50/vikramaditya_vi.htm
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011091913557/short-notes-on-vikramaditya-vi.html
image courtesy: yousigma.com

1060

http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-classical-india
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/South_India_in_AD_1100.jpg

1079

1100

BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE

BATTLE OF TINCHEBRAY

The battle of Stamford bridge took place at the village of

Stamford bridge in September 1066. Viking king Harald
Hardrada was the challenger to English throne. At this time
English king Harold was most vulnerable against Hardrada.
He chose to move north to fight Hardrada and finally after a
brutal battle Harold emerged victorious. So the Stamford
battle ended the long Viking threat to England.

The war of Tinchebray took place in the year 1106 at

Tinchebray between the king of England Henry1 and his older
brother Robert Curthose who was supported by Edgar
Aetheling. Henry1 and Robert Curthose both were son of
William the conqueror But after the death of William rufus
henry tookover England but as Robert was older then henry1
Robert wanted the England land under his control along with
the Normandy land. The dispute of land led to the war of
Tinchebray .
The war of Tincheray is one of the shortest war fought of
all time the war did not last more then a hour and in the end
of the war henry1 came out as a true winner. The knights of
England were too much for the Roberts army. After the defeat
robet along with his son and Edgar were taken to prison were
they lived rest of there life.
Henry1 then continued as duke of England his rule over
England till 1135 before his death due to illness.

This victory was decisive for the English king proving him to
be an able commander. The exact location of the main
battlefield at Stamford Bridge is however difficult to
determine, given the lack of landscape description in the
sources. The area called Battle Flats to the south-east of
the town is generally accepted as the correct location. A
greater part of the battle flats remain as agricultural land, so
a significant part of battlefield may survive. Two monuments
to the battle have been erected in and around the village of
Stamford Bridge.

Painting of battle of Stamford Bridge

http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/viking/battleview.asp?BattleFieldId=41
image courtesy: Wikipedia

Distribution of south Indian land during early

12th century.

1119

Caption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinch
ebray#/media/File:Tinchebray.jpg

Henrys Knights fighting with Roberts

Henry1:King of England and Duke ofNormandy.
Army.
englishhistorytimeline.com/Medieval/Contents/1100-1199.
academia.edu/439596/Henry I Count Helias of Maine and the Battle of Tinchebray.

Basavanna
Guru Basavanna was born to a traditional Brahmin family in the
small town of Bagevadi in Karnataka, Lakkanna Dandesh said,
Basavanna was born at mid-night on Monday, Kartik Shudda
Purnime of Hindu year, This Hindu year coincides 1131 A.D.
Researchers have concluded that Basavanna was born during
1131 in Bagevadi. Every year, Bssava Jayanti is celebrated on
Vaishaka Shudda Tritiya, in Rohini Nakshatra. He belonged to
Kamme Brahmin community. Kamme Brahmins are also called
Aradhyas and Smartha Brahmins. They are half Brahmins and
half Veerashaivas The boy Basavanna grew in the company of his
elder sister Nagamma all the time she was first guru of
Basavanna. After age of 8 year his parents send him to his guru
for study. Basavanna spent ten years with his Guru in Kudala
Sangama. He was a youth of 18 years age. He had completed
study of Vedas, Puranas, Shastras etc. He had thorough
knowledge of Sanskrit and Kannada languages. Now he could
see the society he Shaw there were many problem in there like
Division of the society on the base of caste. Basavanna decided
to reform the society to bring an end of thinking of like that. He
had several such ideas in his mind. To achieve his goal he had
decided to remain bachelor. Eeshanya Guru thought that if
Basavanna marry with a politician doughter the then his goal
will be easier so Basavanna marry with Gangambike, daughter of
the ministe
Basavanna was a harbinger of social reformation who tried to
establish a casteless and classless society in the 12th century.

Rajaraja Chola II

IMAGE

108 feet Basava statue

at Basavakalyan

1139

Stephen King of England

Stephen was the third son of Count Stephen of Blois. Stephen was born
in the County of Blois in middle France, his father, Count StephenHenry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by
his mother. He became king of England in 1135 and he was king of
England from 1135 to 1154. He gained the throne by usurpation but
failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. But In
1138 King David I of Scotland, Matilda's uncle, launched an attack on
England, though defeated at the Battle of the Standard in August, he
remained a rallying point for the opposition. In 1139 Stephen arrested
the heads of the royal administration Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, his
son, and his two nephews. The Church was upset by the incident.
Historians believe that the king was already ill and preparing to settle
his family affairs. He adopted Henry as his "son and heir," Stephen fell
ill with a stomach disorder so Stephen died on Oct. 25, 1154, and Henry
took peaceful possession of England (as Henry II).
REFERENCES - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565388/Stephen
REFERENCES - http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=stephen

Statue of Rajaraja chola II

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Raja_Raja_Chola_I
The Cholas: mathematics reconstructions the chronology By N. Sethuraman

REFERENCES - http://salimathss.blogspot.in/2012/11/life-history-of-basavanna.html

1120

Rajaraja chola II became the king of chola dynasty around

1150 CE. He was the later chola king. But the inscriptions of
that time started to appear from 1146 CE. So this shows that
he had his influence on chola dynasty since 1146 CE. At this
time chola empire started to show weakness related to control
on empire and effective administration. But Rajaraja chola II
controlled the dynasty well. During his time there is not much
violence. He had control on provinces like Kalinga, Vengi,
padndya and Chera territories.
He ruled the chola dynesty about 26 years. He said to be weak
king of that time but he enjoyed peaceful time. He also
constructed a famous temple called Airavateswarar. This
temple was a piece of marvel architecture work. He also made
many such grants to temples at Kanchi, Tiruchy, Srirangam,
and Madurai. He was a good ruler who was loyal to his
ministers and commanders and the people lived in his rule.

IMAGE
high res

1140

1159

Pope Lucius II
Pope Lucius II was also known as Gherardo Caccianemici dal
Orso. He was the pope of Roman Catholic Church from 9
march 1144 to 15 of fabruary1145 CE till his death. He was
born in bologna. It is a village in modern Italy. After becoming
the pope he presented to church a Gospels. It was plated with
gold from the outside and two chased silver gilt from outside.
He worked also as librarian of library named Diocese of
Rome. His pontificate was described by a revolutionary
republic at Rome which sought to deprive the pope of
temporal power, and by the recognition of papal suzerainty
over Portugal. After his rule pope Eugenius III became the
pope. He also fought a battle during 1145 CE. It is described
that in that war he was seriously injured and did not recovered
and died on 15 February 1145 CE.

Stephen King of England

Pope Lucius II
http://www.nndb.com/people/016/000097722/
Thomas, P.C., A compact History of the Popes, St Pauls BYB, 2007

Battle of Thurles

Battles of Tarain

The Battle of Thurles was held in the year 1174

between the Norman invaders, led by Robert
Fitzstephen, and King Henry II of England. It
basically started in 1169 when invaders invaded
Ireland. King Henry fears of the invaders of
creating a norman state, hence he invaded Ireland
with a massive host and was successful in
securing the loyalty. After this, Normans continue
to conquest till 1173.
The Irish came in open rebellion and defeated the
invaders severely with mostly being surrendered.
The battle lasted for around 18 months. This
followed with a huge losses to this Irish country and
countrymen.

IMAGE

Norwich Castle captured by Hugh Bigod

with a force of over 800 soldiers in july
1174.

Vincent Byrne; The Hidden Annals: A Thousand Years of the Kingdom of Connaught 366-1385; Universal Publishers;
ISBN 9781581125689
Tai-Wan-Titlarks Volume 24; Austrian National Library 1842
http://www.faminemuseum.com/thurles-history/the-battle-of-thurles-1174/
REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

1160

1179

Ballal Sena

nd

Battle of Tarain

http://holisticthought.com/the-battle-of-tarain-muhammad-ghori-and-his-invasion-on-india/
http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Profile/History/Wars/Battle-of-Tarain
Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan Raghuvir Singh Rajput, Studied summary

1180

1199

Philip II of France

Ballal Sen or Vallallasena was the second (hindu)

ruler of Sen dynasty of Bengal. He was the one who
made vigorous efforts so as to annihilate the
Buddhism which was popular at that time and
popularised and establised the Hinduism. His reign
consists of 1160-1179 AD. He was the one who reintroduced the concept of caste system i.e. the
practise of Kulinism among Brahmans, Baidyas
and Kayasths by which the nobility of birth and
purity of blood remains protected.
He was also an author as he wrote Danasagra in
1168. He also started writing Adbhutasagara but
couldnt complete it.

The Battles of Tarain, or Battles of Taraori, were fought in

the years 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain present-day
Haryana, , between Mu'izz al-Dins army (a Ghurid army ) and
army led by Prithviraj Chauhan (Chauhan Rajputs).
The first battle:- In the year 1191, Mu'izz al-Din raided and
captivated the fortress of Bhatinda in East Punjab which was
under the control of Prithiviraj Chauhan's . The Ghurid army
started battle by attacking via ranged cavalry at Rajput center.
Prithviraj was successful in ceasing the Ghurid advance
towards Hindustan. The army surrendered and Muhammad
was made prisoner.
The Second Battle:- In 1192, Mu'izz al-Din Ghori made
preparations to avenge his defeat. Ghori attacks the Rajput
army before dawn. Muhammad divided his huge troop into 5
parts. The Rajput army was eventually defeated; Prithviraj
was taken prisoner and then executed. About hundred
thousand Rajput soldiers died in the battle. Muhammad and
his successors made Islamic empire.

Sculpture of Sena Dynasty

http://deepak-indianhistory.blogspot.in/2011/08/sena-dynasty-of-bengal.html
Proceedings of Asatic Society of Bengal; University of California 1891
Manohar Laxman Varadpande; History of Indian Theatre: Classical Theatre; Abhinav publications 2005; ISBN
9788170174301
Vincent A. Smith; The Early History of India; Atlantic Publishers and Dist. 1999; ISBN 9788171566181
Samaren Roy; The Bengalees:Glimpses of History and Culture; Allied publishers 1999; ISBN 9788170239819
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Ballal_Sen

Phillip Augustus was a capetian king of france. In April

1182, Philip expelled all Jews from the demesne and took
their goods. The main source for Philip's army was from the
royal demesne. During wars and rebellions, he had the
power bring up 200 horse sergeants, knights, 100
crossbowmen (on foot and cavalry) thousands of foot
sergeants, and 300 mercenaries. He actively built a French
navy.War with Vassals - In 1181, Philip began a war with
Philip1 of Alsace, Count of Flanders, over the Vermandois,
which King Philip claimed as his wife's dowry. Count of
Flanders had invaded france.Phillip broke alliance with
Henry 1, which forced the count to surrender in peace. Third
Crusade (1189-1192): - Philip went on the Third Crusade
with Richard I of England (The Lionheart) and Frederick I
Barbarossa (the roman emperor). Philip was ailing severely
with dysentery, which reduced his Enthusiasm and power.
The decision to get back was also driven by the
comprehension that with Richard campaigning in the Holy
Land, English assets in France would be subjected for
attack. War would happen in those territories.
Philip Augustus King of France by Jim Bradbury
http://www.templiers.org/chronique-eng.php
http://www.timelines.ws/1100_1199.HTML

Phillip 2- crusader king

GENGHIS KHAN

Mallikarjuna temple, Basaralu

Genghis Khan was the founder of Mongol empire and ruled

from 1206 to 1227. He conquered more than twice than any
other men in the history. Temujin is his original name and he is
also called as Chinggis Khan. In 1206, in a tribal meeting when
he was proclaimed as the leader of Mongol empire he was
named as Genghis Khan. Even though he was brought up in
the world of excessive tribal violence, he was very wise.

The Mallikarjuna temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva

is located in Basaralu, a small town in the Mandya district,
Karnataka state, India. Basaralu is located close to
Nagamangala and about 65 km from the culturally important
city of Mysore. The temple was built by Harihara Dhannayaka
around 1234 A.D. during the rule of the Hoysala Empire
King Vira Narasimha II. This temple is protected as a
monument of national importance by the Archaeological
Survey of India.

World population was decreased by 11 percent due to Mongol

attacks and he was responsible for nearly 40 million deaths. He
gave freedom for the people in choosing their religion as their
wish. Still its unknown to anyone how he died or where he is
buried. In remembrance of him his name was kept to the airport
in the city of Ulan Bator and his portrait is even available on
Mongolian currency.
One of the famous quote of Genghis khan is
If you are afraid- dont do it, -if youre doing it- dont be afraid

Portrait of Genghis Khan on Mongol

currency

Genghis khan and the making of the modern world, Crown Publishers, New York
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-genghis-khan

1200

1219

References
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/john.shtml
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/king_john.htm
wikipedia

http://templesofkarnataka.com
http://shastri-s.blogspot.in/2012/12/mallikarjun-temple-basaralumandya.html

1220

1239

The Battle of the Kalka River

John King of England

King John is one of the controversial monarch of medieval
England. He is also called as John Lackland. He got this
name as his father didnt give any land when he died. After
the death of his brother Richard he became King of
England. In 1206, he lost Normandy, Maine, Anjou and
parts of Poitou. Which effected his prestige and he
became determines to win them back. He was force to sign
the Magna Carta (Latin Word meaning the great charter
which limited his royal powers. It was the first formal
document stating that monarch should behave under the
law of people and the rights of the individuals should be
against the wishes of sovereign.

There are seven varieties of pillars in this temple made of

soapstones. An universe of Gods being carved attractively on
the walls. The walls seem like the great hill (Meru giri) full of
sculptures depicting Puranic stories and episodes of
Ramayana- Mahabharata and Bhagavatha. The base of the Historical Pride: Mallikarjuna temple
1234 AD in Mandya district
temple has pattikas in the ascending order, of
Elephants,Horse riders, Hoysala symbol, sculptures of
Puranic episodes, crocodiles and swans.

This battle was took place on May 31, 1223, between the
Mongol Empire (led by Jebe and Subutai ) and several Rus'
principalities and the Cumans, under the command of
Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev. The battle was
fought on the banks of the Kalka River (in present-day
Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine) and ended in a Mongol victory.

