Phuong Phap Toa Do Trong Khong Gian

TRAN S TUNG
---- & ----
BAI TAP HNH HOC 12

TAP 3
ON THI TOT NGHIEP THPT & AI HOC
Nam 2009
PP Toa o trong khong gian
Tran S Tung
CHNG III
PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN
I. VECT TRONG KHONG GIAN

1. nh ngha va cac phep toan
nh ngha, tnh chat, cac phep toan ve vect trong khong gian c xay dng hoan toan
tng t nh trong mat phang.
Lu y:
uuur uuur uuur
+ Qui tac ba iem: Cho ba iem A, B, C bat ky, ta co: AB + BC = AC
uuur uuur uuur
+ Qui tac hnh bnh hanh: Cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ta co: AB + AD = AC
uuur uuur uuur uuuur
+ Qui tac hnh hop: Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD, ta co: AB + AD + AA ' = AC '
+ He thc trung iem oa
tha
mr cuuuu
aroanuur
thang AB, O tuy y.
uur nuu
r nrg: Cho I la trung ieuuu
Ta co:
IA + IB = 0 ;
OA + OB = 2OI
+ He thc trong tam tam
c:r Cho
c ABC,
Or tuy y.
uuurgiauuu
uuurG lar trong tam cu
uuuar tam
uuurgiauuu
r
uuu
Ta co:
GA + GB + GC = 0;
OA + OB + OC = 3OG
+ He thc trong tam tuuu
die
: Cho
Gr la uuur
trong tam cuuuu
a t
Or tuy uuu
y.r
r nuuu
r uuu
r die
uuurn ABCD,
uuur uuu
r
Ta co:
GA + GB + GC + GD = 0;
OA + OB + OC + OD = 4OG
r
r
r
r r
r
+ ieu kien hai vect cung phng: a va b cung phng (a 0) $! k R : b = ka
+ iem M chia oan thang AB theo t so k (k 1), O tuy y.
uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur OA - kOB
MA = k MB;
OM =
Ta co:
1- k
2. S ong phang cua ba vect
Ba vect c goi la ong phang neu cac gia cua chung cung song song vi mot mat
phang.
r
r r r
r
ieu kien e ba vect ong phang: Cho ba vect a, b , c , trong o a va b khong cung
r
r r r
r
r
phng. Khi o: a, b , c ong phang $! m, n R: c = ma + nb
r r r
r
Cho ba vect a, b , c khong ong phang, x tuy y.
r
r
r
r
Khi o:
$! m, n, p R: x = ma + nb + pc
3. Tch vo hng cua hai vect
Goc gia hai vect trong khong gian:
uuur r uuur r
r r
AB = u , AC = v (u , v ) =
BAC (00
BAC 1800 )
Tch vo hng cua hai vect trong khong gian:
r r r
rr r r
r r
+ Cho u , v 0 . Khi o:
u.v = u . v .cos(u , v )
r r
r r
rr
+ Vi u = 0 hoac v = 0 . Qui c: u.v = 0
r r
rr
+ u ^ v u.v = 0
r
r
+ u = u2
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II. HE TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN

1. He toa o ecac vuong goc trong khong gian:
Cho
r r ba
r truc Ox, Oy, Oz vuong goc vi nhau tng oi mot va chung mot iem goc O. Goi
i, j, k la cac vect n v, tng ng tren cac truc Ox, Oy, Oz. He ba truc nh vay goi la he
toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz hoac n gian la he toa o Oxyz.
r2 r 2 r 2
rr rr r r
Chu y:
i = j = k = 1 va i. j = i.k = k . j = 0 .
2. Toa o cua vect:r
r
r r r
a) nh ngha: u = ( x; y; z ) u = xi + y j + zk
r
r
b) Tnh chat: Cho a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ), b = (b1; b2 ; b3 ), k R
r r
a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2 ; a3 b3 )
r
ka = (ka1; ka2 ; ka3 )
a1 = b1
r r
a = b a2 = b2
a = b
3
3
r
r
r
r
0 = (0; 0; 0), i = (1; 0; 0), j = (0;1; 0), k = (0; 0;1)
r r r
r
r
r
a cung phng b (b 0) a = kb (k R)
a1 = kb1
a a
a
a2 = kb2
1 = 2 = 3 , (b1, b2 , b3 0)
b1 b2 b3
a = kb
3
3
r r
a ^ b a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 = 0
r
a = a12 + a22 + a22
rr
a.b = a1.b1 + a2 .b2 + a3 .b3
r
a 2 = a12 + a22 + a32
rr
a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3
a.b
r r
r r r
cos(a , b ) = r r =
(vi a, b 0 )
a.b
a 2 + a 2 + a2 . b 2 + b2 + b 2
1
3. Toa o cua iem:

uuur
a) nh ngha: M ( x; y; z) OM = ( x; y; z) (x : hoanh o, y : tung o, z : cao o)
Chu y:
M (Oxy) z = 0; M (Oyz) x = 0; M (Oxz) y = 0

M Ox y = z = 0; M Oy x = z = 0; M Oz x = y = 0
b) Tnh chat: Cho A( x A ; y A ; zA ), B( xB ; yB ; zB )
uuur
AB = ( xB - x A ; yB - y A ; zB - zA ) AB = ( x B - x A )2 + ( yB - y A )2 + ( zB - zA )2
x - kxB yA - kyB zA - kzB
Toa o iem M chia oan AB theo t so k (k1): M A
;
;
1- k
1- k
1- k
x + x B y A + y B zA + zB
Toa o trung iem M cua oan thang AB: M A
;
;
2
2
2
Toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC:

x + xB + xC yA + yB + yC zA + zB + zC
G A
;
;
3
3
3
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Toa o trong tam G cua t dien ABCD:

x + xB + xC + x D y A + yB + yC + yD zA + zB + zC + zC
G A
;
;
4
4
4
4. Tch co hng cua hai
r vect: (Chng
r trnh nang cao)
a) nh ngha: Cho a = (a1, a2 , a3 ) , b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) .
a2
a1 a2
= ( a2 b3 - a3b2 ; a3b1 - a1b3 ; a1b2 - a2 b1 )
b b
b3 b1 b1 b2
3
2
Chu y: Tch co hng cua hai vect la mot vect, tch vo hng cua hai vect la mot so.
b) Tnh chat:
r r
r
r r
r
r
r r r
r r
r r
r
j , k = i ;
[k , i ] = j
i , j = k ;
[a, b] ^ a;
[a, b] ^ b
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r
[a, b] = a . b .sin ( a, b )
a, b cung phng [a, b] = 0
[ ar , b ] = ar b =
a3
a3
a1
c) ng dung cua tch co hng:

r r
r r r
r
ieu kien ong phang cua ba vect: a, b va c ong phang [a, b].c = 0
uuur uuur
SY ABCD = AB, AD
Dien tch hnh bnh hanh ABCD:
1 uuur uuur
Dien tch tam giac ABC:
SD ABC = AB, AC
2
uuur uuur uuur
VABCD . A ' B ' C ' D ' = [ AB, AD ]. AA '
The tch khoi hop ABCD.ABCD:
The tch t dien ABCD:
VABCD =
1 uuur uuur uuur

