LECTURE 2: ALKENES

A HYDROGENATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM

B HALOGENATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM

C ADDITION OF HYDROGEN HALIDE

REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM

D HYDRATION
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
MECHANISM

E ADDITION OF BROMINE WATER

REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:

ADDITION OF CONC. SULPHURIC ACID

REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:

G OXIDATION BY COLD, DILUTE ALKALINE KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7

(MILD OXIDATION)
EQUATION

OBSERVATION:

H OXIDATION BY HOT, CONC. ACIDIFIED KMnO4/ K2Cr2O7

PRODUCT:

LECTURE 3: BENZENE
A ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITION REACTIONS
1 FRIEDEL- CRAFT ALKYLATION OF BENZENE
In the presence of solid catalyst
MECHANISM

2 NITRATION
NITRATION OF BENZENE
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
PRODUCT:
formation of nitonium

MECHANISM

DISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

NITRATION OF METHYLBENZENE
REAGENT:
CONDITION:
MECHANISM

DISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

3 SULPHONATION
EQUATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE:

MECHANISM

4 FRIEDEL- CRAFTS ACYLATION OF BENZENE

REAGENT:
MECHANISM

5 HALOGENATION
HALOGENATION OF BENZENE
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE

MECHANISM

DISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

5 HALOGENATION OF METHYLBENZEBE
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
FORMATION OF ELECTROPHILE

MECHANISM

DISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND

B FREE- RADICAL SUBSTITUTION

REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:

C OXIDATION
REAGENT:
COND:
EQUATION:

D HYDROGENATION
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
EQUATION:

LECTURE 4:HALOALKANES
A NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALOALKANES
GENERAL MECHANISM

EXPLANATION:

SN 1 MECHANISM

EXPLANATION:

SN 2 MECHANISM

EXPLANATION:

B HYDROLYSIS
1 REACTION WITH HYDROXIDE
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:

NUCLEOPHILE:

BROMOETHANE+ NaOH

2 reaction with potassium cynide(KCN)

REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:

NUCLEOPHILE:

BROMOETHANE+ KCN

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3 reaction with ammonia

REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:

NUCLEOPHILE:

BROMOETHANE+ conc. Ammonia in etanol

C ELIMINATION REACTION
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
NUCLEOPHILE:

EG: 2-BROMOBUTANE

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LECTURE 5: ALCOHOL
1 COMBUSTION
COMPLETE:
REAGENT:
COND:
INCOMPLETE:
REAGENT:
COND:

2 REACTION WITH SODIUM SOLID

REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
OBSERVATION:
EQUATION:

3 SUBSTITUTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE FORMATION OF ALKYL HALIDES

WITH HYDROGEN HALIDE/ PHOSPHURUS HALIDE
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH PHOSPHURUS HALIDE(PI3)
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE (SOCl2)
REAGENT:
COND:
EG:
WITH PCl5
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
EG:

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4 OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL
PRIMARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
PRIMARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
SECONDARY
TYPE OF OXIDATION:
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
PRODUCT:
TERTIARY: NO REACTION!
REASON:

5 DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:

6 ESTERIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
REAGENT:
COND:
PRODUCT:
OBSERVATION:

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PHENOLS

PHENOL FORM HYDROGEN BOND WITH OTHER PHENOL

REACTION

A REACTION WITH BASES

B REACTION WITH SODIUM

C NITRATION OF PHENOL

REAGENT :
COND:

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D BROMINATION OF PHENOLS
TRISUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:
EQUATION

MONOSUBSTITUTION
REAGENT:
COND:
OBSERVATION:

II PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL
A FROM ETHENE (CATALYTIC HYDRATION) FAST, PURE ETHANOL
a. REAGENT:
COND:

EQUATION:

ETHENE HYDRATING INDIRECTLY USING FUMING SULPHURIC ACID/ CONC SULPHURIC ACID
b. REAGENT:

EQUATION:

B FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE SLOW, IMPURE ALCOHOL

REAGENT:
COND:

EQUATION:

15