King John signing Magna Carta

Historian Leo de Hartog gives the size of the Rus' army as

30,000, and the size of the Mongol army as 20,000.
The battle was a very costly defeat for the Rus' princes, with
Richard Gabriel claiming that they lost 50,000 men, while the
Mongol losses were minimal. Following this victory, the
Mongols turned east and met Genghis Khan and the rest of
the Mongol army in the steppes to the east of the Syr Darya
River. Genghis Khan showed great appreciation for his
general's achievements and heaped praise on Jebe and
Subutai.

Mongol horse archers

Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia By David Nicolle, Victor Korolkov
http://www.britannica.com
http://burnpit.us/2012/05/battle-kalka-river-mongols-raiders-defeat-russians

KALACHAKRA

UNSTABILITY OF MAMLUK
RULE
This time period did not went well for Delhi Sultanate.
At this period of time Mamluks were holding throne of Delhi. In
1240 AD, Razia Sultan, the female ruler of Delhi was
assassinated. After Razia, Bahram Shah, third son of Iltutmish
was put on the throne by powerful Turkish council Chalisa. He
was considered as a rightful King. While in fact, Naib-emamlakat was the ruler. He lost his life in 1242 AD after failed
attempt to assert his authority to the thorne. In 1242, Masud
Shah was declared the ruler but removed when mother of
Nasiruddin Mahamud, Malika-e-Jehan brought him down and
made her son the new sultan in 1246 AD.
Nasiruddin Mahamud became Sultan in 1246 AD was
also a son of Iltutmish. He was also known as Darvesi King
because of his nobelity. He led a stable rule for almost 20 years
until he died.

This fresco from the Alchi Monastery in Ladakh represents

Tibetian Buddhist painting tradition, which is different from
other Indian art styles. It depicts the deity Kalachakra, which
literally means time wheel. The mural depicts Kalachakra and
his consort admist flames, which is one of the most striking
motifs in the art of the region. Sexual union is its main focus.

Tomb of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish,

Father of Nasiruddin Mahamud.

Chandra, Satish, History of medieval India; Orient Blackswan Publishing, Hyderabad.

http://www.facts-about-india.com/the-slave-dynasty.php
http://www.historytoday.com/james-waterson/mamluks
IMAGE - http://pixshark.com/tomb-of-iltutmish.htm

1240

The format depicts a protagonist surrounded by smaller figures

in a formulaic and stylized manner and painted in natural and
mineral pigments in the freeze. As per Mahayana Buddhism,
prajna or wisdom is represented by female. She must be
combined with upaya or the means which is personified by her
male partner to achieve shunyata or nothingness- a pre
requisite for enlightenmen. The wall painting is a visualization
of this metaphysical ideal of sexual union that Kalachakra
principle.

IMAGE

Kalachakra fresco in situ at Lhakhang

Soma, Alchi Monastery, Ladakh, India

-5000 Years of Indian Art, by Sushma K Bahl, Lusture Press, Roli Books
-http://lotuswithingallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/thka44.jpg

1259

1260

SIEGE OF BAGHDAD

PSALTER WORLD MAP

The Mongols were a tribe of nomads from

central/north Asia. They arrived in 1258. With over 150000
soldiers. This city was just a shadow of the greatest capital of
Muslim world in 800s. The attack began in mid-January and
after two weeks, on 10th February, 1258, Mongols entered the
city.
Caliph Mustasim became caliph in 1242, was overconfident about the power of his house. He did not worried
about Mongol army in November, 1257 when rumours were
that they were approaching Baghdad. Caliph sent an army to
stop them from west and repulsed them. But in next
encounter, Mongols betrayed them all.
Although Baghdad was also sieged before this in ninth
and twelfth century, Baghdad was not less than a capital in
Islamic historic world. It is estimated that between 200000 to
1000000 people died in destruction.

This map is named after the Psalter world map because it was
found in a psalter (a volume that includes the biblical book of
psalms) from the medieval ages, at an estimated year of
about 1265 CE.
It tells much about the 13th century English men and womens
knowledge of the world around them, about their
understanding of the place within it.
The map displays both geographical and historical aspects of
the perceived world map from a Christian dominated Europe.
For example, Jesus is placed above the map, both blessing
and guiding the world. The top part of the world would be
considered the Eastern part of the world today. Many
Christian maps from the middle ages place the East at the top
of the map.

Baghdad city was destroyed by Mongols

Hart-Davis, Adam, History : the definitive visual guide from the dawn of civilization to the present day; Dorling
Kindersley, London.
http://lostislamichistory.com/mongols/
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/04/25/invaders-3
IMAGE - http://www.museumofthecity.org/the-rise-of-cities-3

1279

IMAGE
high res

The Psalter World map now held in the

British Library in London

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Psalter_World_Map,_c.1265.jpg
http:/ /www.englobe-itn.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=116&lang=1
http://www.englobe-itn.net/cms/front_content.php?idcat=116&lang=1

Jalal-ud-din Khilji
Malik Firoz or Jalal-ud-din Khilji was the founder of the Khilji
Empire in India. The Khiljis were of Turkic descent but had
been living in Afghanistan for long periods. Jalal-ud-din Khilji
ascended the throne on 3rd June 1290 after killing 17 year old
successor of the Mamluk dynasty who were having internal
conflicts. The pre-dominant Turkish Muslim community of Delhi
did not react favorably to this act.
He however quickly won over his subject with is kindness and
generosity. He retained several ministers of the previous reign.
He didn't believe in severe punishments. He dealt with thugs
and robbers in a unique way. He often gave them a preaching
on evils of stealing. Once he put all the thieves in a boat and
sent them to Bengal.
His short reign ended in 1296 and he was succeeded on the
throne by his nephew and son-in-law Allaudin Khilji who
expanded the Khilji Empire.

The Great European Famine

The Great European Famine began with the wet Spring of
1315 and marked the start of the downfall of the Europe. It
affected a very large amount of population across Europe.
The wet spring season of 1315 caused rotting of seed grains,
lack of straw and fodder for cattle and hampered the crop
growth discouraging the farmers and hence reducing food
supply. Although the famine lasted for two years it lead to
lasting consequences such as social violence, weaker
population and was followed by the onset of Black Death.

The Khilji Empire founded by

Jalal-ud-din Khilji at its peak
power extended from the present
day
Afghanistan
to
the
Bangladesh

http://historypak.com/jalaluddin-khilji/
Image source: http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/btn_GeographyMaps/AD1290KarlukKhiljiSultanate.gif

1280

1299

When the god saw the world was so overproud, He sent a

death on earth, and made it full hard.
A bushel of wheat was at four shillings or more,Of which men
would have a quarter before...
And then they turned pale who had laughed so loud,And they
become all docile who before were so proud.
A man's heart might bleed for to hear the cry Of poor men
who called out,Alas! For hunger I Die..!

From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, Plague, War and Death In the Later Middle Ages, By John
Aberth, Routledge 2000
http://www.halinaking.co.uk/Location/Yorkshire/Frames/History/1315%20Great%20Famine/Great%20Famine.htm

1300

The Model Parliament

Fall of Kakatiya Dynasty

The English King Edward I summoned a talk of

representatives in 1295. This was known as the Model
Parliament of 1295. The Parliament of 1295, known as the
Model Parliament was famous as it was can be said as the
first representative Parliament.

The fall of the Kakatiya Dynasty was initiated by the Turkish

or the Mulsim invasion of 1303 commanded by Mailk Juna
and Jhaju of Kara. However the Kakatiya managed victorious
thus hurting the Turkish pride. This led to the second Turkish
Invasion on the Kaktiya Empire in 1309 during which the
Turks reached south till Warangal. During this course of war
time the Kakatiyan king Prataparudra ignored the Delhi
sultanate and refused him tribute. Hence the then Muslim
ruler in Delhi, Ghiyasuddin Tughluq invaded the Kakatiya
kingdom. His first invasion led by his son Ulugh Khan was
suppressed yet again by the Kakatiya king. However the Khan
marched once again with a bigger army and the already tired
Kaktiyan army gave up and could not stop the Khan. The
Kakatiyan dynasty fell apart with the kidnapping and the
conseqeuntial suicidal death of Prataparuda, the last ruler of
Kakatiya dynasty.

For the first time in British history the ruler invited the lower
clergy to be a part of the Parliament. Apart from the lower
clergy there were two knights from each county, two
burgesses from every borough as well as two residents from
each city.
Historians and scholars refer to this Parliament as the Model
Parliament as it laid foundation to the structure of Parliaments
to come and has inspired the Parliament houses existing
today.

King Edward I who summoned the

Parliament in 1295 to discuss tax
law as well as English expansion in
France.

The World of Medieval Knight by Charles Phillips

http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Britishpoliticalsystem.html
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/medieval/magna-carta/index.php?page=source/6/3

The Famine left many people weak and

sick

The fall of Kakatiyan Dynasty led to the unification of Telugu

clans who recovered Warangal from the Muslims later on.

1319

Caption

Expanse and geography of the

Kakatiya empire

http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5412-kakatiyas-part-iv-zenith-fall-under-prataparudra-1289-1323.html
http://mudiraja.weebly.com/kakatiya-kingdom.html

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughlau was the Turkic sultan of Delhi through
1324 to 1351. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq sends his son to
the Deccan to capture Warangal, ruled by Raja Praatapa
Rudra, and nearby Bidar. Prince Muhammad users the
Devagiri fort as his base and triumphs. His territories nominally
include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Panjab, Sind, Gujrat,
Malwa, and parts of the Deccan, including Malabar.
Muhammad bin Tughluq was a scholar of logic, philosophy,
matrhematics, astronomy, physical science and calligraphy.
The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi, describes it
as one of the gratest cities of the universe, and the most
magnificent city in the Muslim world, His first administrative
measure was to enhance land tax in the doab that led to wide
spread discontent as it was introduced at a time when the entire
region in the grip of a severe famine due to failurs to rain. He
built hospitals and almshouses and his generosity to Muslim
scholars was legendary. He did not take into account
geographically transportation problems.

Muhammad bin Tughluq

DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc
http://www.historydiscussion.net/politics/foundations-of-tughlaq-dynasty-in-india-history-of-india/591
http://holisticthought.com/the-tughlaq-dynasty-1320-1414/

1320 CE

1339 CE

Polish-Teutonic War (1326-32)

113War(13232321332)
Polish-Teutonic
war was between the kingdom of Poland

and
the state of the Teutonic order over Pomerelia fought from 132632. In 1326 the forces of king wladysalw with Lithuanian support
devastated the Neumark region and the next year turned against
the Teutonic order, while south king John the Blind marched
against krakow. After the indecisive Battle of Plowce in 1331, the
Order gained the upper hand retook Kuyavian and Dobrzyn Land.
The Teutonic knights supported King John. Taking advantage of
the weak field of Poland due to internal fragmentation, the
Teutonic knights pillaged and conqured the polish kuyavian and
the dobrzyn land. The first war between them occurred from 1326
to1333 and demonstrated the seriousness of threat and Poland
vulnerability. Wldayslaw chafing under this defeat, unsuccessfully
sued the Teutonic Order at the Roman Curia. Took Teutonic
Knights to Papal court for not fulfilling their duty and won. Through
was argued by King Charles Of Hungary to retreat he vassalized
many of the Duchies Silesia.

The full name of Bahman Shah was Abul Muzaffer Ala-udDin Bahman Shah. His original name was Hasan Gangu.
Early historian believes that Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah was
descended from king Bahman (King of Persian) who was the
son of Isfandiyar. Historian believes that it was too obscure to
trace his origin. Adult Ala-ud-Din started his career as general
serving under sultan Mohammad Bin Tughluq. He got the title
of Zafar khan after becoming the governor. In 1347 he got the
post of commander of an army in Daulatabad. On 3 august
1347 he set up the Bahmani kingdom after Nasir-ud-Din
Ismail Shah abdicated in his favor. The head quarter of
Bahmani Kingdom was Ahsanabad. The name of Bahmani
kingdom was derived after Brahmin cast of Ala-ud-Din
Bahman shah. Ala-ud-Din fought his first war against
Warangal & defeated the king of Warangal Kapaya Nayaka.
He won the fort of Kaulas (the fort of Warrangal). His kingdom
was divided into four parts & he appointed four governors for Coin of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
those four parts. He fought many wars before his death in
1358.
REFERENCES - Bhattacharya. Indian History.
REFERENCES - Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
REFERENCES - Mahajan, V.D. (1991). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand

1340

1359

1340
The
Hundred Years War

1359

The Hundred Years war was a series of war between

England and France. This war occurred from 1337 to 1453,
so more accurately we can call this war The 116 Years

Battle of Polish-Teutonic

DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic+War+in+1326+32&oq=pol&aqs=chrome.2.69i59j69i57j69i59l2j69i61j69i60.5381j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8#
http://netlibrary.net/articles/Polish-Teutonic_War_%281326%E2%80%931332%29
REFERENCES - 9pt Helvetica

War. There were two main reason of this war. First one was
the status of Duchy people of Guyenne, although it belonged
to the kings of England, but it remained the Estate of French
and kings of England wanted independent Authority. The
King of England claimed the crown of France; this was the
second reason of The Hundred Years War. King Edward III
was provoked by France attacks on the land owned by him,
and then he declared himself as the king of France. This war
marked the end of English attempts to control continental
territory and the beginning of its emphasis upon maritime
supremacy. There were great advances in military
technology and science during this period, and the military
value of the feudal knight was thoroughly discredited.

The Hundred Years War

REFERENCES - http://www.ehistory.com
REFERENCES - http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hundred_years_war.htm
REFERENCES - http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/hundred_years_war.html

Firuz Shah Tughlaq

FiruzShahTughlaq
FiruzShahwasthesonofMalikRajabandaHinduprincess.
Helearntthelessonsofnobility,gratitudeandgreattraditions
ofAryanpolicyfromhismotherandhegreatlyprofitedbyhis
uncle MohammadTughlaqintheaffairsof stateand byhis
education according to the strictest canons of Islam. 1The
MuslimsregardedFirozShahasanidealrulerwhotriedtorule
strictlyaccordingtotheQuran.
He was the ruler of Delhibased Tughlaq dynasty, deeply
interestedinarchitecture.Hewasfamousforhisenlightened
publicworks.Itisconsideredthatheconstructedaround845
publicworks.HealsorepairedtheQutubMinar(1368)which
hadgotdamagedpreviouslyinanearthquake.2
FirozShahTughlaqpaidgreatattentiontowardsthedomestic
affairsofhisstate.Heisrememberedinhistoryforabolishing
abouttwentyfourtypesoftaxesonpeople.Evenlandtaxwas
reduced.HeonlycollectedfourtaxessanctionedinQuran.He
wonthesupportofthenoblesbygivingthemlandgrants.He
alsoreducedtheTradetariffs3
1.
2.
3.