[ AB, AC ]. AD
6
Chu y:
Tch vo hng cua hai vect thng s dung e chng minh hai ng thang vuong goc,
tnh goc gia hai ng thang.
Tch co hng cua hai vect thng s dung e tnh dien tch tam giac; tnh the tch
khoi t dien, the tch hnh hop; chng minh cac vect ong phang khong ong phang, chng
minh cac vect cung phng.
r r
rr
a ^ br a.b = 0
r
r r r
a va b cung phng [ a , b ] = 0
r r r
r r r
a, b , c ong phang [ a , b ] .c = 0
5. Phng trnh mat cau:
Phng trnh mat cau (S) tam I(a; b; c), ban knh R:
( x - a )2 + ( y - b )2 + ( z - c )2 = R 2
Phng trnh x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d = 0 vi a2 + b 2 + c 2 - d > 0 la phng trnh
mat cau tam I(a; b; c) va ban knh R =
a2 + b2 + c2 - d .
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VAN E 1: Cac phep toan ve toa o cua vect va cua iem

S dung cac cong thc ve toa o cua vect va cua iem trong khong gian.
S dung cac phep toan ve vect trong khong gian.
Bai 1. Viet toa o cua cac vect sau ay:

r
r
r
r
r r
r r
r
r
r
r
a = -2i + j ;
d = 3i - 4 j + 5k
b = 7 i - 8k ;
c = -9k ;
r r r
Bai 2. Viet di dang xi + yj + zk moi vect sau ay:
r
r 1 1
1
r 1
r 4
= p; ;
a = 0;
; 2 ; b = (4; -5; 0) ;
;
c = ; 0;
d
2
3
3 5
3
r
r
r
r
Bai 3. Cho: a = ( 2; -5; 3) , b = ( 0; 2; -1) , c = (1; 7; 2 ) . Tm toa o cua cac vect u vi:
r r
r 2r
r
r 1r r
r
r r
a) u = 4a - b + 3c
b) u = a - 4b - 2c
c) u = -4b + c
2
3
r 1r 4r r
r r 3r 2r
r
r r r
e) u = a - b - 2c
f) u = a - b - c
d) u = 3a - b + 5c
4
3
2
3
r
Bai 4. Tm toa o cua vect x , biet rang:
r
r
r r r
r r
r
a) a + x = 0 vi a = (1; -2;1)
b) a + x = 4a vi a = ( 0; -2;1)
r
r
r
r r
c) a + 2 x = b vi a = ( 5; 4; -1) , b = ( 2; -5; 3)
r
Bai 5. Cho a = (1; -3; 4) .
r
r
a) Tm y va z e b = (2; y; z) cung phng vi a .
r
r
r
r
r
b) Tm toa o cua vect c , biet rang a va c ngc hng va c = 2 a .
r
r
r
Bai 6. Cho ba vect a = (1; -1;1) , b = ( 4; 0; -1) , c = ( 3; 2; -1) . Tm:
r r r r r r
rr r
r rr
b) a 2 ( b .c )
c) a 2 b + b 2 c + c 2 a
a) ( a.b ) c
r
rr r r r
rr r
r
d) 3a - 2 ( a.b ) b + c 2 b
e) 4a.c + b 2 - 5c 2
r
r
Bai 7. Tnh goc gia hai vect a va b :
r
r
r
r
b) a = ( 2; 5; 4 ) , b = ( 6; 0; -3)
a) a = ( 4; 3;1) , b = ( -1; 2; 3)
r
r
r
r
c) a = (2;1; -2), b = (0; - 2 ; 2 )
d) a = (3; 2; 2 3 ), b = ( 3; 2 3; -1)
r
r
r
r
e) a = (-4; 2; 4), b = (2 2; -2 2; 0)
f) a = (3; -2;1), b = (2;1; -1)
r
Bai 8. Tm vect u , biet rang:
r
r
r
r
r
r
a = (2; -1; 3), b = (r1; -3; 2), c = (3; 2; -4)
a = (2; 3; -1), b = (1; r-2; 3), c = (2; -1;1)
a) r r
b)
r
rr
r
rr
r r
u.b = -11,
u.c = 20
u ^ b,
u .c = -6
u ^ a ,
a.u = -5,
r
r
r
r
r
r
a = (2; 3;1), b = (r1; -2; -1), c = (-2; 4; 3)
a = (5; -3; 2), b =r (1; 4; -3), c = (-3; 2; 4)
c) r r
d)
r
rr
r
rr
r r
b .u = 4,
c .u = 2
b .u = 9,
c .u = -4
a.u = 3,
a.u = 16,
r
r
r
a = (7; 2; 3), b = r(4; 3; -5), c = (1;1; -1)
e) r r
r
r r
b .u = -7,
c ^u
a.u = -5,
r r
Bai 9. Cho hai vect a , b . Tm m e:
r
r
r
ar = (2;1; -2), b = (0; - 2 ; 2 )
a = (3; -2;1r), b = (2;1; -1) r
r
a) r
b) r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
u = ma - 3b va v = 3a + 2mb vuong goc
u = 2a + 3mb va v = ma - b vuong goc
r
r
a = (3; -2;1r), b = (2;1; -1) r
c) r
r
r
r
u = ma - 3b va v = 3a + 2mb cung phng
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Tran S Tung
r r
Bai 10. Cho hai vect a , b . Tnh X, Y khi biet:
r
r
r
ar = 4, b = 6
ar = (2; -1; -2), b = 6, ar - b = 4
b)
a)
r r
r r
X = a - b
Y = a + b
r
r
r
r
0
r
r
(r )
(r ) 0
c) a = 4r, br = 6, ar, b r= 120
d) a = (2r; -1r; -2), br = 6r, a, b = 60
X = a - b , Y = a + b
X = a - b ,Y = a + b
r r r
r r r
Bai 11. Cho ba vect a, b , c . Tm m, n e c = [ a, b ] :
r
r
r
a) a = ( 3; -1; -2 ) , b = (1; 2; m ) , c = ( 5;1; 7 )
r
r
r
b) a = ( 6; -2; m ) , b = ( 5; n; -3) , c = ( 6; 33;10 )
r
r
r
c) a = ( 2; 3;1) , b = ( 5; 6; 4 ) , c = ( m; n;1)
r r r
Bai 12. Xet s ong phang cua ba vect a, b , c trong moi trng hp sau ay:
r
r
r
r
r
r
a) a = (1; -1;1) , b = ( 0;1; 2 ) , c = ( 4; 2; 3)
b) a = ( 4; 3; 4 ) , b = ( 2; -1; 2 ) , c = (1; 2;1)
r
r
r
r
r
r
c) a = ( -3;1; -2 ) , b = (1;1;1) , c = ( -2; 2;1)
d) a = ( 4; 2; 5 ) , b = ( 3;1; 3) , c = ( 2; 0;1)
r
r
r
r
r
r
f) a = (5; 4; -8), b = (-2; 3; 0), c = (1; 7; -7)
e) a = (2; 3;1), b = (1; -2; 0), c = (3; -2; 4)
r
r
r
r
r
r
h) a = (2; -4; 3), b = (-1; 3; -2), c = (3; -2;1)
g) a = (2; -4; 3), b = (1; 2; -2), c = (3; -2;1)
r r r
Bai 13. Tm m e 3 vect a, b , c ong phang:
r
r
r
a) a = (1; m; 2 ) , b = ( m + 1; 2;1) , c = ( 0; m - 2; 2 )
r
r
r
b) a = (2m + 1;1; 2m - 1); b = (m + 1; 2; m + 2), c = (2m; m + 1; 2)
r
r
r
c) a = ( m + 1; m; m - 2 ) , b = ( m - 1; m + 2; m ) , c = (1; 2; 2 )
r
r
r
d) a = (1; -3; 2 ) , b = ( m + 1; m - 2;1 - m ) , c = ( 0; m - 2; 2 )
r r r r
r r r
Bai 14. Cho cac vect a, b , c , u . Chng minh ba vect a, b , c khong ong phang. Bieu dien
r
r r r
vect u theo cac vect a, b , c :
r
r
ar = ( 2;1; 0 ) , b = (1; -1; 2 ) , cr = ( 2; 2; -1)
ar = (1; -7; 9 ) , b = ( 3; -6;1) , cr = ( 2;1; -7 )
a) r
b) r
u = (3; 7; -7)
u = (-4;13; -6)
r
r
ar = (1; 0;1) , b = ( 0; -1;1) , cr = (1;1; 0 )
ar = (1; 0; 2 ) , b = ( 2; -3; 0 ) , cr = ( 0; -3; 4 )
c) r
d) r
u = (8; 9; -1)
u = (-1; -6; 22)
r
r
ar = ( 2; -3;1) , b = ( -1; 2; 5 ) , cr = ( 2; -2; 6 )
ar = ( 2; -1;1) , b = (1; -3; 2 ) , cr = ( -3; 2; -2 )
e) r
f) r
u = (4; 3; -5)
u = (3;1; 2)
r
r
r r
Bai 15. Chng to bon vect a, b , c , d ong phang:
r
r
r
r
a) a = ( -2; -6;1) , b = ( 4; -3; -2 ) , c = ( -4; -2; 2 ) , d = (-2; -11;1)
r
r
r
r
b) a = ( 2; 6; -1) , b = ( 2;1; -1) , c = ( -4; 3; 2 ) , d = (2;11; -1)
r
r r r
Bai 16. Cho ba vect a, b , c khong ong phang va vect d . Chng minh bo ba vect sau khong
ong phang:
r r r
r
r
r
r r r
r
a) b , c , d = ma + nb (vi m, n 0)
b) a , c , d = ma + nb (vi m, n 0)
r
r r r
r
r r r
r
r
r
r
c) a , b , d = ma + nb + pc , (vi m, n, p 0)
d) b , c , d = ma + nb + pc , (vi m, n, p 0)
r
r r r
r
r
e) a , c , d = ma + nb + pc , (vi m, n, p 0)
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VAN E 2: Xac nh iem trong khong gian. Chng minh tnh chat hnh hoc.
Dien tch The tch.
S dung cac cong thc ve toa o cua vect va cua iem trong khong gian.
S dung cac phep toan ve vect trong khong gian.
Cong thc xac nh toa o cua cac iem ac biet.
Tnh chat hnh hoc cua cac iem ac biet:
uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
r
A, B, C thang hang AB, AC cung phng AB = k AC AB, AC = 0
uuur uuur
ABCD la hnh bnh hanh AB = DC
Cho DABC co cac chan E, F cua cac ng phan giac trong va ngoai cua goc A cua DABC
uuur
uuur AB uuur
AB uuur
FB =
.FC
tren BC. Ta co:
EB = .EC ,
AC
AC
uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuur
A, B, C, D khong ong phang AB, AC , AD khong ong phang AB, AC . AD 0
Bai 1. Cho iem M. Tm toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem M:
Tren cac mat phang toa o: Oxy, Oxz, Oyz
Tren cac truc toa o: Ox, Oy, Oz
a) M(1; 2; 3)
b) M(3; -1; 2)
c) M(-1;1; -3)
d) M(1; 2; -1)
e) M(2; -5; 7)
f) M(22; -15; 7)
g) M(11; -9;10)
h) M(3; 6; 7)
Bai 2. Cho iem M. Tm toa o cua iem M oi xng vi iem M:
Qua goc toa o
Qua mp(Oxy)
Qua truc Oy
a) M(1; 2; 3)
b) M(3; -1; 2)
c) M(-1;1; -3)
f) M(22; -15; 7)
g) M(11; -9;10)
e) M(2; -5; 7)
d) M(1; 2; -1)
h) M(3; 6; 7)
Bai 3. Xet tnh thang hang cua cac bo ba iem sau:

b) A(1;1;1), B(-4; 3;1), C (-9; 5;1)
a) A(1; 3;1), B(0;1; 2), C (0; 0;1)
d) A(-1; 5; -10), B(5; -7; 8), C(2; 2; -7)
c) A(10; 9;12), B(-20; 3; 4), C (-50; -3; -4)
Bai 4. Cho ba iem A, B, C.
Chng to ba iem A, B, C tao thanh mot tam giac.
Tm toa o trong tam G cua DABC.
Xac nh iem D sao cho ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.
Xac nh toa o cac chan E, F cua cac ng phan giac trong va ngoai cua goc A cua
DABC tren BC. Tnh o dai cac oan phan giac o.
Tnh so o cac goc trong DABC.
Tnh dien tch DABC. T o suy ra o dai ng cao AH cua DABC.
b) A(0;13; 21), B(11; -23;17), C (1; 0;19)
a) A(1; 2; -3), B(0; 3; 7), C (12; 5; 0)
c) A(3; -4; 7), B(-5; 3; -2), C (1; 2; -3)
d) A(4; 2; 3), B(-2;1; -1), C (3; 8; 7)
e) A(3; -1; 2), B(1; 2; -1), C (-1;1; -3)
f) A(4;1; 4), B(0; 7; -4), C (3;1; -2)
g) A (1; 0; 0 ) , B ( 0; 0;1) , C ( 2;1;1)
h) A(1; -2; 6), B(2; 5;1), C (-1; 8; 4)
Bai 5. Tren truc Oy (Ox), tm iem cach eu hai iem:

a) A(3;1; 0) , B(-2; 4;1)
b) A(1; -2;1), B(11; 0; 7)
d) A(3; -1; 2), B(1; 2; -1)
e) A(3; -4; 7), B(-5; 3; -2)
Bai 6.
a)
c)
e)
c) A(4;1; 4), B(0; 7; -4)

f) A(4; 2; 3), B(-2;1; -1)
Tren mat phang Oxy (Oxz, Oyz), tm iem cach eu ba iem:

A(1;1;1), B(-1;1; 0), C (3;1; -1)
b) A(-3; 2; 4), B(0; 0; 7), C (-5; 3; 3)
A(3; -1; 2), B(1; 2; -1), C (-1;1; -3)
d) A(0;13; 21), B(11; -23;17), C (1; 0;19)
A(1; 0; 2), B(-2;1;1), C (1; -3; -2)
f) A(1; -2; 6), B(2; 5;1), C (-1; 8; 4)
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Bai 7. Cho hai iem A, B. ng thang AB cat mat phang Oyz (Oxz, Oxy) tai iem M.
iem M chia oan thang AB theo t so nao ?
Tm toa o iem M.
a) A ( 2; -1; 7 ) , B ( 4; 5; -2 )
b) A(4; 3; -2), B(2; -1;1)
c) A(10; 9;12), B(-20; 3; 4)
d) A(3; -1; 2), B(1; 2; -1)
e) A(3; -4; 7), B(-5; 3; -2)
f) A(4; 2; 3), B(-2;1; -1)
Bai 8. Cho bon iem A, B, C, D.
Chng minh A, B, C, D la bon nh cua mot t dien.
Tm toa o trong tam G cua t dien ABCD.
Tnh goc tao bi cac canh oi dien cua t dien ABCD.
Tnh the tch cua khoi t dien ABCD.
Tnh dien tch tam giac BCD, t o suy ra o dai ng cao cua t dien ve t A.
a) A(2; 5; -3), B(1; 0; 0), C (3; 0; -2), D (-3; -1; 2) b) A (1; 0; 0 ) , B ( 0;1; 0 ) , C ( 0; 0;1) , D ( -2;1; -1)
c) A (1;1; 0 ) , B ( 0; 2;1) , C (1; 0; 2 ) , D (1;1;1)
e) A(2; 3;1), B(4;1; -2), C (6; 3; 7), D (-5; -4; 8)
g) A(2; 4;1), B(-1; 0;1), C (-1; 4; 2), D(1; -2;1)
i) A(3; 4; 8), B(-1; 2;1), C (5; 2; 6), D (-7; 4; 3)
Bai 9. Cho hnh hop ABCD.A'B'C'D'.

Tm toa o cac nh con lai.
Tnh the tch khoi hop.
a) A (1; 0;1) , B ( 2;1; 2 ) , D (1; -1;1) , C ' ( 4; 5; -5 )
c) A(0; 2;1), B(1; -1;1), D (0; 0; 0;), A '(-1;1; 0)
d)
f)
h)
k)
A ( 2; 0; 0 ) , B ( 0; 4; 0 ) , C ( 0; 0; 6 ) , D ( 2; 4; 6 )
A(5; 7; -2), B(3;1; -1), C (9; 4; -4), D(1; 5; 0)
A(-3; 2; 4), B(2; 5; -2), C (1; -2; 2), D(4; 2; 3)
A(-3; -2; 6), B(-2; 4; 4), C (9; 9; -1), D (0; 0;1)
b) A(2; 5; -3), B(1; 0; 0), C (3; 0; -2), A '(-3; -1; 2)

d) A(0; 2; 2), B(0;1; 2), C (-1;1;1), C '(1; -2; -1)
Bai 10. Cho bon iem S(3; 1; 2), A(5; 3; 1), B(2; 3; 4), C(1; 2; 0).
a) Chng minh SA ^ (SBC), SB ^ (SAC), SC ^ (SAB).
b) Chng minh S.ABC la mot hnh chop eu.
c) Xac nh toa o chan ng cao H cua hnh chop. Suy ra o dai ng cao SH.
Bai 11. Cho bon iem S(1; 2; 3), A(2; 2; 3), B(1; 3; 3), C(1; 2; 4).
a) Chng minh SA ^ (SBC), SB ^ (SAC), SC ^ (SAB).
b) Goi M, N, P lan lt la trung iem cua BC, CA, AB. Chng minh SMNP la t dien eu.
c) Ve SH ^ (ABC). Goi S la iem oi xng cua H qua S. Chng minh SABC la t dien eu.
Bai 12. Cho hnh hop ch nha
OABC.DEFG.
Goi Iuuu
la
cura hnh hop.
uur t uuu
r
r ta
uuum
r uuu
a) Phan tch cac vect OI , AG theo cac vect OA, OC , OD .
uur
uuur uuur uur
b) Phan tch vect BI theo cac vect FE , FG , FI .
Bai 13. Cho hnh lap phng
uuur ABCD.EFGH.
uuur uuur uuur
a) Phan tch vect AE theo cac vect AC , AF , AH .
uuur uuur uuur
uuur
b) Phan tch vect AG theo cac vect AC , AF , AH .
Bai 14. Cho hnh hop ABCD.A'B'C'D'. Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BB. Chng
minh rang MN ^ AC.
Bai 15. Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A'B'C'D' vi canh bang 1. Tren cac canh BB, CD, AD lan
lt lay cac iem M, N, P sao cho BM = CN = DP = x (0 < x < 1). Chng minh AC vuong
goc vi mat phang (MNP).
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VAN E 3: Phng trnh mat cau

e viet phng trnh mat cau (S), ta can xac nh tam I va ban knh R cua mat cau.
Dang 1: (S) co tam I(a; b; c) va ban knh R:
(S): ( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c )2 = R 2
Dang 2: (S) co tam I(a; b; c) va i qua iem A:
Khi o ban knh R = IA.
Dang 3: (S) nhan oan thang AB cho trc lam ng knh:
x + xB
y +y
z +z
Tam I la trung iem cua oan thang AB: x I = A
; yI = A B ; zI = A B .
2
2
2
AB
Ban knh R = IA =
.
2
Dang 4: (S) i qua bon iem A, B, C, D (mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD):
Gia s phng trnh mat cau (S) co dang: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d = 0 (*).
Thay lan lt toa o cua cac iem A, B, C, D vao (*), ta c 4 phng trnh.
Giai he phng trnh o, ta tm c a, b, c, d Phng trnh mat cau (S).
Dang 5: (S) i qua ba iem A, B, C va co tam I nam tren mat phang (P) cho trc:
Giai tng t nh dang 4.
Dang 6: (S) co tam I va tiep xuc vi mat cau (T) cho trc:
Xac nh tam J va ban knh R cua mat cau (T).
S dung ieu kien tiep xuc cua hai mat cau e tnh ban knh R cua mat cau (S).
(Xet hai trng hp tiep xuc trong va tiep xuc ngoai)
Chu y: Vi phng trnh mat cau (S):
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d = 0
vi a2 + b 2 + c 2 - d > 0
th (S) co tam I(a; b; c) va ban knh R =
a2 + b2 + c2 - d .
Bai 1. Tm tam va ban knh cua cac mat cau sau:

a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 8 x + 2 y + 1 = 0
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 x + 8y - 2 z - 4 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y + 4 z = 0
d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 6 x + 4 y - 2z - 86 = 0
e) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 12 x + 4 y - 6 z + 24 = 0
f) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 6 x - 12 y + 12 z + 72 = 0
g) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 8 x + 4 y + 2 z - 4 = 0
h) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 3 x + 4 y = 0
i) 3 x 2 + 3y 2 + 3z2 + 6 x - 3y + 15z - 2 = 0
k) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 6 x + 2 y - 2z + 10 = 0
Bai 2. Xac nh m, t, a, e phng trnh sau xac nh mot mat cau, tm tam va ban knh cua
cac mat cau o:
a) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2(m + 2) x + 4my - 2mz + 5m 2 + 9 = 0
b) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2(3 - m) x - 2(m + 1) y - 2mz + 2m 2 + 7 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2(cos a + 1) x - 4 y - 2 cos a .z + cos 2a + 7 = 0
d) x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2(3 - 2 cos 2 a ) x + 4(sin 2 a - 1) y + 2 z + cos 4a + 8 = 0
e) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 ln t.x + 2 y - 6 z + 3 ln t + 8 = 0
f) x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2(2 - ln t ) x + 4 ln t.y + 2(ln t + 1)z + 5 ln 2 t + 8 = 0
Trang 33
Tran S Tung
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam I va ban knh R:

a) I (1; -3; 5), R = 3
b) I (5; -3; 7), R = 2 c) I (1; -3; 2), R = 5 d) I (2; 4; -3), R = 3
Bai 4. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam I va i qua iem A:

a) I (2; 4; -1), A(5; 2; 3)
b) I (0; 3; -2), A(0; 0; 0)
d) I (4; -4; -2), A(0; 0; 0)
e) I (4; -1; 2), A(1; -2; -4)
Bai 5. Viet phng trnh mat cau co ng knh AB, vi:
b) A(0; 3; -2), B(2; 4; -1)
a) A(2; 4; -1), B(5; 2; 3)
d) A(4; -3; -3), B(2;1; 5)
e) A(2; -3; 5), B(4;1; -3)
Bai 6.
a)
c)
e)
c) I (3; -2;1), A(2;1; -3)
c) A(3; -2;1), B(2;1; -3)