4.

TurkicMuslimruleroftheTughlaq
Dynasty4

HistoryofMedievalIndia:From1000A.D.to1707A.D.,ByRadheyShyamChaurasia,p67
Alfieri,BiancaMaria.2000.IslamicArchitectureoftheIndianSubcontinent.London:LaurenceKingPublishing,43.
HistoryofMedievalIndia:From1000A.D.to1707A.D.,ByRadheyShyamChaurasia,p6870
historypak.com,oiloncanvas,accessed2012<http://historypak.com/wp
content/uploads/2012/08/FirozShahTughlaq_23072.jpg>

1360

1379

1.
2.
3.
4.

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/notes-on-the-personality-of-firoz-shah-tughlaq-897-words/4490/
http://www.importantindia.com/12839/firuz-shah-tughlaq-2/
http://www.historydiscussion.net/articles/bright-and-dark-sides-of-the-rule-of-firoz-shah-tughlaq/2688
http://www.indianetzone.com/26/firuz_shah_tughluq_ruler.htm
Image courtesy: Google images

1380

1399

Peasants Revolt

THEBLACKPRINCE
Edward,theBlackPrince,wastheeldestsonofEdwardIIIand
Philippa of Hainault. He was born at the royal manor of
Woodstock.Hewascalled"EdwardofWoodstock"inhisearly
life,afterhisbirthplace,andsincethe16thcenturyhasbeen
popularlyknownastheBlackPrince.1HewasthefirstDukeof
Cornwall(from1337),thePrinceofWales(from1343)andthe
PrinceofAquitaine(136272).Thesetitlesweregivenbyhis
father.2 ThereisnorecordofhisnameTheBlackPrincebeing
usedduringhislifetime.
TocaptureJohn,theFrenchKing,heusedhissuperiortactics
the Battle of Poitiers in 1355. This was his most important
achievement.
The Black Prince organised the construction of the Chantry
ChapelatCanterburyCathedralandheexpressedthewishto
beburiedthere.EdwarddiedatWestminsterPalaceandwas
buriedathisrequestedplace.Richard,thesonofEdwardthe
BlackPrince,becamekingon23June,1377.3

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1309-1388), cousin brother of Muhammad

Bin Tughlaq ascended the throne after the death of
Muhammad Tughlaq. Firuz Shah was the son of Malik Rajab
and a Hindu princess. Firoz Tughlaq came to the throne in
1351 A.D. and ruled Delhi Sultanate for about 37 years up to
1388 A.D. The Muslims regarded Firoz Shah as an ideal ruler
who tried to rule strictly according to the Quran. He paid great
attention in improving the domestic affairs and administrative
policy of the state. Firoz Shah abolished all those oppressive
taxes which were a great burden on poor people. The land
revenue was greatly reduced to relieve the peasants. He
established school to improve Islamic education.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a very intolerant and fanatic ruler. He
hated the Hindus like anything and debarred them from any
responsible posts. He pulled down various Hindu temples and
built mosques in their places. The last days of Firoz Shah were
very painful. His elder son died in 1374 AD. Soon after this
tragedy his second son Zafar Khan also died. The third son
Muhammad Khan was the next choice but no formal
nomination was made in his case. Firoz Shah died on
September 20, 1388.

PortraitofEdward(THEBLACK
PRINCE)byBenjaminBurnell,c.1820.4

Barber,Richard(1978).Edward,PrinceofWalesandAquitaine:abiographyoftheBlackPrince.London:AllenLane.
ISBN713908610.
HubertCole,TheBlackPrince,1976,0246107782
MichaelSenior,TheLifeandTimesofRichardII,1981
BenjaminBurnell(Artist),c.1820<http://markcnewton.com/2013/10/22/portraitofedwardprinceofwales133076the
blackprince/>

Causes:
Socio-economic and political tensions in Europe generated by
the Black Death (1348-1351). There was a labour shortage
and food was scarce. Wages had not risen as fast, so the
peasants suffered from hunger and shortages. In 1377, John
of Gaunt imposed a new tax, the Poll (head) Tax, that was to
cover the cost of the Englands Hundred Years of war. This
triggered the revolt.
War:
The Peasants Revolt started in Essex on 30 May 1381. The
rebels coordinated their tactics by letter. An army of peasants
from Kent and Essex marched on London, where they
destroyed the houses of government ministers. The war was
leadered by Wat Tyler.
Demands:
The rebels wanted reduction in taxation, less harsh laws,
money for the poor, freedom and equality.
Result:
The revolt was defeated and execution of rebel leaders, but its
demands became part of our democracy in the long term.

King Richard II meeting with the

rebels of the Peasants' Revolt
after killing Wat Tyler

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peasants_revolt.htm
https://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolt/story.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/middle_ages/peasants_revolt/revision/2/
http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/XM10047192/King-Richard-II-and-the-Peasants-Revolt

KHIZR KHAN
He was the first ruler of Delhi from Sayyid (c. 1414-1421) He
and his three succesors had the occupation of raiding and inspection to collect revenue. Being the founder of Sayyid dynasty,he was the most efficient of all the sayyid ruler .When he became the king,various authorities at the capital jostled for power
and changed their positions very fast depending on situation.He
assumed various important offices.He did not take any royal title
and was satisfied with his title of Raya-i-Ala and other notable
honours. Khizar Khan died on his way to Delhi from Gwaliar During his reign, coins were imprinted with the name of Amir Timur.He was succeeded and throned up by his son Mubarak
Khan.He is known to have defeated Daulat Khan Lodi after
which he established his control on Delhi.He attacked the Raja
Of Etawah four times in seven years.He also crushed the Rajput
Etawah to defeat and forced him to submit to the Delhi Government. The rebellions of Mewat were defeated in 1421, and the
ruler of Gwaliar was forced to pay the grant. He also won over
the rebellions of Khar Sakit tribes, Kambila dynasty in 1414
A.D.. After his death his son Mubarak Khan ascended the throne
of Delhi.

HUSSITE WAR:
It was also called as the Bohemian wars, were fought between
the hussites and various monarchs who sought to enforce the
roman catholic chruch against the hussites, these wars lasted
from 1419 to 1434 A.D. The Hussite community had included
most of the czech population, and then they formed a major
military power. They have defeated the five crusades
proclaimed against them by the pope.

KHIZR KHAN IN 1416 AD AFTER HE

DEFEATED KHAR

Mahajan, V. D. (2007) [1991],History of Medieval India, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.237-9
Image courtesy :

historypak.com

1400 AD

1400 CE

CONQUEST OF LANZAROTE

1419 AD

1419 CE

In 1402, Norman adventurer Jean de Bethencourt went on a

expedition after selling his house in Paris devlated on 1st May
from La Rochelle and reached the Canary Islands also called
Lanzarote Islands on 30th June. With the authority of King
Guardafia, the native ruler of the area, here they commenced
the the construction of a fort called Rubicon. Jean went back to
Spain for acquiring the Lord-ship of the Canary Islands to be
conferred upon him. But his generals and lieutenants got
involved in a strife that broke into a battle on 25th June,1402
resulted in Fort Rubicon being invaded and sacked and a
number of native Guanches being captured. On 10 Jan 1403
Bethencourt was solemnly given the financial regime by Henry
III, King of Castile, with the government of the Canary Islands.
In 1405,the conquest of Lanzarote ended .The common
masses of Guanches was also conquered .They were harassed
and exploited and treated as slaves.The state of Hierro was
divided,shared and granted to Normans and Castilians. Fort
Rubicon became seat of episcopacy and served as an early
capital.
References:
The history of the discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands: by Abreu de Galindo, Juan de; Glas, George, 17251765, tr Published 1764

Suarez,J.,Conquista y Colonizacin. Ed. Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1988. ISBN 84404-1251-7
Image courtesy : www.webtenerife.co.uk

Reference 2: wikipedia

1420

1439

DEVARAYA II:
Deva Raya II Was an emperor of the Vijayanagara
Dynasty(1424-1446 C.E). He was one of the greatest son of
the sangama dynasty rulers. After when he came to the
throne, a traveller namely Nicolo Conti visited his kingdom
who was an Italian he travelled inland and reached the
Rayas capital, Vijayanagar, which he calls Bizenegalia.
The writings about the king were not written by Nicolo
directly his stories about Vijayanagara Dynasty were written
by Poggio Bracciolini who was secretary of pope. These
writings look a bit exaggerated when we compare to actual
contest. Devaraya II invaded the island of Lanka and
Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim and became overlord of the
kings of Burma.

JEAN WITH HIS ARMY TRAVELLING FROM

LA ROCHELLE TO LANZAROTE

Hussite war

Reference1: The effects of the king Sigismunds Hussite wars on the art of the war, vol 9, No.2 (2010) 285- 289, miklos
zirnyi National defence university, Budapest, Hungary

References:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammedan Period By Henry M. Elliot

The Hussite members had members from all rungs of Bhoeiman

society. Because of the Hus early death, Hussitism soon
splittered into factions. From these the main groups were the
moderate calixtines and the radical taborites. After the death of
this commander, his followers the orphans established an
independent and had modern political party. Finally the Hussite
armies were defeated not by the weapons of the crusaders but
by the diplomacy of the King Sigismund, Which was based on
the internal frictions of the movement.

References:The Project Gutenberg Etext ofA Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagara

India,Robert Sewell

Krishna Deva Raya

; A Contribution to the History of

SANT KABIR DAS (KABIRA)

Kabira was a 15th Century Indian mystical saint and poet
(born 1440, Benaras (modern day Varanasi)) whose work
was highly influential in the Bhakti movement, a religious
Hindu movement promoting the belief that moksh could be
attained by all.
Kabir's early life story is presented in contradictory forms from
both Hindu and Muslim origins, although because of the fact
that his name has an Islamic etymology, he is said to be
either the actual or the adopted child of a Muslim weaver
based in Varanasi.
Kabir's most influential works are his songs and the dohe
couplets or two liners. Even till date, his dohe are used by
parents and teachers in India to imbibe virtues to children and
teach them the lessons of life. Adi Granth is one text that
contains songs by Kabir in various ragas like Gauri (primarily
a Sikh raga).
Due to the claim that Kabir possessed mystic or divine
powers, he was banished from Varanasi to live in exile.

Bahlul Khan Lodi

A portrait of Kabir with one of his most

famous dohe, in Devnagri script

Image of Bahlul Khan Lodi

References:
1. http://historypak.com/bahlul-lodhi/
2. Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot, India before Europe, p.116.

REFERENCES -IMAGE: http://aboutfestivalsofindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/kabir-doha1.jpg

Songs of Kabir from the Adi Granth /translation and introduction by Nirmal Dass
http://hinduism.about.com/od/gurussaintsofthepast/a/Kabir.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir

1440

1459

CASTLE OF ISCHIA

REFERENCES -IMAGE: http://www.myachtpositano.it/web/tour/ischia/

Pompeii, Capri, Ischia & the Bay of Naples by Marina Carter
http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4500.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Castle
http://www.albergoilmonastero.it/aragonese-castle-ischia&lang=en

1460

1479

Catholic Monarchs
onarchs

The castle of Ischia (or the Aragonese Castle, named after its
most popular occupants) is an impressive historical site in
Ischia, to the North of the Gulf of Naples, Italy, was originally
built by Hiero I of Sycracuse in 474 BC, on a volcanic rock. The
722 feet long wooden bridge connecting the castle to the island
of Naples was later renovated to stone by Alfonso V of Aragon
in 1441. After his triumphant battle of Naples, and during his
reign there starting from 1441, Alfonso V was responsible for
most of the castle's architecture as seen today, including
fortification of its walls to safeguard the castle's occupants from
pirate raids.
The castle's architecture, both internal and external gives
indications that the Middle Ages or the Renaissance coterie
have had a lasting influence on the construction of this
magnificent castle.

Bahlul Lodi, chief of Pashtun Lodi tribe was the founder

of Lodi dynasty in Delhi sultanate. Bahlul Lodi took early steps
to consolidate his position and reassert the authority of Delhi.
He overthrew Wazhir, Hamid Khan whose influence might have
endangered his position.
He was very patient with his tribesmen, and tried to run
the government as a tribal chief. He was energetic, ambitious
and vigilant, never overlooked any opportunity to extend his
dominion. Bahlul Khan defeated Sharqi dynasty at janupur. He
successfully subdued rebellions and uprising in his territories
and expanded his kingdom Gwalior, Janupur and upper Uttar
Pradesh.
Bahlul Khan died after a long rein in 1489. He was
forced to spend most of the time in fighting wars establishing
firm central power and consequently there was hardly any time
left for administration.

A beautiful view of the Aragonese

Castle with its connecting bridge made
of stone

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile got

married on October 18th, 1469 in Valladolid and began cooperative reign which united all the dominions of Spain and
elevated the nation to become a dominant world power.
In 1474, they with support of Castellan and Aragon
military defeated Joanna la Beltraneja supported by Portugal
and France in the war of castellan succession and signed an
agreement which gave Isabelle more authority than her
husband to rule over unified Spain. Later, Ferdinand and
Isabella incorporated a number of independent Spanish
dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the
Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal force of
homogenization in Spanish society.
Together, Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
were known as Catholic Monarchs (Ios Reyes Catolicos), a
title bestowed by Pope Alexander IV.

References:
1. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ferdinand-and-isabella-marry
2. Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold, p. 21.

Caption

Ferdinand and Isabelle, Catholic

Monarchs

THE BATTLE OF DIU

RAO BIKA
Scion of the Rathore clan of Rajputs, Rao Bika (born 1465), provoked
by a stray comment by his father Rao Jodha (founder of Jodhpur) left
Jodhpur to establish his own kingdom under the guidas of Uncle
Khandal. Rao Bika took advantage of the internal rivalry of the Jats of
Jangladesh (north eastern and northwestern Rajasthan) and built a
small fort called Rati Ghati as mark of his territory in 1485. According to
Cunningham, the area was originally called Bagardesh the land of
bagris/warriors. Most
ost influential clan of the Jats, voluntarily accepted
sovereignty of Bika, on conditions such as tika of inauguration will be
received by successors of Bika from the descendants of clan. Bika had
started building of the city itself in 1488. The land selected as the
capital of this kingdom belonged to Nehra Jat as his birth right. He gave
this land on a condition that his name would be associated with the
capital.
al. His name was Nera, which on adding to Bika gave Bikaner.
To silence wars with the neighbouring Bhatis, he with the help of Karni
Mata - married the daughter of the chief of bhatis. Bika died in 1
1504.

The Battle of Diu(3rd february,1509), also referred as the

Second battle of Chaul, was a naval battle fought between
the Portuguese empire and the combined forces of Gujarat,
Egypt, Calicut, Ottomans, Republic of Venice and the republic
of Ragusa.
Diu held a critical position in order to establish Portuguese
rule over the spice-trade from India. Apart from this strategic
purpose the battle also had to do with the personal vengeance
of viceroy Francisco de Almeida for the death of his son.
The Portuguese held upper hand in terms of technology and
experience. The Dhows and Galleys stood no chance against
the state-of-the-art Portuguese Carracks and Caravels.
Mataof Rao Bikaji
Hand-made painting

V.N Misra (2007) Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early historic foundations. Aryan books International. Page 334
James Tod (2013) Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan or the Central and Western Rajput States of India Volume
2. Forgotten Books
http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/bikaner#pictures

The victory played a critical role in setting Portuguese

dominance until it was taken by the British East India
Company in 1612. This also marked the beginning of the The decisive Battles of world history
European colonialism in India.
References : 1. The decisive battles of world history by professor Gregory S. Aldrete (book)
2. Youtube.com : The Ottoman Battle of Diu
3. http://www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?34857-The-Battle-of-Diu-(1509)

1500
Michelangelos David

THE WARS OF ROSES

The Wars of Roses were a series of civil wars fought for the
throne of England (1455
1455 to 1487
1487) Wars were fought between
descendants of Edward III. The conflict arose as an aftermath of
the social and financial issues following the Hundred Years war
and the weak rule of Henry VI. The fighting houses were the
House of York and the House of Lancaster. Their embl
emblems were a
white rose and a red rose respec
respectively thus the name. The names
of the houses are derived from names of cities they have hardly
anything to do with the cities. Many historians consider the Battle
of Bosworth field (1485)
1485) as the llast war of the series leading to the
accession of Henry VII. Other historians believe that the Battle of
Stoke was the final conflict - Henry VII defeated Lincoln (renamed
as heir of Richard III of the yorkists)
yorkists).

David(1504), one of the finest of works of arts made by

the Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet,
Michelangelo was a masterpiece of renaissance sculpture.
It is a 4.34 meter, nude statue of the biblical hero, David,
who took on the Philistine giant Goliath on behalf of Israel
with the help of just his sling-shot.

Tudor
Tudo rose white rose plus red rose

Symbolizing the end of war, Henry VII (Henry Tudor) create

created
d the Tudor rose a combination
of white and red rose. Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York, uniting the two houses.
http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/tudors/waroftheroses.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses#cite_ref
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses#cite_ref-3

1509

It initially was to be placed atop the grand cathedral in the

city of Florence along with eleven other statues of the old
testament-heroes but was ultimately placed outside the
Palazzo della Signoria. This transformed the entire
interpretation of the statue, making it the symbol of the new
formed republican government and the independent city of
Florence. The placement changed every aspect of it from
religious to a political significance.

David in Galleria dellAccademia

It was moved to Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence in 1873

and a replica was placed at the original location.
References : 1. http://www.florencedailynews.com/2014/03/14/michelangelos-david-rifle-taken-circulation/
2. TED-Ed : The many meanings of Michelangelos Statue of David James Earl
3. Khanacademy : Michelangelo, David, Marlbe,1501-1504

DEMISE OF SAINT KABIR

First Battle of Panipat

Kabir Das, a mystical poet and great Saint of India, was born
in the year 1440 and died in the year 1518. According to the
Islam the meaning of the Kabir is The Great.
Kabir Panth is the huge religious community which
identifies the Kabir as the originator of the Sant Mat sects. It is
considered that he got all his spiritual training from his Guru
named, Ramananda, in his early childhood. One day, he
became a well-known disciple of the Guru Ramananda. The
house of the Kabir Das has accommodated students and
scholars for living and studying his great works.
Kabir's poetry is a reflection of his philosophy about life.
His writings were mainly based on the concept of reincarnation
and karma. Kabir's philosophy about life was very clear-cut. He
believed in living life in a very simplistic manner. He advocated
the notion of Koi bole Ram Ram Koi Khudai.... The basic idea
was to spread the message that whether you chant the name
of Hindu God or Muslim God, the fact is that there is only one
Image : www.columbia.edu
God who is the creator of this beautiful world. More

On 21 April 1526 at the Battlefield of Panipat, Babur, leading

12,000 soldiers, faces Ibrahim Lodis force of 100,000 troops
and 1000 elephants. To safeguard his frontline, he lashes
together 700 carts, among which are positioned his
matchlock-shooters. Babur holds in reserve additional flying
columns. When battle commences, these columns swing
around their foes, flanks and foes from the rear, thus
depriving them of any room for maneuver [1]. This was one of
the earliest battles involving gunpowder, firearms and field
artillery [2]. Babur guns prove decisive in battle because Lodi
lacked any field artillery and also the sound of the canons
frightened the Lodis elephant, causing them to trample Lodis
own men [3].
About 3hours of battle with the death of Ibrahim Lodi and
15,000 of his followers battle ended. Babur marches on Delhi
to found the Mughal dynasty [4].
Battle between the armies of Babur and

References
1. Anonymous. (n.d.). Kabir. Retrieved from http://www.thecolorsofindia.com:
http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/kabir/
2. (Anonymous, Kabir, n.d.)

[1] & [4] DILIP HIRO. ; Timeline History of India; ISBN 0-7607-7976-7
[2] Butalia, Romesh C. The Evolution of the Artillery in India (Allied publishing limited, 1998)
[3] Watts, Tim J. Battles of panipat. In Mekaberidze, Alexander (ed.) Conflict and conquest in the Islamic world. A
Historical Encyclopedia, (ABC-CLIO, 2011). P.707.

IMAGE

1510

1519

DANCING PLAGUE OF 1518

The Dancing Plague (or Dance Epidemic) of 1518 was a case
of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace in July 1518.
Sometime in mid-July 1518, in the city of Strasbourg, a woman
stepped into the street and started to dance in the streets of the city
of Strasbourg, France. There was no music and her face betrayed
no expression of joy.
Around 400 people took to dancing for days without rest,
and, over the period of about one month, Medical and civic
authorities were called in because some of the dancers began dying
from heart attacks, exhaustion or strokes.
Modern researchers pore over those notes to develop theories:
1. The dancers were the victims of mass hysteria: when person
believe they are distressed by an identical disorder.
2. A second theory is in the realm of agriculture. When grains
Engraving of Hendrik Hondius portrays
of rye are attacked by a specific mold.
three women affected by the plague.
3. Some believe it as a kind of religious ecstasy caused by
(Image:Wikipedia)
veneration of Saint Vitus, the patron saint of epilepsy.
References
1. COLUMNIST, G. (2015, 1 15). What was the Dancing Plague of 1518? Retrieved from mother
nature network: http://www.mnn.com/home-blog/guest-columnist/blogs/what-was-the-dancingplague-of-1518
2. "Dancing death" by John Waller. BBC News. 12 September 2008.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Plague_of_1518.

Ibrahim Lodi (1526)

1520 CE

1529 CE

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V was ruler of Holy Roman Empire from 1519. He
struggled to hold his empire together against the growing
forces of Protestantism, increasing Turkish and French
Pressure, and even hostility from the pope [1]. After
becoming Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria,
his empire spanned nearly four million square kilometers
across Europe, the Far East and the Americas [2]. In 1525
Charles defeated Francis I of France; two years later Rome
was sacked and the pope imprisoned, but now new dangers
emerged from the East when the Turks laid siege to Vienna
(1529). Eventually, the pope, Francis, and Charles agreed to
a truce, but Charless league with the pope drove the
Protestants to rebellion [3]. Once the abdication had become
a fact, St. Ignatius of Loyola had this to say:
The emperor gave a rare example to his successors in
so doing, he proved himself to be a true Christian prince
may the lord in all his goodness now grant the emperor
freedom.[4]
[1] & [4]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/107009/Charles-V
[2]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370486/Maximilian-I
[3]. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons6_n2/charles.html

Charles V Holy Roman Emperor

HUMAYUN

SHER SHAH SURI

One of most distressful period in history of Mughal dynasty

was the death of Babur in 1530. Nasir-ud-din Muhammad
Humayun succeeded Babur in December 1530 at the age of
23. He followed the legacy and divided the Mughal Empire
among three brothers. Humayun also defeated Muhamad
Lodi in war of Daurah in 1532. He also laid a siege to Chunar
in 1532 but he was not able to conquer it.

Sher shah suri (also known as Sher Khan), founded the Sur dynasty in Northern
India on 17th May, 1540 AD. He defeated Humayun in the battle Kannauj in 1540.
Though Sur empire was short lived (1540-1545), Sher khan proved to be a
remarkably able ruler, in statecraft, administrative skills and military leadership.
In these 5 years of Sher shahs reign, he built up a highly efficient administrative
machine and introduced a revenue system. He was a brave and courageous
soldier, and knew to strike at the right moment. He believed in equality and treated
all his subjects alike and did not persecute anyone because of his religious belief.
He was a well educated person and had proficiency both in Arabic and Persian.

He lost the empire setup by his father to Afghan ruler Sher

Shah in the battle of Chausa, he was sent to exile in Iran for
fifteen years (1540 - 1555). After the collapse of Sher Shahs
empire Humayun restored power of Mughal Empire in 1555.
Humayun Buid a new city in Delhi which was named as
Dinpanah.

Mughal Emperor Humayun

www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-in-india/585

books.google.co.in/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=indian+history+15301539&source=bl&ots=wPyFKNCF6N&sig=QcsI2bDgPuHpMEdNx_FwwBG7gOQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H3AYVcyNAsmNuASt5
IGgDw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=indian%20history%201530-1539&f=false
http://www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-in-india/585

1530

The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the

most important campaigns towards the Spanish
colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary
exploration and military skirmishes, about 168 Spanish
soldiers under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro and their
allies managed to capture the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in year
1532, in the Battle of Cajamarca. It was considered as the
first step in a long campaign after decades of fighting it
ended up ended in victory of Spanish and region was
colonized as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the
Inca Empire led to creation of independent campaigns into
present-day Chile and Colombia as well as military
expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.
In less than a century the Inca empire under Spanish rule
expanded from 4,00,000 km to 18,00,000 km.

An artistic impression of Sher Shah

Suri by an Afghan artist

H.J. Kissling, F.R.C. Bagley, B. Spuler, N. Barbour, J.S. Trimingham, H. Braun (1969); The Last Great Muslim
Empires; E.J Brill, Leiden Publications, Netherlands
Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002); History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.; Atlantic publishers

1539

THE CONQUEST INCA EMPIRE BY SPANISH

His statesmanship was significant since it was a precious legacy to the Mughal
emperors and proved himself to be the worthy forerunner of the best of Mughal
emperors. In 1545, he was accidently killed. After his death, Sur dynasty fell to
pieces under unworthy successors. Humayun defeated the Suri forces in January
1556 which marked the end of Sur dynasty.

THE LAST JUDJEMENT

The Last Judgement is an Italian fresco painted on the altar wall of
Sistine chapel by Michelangelo. The painting by Michelangelo took four
years for completion from the year 1536 to 1541.

Caption

The Inca-Spanish confrontation in

the Battle of Cajamarca left
thousands of natives dead.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire
https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1500s/yr30/spanishconquestInca1532.htm

It is centered around the dominant figure of Christ, captured in the

moment preceding when the verdict of the Last judjement is uttered. The
effect of entire fresco is like a cyclone with the dead rising in the lower
section in the Christs right side, launching themselves towards the
heaven, swirling over the top, and the damned battling angels and
demons on Christs left hand, sinking violently to the River Styx and the
boat of Charon, who ferries the damned to eternal punishment.
Michelangelos critics complained the portrayal of nudity in this fresco,
but they did not notice that he had encoded in the painting an ideas that
would change the world.
The Last Judgement by Michelangelo

James A. Connor (2009); The Last Judgment: Michelangelo and the

Death of the Renaissance; Palgrave macmillan publishers ISBN: 978-0-230-60573-2
http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/CSNs/CSNs_G_Giud.html

Islam Shah Suri

Islam Shah Suri who reigned 15451554 was the second ruler
of the Sur dynasty which ruled central part of India in the mid
of 16th century. His initially kept name was Jalal Khan and he
was the second son of Sher Shah Suri. Islam Suri is not that
famous as his father Sher Shah Suri although he was
considered to be a worthy successor. The main reason for this
was that his successors were not worthy enough to carry
forward his name. Sher Shah Suris tomb is best known to the
country as magnificent mausoleum. The tomb of Islam Suri is
still incomplete and ruined as Mughals took over Sur dynasty
after successors of Islam Suri could not continue to reign.
Islam Shah was endowed with high imagination. He was a
good student of literature and he also studied canon law and
theology. He tried to give uniformity to the law and the legal
procedure in the Empire.. He also tired to discourage the Jagir
system. He also added to the defence of the Empire by
building 5 more fortresses, they are Shergarh, Islamgarh,
Firozgarh, Rashidgarh, and Mankot. Islam Shah not only
maintained the Empire of his father but also added to it.

Restoration of Mughal Empire

Sher Shah Suri with the help of Afghans overthrew
Mughal rule completely and established Suri dynasty by
defeating Humayun, the successor of Babur at the Battle
of Kanauj in 1540.