f) A(6; 2; -5), B(-4; 0; 7)
Viet phng trnh mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD, vi:
A (1;1; 0 ) , B ( 0; 2;1) , C (1; 0; 2 ) , D (1;1;1)
b) A ( 2; 0; 0 ) , B ( 0; 4; 0 ) , C ( 0; 0; 6 ) , D ( 2; 4; 6 )
A(2; 3;1), B(4;1; -2), C (6; 3; 7), D (-5; -4; 8)
d) A(5; 7; -2), B(3;1; -1), C (9; 4; -4), D(1; 5; 0)
A(6; -2; 3), B(0;1; 6), C (2; 0; -1), D(4;1; 0)
f) A(0;1; 0), B(2; 3;1), C (-2; 2; 2), D(1; -1; 2)
Bai 7. Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua ba iem A, B, C va co tam nam trong mat phang (P)
cho trc, vi:
A(1; 2; 0), B(-1;1; 3), C (2; 0; -1)
A(2; 0;1), B(1; 3; 2), C (3; 2; 0)
a)
b)
(
P
)
(
Oxz
)
( P ) (Oxy )
Bai 8. Viet phng trnh mat cau (S) co tam I va tiep xuc vi mat cau (T), vi:
I (-3; 2; 2)
I (-5;1;1)
b)
a)
2
2
2
2
2
2
(T ) : x + y + z - 2 x + 4 y - 8z + 5 = 0
(T ) : x + y + z - 2 x + 4 y - 6 z + 5 = 0
VAN E 4: V tr tng oi gia hai mat cau mat cau

Cho hai mat cau S1(I1, R1) va S2(I2, R2).
I1I 2 < R1 - R2 (S1), (S2) trong nhau
I1I 2 > R1 + R2 (S1), (S2) ngoai nhau
I1I 2 = R1 - R2 (S1), (S2) tiep xuc trong I1I 2 = R1 + R2 (S1), (S2) tiep xuc ngoai
R1 - R2 < I1I 2 < R1 + R2 (S1), (S2) cat nhau theo mot ng tron.
Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi cua hai mat cau:
x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 8 x + 4 y - 2 z - 4 = 0
a) 2
2
2
x + y + z + 4 x - 2 y - 4 z + 5 = 0
( x + 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z - 3)2 = 9

b) 2
2
2
x + y + z - 6 x - 10 y - 6z - 21 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 4 y - 10 z + 5 = 0
c) 2
2
2
x + y + z - 4 x - 6 y + 2z - 2 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 6 y + 4z + 5 = 0
e) 2
2
2
x + y + z - 6 x + 2 y - 4z - 2 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 8 x + 4 y - 2z - 15 = 0
d) 2
2
2
x + y + z + 4 x - 12 y - 2 z + 25 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 4 x - 2 y + 2 z - 3 = 0
f) 2
2
2
x + y + z - 6 x + 4 y - 2z - 2 = 0
Bai 2. Bien luan theo m v tr tng oi cua hai mat cau:

( x - 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 + ( z + 1)2 = 81
( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z + 3)2 = 64
b)
a)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( x - 1) + ( y - 2) + ( z - 3) = (m - 3)
( x - 4) + ( y + 2) + ( z - 3) = (m + 2)
( x + 2)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z - 1)2 = 25
c)
2
2
2
2
( x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = (m - 1)
( x + 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 16

d)
2
2
2
2
( x - 1) + ( y - 2) + ( z - 3) = (m + 3)
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1.
VAN E 5: Tap hp iem la mat cau Tap hp tam mat cau

Tap hp iem la mat cau
Gia s tm tap hp iem M thoa tnh chat (P) nao o.
Tm he thc gia cac toa o x, y, z cua iem M. Chang han co dang:
( x - a )2 + ( y - b )2 + ( z - c )2 = R 2
2.
hoac: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d = 0

Tm gii han qu tch (neu co).
Tm tap hp tam mat cau
x = f (t )
Tm toa o cua tam I, chang han: y = g(t ) (*)

z = h(t )
Kh t trong (*) ta co phng trnh tap hp iem.
Tm gii han qu tch (neu co).
Bai 1. Cho hai iem A(1; 2; 1), B(3; 1; 2). Tm tap hp cac iem M(x; y; z) sao cho:
MA
=2
c) MA 2 + MB 2 = k 2 (k > 0)
a) MA 2 + MB 2 = 30
b)
MB
Bai 2. Cho hai iem A(2; 3; 1), B(4; 5; 3). Tm tap hp cac iem M(x; y; z) sao cho:
MA
3
=
MB
2
c)
AMB = 900
a) MA 2 + MB 2 = 124
b)
d) MA = MB
e) MA 2 + MB 2 = 2(k 2 + 1) (k > 0)
Bai 3. Tm tap hp cac tam I cua mat cau sau khi m thay oi:
a) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 4 x - 6 y + 2(m - 3)z + 19 - 2m = 0
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2(m - 2) x + 4 y - 2 z + 2m + 4 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x - 4 y + 2(m + 1)z + 2m 2 + 6 = 0
d) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 4(2 + cos m) x - 2(5 + 2 sin m )y - 6 z + cos 2m + 1 = 0
e) x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2(3 - 4 cos m) x - 2(4 sin m + 1)y - 4 z - 5 - 2 sin 2 m = 0
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* Gio trnh Ton Cao ng i Hc Cao Hc.
* Ti Liu Ton Thi Ton cho hc sinh THPT.
* Phn mm Ton.
* Gio Trnh T in Phn Mm Hc Ting Anh.
* Cc Phn mm ng dng khc.
Trang 35
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III. PHNG TRNH MAT PHANG

1. Vect phap tuyen Cap vect ch phng cua mat phang
r r
r
Vect n 0 la VTPT cua (a) neu gia cua n vuong goc vi (a).
r r
Hai vect a , b khong cung phng la cap VTCP cua (a) neu cac gia cua chung song song
hoac nam tren (a).
r
r
Chu y:
Neu n la mot VTPT cua (a) th kn (k 0) cung la VTPT cua (a).
r r
r r r
Neu a , b la mot cap VTCP cua (a) th n = [ a , b ] la mot VTPT cua (a).
2. Phng trnh tong quat cua mat phang
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi A2 + B 2 + C 2 > 0
r
Neu (a) co phng trnh Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 th n = ( A; B; C ) la mot VTPT cua (a).
r
Phng trnh mat phang i qua M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co mot VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) la:
A( x - x0 ) + B( y - y0 ) + C ( z - z0 ) = 0
3. Cac trng hp rieng
Cac he so
D=0
A=0
B=0
C=0
A=B=0
A=C=0
B=C=0
Chu y:
Phng trnh mat phang (a)

Ax + By + Cz = 0
By + Cz + D = 0
Ax + Cz + D = 0
Ax + By + D = 0
Cz + D = 0
By + D = 0
Ax + D = 0
Tnh chat mat phang (a)

(a) i qua goc toa o O
(a) // Ox hoac (a) Ox
(a) // Oy hoac (a) Oy
(a) // Oz hoac (a) Oz
(a) // (Oxy) hoac (a) (Oxy)
(a) // (Oxz) hoac (a) (Oxz)
(a) // (Oyz) hoac (a) (Oyz)
Neu trong phng trnh cua (a) khong cha an nao th (a) song song hoac cha
truc tng ng.
x y z
Phng trnh mat phang theo oan chan:
+ + =1
a b c
(a) cat cac truc toa o tai cac iem (a; 0; 0), (0; b; 0), (0; 0; c)
4. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang

Cho hai mat phang (a), (b) co phng trnh:
(a): A1x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

(b): A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
(a), (b) cat nhau A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2

(a) // (b)
A1 B1 C1 D1
=
=
A2 B2 C2 D2
(a) (b)
A1 B1 C1 D1
=
=
=
A2 B2 C2 D2
(a) ^ (b) A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0

5. Khoang cach t iem M0(x0; y0; z0) en mat phang (a): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D
d ( M0 ,(a ) ) =
A2 + B 2 + C 2
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Trang 36
Tran S Tung
VAN E 1: Viet phng trnh mat phang

e lap phng trnh mat phang (a) ta can xac nh mot iem thuoc (a) va mot VTPT cua no.
r
Dang 1: (a) i qua iem M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) co VTPT n = ( A; B;C ) :
(a): A ( x - x0 ) + B ( y - y0 ) + C ( z - z0 ) = 0
r r
Dang 2: (a) i qua iem M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) co cap VTCP a , b :
r r r
Khi o mot VTPT cua (a) la n = [ a , b ] .
Dang 3: (a) i qua iem M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va song song vi mat phang (b): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0:
(a): A ( x - x0 ) + B ( y - y0 ) + C ( z - z0 ) = 0
Dang 4: (a) i qua 3 iem khong thang hang A, B, C:
r uuur uuur
Khi o ta co the xac nh mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = AB, AC
Dang 5: (a) i qua mot iem M va mot ng thang (d) khong cha M:
r
Tren (d) lay iem A va VTCP u .
uuur
r
r
Mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = AM , u
Dang 6: (a) i qua mot iem M va vuong goc vi mot ng thang (d):
r
VTCP u cua ng thang (d) la mot VTPT cua (a).
Dang 7: (a) i qua 2 ng thang cat nhau d1, d2:
r r
Xac nh cac VTCP a , b cua cac ng thang d1, d2.
r r r
Mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = [ a , b ] .
Lay mot iem M thuoc d1 hoac d2 M (a).
Dang 8: (a) cha ng thang d1 va song song vi ng thang d2 (d1, d2 cheo nhau):
r r
r r r
Lay mot iem M thuoc d1 M (a).
Dang 9: (a) i qua iem M va song song vi hai ng thang cheo nhau d1, d2:
r r
r r r
Dang 10: (a) i qua mot ng thang (d) va vuong goc vi mot mat phang (b):
r
r
Xac nh VTCP u cua (d) va VTPT nb cua (b).
r
r r
Mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = u , nb .
Lay mot iem M thuoc d M (a).
Dang 11: (a) i qua iem M va vuong goc vi hai mat phang cat nhau (b), (g):
r r
Xac nh cac VTPT nb , ng cua (b) va (g).
r
r r
Mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = ub , ng .
Dang 12: (a) i qua ng thang (d) cho trc va cach iem M cho trc mot khoang k cho
trc:
Gia s (a) co phng trnh: Ax + By + Cz+D = 0 ( A2 + B 2 + C 2 0 ) .
Lay 2 iem A, B (d) A, B (a) (ta c hai phng trnh (1), (2)).
T ieu kien khoang cach d ( M ,(a )) = k , ta c phng trnh (3).
Giai he phng trnh (1), (2), (3) (bang cach cho gia tr mot an, tm cac an con lai).
Dang 13: (a) la tiep xuc vi mat cau (S) tai iem H:
Gia s mat cau (S) co tam I va ban knh R.
Trang 37
Tran S Tung
uur
r
Mot VTPT cua (a) la: n = IH
Chu y: e viet phng trnh mat phang can nam vng cac cach xac nh mat phang a hoc
lp 11.
r
Bai 1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua iem M va co VTPT n cho trc:
r
r
r
a) M ( 3;1;1) , n = ( -1;1;2 )
b) M ( -2;7; 0 ) , n = ( 3; 0;1) c) M ( 4; -1; -2 ) , n = ( 0;1;3 )
r
r
r
d) M ( 2;1; -2 ) , n = (1; 0; 0 )
e) M ( 3;4;5 ) , n = (1; -3; -7 ) f) M (10;1;9 ) , n = ( -7;10;1)
Bai 2. Viet phng trnh mat phang trung trc cua oan thang AB cho trc, vi:
b) A(1; -1; -4), B(2; 0; 5)
c) A(2; 3; -4), B(4; -1; 0)
a) A(2;1;1), B(2; -1; -1)
1
1
1
2 1
d) A ; -1; 0 , B 1; - ;5 e) A 1; ; , B -3; ;1 f) A(2; -5; 6), B(-1; -3; 2)