Silver coin termed as Rupaiya during the

reign of Islam Suri

http://www.preservearticles.com/2012031025991/biography-of-islam-shah-the-successor-of-sher-shah.html
http://thespeakingarch.com/islam_shah_tomb/

1545

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1990/issue28/2842.html
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/council-of-trent.htm
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Council+of+Trent

Painting of Humayun (reign 1530-1540/

1555-1556)

John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press ,p.12 ISBN 0-521-56603-7
http://www.historydiscussion.net/empires/mughal-empire-the-foundation-of-the-mughal-empire-inindia/585#Humayun_1530-40_AD_1555-56_AD
http://collections.lacma.org/node/172754

1549

Council of Trent
Paul III (15341549), the pope appointed a commission to
examine the state of the church. The commissions report
was about concern of the reform of the Church. It pointed
out that Popes and cardinals had become too worldly, taking
bribes to gain church office was spread widely, discipline of
monasteries had lost and to sell the indulgences was
abused widely. Thus, the Council of Trent was called upon
by Paul Ill who was pope from 1534 to 1549 and it first
started in Dec,1545. The Council of Trent was the council of
the Roman Catholic Church that had met between 1545 and
1563 at trent to react against the protestants.
It also affirmatively assured traditional Catholic beliefs and
formulated the ideals of the counter reformation. The three
sessions of council were held to examine and condemn the
teachings of Martin Luther King and John Calvin and other
protestant reformers.
It also redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished
various abuses and strengthened the papacy

After the death of Sher Shah in 1554, the Suri

dynasty became weak and Humayun led his army from
Kabul back to the northern Indian plain in late 1554. The
Mughals met little resistance until Sikandar Shah Sur, the
ruler of Punjab, assembled a large Afghan army at the
town of Sirhind. A hard fought battle ended with Mughal
victory. Sikandar Shah Sur fled the battlefield and with
him went any hope of further Afghan resistance.
Humayun entered Delhi and restored Baburs monarchy
by mid 1555. The Mughal restoration was complete.

1550

1559

The Last Italian war

The Italian war of 1551(1551-1559),
sometimes known as Habsburg-Valois war
and the Last Italian War began when Henry
II of France, the successor of Francis I to the
throne, declared a war against Charles I of
Spain with the intent of recapturing Italy and
ensuring French domination of European
affairs. An early offensive against Lorraine
was successful, but the attempt to invade
Tuscany by the French in 1553 was defeated
at the Battle of Marciano. Charles
abdication in 1556 witnessed the splitting of
Habsburg empire between Philip II of Spain
and Ferdinand I.
The Council of trent meeting at Santa
Maria Church in Trent

Battle of Marciano at Tuscany where the French

were defeated

Focus of the war was shifted to Flanders, where Philip in conjunction with
Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy defeated the French at St. Quentin. Englands
entry into the war later that year led to the French capture of Calais and the
French army plundered Spanish possessions in the Low Countries .But Henry
was nonetheless forced to accept the peace of Cateau-Cambresis in which he
renounced any further claims to Italy.

William Miller, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors,1801-1927 Routledge, 1966 ISBN 0-7146-1974-4

http://www.slitherine.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=92&t=41995

http://www.scannagallo.com/storia2agosto.htm
http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_italian_wars.html

Sid Saiyyad Mosque

BATTLE OF TALIKOTA

Built in 1573 and situated in Ahmedabad, this mosque is also

This watershed battle was fought between the

Vijayanagara empire and the four Muslim sultans of Bijapur,
Bidar, Ahmadnagar and Golconda in the Indian Deccan .It
was fought at talikota which is situated in northern Karnataka,
about 80 km to the southeast of the city of Bijapur. It marked
the fall of the perhaps the last great medieval Hindu empire,
Vijayanagara empire. The combined armies of the Deccan
sultanates gave a disastrous defeat to Vijayanagara in
January 1565 .According to some scholars this battle was
actually fought at a place that lied somewhere between
Rakshasi and Tangadi, so this also called as RakshasiTangadi battle. After the war Rama Raya was put to death
and the victorious troops destroyed the beautiful and
prosperous city, Vijayanagar.

known as Sidi Saiyyad ni Jali (

). It was
built by Sidi Saiyyad, a learned African-origin slave of Gujarat
Sultanate. It was built during the last year of the Sultanate
before Akbar annexed Gujarat in his empire.

Forces of the Adil Shah dynasty on marchOne of the Deccan Sultanate

REFERENCE 1- Radhey Shyam Chaurasia. History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D ,Atlantic
Publishers & Dist, 2002.. ISBN 8126901233, 9788126901234
REFERENCE 2- Wikipedia

1569

References:
Ahmedabad Next: Towards a World Heritage City, published by Bennett, Coleman &Co. Ltd., Accession No.:012608
http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/religious-places/sidi-sayed-jhali.html

1570

1579

The Battle of Nagashino

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and
actor, popularly considered as the greatest writer in the
English literature and the world's foremost dramatist. He is
usually called England's national poet and the "Bard of
Avon" which means poet of Avon. He was born in Stratfordupon-Avon, baptized at Holy Trinity in April 1564 and buried
there 52 years later. Some of words created by
Shakespeare include "swagger," "bedroom," "champion,"
"gossip," and "fashionable". There does not survive a written
contemporay discription of Shakespeare's physical
appearance and neither does any evidences of him
commissioning portrait exist. So there is huge possibility that
Shakespeare portraits are fake, as well as mis-attributions of
portraits of other people. Its worthy to mention a couple of
line etched on his tomb-Blessed be the man that spares
these stones/ And cursed be he who moves my bones.

One of the semi-circular windows with

stone-carved design of a tree with
branches- The inspiration for logo of
IIM-Ahmedabad

Image: "Mosque of Sidi Sayed Jaali" by Vrajesh jani - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_of_Sidi_Sayed_Jaali.JPG#/media/File:Mosque_of _Sidi_Sayed_Jaali.JPG

REFERENCE 3- Encyclopedia Britannica

1560

Sidi Saiyyad Mosque is situated in the heart of the city, near

Lal Darwaja. It has 10 semi circular windows, beautifully
carved from stones. On the rear wall, beside this squaredesigned windows, are two semi-circular windows with
intricately carved design of tree sprouting and spreading its
branches and leaves (shown on the right), often known as
tree of life. This particular Jali (mesh) artwork is the reason
why the mosque is referred to as Sidi Saiyyad ni Jali. The
logo of Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Ahmedabad
was derived from this design. This piece of artwork brings
thousands of visitors to Ahmedabad from all around the world.

The battle of Nagashino took place near Nagashino Castle in

1575 in Japan. Historically, this battle is believed to be a
major turning point in Japanese warfare because of use of
firearms on large scale. Many scholars cite it as the first
modern Japanese battle.

The Tomb of William Shakespeare

REFERENCE- J. O. Adams,A life of William Shakespeare, Wildside Press LLC, 2007,ISBN 1434483541,
9781434483546
REFERENCE - BBC News (28 May 2008). "Bard's 'cursed' tomb is revamped". British Broadcasting Corporation.
Retrieved 23 April 2010.
REFERENCE - Wikipedia

Takeda Katsuyori had besieged the Nagashino castle, which

belonged to Tokugawa government. Tokugawa Ieyasu was
trying to retrieve the castle with the help of his ally Oda
Nobunaga. Nobunaga was an innovator with firearms and
war-tactics. He effectively used the match-block guns given
by Portuguese. This became a decisive factor in their victory
against Takeda army who had a powerful and so-farsuccessful tactic called Cavalry on their side. Before the
Portuguese introduced firearms, the Samurai warriors used
only bows, arrows and spears. The success of the firearms
in this battle changed the history of Japanese warfare.

A picture depicting clever use of

obstacle positions and firearms by
Nobunaga army

References:
Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades: http://books.google.co.in/books?id=xFaCvUTWEI0C
http://www.samurai-archives.com/ban.html
Image source: http://www.willamette.edu/~rloftus/jfilm/nagashino.html

Akbars invasions in 1590-1599 CE:

Revolt of 1583 - Cuncolim

Revolt

Revolt of Kshatriya (Hindus) in Cuncolim (Goa) who

massacred the Christian priests and civilians who were trying
to uproot the Hindu Religion.
The very First protest by local population against Portuguese
administration. This protest was even prior to Revolt of 1857,
and is important mark against Foreign Rule in India.
Demand of Swaraj and Swadharma.
The religious discontent were basic reasons for these revolts:
It shows a trend of unity among people and opposition to
Christianity imposed by the foreign rule.
5 Jesuit priests, 1 European & some local Christians got killed.
But this event has gone un-noticed in the History of Indian
Independence and not been highlighted.
This incidence is of wide popularity in the localities and is
narrated as story of the valor of the brave Chieftains of Cuncolim
Some of these missionaries were later in 1893 beatified by the
Catholic Church as Martyrs of Cuncolim.

high res

Painting representation of the killing of 5

Jesuit priests

Insurgent Sepoys: Europe Views the Revolt of 1857 - Shaswati Mazumdar

Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links -Charles J. Borges, Helmut Feldmann
1583 Revolt of Cuncolim -Pandurang Nagwekar
http://www.vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/GoaInquisition.htm

1580

1589

Drake`s Circumnavigation of the earth:

1599AD

Japanese Korean Wars (1592-1598) CE:

MAGE
high res

Circumnavigation Path followed by

Francis Drake during voyage (1577-1580)

(Stow, Annales , p. 807)

Sir Francis Drake and the Famous Voyage, 1577-1580 :-By:Norman Joseph William Thrower
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/
http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-4-famousvoy.html
[A]

AKBARS PAINTING
Source: Google images

Refrences:
Journal of the Asiatic society of Britain and Ireland- Cambridge University.(1)
A history of India- Romila Thapur. (2)
A history of India- Rout Ledge.(3)
History of Odisha Govt of Odisha. (4)

1590AD

In 1580, the circumnavigation of entire world in a single

expedition was successfully completed by Sir Francis Drake.
Elizabeth I had sent Drake to start an expedition in 1577, with
the squadron consisting of five vessels.
Only one ship, The Golden Hind, completed the entire
voyage, returning on 26 September 1580, "very richly fraught
with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones"[A]
There was a huge 4600 % Profit earned by the voyage,
(I.e. 47 for each 1 invested), and Drake had quietly
informed Queen & the investors about it without creating
public anxiety.
This enormous treasure was kept safeguarded in Plymouth.
On 4 April, 1581, Drake was knighted by Elizabeth I.

After completing his conquest of Gujarat, Bihar, Bengal Akbar

concentrated on Orissa, the mission was held under the
supervision of his governer of Bihar, the ruler of orissa Nisar
khan surrendered initially. Later he revolted against the
emperor and captured Puri and jagannath(1). Then Raja Man
singh defeated and expelled Nasir Khan from Orissa, later
Orissa was merged in Mughal empire in 1592CE(2).
After annexation of Bihar, Bengal
Akbar made Abdur Rahim as the representative of Multan in
1591 and handed the responsibility of conquering Sindh. In
the consecutive wars of Sindh the ruler of Sindh was
dethroned and the kingdom was merged in Mughal Empire.
Akbar oppionted Mir Masum to lead the mission to annex
Baluchistan in1595 CE(3). The mission was completed
successfully by defeating chiefs of Sindh. Akbar had a desire
to conquer South India. He passed messages to Khandesh,
Ahmednagar and Golkonda rulers to annex their kingdoms.
Only Khandesh ruler accepted the proposal to pay annual tax.
The mission lead by Abdur Rahim deputed by Prince Murad
occupied Ahmed Nagar in 1600 CE(4). Mughals occupied
Daultabad in 1599 CE. Khandesh rulers successor refused to
pay tribute to Mughals, so Akbar attacked and captured
Khandesh.

The Japanese invasions of Korea contain two different

operations. An initial invasion of 1592AD and a brief armistice
in 1596AD and 2nd invasion in 1597AD (1). The conflict ended
by 1598AD with an agreement and the withdrawal of
Japanese forces from Korea. All these invasions were headed
by Toyotoms Hideyshi with the intention of conquering Joseon
dynasty in Korea and Ming dynasty in China(2). At the
beginning Japan very quickly succeded in occupying the
territories of Korea but the joint forces of Korea and China
which is very large in number made Japan in a withdrawal
towards coastal areas and a military stalemate. When
Toyotomi passed away in 1598AD Japanese forces in Korea
were called back by the new governing council of five elders.
Finally peace negotiation between the countries followed and
continued for long years (3).
References:
The naval campaign in the Korean war of Hideyoshi
(1592-98) Sadler. (1),(2)
A history of Japan- Sansom George (3)

Japanese Korean Wars

Source: Google Images

THE EAST INDIA COMPANY

TheThirtyYearsWar(16181648)

st

4500 miles away from Kathmandu, in London on the 31

of December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted a Royal
Charter allowing a group of British merchants to form the
Governor and Company of Merchants of London
Trading into the East Indies which was later famously
know as The East India Company It gave them a 15
year monopoly to trade with countries in South and
South East Asia. This move ultimately resulted in the
British conquering India and, 214 years after the signing
of that fateful charter that brought the British into direct
conflict with Nepal.
Such exclusive companies, therefore, are nuisances in
every respect; always more or less inconvenient to the
countries in which they are established, and destructive
to those which have the misfortune to fall under their
government
-Adam Smith, The wealth of Nations 1776
The East India Company is founded by Elizabeth I through Royal Charter
DILIP HIRO (2002) The Timeline History Of India, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc
https://indiaexplored.wordpress.com/pax-britannica/
http://www.ayo-gorkhali.org/index.php/en/timeline/mythic-beginnings/1600-east-india-company-established

1600

1610

TheThirtyYearsWar:EuropesTragedybyPeterH.Wilson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years'_War

THE BATTLE OF KINSALE

The Battle of Kinsale was one the most momentous
battles in the Irish History. It finally brought success to
England in its fight to conquer Gaelic Ireland. The battle
was fought in the early hours of Christmas Eve 1601, in
a small unknown port of Kinsale.
This historic tale, where the Battle of Kinsale was pivotal
in the Irelands Nine Years War, began when two
patriotic forces, Hugh ONeill and Red Hugh ODonnell,
united to drive the British invaders out of their land in
1601.
The events that took place was to be described as illjudged on ONeills part, as the battle lasted only an
hour, 1200 Irish soldiers were lost whereas the English
merely lost 20. To conclude, the Irish Army was illequipped, deficiently skilled for open-field fighting and
was no match against the experienced and intense
ammunition of English Army.

Thirtyyearswarpossessaveryimportant
positioninhistoryofEurope.TheWarbegan
whenRomanRulerFerdinandII(Bohemia)
attemptedtodiminishreligiousactivitiesofhis
subjects,whichprovokedrebellionamong
Protestants.InthiswarmajorpartofEuropewas
involved,withSweden,Franceandall
otherswagingcampaignsprimarilyonGerman
soil.Asmercenarysoldiersshowedextreme
crueltythewarwasendedwitha
seriesofpactsthatmadeupthePeaceof
Westphalia.Thisincidentchangedthemap
ofcentralEuropeasitwasoneofthelongestand
mostdestructiveandexpensivewarofthattime
startedasinbetweenprotestantsandcatholicsThebattleofRacori(Partofthewar)
ofRomanEmpirebutlater
involvedallEuropeinit.

RiseoftheEastIndiaCompany

Post-stamp depicting a Soldier in Nine Years War at Kinsale harbour

http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/10447-Soldier_in_Kinsale_Harbour-Battle_of_Kinsale-Ireland
http://www.yourirish.com/battle-of-kinsale
http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/history-of-ireland

In1612EastIndiacompanymadeacommercial
treatyfortradefromMughalemperorJahangirby
theiragentsirThomasRoe.Inthiscommercial
treatycompanywasalsogivenrightstostayand
buildfactoriesinSurat.Laterin1615sirThomas
Roewasappointedastheambassadorinthe
court(Darbaar)ofMughalemperorJahangirfrom
thecourtofkingoftheEngland.Afterthisincident

TAJ MAHAL
Shahabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor
built the famous monument of Taj Mahal, in 1632-1654 as a
mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.
The Taj located in Agra is one of the primary Mughal
architecture in India. It is perfect combination of Indian, Persian,
Islamic and Ottoman Turkish. While earlier Mughal buildings
were primarily constructed of red sandstone, Shah Jahan used
white marble ornamented with semi-precious stones. The
marble was brought from Makrana, Rajasthan while Jasper from
Punjab, Jade and crystals from China, Tibet; blue Lapis-Lazuli
from Hindu Kush; sapphire and chalcedony from Sri Lanka; and
carnelian from Arabia. In total 28 types of precious and semiprecious stones were studded into the white marble.
In words of The Emperor himself:
The sight of this mansion creates sorrowing
sighs; and the sun and the moon shed tears
from their eyes. In the world this edifice is
made; to display thereby creators glory.

Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana

Widely known as Rahim, was brought up by Akbar.He was one of the
important dewan in Akbars court. He was renowned for his Hindi
couplets (doha). He wrote dohas on various topics including life, love,
occupations of urban women, etc.
Apart from dohas, he has also written two popular books on astrology,
namely, Kheta Kautukama and Dwawishd Yogavali. He also translated
Muhammad Baburs autobiography to Persian language which was
originally written in Chagatai language. He was also a commandor, a
politician and a skilled soldier of Mughal Empire. He was so famous that
the village of Khankhana was named after him. He died in 1627. His
tomb is situated in Nizamuddin East on Mathura road in New Delhi.

The Taj Mahal.

Refrences:

Satish Chandra(2012)History Of Medieval India. Orient Blackswan

Satish Chandra(2013) Medieval India Part-II. Har-Anand
Eugenia Vanina(2012) Medieval Indian Mindscapes Primus Books
Image courtesy: https://kitchensofhistory.wordpress.com/tag/khan-i-khana/

Painting of Abdul Rahim Khan

Lesley A. DuTemple, "The Taj Mahal", Lerner Publishing Group (March 2003)
SouLSteer, Taj Mahal
HP Roychoudhury (2013). My Journey & Sovereign United Bengal.
http://www.taj-mahal.net
Image courtesy: http://www.artoflegendindia.com

1630
17th Century Copper Crucifix

THE TRIAL OF GALILEO

It was found among the building debris associated

with the construction of a huge stone residence
built for George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, in
Ferryland, Newfoundland, Canada by a student of
Memorial University in 2014. It belongs to 1620s. It
has width of 2.8 cm and is made of copper. On its
front side Christ is depicted and on its back it has
Mary and Christ child. It is thought to belong to
worker, governor or possibly to George Calvert. It
is an evidence of the practice of Christianity during
its time of belonging.
Refrences:
1.

2.

1639

Front and back view of Crucifix

http://www.colonyofavalon.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=358:17th-century-crucifixfound&catid=42:news-a-events&Itemid=83
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/tiny-copper-crucifix-from-1620s-settlement-unearthed-in-newfoundland/

In 1611, Galileo came to the attention of Inquisition for the

first time for his Copernican views of Heliocentrism. In
1630 he completed the book Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems in which he discussed the
Ptolemaic and Copernican views and conditionally
published. The book was printed in 1632 but the Pope
Urban VIII stopped its distribution and referred to the
Inquisition and Galileo was summoned to Rome despite
of his infirmities.
In 1633, Galileo was formally interrogated for 18 days
and on April 30 he confessed his mistake but the pope
decided to imprison him indefinitely with a formal threat of
torture. 6 out of 10 inquisitors signed on the sentence of
prison and religious penances. Galileo rejects errors in a
formal ceremony at the church of Santa Maria Sofia
Minerva. Galileo remained under house arrest, despite
many medical problems and deteriorating state of health,
until his death in 1642.
The church finally accepted that Galileo might be right in
1983.

Caption

IMAGE
high res

Galileo's Inquisition Trial, 1633

The Trail of Galileo, 1612-1633, Thomas F. Mayer, University of Toronto Press, 2012.
physics.ucr.edu
Image courtesy: http://www.greatkat.com/03/galileo.html

Red Fort
Red Fort is also known as LAL QILA.It is known as red fort
because the whole fort is made of red stones. The Mughal
King in 1638 decided to shift his capital in Delhi from Agra and
thus the construction of red fort was started at the banks of
Yamuna River in the northeastern side of newly founded city
of shahjanabad in present day is known as Old Delhi. The fort
was completed in the year of 1648.
The red fort is originally known as Qila-I-Mubarak because it
was the Residence of the royal family. The fort has two and a
half kilometer perimeter with tallest structure of 33 meters.
The fort has numerous sections according to specific
functions. Deewan-e-Aam is a hall for public interaction with
the emperor. Deewan-e-khas is another hall made for
privately held meetings for emperor. Rang Mahal is a special
place for wives of emperor. It has a huge pool spot with
beautiful crafted ceiling, having gold covered towers and a
number of mirrors in arrangement.Naqqar Khana is a place
were musicians play music specific to particular time of the
day.
REFERENCES- http://www.redfortdelhi.co.in/history.htm
http://historicaltimeofindia.blogspot.com/2013/06/history-behind-red-fort.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Fort,_Delhi_India.jpg

Thomas Hobbes
A Political Scientist, Historian, Philosopher, Academic
and Journalist- Thomas Hobbes, born in Westport, England, on
April 5, 1588, was known for his vision of the world which is
strikingly original and still relevant to contemporary politics. His
main concern is the problem of social and political order: how
human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger
and fear of civil conflict.
On 29 Dec 1651, he returns to England after 10 years in
exile. His exile was related to the civil wars of the time. His
1651 book Leviathan established social contract theory, the
foundation for most of the later western political philosophy.
"The universe is corporeal; all that is real is material, and
what is not material is not real." --The Leviathan

IMAGE

Red Fort (New Delhi)

1640

1649

English Civil War

http://www.biography.com/people/thomas-hobbes-9340461
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_by_John_Michael_Wright.jpg

1650--------------------------------------------------------1659
Madangopal Jiu Temple

The English Civil War started in 1642 when Charles I raised

his royal standard in Nottingham. The split between Charles
and Parliament Took because both were willing to back
down over the principles that they held .The war was only
solution so that all problems could be solved. The country
was split into two groups i) those who supported the king. ii)
Those who supported parliament. This was the classic
ingredients for a civil war.
There were only three major battles in the English Civil War
Edge Hill (1642), Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby
(1645).In first battle both sides claimed success, there was
no decisive result from this battle. In 1644, Charles lost
control of the north of England as a result of a major defeat
at the Battle of Marston Moor. The combined armies of
Parliament and the Scots heavily defeated the Charles I. In
June 1645, Cromwells New Model Army caused a fatal blow
to the kings army at the Battle of Naseby. Charles did not
recover from this defeat and was lost. In 1646, Charles
surrendered to the Scots rather than to Parliament.
Monarchy rule started declining was the long term cause of
the war.

Portrait of Thomas Hobbles

Madangopal Jiu temple, also called as Gopaler Mandir is situated in Mellock, near
Samta in the state of West Bengal. Gopaler Mandir literally means that the temple of
Gopala, that is Krishna. Whereas, 'Mandangopal' is a combination of two words. 'Madan'
means, the lord of love and 'Gopal', which means one who plays with the cowherds. The
main deity in the temple is of Radha Krishna to whom the temple is dedicated.
The temple was built in 1651 CE by Mukundaprasad Roychoudhury, descent of
the Roychowdhury Zamindars or of Mellock and who was also a famous wrestler in this
region during those times. The Mandir was situated on the banks of the river Rupnarayan,
now the river changed its course and has now moved
further away.

IMAGE

English Civil War battle scene from the children of

the new forest

REFERENCES - http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil_war_england.htm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/english_civil-war.htm
http://www.historyonthenet.com/chronology/timelinecivilwar.htm
http://www.magnoliabox.com/art/213361/english-civil-war-battle-scene-from-the-children-of-the-new

The temple is terracotta ornamented and has

aatchala which means it has roof with 8 slopes. The
main entrance of this temple has three arches. The
temple faces to south. The temple has number of
sculptures and designs on it. The Janmastami and Holi
are celebrated in this temple. Due to negligence of
Archaeology department of India, The temple in present
conditions is in ruins like many other temples in India
and there is need of reconstruction of the temple as
soon as possible.

Aatchala-Roof with 8 slopes

http://www.tirthatanay.com/tag/madan-gopal-jiu-temple/
http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples/info/10749
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Madan_Gopal_Jiu_temple,_Mellock.jpg

BATTLE OF PAWANKHIND

CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI
Shivaji Bhonsle was the founder of the Maratha Empire. Born
in 1630 to a Maratha general under the Delhi Sultanate,
Shivajis reign was characterised by sudden guerrilla attacks
on enemy and an efficient administration system. This laid the
basis for a strong Maratha empire which was to be a stiff
resistance to the Mughals and the British till 1818. Prior to
1674, Shivaji had led Maratha armies to several successful
attacks, most famously the ones on Afzal Khan, and the
conquests of forts like Rajgarh, Torna and Kondana.

Balttle of Pawan Khind, a periodic last stand, fought between

the Adilshahi forces and the Marathas took place on the rainy
night of July 13, 1660 bear Kolhapur in Maharashtra. The
battle was completely unmatched, the forces was vastly
outnumbered, around 12,000 huge military infantry of
Adilshahi forces led by Siddi Masud on one side and around
300 Maratha soldiers on the other side. The battle was named
Pawankhind in reference with a sacred pass through which
Baji Prabhu Deshpande along with his military troops was
speeding towards his strategic positions in Ghodkhind,
escaping from his Panhala siege, until Shivaji along with his
other military troops reached Vishalgarh through another
secret pass.
The sacrifices made by the Bajiprabhu Deshpande
(commander in chief of the battle) and Shiva Kashid (who
disguised himself as the king Shivaji in order to mislead
Adilshahi forces) and a sword of honor were given to them.
.

Wounded Baji Prabhu in Battle of

Pawankhind

Pra. La. Sasavadakara (1978). Baji Prabhu Deshpande, the hero of Pawankhind. Veer Ratna Baji Prabhu
Deshpande Smarak Samiti
Frederic P. Miller, John Mc Brewster (2009). Shivaji. VDM Publishing. ISBN: 9786130077419.

1660

1669

THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON

An artists rendering of the Coronation of

REFERENCES

Shivaji as the Chhatrapati in 1674

Chhatrapati Shivaji by BHAWAN SINGH RANA

https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Shivaji.html
Image reference: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/marathas/raigarh/raigarh.html

1670

1679

FRANCO-DUTCH WAR

The great fire of London was a major inferno in the Londons

history. Started on 2nd sep., 1666 in Thomas Farriners
Bakey on pudding lane, the fire travelled a long distance in
London. This disturbed about one third of London. By 6th
Sep, 1666, the fire was out of city. This destroyed a big part
of London and consumed 13,200 houses, 87 churches, 52
Guild Halls and about 1, 00,000 people were made
homeless. It took about 51 years to restrengthen the
prosperity of the city. But this fire had resulted into the
decrement of the plague to a great extent due to the death of
a large no. of plague carrying rats which had enraptured the
whole London since 1665.
Remains of ruined churches, archaeological discoveries and
many things related to great fire are secured in the museum
of London which still makes us to remember that terrible
conflagration.

He was crowned on the 6th of June, 1674 at his fort in Raigarh

thus officially laying the foundation of a strong Maratha Empire.
The ceremony was a grand one and Shivaji was conferred the
title of 'Chhatrapati' (the Emperor or 'Maharaja'). A second
Tantrik coronation was held on 24th September 1674. Shivaji
followed up his coronation with further conquests in the
Deccan. He died at the close of the decade (in 1680) and the
Maratha empire continued to expand after his death even after
the constant struggle with the Mughals (the War of 27 years
commenced soon after his death).