2
3
2
3 2
r r
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua iem M va co cap VTCP a , b cho trc, vi:
r
r
r
r
a) M (1; 2; -3), a = (2;1; 2), b = (3; 2; -1)
b) M (1; -2; 3), a = 3; -1; -2), b = (0; 3; 4)
r
r
r
r
d) M (-4; 0; 5), a = (6; -1; 3); b = (3; 2;1)
c) M (-1; 3; 4), a = (2; 7; 2), b = (3; 2; 4)
Bai 4. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua iem M va song song vi mat phang (b ) cho
trc, vi:
a) M ( 2;1; 5 ) , ( b ) = (Oxy )
b) M (1; -2;1) , ( b ) : 2 x - y + 3 = 0
c) M ( -1;1; 0 ) , ( b ) : x - 2 y + z - 10 = 0
d) M ( 3; 6; -5) , ( b ) : - x + z - 1 = 0
e) M (2; -3; 5), ( b ) : x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0
f) M (1;1;1), ( b ) : 10 x - 10 y + 20z - 40 = 0
Bai 5. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua iem M va lan lt song song vi cac mat phang
toa o, vi:
a) M ( 2;1; 5 )
b) M (1; -2;1)
c) M ( -1;1; 0 )
d) M ( 3; 6; -5 )
e) M(2; -3; 5)
f) M(1;1;1)
g) M(-1;1; 0)
h) M(3; 6; -5)
Bai 6. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua ba iem A, B, C khong thang hang cho trc,
vi:
b) A(0; 0; 0), B(-2; -1; 3), C (4; -2;1)
a) A(1; -2; 4), B(3; 2; -1), C (-2;1; -3)
c) A(-1; 2; 3), B(2; -4; 3), C (4; 5; 6)
d) A(3; -5; 2), B(1; -2; 0), C (0; -3; 7)
e) A(2; -4; 0), B(5;1; 7), C (-1; -1; -1)
f) A(3; 0; 0), B(0; -5; 0), C (0; 0; -7)
Bai 7. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua iem A va vuong goc vi ng thang i qua hai
iem B, C cho trc, vi:
a) A(1; -2; 4), B(3; 2; -1), C (-2;1; -3)
b) A(0; 0; 0), B(-2; -1; 3), C (4; -2;1)
c) A(-1; 2; 3), B(2; -4; 3), C (4; 5; 6)
d) A(3; -5; 2), B(1; -2; 0), C (0; -3; 7)
e) A(2; -4; 0), B(5;1; 7), C (-1; -1; -1)
f) A(3; 0; 0), B(0; -5; 0), C (0; 0; -7)
Bai 8. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua hai iem A, B va vuong goc vi mat phang (b)
cho trc, vi:
A(3;1; -1), B(2; -1; 4)
A(-2; -1; 3), B(4; -2;1)
A(2; -1; 3), B(-4; 7; -9)
a)
b)
c)
( b ) : 2 x - y + 3z - 1 = 0
( b ) : 2 x + 3y - 2 z + 5 = 0
( b ) : 3x + 4 y - 8z - 5 = 0
A(3; -1; -2), B(-3;1; 2)
d)
( b ) : 2 x - 2 y - 2 z + 5 = 0
Bai 9. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua iem M va vuong goc vi hai mat phang (b), (g)
cho trc, vi:
a) M (-1; -2; 5), ( b ) : x + 2 y - 3z + 1 = 0, (g ) : 2 x - 3y + z + 1 = 0
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Tran S Tung
b) M (1; 0; -2), ( b ) : 2 x + y - z - 2 = 0, ( g ) : x - y - z - 3 = 0
c) M (2; -4; 0), ( b ) : 2 x + 3y - 2z + 5 = 0, (g ) : 3 x + 4 y - 8z - 5 = 0
d) M (5;1; 7), ( b ) : 3x - 4 y + 3z + 6 = 0, (g ) : 3x - 2 y + 5z - 3 = 0
Bai 10. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) i qua iem M va giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (P),
(Q) cho trc, vi:
a) M (1; 2; -3) , ( P ) : 2 x - 3y + z - 5 = 0, ( Q ) : 3 x - 2 y + 5z - 1 = 0
b) M ( 2;1; -1) , ( P ) : x - y + z - 4 = 0, (Q ) : 3x - y + z - 1 = 0
c) M ( 3; 4;1) , ( P ) : 19 x - 6 y - 4z + 27 = 0, ( Q ) :42 x - 8y + 3z + 11 = 0
d) M ( 0; 0;1) , ( P ) : 5 x - 3y + 2 z - 5 = 0, (Q ) : 2 x - y - z - 1 = 0
Bai 11. Viet phng trnh mat phang (a) qua giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (P), (Q), ong thi
song song vi mat phang (R) cho trc, vi:
a) ( P ) : y + 2z - 4 = 0, (Q ) : x + y - z - 3 = 0, ( R) : x + y + z - 2 = 0
b) ( P ) : x - 4 y + 2z - 5 = 0, (Q) : y + 4 z - 5 = 0, ( R) : 2 x - y + 19 = 0
c) ( P ) : 3x - y + z - 2 = 0, (Q ) : x + 4 y - 5 = 0, ( R) : 2 x - z + 7 = 0
vuong goc vi mat phang (R) cho trc, vi:
a) ( P ) : 2 x + 3y - 4 = 0, (Q ) : 2 y - 3z - 5 = 0, ( R) : 2 x + y - 3z - 2 = 0
b) ( P ) : y + 2z - 4 = 0, (Q ) : x + y - z + 3 = 0, ( R) : x + y + z - 2 = 0
c) ( P ) : x + 2 y - z - 4 = 0, (Q ) : 2 x + y + z + 5 = 0, ( R) : x - 2 y - 3z + 6 = 0
d) ( P ) : 3x - y + z - 2 = 0, (Q ) : x + 4 y - 5 = 0, ( R) : 2 x - z + 7 = 0
cach iem M cho trc mot khoang bang k, vi:
a) ( P ): x - y - 2 = 0, (Q ) : 5 x - 13y + 2 z = 0, M (1; 2; 3), k = 2
VAN E 2: V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang

Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi cua cac cap mat phang sau:
2 x + 3y - 2z + 5 = 0
3 x - 4 y + 3z + 6 = 0
a)
b)
3 x + 4 y - 8z - 5 = 0
3 x - 2 y + 5z - 3 = 0
2 x - 2 y - 4z + 5 = 0
e)
25
5 x - 5y - 10z + 2 = 0
Bai 2. Xac nh m, n e cac cap mat phang sau: song song
5 x - 2 y + mz - 11 = 0
3 x + my - 2 z - 7 = 0
b)
a)
3x + ny + z - 5 = 0
nx + 7 y - 6 z + 4 = 0
2 x + y + 3z - 5 = 0
3 x - y + mz - 9 = 0
e)
d)
mx - 6 y - 6 z - 2 = 0
2 x + ny + 2 z - 3 = 0
6 x - 4 y - 6z + 5 = 0
d)
12 x - 8y - 12z - 5 = 0
5 x + 5 y - 5z - 1 = 0
c)
3 x + 3y - 3z + 7 = 0
3 x - 2 y - 6 z - 23 = 0
f)
3 x - 2 y - 6 z + 33 = 0
cat nhau
trung nhau
2 x + my + 3z - 5 = 0
c)
nx - 6 y - 6 z + 2 = 0
3 x - 5y + mz - 3 = 0
f)
2 x + y - 3z + 1 = 0
3 x - (m - 3) y + 2z - 5 = 0
2 x - ny + 2z - 1 = 0
x + my - z + 2 = 0
i)
h)
g)
(m + 2) x - 2 y + mz - 10 = 0
3 x - y + mz - 2 = 0
2 x + y + 4nz - 3 = 0
Bai 3. Xac nh m e cac cap mat phang sau vuong goc vi nhau
(2m - 1) x - 3my + 2 z + 3 = 0
2 x - 7 y + mz + 2 = 0
b)
a)
mx + (m - 1)y + 4 z - 5 = 0
3x + y - 2 z + 15 = 0
Trang 39

mx + 2 y + mz - 12 = 0
c)
x + my + z + 7 = 0
4 x - 3y - 3z = 0
e)
mx
2 y - 7z - 1 = 0
+
Tran S Tung
3 x - (m - 3) y + 2z - 5 = 0
d)
(m + 2) x - 2 y + mz - 10 = 0
3 x - 5y + mz - 3 = 0
f)
x + 3y + 2 z + 5 = 0
VAN E 3: Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang.