A seventeenth century painting showing the

Great Fire Of London by an anonymous
artist

Neil Wallington (2005). In case Of Fire. Jeremy Mills publishing. ISBN 978-0-9546484-6-6.
Porter, Stephen (2006). The Great fire of London. Oxford University Press
Hanson, Neil (2002). The Great Fire Of London: In That Apocalyptic Year, 1666. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley

The French under Louis XIV along with England as it allies

invaded the Dutch Republic to seize the Spanish Netherlands
in the May 1672. The year 1672 is referred to as the year of
disaster or the Het Rampjaar in Dutch because of the
outbreak of Franco Dutch War and the Third Anglo Dutch War
collectively called the Dutch War.
England withdrew from the war in 1674 for trade reasons on
seeing Dutch's growing naval strength. At the same time,
Spain joined the battle against French. 1676-1678 was
dominated by siege activities as a result of which France
broke the opponent's coalition and besieged two important
cities of Ghent and Ypres to be in a strong bargaining position
at the peace talks.
The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen by
the Dutch and the French who won the Franche-Comte and
other Spanish Netherlands cities under its control. The war
was significant as it marked the emergence of France as a
great military power in contrast to the Dutch who were at their
peak before the start of the war.
REFERENCES
http://www.emersonkent.com/wars_and_battles_in_history/dutch_war.htm
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire/Anglo-Dutch_Wars
Image Courtesy: http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/SK-A-486

The Storming of Coevorden, 30 December 1672

by the Dutch recapturing Coevorden after the
Rampjaar.

Sambhaji and Aurangzeb

SAMBHAJI
Sambhaji Bhosale was the eldest son of Chhatrapati Shivaji,
the founder of Maratha Empire. He succeeded his father,
Shivaji, in 1680. As a prince, he proved his bravery and military
brilliance on more than one occasion. He led and won his first
war at Ramnagar at the age of 16. During 1675-76,
he led successful campaigns in Goa and Karnataka.
One day when he was enjoying himself in his pleasure house,
he was surprised and captured by the Mughal officer Muqurrab
Khan. He was brought to Aurangzebs military camp at
Bahadurgarh and tortured to death in March 1689. The
Emperor burnt out his eyes with a red-hot iron, cut out the
tongue which had blasphemed the Prophet, and struck off his
head.
He was a scholar of Sanskrit language. He kept Aurangzeb
away from North India for 27 years. Hindus must learn how to
sacrifice for Dharma from him.

Sambhaji Maharaj Samadhi (Shaktisthal) in

Vadhu, Pune, Maharashtra

Sir William Wilson Hunter (1886). The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products
Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.
J.L. Mehta (1997). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India

1680

The demise of Chhatrapati Shivaji was followed by period of

confusion and turmoil. Sambhajis foster brother Raja Rai was
placed on the throne. Sambhaji being the rightful heir
however took possession of the throne by marching on the
capital with an army of more than twenty thousand. Peace still
eluded the Maratha kingdom as Aurangzeb fourth son Akbar,
an aspirant of the Mughal throne revolted against Aurangzeb
and sought the refuge of Sambhaji. This prompted the Mughal
Emperor to launch an extensive campaign in the Deccan to
curb the rising Marathas. The states of Bijapur and Golconda
were annexed within three years of Aurangzebs arrival in the
Deccan. The Marathas launched attacks on the Portuguese in
Goa as well as the State of Mysore in vain. The battle of
Wai(1687) proved to be the final nail in the coffin for
Sambhajis regime as they suffered a thrashing defeat against
the Mughals. This weakened his forces tremendously. His
positions were spied by the Shirke Clan Marathas. He was
captured along with his twenty advisors on February 1689
and tortured to death.

1689

Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 By Jaswant Lal Mehta
The Marathas 1600-1818 By Stewart Gordon

1680

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

The revolution of 1688, traditionally referred to as the

Glorious revolution, is generally seen as marking the
emergence of Parliament as the supreme power in the land,
displacing the monarch from that role, and putting an end to
divine right kingship in England. The king, no longer the
agent or deputy of God on earth, now drives his power from
the people, or from the representatives of the people
embodied in the Parliament.

The northern New Mexico was conquered by the Spanish at

the turn of the Seventeenth century. The indigenous people
who had lived and worshipped independently for centuries
were forced to accept Christianity. Their long established
places of worship (Kivas) and sacred objects (Kachinas) were
demolished.
After three decades of oppression, in the spring of 1680 the
Indians finally rose against the Spaniards. Headed by one of
their religious leaders Pope (sometimes referred to as
PoPay). On the night of August 10, 1680, the natives attacked
the Spanish establishment in more twenty four areas. A force
of 2500 Indians ransacked the colonial headquarters at Santa
Fe. More than 400 foreigners were massacred.
The people formed their own government which lasted till
1692 and although the imperial rule was imposed then the
Spanish were forced to allow the Natives to practice their own
religion.

This revolution ended the reign of James II and ushered in

the reign of Wiliam III and Mary II. The chronic dislocation of
the English Civil War was remembered by many people as
the relative stability of the reign of Charles II. No one was
willing to tolerate more years of uncertainity or the possibility
of the country being pushed once more into military conflict.
The revolution marked a considerable triumph for Whig views.
It permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of
England.
John Miller (1983). The Glorious Revolution
David Lovejoy (1972). The Glorious Revolution in America
Maurice Ashley (1966). The Glorious Revolution of 1688

IMAGE
high res
Depiction of William of Orange as he
arrives in England, 1688

Sambhaji Maharaj

1689

The Statue of Pope in US Capitol

Building

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/one/pueblo.htm
http://international.loc.gov/intldl/eshtml/es-1/es-1-3-5.html

Hijack of Ganj-i-Sawai
In 1965 the historys largest Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai was
taken captive by Henry Avery, possibly the greatest and the
wealthiest pirate who ever lived. In September of 1965, the
Ganj-i-Sawai along with 25 other Mughal ships set sail from
the port of Mocha, Laden with gold and money and was on its
voyage home to the port of Surat, the most important port in
the Western India. It was carrying around 52 lacs of rupees in
gold coins. Despite having four hundred muskets and eighty
cannons in its arsenal, it was seized by the pirates. This
incident had a strong impact on the relationship between the
East India Company and the Mughals. A huge reward for
declared for his capture but he could never be tracked down.
The emperor at that time, Aurangzeb retaliated by imprisoning
English traders and threatened to siege Bombay.

AURANGZEB DIED (1707 CE)

Captain Averys troop capture Ganj-i-Sawai

http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/asian-and-african/2013/03/the-highjacking-of-the-ganj-i-sawa%CA%BCi.html#
http://dotconnector.quora.com/The-Worlds-Greatest-Pirate-and-his-connection-to-India
http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/45/4529/VWKBG00Z/posters/captain-avery-s-sloops-captureganj-i-sawai.jpg

1690

1699

Battle of the Boyne

On the 1st of July (Julian Calender) in 1690 two British
armies faced watch other across the River Boyne. The Battle
of the Boyne was a conflict between William of Orange, a
Dutch Protestant who was recently crowned the King of
Britain and James II, the deposed Catholic King, who lost his
throne to William a year before. The two commanders were
related by blood. William of Orange had married the
daughter of James II, Mary II, and was also a nephew of
James. This was the largest number of troops ever deployed
in Irish fields with William commanding 36,000 men and
James, 25,000. The British Throne French Dominance in
Europe and Religious power in Ireland was at stake. The
battle ended with King James retreating his army across the
River Nanny at Duleek.

The Mughals, suffering mighty losses against the Sikh

fighting force, killed two of Guru Gobind Singh's elder
sons at the battle. Guru Gobind Singh sent Aurangzeb an
eloquent yet defiant letter entitled the Zafarnama, written
in beautiful Arabic, accusing the emperor of treachery,
and claiming a moral victory. On receipt of this letter,
Aurangzeb is said to have invited Guru Gobind Singh to
meet, but Aurangzeb died before Guru Gobind Singh
arrived. Some Sikhs still believe that it was the shock
upon reading the letter that lead to the King's death. Even
when ill and dying, Aurangzeb made sure that the
populace knew he was still alive by giving strong Islamic Fig.: Aurangzebs open air Tomb in Khuldabad
views. He died in Ahmednagar on 3rd March, 1707 at the
age of 88. His modest open-air grave in Khuldabad near Daulatabad expresses his deep
devotion to his Islamic beliefs. According to his wish, the tomb is a plain block of plastered
masonry on an open platform with no canopy.
1.
2.

The Timeline History of India by Dilip Hiro pp. 194-195, ISBN: 0760779767
https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070916212956AA6ACoO

1700CE
CE-----------------------------------1709 1709
CE CE
1700
1850
WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
(1701-14 CE)
The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the
death of childless Charles II, the last King of Spain. In the
autumn of 1700, Charles II made a will bequeathing the
throne to Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV of France. The
English, the Dutch and the Austrians formally declared
war in May 1702. An anti-French alliance was formed
(1701 CE) by England, the Dutch Republic, and the
emperor Leopold. The war started with a surprising
Austrian offense by Prince Eugen in Italy in 1701 and an
Anglo Dutch offense on the lower Rhine under

Battle of the Boyne

http://www.battleoftheboyne.ie/TheBattleBeyond
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/battle_of_the_boyne
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg

Marlborough in 1702. Bavaria then joined France in Fig: The Battle of Blenheim, 13 August 1704. A
Grand Alliance and a French-Bavarian army
September 1702 and Savoy and Portugal joined the
Alliance. In 1704, France seemed well on its way to
victory, but the Franco Bavarians were crushed in the Battle of Blenheim and the alliance
took Gibraltar. In 1706, Marlborough was victorious again, in the Battle of Ramillies. The
battle of Malplaquet, in September 1709, was a victory for Marlborough in strategic terms.
Treaties of Utrecht and Baden: 1713-1714, marked the end of the war.
1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558207/War-of-the-Spanish-Succession
2. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad06

DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

After the death of Aurangzeb in March, 1707, the Mughal
Empire started losing control of its empire and so began its
decline. There were oppositions in major states like Awadh and
Bengal and the colonists began to strengthen their hold on the
country. In 1714, almost all the Rajput chiefs in Awadh were in
revolt. Without Aurangzeb, the Nawabs of Bengal became
independent and the control of the Mughal Empire dwindled.
The custom duties in Bengal were waived for the British East
India Company in 1717 by Farrukhsiyar and it eventually took
control of both the states.

PESHWA BAJIRAO I
Balajirao Ballal Bhat (known as Peshwa Bajirao I) was a famous
general in the Maratha empire. He served as the Prime Minister
during the rule of Chhatrapati Shahu Raje Bhosale, from 1720 till his
death in 1740. He was renowned for his strategies and leadership
during the military campaigns he led. He expanded the Maratha
Empire outside Maharashtra during his tenure as Peshwa. It is
believed that he fought over 41 battles without losing a single one.

The Maratha Empire had been in conflict with the Mughal

Empire since its invasion by Aurangzeb in 1681. After
Aurangzebs death, the Marathas constantly plundered the
Ahmadnagar area and the suburbs of Behrampur where they
killed the Mughal governor in 1711. Previously, in 1710, the
Marathas had defeated the Mughal governor of Aurangabad Farrukhsiyar: Mughal Emperor 1713-1719
and plundered the city.
Lee, Jin Hyuck, India in the 18th century, Term Paper- AP History Class
Manucci, Niccolao; tr. by William Irvine (1907) Storia do Mogor; or, Mogul India
16531708, Vol. 3, London, J. Murray

1710

Peshwa Bajirao: An expert

swordsman and rider, master
strategist and leader by example.

http://www.importantindia.com/5351/baji-rao-peshwa-1/
http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/peshwa/
http://www.ibtl.in/news/vande-matru-sanskriti/1895/bajirao-peshwa--a-greatest-indian-warrior/

1719
SOUTH SEA BUBBLE

THE TUSCARORA WAR

The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina between the
British, Dutch and German settlers and the Iroquoianspeaking Tuscarora Native Americans. It began on Sept 22,
1711, when fed up with social and financial exploitations and
encroachment upon their land by the settlers, the Tuscaroras
along with other allied tribes, led by Chief Hancock attacked
and killed 130 settlers. Accounts tell that even the women and
children were not spared.
The settlers led by Governor Edward Hyde responded by
raising a militia composed of settlers and 500 Yamsee Indians
led by Col. John Barnwell. This led to a temporary state of
peace in 1712 which soon erupted into war again.

The Battle of Palkhed, which Bajirao fought and won in 1728 against
the Nizam of Hyderabad, was described as a masterpiece of
strategic mobility. The Nizams army had attacked Pune and was
waiting for the Peshwas army there. But the Peshwa attacked and
plundered the Nizams territories instead. This forced the Nizam to
leave Pune with less artillery and resources (as it reduced his
mobility). At Palkhed, the Nizam was cornered by Bajirao and could
not escape.

The Tuscarora attack on Sept 22, 1711

Finally, in Dec 1712, Col. James Moore led an army of more

than 1000 Indians and defeated the Tuscarora. More than 900
Indian warriors were killed. The remaining Tuscaroras
emigrated to New York joining the Iroquois there.
David La Vere. The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina
Colonies. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013
Jim Shamlin (1992), The Tuscarora War, North Carolina Literary Review
Herbert R. Paschal Jr. (1955), A History of Colonial Bath, Edwards & Broughton

The South Sea Bubble (1720) was the first financial

global bubble. It involved the shares of the South Sea
Company, a British international trading company that
was promised monopoly in trade with Spanish colonies
in South America by the House of Lords, in return for 7
million to fund Englands war against France. Investors
put money into SSC and similar trading companies, and
company shares rose way above their original value due
to a speculative craze for them among all classes of the
society. There was so much demand for IPOs that fraud
and lunatic companies were launched and even their
stocks were purchased. Which stock prices were
increasing, the companys profitability was poor. Finally,
the stock crashed. Huge losses were incurred and the
general public was ruined. The help of the British Empire
and the government prevented a complete crash. Investigations
revealed corruption among the Cabinet members.

People were bankrupt and on the

streets due to the financial crisis.

http://som.yale.edu/faculty-research/our-centers-initiatives/international-centerfinance/data/historical-southseasbubble
http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/south-sea-bubble/
http://www.thebubblebubble.com/south-sea-bubble/

Silesia

The Kolkata Cyclone/Earthquake of 1737 CE

Cyclone and Earthquake of 1737 CE in Kolkata, India, both
occurring at the same time is the 2nd Deadliest Tropical Cyclones
in World History. The calamity occurred on 7th October 1737 at
the end of Hooghly River in the Bay of Bengal. Also, it was the
first catastrophe after the settlement of English in India. The
whole deltaic region of lower Bengal was affected. Cyclone and
Earthquake together destroyed the 24 building of the East India
Company, many bridges and river banks were vanished because
of which there was no place for people to satisfy their immediate
need for grain and other food elements. In Ganges region water
level increased forty feet higher than usual condition. Around
20,000 Ships, Canoes, Sloops, Barks, Boats including one British
port were vanished and 3, 00,000 people were dead. The
storming condition caused a great loss of biodiversity comprising
cattle, tigers, rhinoceroses, crocodile, birds etc. Loss of 3, 00,000
people when the world population was one-tenth of today was of
deep concern for recovery of the place.

First Silesian war begins in 1740. While Austria was coping

with the First Silesian War, Saxony decided to invade
Bohemia in 1741.Bavarian soldiers marched into Upper
Austria as Frederick II invaded Silesia in 1741. Bohemia fell in
the next year, and Charles Albert crowned himself King of
Bohemia. Charles Albert further strengthened his position by
secretively securing French and Spanish aid against Austria.
French troops began arriving in Bohemia. First Silesian War
ends in 1742. Hannoverian troops combined forces with

Calcutta-Cyclone-1737 CE

Austrian and English forces against the Franco-Bavarians at

Dettingen in June 1743. This war was expanding rapidly.

Image : First Silesian War

Weather, Volume 49 by A. K. Sensarma, 1994 Royal Meteorological Society.

Bilham, The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone Evaluated, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 84(5), 1650-1657, 1994.
Natural Disaster, New Edition, 2008 by Lee Davis, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

1730

1739

Nader Shah Afshar

Nader Shah Afshar, great emperor of Persia, was born on 22
October 1688 CE in Kobhan, Safavid, Iran. He was the son of a
poor peasant. His family primarily lived in Khurasan. His father
died when he was at his early age. Then they were carried off as
slaves but soon Nader ran away. He became soldier under
Turkish Afshar Tribe, which was loyal to the then ruler of Persia
Safavid Shah. After that he made his rebellion army becoming its
leader. He helped the ruler Safavid Shah Tahmasp II to regain
his throne from the Afghans ruler Mahmud Ghilzai, who attacked
and annexed Persian Throne in 1722. Nader fought against
Afghan Army and expelled out Afghans from Khurasan. In 1729
Nader made Tahmasp II back to throne. After Gaining much
authority Nader became Shah, ascending the throne to himself
in 1737. Soon his quest to take control over India raised.
Captured Kandahar and Kabul. He won Battle of Karnal against
Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1739. He looted the
magnificent Peacock throne, which was built for Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan and Kohinoor Diamond. He gave the name Koh-inoor to the diamond meaning Mountain of Light. He got the

IMAGE
high res

REFERENCES - https://armchaircapitalist.wordpress.com/2011/05/27/war-of-the-austrian-succession-silesian-andbavarian-phases/

1740

1749
Parvati Mandir

Legend has it that Peshwa Nana Saheb aka Balaji Bajiraos

mother - Rani Kashibai was suffering from a severe foot
ailment. She went to a temple in the south of Pune which
was famous for its miraculous healing power. Kashibai
prayed for her recovery and vowed she would build a larger
temple there if she got cured. Her wish was fulfilled and her
son built a temple on the hill in the year 1749 A.D. This is the
famous Parvati Temple.
The main temple Devdeveshwar (Shiva-Parvati) is built as
per the Panchaytan style (idols of the deities of Shiva,
Nader Shah Afshar (became Shah in
1737 CE)

name Napoleon of Persia as he was great conqueror. He died

in June 1747 CE, Fathabad, Iran.
The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah by Michael Axworthy. I.B.Tauris, 2010, ISBN-0857733478.
The History of Nadir Shah: Formerly Called Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present. By James Fraser. W. Strahan, 1742. Oxford
University.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401451/Nadir-Shah

Vishnu, Shakti, Ganapati and Surya are worshipped

IMAGE
high res

Image: Parvati Mandir in Pune

separately but in the same premises).

REFERENCES - http://puneheritage.blogspot.in/2010/05/parvati-aka-parvata-aai.html

Mirza Muha SirajSiraj ud-Daulah

THIRD BATTLE OF PANIPAT

He was more commonly known as Siraj ud-Daulah. He

became the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the early age of
23. Siraj ud-Daulah is considered as a freedom fighter in
Bangladesh, Pakistan and modern India because of his
strong opposition to the British annexation but many
historians report that he was cruel and his opposition to
British was not out of any patriotism but an expression of of
his desire to strengthen his own power. Some sources say
that his main fault was weakness, which caused him to be
fickle and indecisive.
The Nawab had an unhappy ending. In early 1757, Robert
Clive recaptured Calcutta, and a few months later; the
encounter between Clive and Siraj ud-Daulah moved to a
decisive close. Betrayed by his own granduncle, Mir Zafar
and deserted by his army, he lost the Battle of Plassey on 23rd
June 1757.

Siraj ud-Daulah entering battlefield of

Plassey on an elephant

http://www.indianetzone.com/43/siraj-ud-daulah.htm
https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/Siraj.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Siraj_ud-Daulah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah

1759

1760

1769

THE TREATY OF PARIS-1763

Germans in Pennsylvania

These servants got their name from the indenture or contract

they signed. Gottlieb Mittelberger had also travelled with
these servants but he was not a servant and he worked as a
school master and organist for 3 years before returning back
to Germany. And all the above data was compiled by him in
his record Journey to Pennsylvania.

Ahmed Shah Abdali and Sadashiv Rao

Bhau during Battle of Panipat.

http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Profile/History/Wars/Battle-of-Panipat.html
http://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/14-january-1761-the-third-battle-of-panipat-took-place
Book- A History of the Sikhs, volume 1(1466-1839),Khushwant Singh

1750
In 17th and 18th centuries, many immigrants to British
American colonies entered as indentured servants and were
bound to serve them usually for 7 years, before receiving
freedom. Between 1749 and 1754, over 30,000 Germans
came to Pennsylvania i.e. about 1/3rd of the colonys
population. Immigrants came to America and left their own
country for many reasons. There were many religious,
political and economic reasons involved such as not having
religious freedom, political violence and economic downfalls
etc.

The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between

the Marathas under the leadership of Peshwas
and the forces of the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah
Abdali on January 14, 1761. The defeat of the
Marathas and the decline of the Mughal empire
led to the new beginning of the colonial rule in
India. The battle was virtually lost by Marathas
before it actually began. The Marathas were
estimated to have lost most of its army: 28,000
were killed and 22,000 were taken as prisoners.
Among the dead were the commanders Bhao
and Vishwas Rao, eldest son of Peshwa Balaji
Rao.
The main reason for the defeat of the Marathas
was the lack of allies due to their brutal behaviour
towards the important rulers including Sikhs, Jats,
Kingdom of Awadh, Rajputs . It could be said
that the Battle of Panipat which was fought
between the Marathas and the Afghans and was
really won by the Sikhs.

Female indentured servants arriving in

new world

http://b-womeninamericanhistory18.blogspot.in/2013/06/1754-indentured-servants-germans-in.html
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5713

The treaty of Paris of 1763 was signed by Britain, France

and Spain on February 10, 1763 which led to the end of the
war between Great Britain and France. In this treaty France
had to give up all its territories in North America to Britain.
France did not give except Saint Pierre and Miquelon France
to Britain. It also ended any foreign threat to the British
colonies. The British forces not only conquered French
Canada but also many territories in India and captured
French island colonies in the Caribbean. All French and
Spanish territory east of Mississippi is ceded to Britain.
The experience of the war did not bring the British and the
Americans closer. The Americans were considered as crude
and lacking culture. The American colonies did not feel
together. Nationalisms first sign was seen when the settlers
from different colonies lay down their lives in the battle. The
Americans proved that they could would together. Also the
treaty led to the age of English colonies which had
established over a century.
http://www.ushistory.org/us/8d.asp
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris
http://worldtimeline.info/wor1760.htm
BOOK: An Outline of American History.

Boundaries after Treaty of Paris

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780CE - 1784CE )

The First Anglo-Maratha War

The treaty of 1769 between Hyder Ali and the English

company proved more in the nature of a truce and Hyder Ali
accused the company of not observing the terms of the
defensive treaty by refusing to help him when the Marathas
attacked Mysore in 1771. Haider found the French more
helpful than the English. Further in 1778 English in India
seized the French settlements including Mahe a port which
was very crucial for Haider Ali for the entry of supplies. Haider
Ali tried to take Mahe port but in vain. He arranged a joint front
with the Nizam and the Marathas against the common enemy
-the English East India Company. The war lasted from 17801784. But he died in 1782 and was succeeded by his son Tipu
Sultan.

The first Anglo Maratha war took place between 1775 and
1782. It began with the Treaty of Surat, signed by Raghunath
Rao, handing over the territories of Salsette and Bassien
(Now Vasai) as well as revenue from the Surat and Bharuch
districts. In return, he got twenty-five hundred soldiers with
whom he wished to rebel against Nana Phadnavis who ruled
as regent to the newborn infant peshwa Sawai Madhavrao.
The war was initiated with the battle of Wadgaon where the
Maratha general Mahadji Shinde prevailed over the British
and won back all territories conquered by the British since
1775 as part of the treaty of Wadgaon.
Warren Hastings however, rejected the treaty of Wadgaon
and sent armies after Mahadji Shinde, eventually defeating
him at Sipri. The war ended with the treaty of Salbhai in 1982,
which recognized Sawai Madhavrao as the Peshwa and
Raghunathrao as the pensioner. The treaty also guaranteed
peace between the two oppositions for twenty years.

http://www.indianetzone.com/15/first_anglo_maratha_war.htm
www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Anglo-Maratha_Wars

1770

Tipu continued the war for another year but absolute success
eluded both the sides. Tired of war the two sides concluded
peace Treaty of Mangalore. By this Treaty it was decided that
English would return Srirangapatnam to Tipu and Tipu would
handover Fort of Badnur to English.
Nana Phadnavis by Gopal
http://www.artoflegendindia.com/balajijanardan-bhanu-p-6015.html

1779

Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea party, known simply as the destruction of
tea till mid-nineteenth century, took place on December
16,1773.It involved the dumping of almost a milliondollars worth of tea in the Boston Harbor by Samuel
Adams and the Sons of liberty in protest of the Tea act.
The act imposed the three pence Townshend duty on Tea
imported from Great Britain.The Colonies objected to this
tax by claiming it was a violation of the British Constiution,
as British subjects could not be taxed without
representation. As the colonists didnt elect the members
of the parliament, they shouldnt have needed to pay
taxes to Great Britain. When Dartmouth, the ship carrying
the consignment of tea to Boston docked in the harbor, a
group of almost a hundred protesters, some disguised in
Mohawk costumes, boarded the Dartmouth and tossed
out all 342 chests of tea. The tax on tea was removed
with the taxation of colonies act 1778.

The Boston Tea Party: The Foundations of Revolution, James M. Volo.

www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party
www.boston-tea-party.org

Treaty of Manglore 11th March,1784

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361870/Treaty-of-Mangalore
http://www.gktoday.in/second-anglo-mysore-war/
http://www.historytuition.com/mysore_wars/the_second_anglo_mysore_war%20(1780-1784).html

1780

1789

Battle of Saintes (9th April 12th April, 1782CE)

Battle of the Saintes (April 9-12,1782),in the American
Revolution, major British naval victory in the West Indies,
ending the French threat to British possessions in that area.
Setting out from Martinique on April 8, a French fleet of 35
warships and 150 merchantmen under the comte de Grasse
intended to descend upon Jamaica with Spanish help. They
were intercepted at the Saintes Passage, between the islands
of Dominica and Guadeloupe, by a British fleet of 36 ships
commanded by Admiral Sir George Rodney. After preliminary
skirmishing, the main action took place on April 12, when a
shift in the wind altered the course of two French ships,
causing gaps in their line of battle that were quickly entered
by the British.
The Sons of Liberty tossing Tea chests
off Dartmouth
http://www.cr-cath.pvt.k12.ia.us/

The French fleet was thus scattered and the ensuing British
victory at the Saintes helped restore Britains naval prestige.
As a result, in the Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783) Britain
regained most of its islands in the West Indies.
http://www.historicnavalfiction.com/general-hnf-info/fleet-actions/saintes
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518469/Battle-of-the-Saintes
http://www.xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/assess01.htm

Battle of Saintes on 12th April, 1782

3/30/2015

DEATH OF TIPU SULTAN(1799)

Tipu Sultan also Known as tiger of Mysore was the ruler of
Indian kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799 after the death
of his father Hyder Ali. He was a soldier, poet and scholar. He
expanded the iron cased mysorean rockets and wrote a
military manual which is considered as pioneer in field of
rocket artillery.
British East India Company had shown the intention to
threaten Mysore after Napoleons conquest of Egypt in 1798
as French settlers in India and Tipu were allies. It was the
start for the final clash between British army and Tipu known
as Fourth Anglo-Mysore battle in 1799.Three armed forces
one from Bombay, and two British which also included Arthur
Wellesley (Future 1st duke of wellington) attacked Mysore and
besieged Srirangapatnam, the capital.
Tipu fought bravely however, on May 4, 1799, the armies
broke through the defending walls and he was killed during
war.
To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live for a Portrait of Tipu Sultan(now in British Library)
hundred years like a jackal. - Tipu Sultan
Roddam Narasimha (1985). Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan
http://imagesonline.bl.uk/?service=asset&action=show_zoom_window_popup&language=en&asset=1074&location=gri

1790

1799

IITGN
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution (1789-1799) is influential period
social and political changes in France such as end of
Monarchy and some very successful conquests for one of
the best military general ever Napoleon Bonaparte. On
September 1792 France was declared as Republic and in
1793 the King Louis was executed.
In the same year, the national convention committee took
over France starting the reign of terror till 1795, until
Directory took over from them. However it also didnt last for
much as victorious General Napoleon overthrew the French
directory, replacing it with French consulate in 1799, became
first consul of the new French Government and thus ended
French revolution. Previously Napoleon had very successful
campaigns after becoming the army general in 1795.He wins
Battle of Lodi, Battle of Arcle, Battle of Rivoli, and later went
on to win Battle of Pyramids against Mamulekas (Egypt)
1798 before becoming the First Emperor of France(1804).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution
http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/napoleon/timeline.html
http://www.histoire-image.org/photo/zoom/vers16_bouchot_001f.jpg

WORLD CIVILIZATIONS AND CULTURES

2014-2015

Napoleon in Coup of 18 Brumaire.