Khoang cach gia hai mat phang song song.
Hnh chieu cua mot iem tren mat phang . iem oi xng cua mot iem qua mat phang.
Khoang cach t iem M0(x0; y0; z0) en mat phang (a): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
Ax0 + By0 + Cz0 + D
d ( M0 ,(a ) ) =
A2 + B 2 + C 2
Khoang cach gia hai mat phang song song bang khoang cach t mot iem bat k tren mat
phang nay en mat phang kia.
Chu y: Neu hai mat phang khong song song th khoang cach gia chung bang 0.
uuuur
MH , nr cung phng
iem H la hnh chieu cua iem M tren (P)
H (P)
uuuuur uuuur
iem M oi xng vi iem M qua (P) MM = 2 MH
Bai 1. Cho mat phang (P) va iem M.
Tnh khoang cach t M en (P).
Tm toa o hnh chieu H cua M tren (P).
Tm toa o iem M oi xng vi M qua (P).
a) ( P ) : 2 x - y + 2z - 6 = 0,
M (2; -3; 5)
b) ( P ) : x + y + 5z - 14 = 0,
M (1; -4; -2)
M (3;1; -2)
d) ( P ) : 2 x - 4 y + 4z + 3 = 0,
M (2; -3; 4)
c) ( P ) : 6 x - 2 y + 3z + 12 = 0,
e) ( P ) : x - y + z - 4 = 0,
M (2;1; -1)
f) ( P ) : 3x - y + z - 2 = 0,
M (1; 2; 4)
Bai 2. Tm khoang cach gia hai mat phang:
x - 2 y + 3z + 1 = 0
6 x - 2 y + z + 1 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
a)
b)
c)
2 x - y + 3z + 5 = 0
6 x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
3 x + 5y - z - 1 = 0
4 x - y + 8z + 1 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
3 x + 6 y - 3z + 7 = 0
d)
e)
f)
4
x
y
8
z
5
0
+
+
=
3
x
5
y
z
1
0
+
=
x + 2y - z + 1 = 0
Bai 3. Tm tap hp cac iem cach mat phang mot khoang bang k cho trc:
b) 3 x - 2 y - 6z + 5 = 0, k = 4
a) 6 x - 3y + 2z - 7 = 0, k = 3
c) 6 x - 2 y + 3z + 12 = 0, k = 2
d) 2 x - 4 y + 4z - 14 = 0, k = 3
Bai 4. Tm tap hp cac iem cach eu hai mat phang:
6 x - 2 y + z + 1 = 0
x - 2 y + 3z + 1 = 0
b)
a)
6 x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
2 x - y + 3z + 5 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
c)
3 x + 5y - z - 1 = 0
3 x + 6 y - 3z + 7 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
4 x - y + 8z + 1 = 0
f)
e)
d)
+
=
+
+
=
3
x
5
y
z
1
0
4
x
y
8
z
5
0
x + 2y - z + 1 = 0
Bai 5. Tm tap hp cac iem co ty so cac khoang cach en hai mat phang bang k cho trc:
x + 2 y - 2z - 10 = 0
6 x - 2 y + z + 1 = 0
6 x + 3 y - 2 z - 1 = 0
a) 2 x + 4 y - 4z + 3 = 0
c) 2 x + 2 y - z + 6 = 0
b) 6 x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
2
1
k =
k =
k = 4
3
2
7
Bai 6. Tm iem M tren truc Ox (Oy, Oz) cach eu iem N va mat phang (P):
Trang 40
Tran S Tung
a) ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y + z - 5 = 0, N (1; 2; -2)
c) ( P ) : 6 x - 2 y + 3z + 12 = 0, N (3;1; -2)
e) ( P ) : x - y + z - 4 = 0, N (2;1; -1)
b) ( P ) : x + y + 5z - 14 = 0, N (1; -4; -2)

d) ( P ) : 2 x - 4 y + 4 z + 3 = 0, N (2; -3; 4)
f) ( P ) : 3 x - y + z - 2 = 0, N (1; 2; 4)
Bai 7. Tm iem M tren truc Ox (Oy, Oz) cach eu hai mat phang:
x + 2 y - 2z + 1 = 0
x + y - z +1 = 0
c)
b)
a)
2 x + 2 y + z - 5 = 0
x - y + z - 5 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
4 x - y + 8z + 1 = 0
f)
e)
d)
3 x + 5y - z - 1 = 0
4 x - y + 8z + 5 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
4 x + 2 y - z - 1 = 0
3 x + 6 y - 3z + 7 = 0
x + 2y - z + 1 = 0
Bai 8. Tm phng trnh tong quat cua mat phang (P) i qua iem A va song song vi mat phang
(Q) cho trc. Tnh khoang cach gia (P) va (Q):
a) A (1; 2; 3) , (Q) : 2 x - 4 y - z + 4 = 0 .
b) A ( 3; 1; 2 ) , (Q ) : 6 x - 2 y + 3z + 12 = 0 .
Bai 9. Tm phng trnh tong quat cua mat phang (P) song song vi mat phang (Q) va cach iem
A mot khoang k cho trc:
a) (Q) : x + 2 y - 2 z + 5 = 0, A(2; -1; 4), k = 4
b) (Q) : 2 x - 4 y + 4 z + 3 = 0, A(2; -3; 4), k = 3
Bai 10. Tm phng trnh tong quat cua mat phang (P) cach mat phang (Q) mot khoang k:
a) (Q) : 3 x - y + 2 z - 3 = 0, k = 14
b) (Q) : 4 x + 3y - 2z + 5 = 0, k = 29
VAN E 4: Goc gia hai mat phang

Cho hai mat phang (a), (b) co phng trnh: (a): A1 x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0
(b): A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0
r r
Goc gia (a), (b) bang hoac bu vi goc gia hai VTPT n1, n2 .
r r
n1.n2
A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2
cos ( (a ),( b ) ) = r r =
n1 . n2
A12 + B12 + C12 . A22 + B22 + C22
Chu y:
00
(a ),( b ) 900 .
(a ) ^ ( b ) A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0
Bai 1. Tnh goc gia hai mat phang:

x + y - z +1 = 0
x + 2 y - 2z + 1 = 0
2 x - y + 4z + 5 = 0
a)
b)
c)
x
y
z
5
0
+
=
2
x
2
y
z
5
0
+
+
=
4 x + 2 y - z - 1 = 0
2 x - y - 2 z + 3 = 0
4 x + 4 y - 2z + 7 = 0
f) 3 x - 3y + 3z + 2 = 0
e)
d)
2 x + 4 z - 5 = 0
4 x + 2 y + 4z - 9 = 0
2 y + 2z + 12 = 0
Bai 2. Tm m e goc gia hai mat phang sau bang a cho trc:
(2m - 1) x - 3my + 2 z + 3 = 0
mx + 2 y + mz - 12 = 0
(m + 2) x + 2my - mz + 5 = 0
b) x + my + z + 7 = 0
c) mx + (m - 3) y + 2z - 3 = 0
a) mx + (m - 1) y + 4z - 5 = 0
a = 900
a = 450
a = 900
mx - y + mz + 3 = 0
d) (2m + 1) x + (m - 1) y + (m - 1)z - 6 = 0
a = 300
Bai 3. Cho t dien OABC co cac canh OA, OB, OC vuong goc vi nhau tng oi mot. Goi
a , b , g lan lt la cac goc hp bi cac mat phang (OAB), (OBC), (OCA) vi mat phang
(ABC). Bang phng phap toa o, chng minh rang:
a) Tam giac ABC co ba goc nhon
b) cos 2 a + cos 2 b + cos 2 g = 1
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Tran S Tung
VAN E 5: V tr tng oi gia mat phang va mat cau.

Phng trnh mat phang tiep xuc vi mat cau
Cho mat phang (a): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 va mat cau (S): ( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c )2 = R 2
(a) va (S) khong co iem chung
d ( I ,(a )) > R
(a) tiep xuc vi (S)
d ( I ,(a )) = R
(a) la tiep dien
e tm toa o tiep iem ta co the thc hien nh sau:
Viet phng trnh ng thang d i qua tam I cua (S) va vuong goc vi (a).
Tm toa o giao iem H cua d va (a).
H la tiep iem cua (S) vi (a).
(a) cat (S) theo mot ng tron
d ( I ,(a )) < R
e xac nh tam H va ban knh r cua ng tron giao tuyen ta co the thc hien nh sau:
Viet phng trnh ng thang d i qua tam I cua (S) va vuong goc vi (a).
Tm toa o giao iem H cua d va (a).
H la tam cua ng tron giao tuyen cua (S) vi (a).
Ban knh r cua ng tron giao tuyen: r = R 2 - IH 2
Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi gia mat phang (P) va mat cau (S):
( P ) : 2 x - 3y + 6 z - 9 = 0
( P ) : 2 x + 2 y + z - 1 = 0
b)
a)
2
2
2
2
2
2
(S ) : ( x - 1) + ( y - 3) + ( z + 2) = 16
(S ) : x + y + z - 6 x - 2 y + 4z + 5 = 0
( P ) : x + y - 2 z - 11 = 0
c)
2
2
2
(S ) : x + y + z + 2 x - 4 y - 2 z + 2 = 0
( P ) : x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
e)
2
2
2
(S ) : x + y + z - 6 x + 2 y - 2 z + 10 = 0
( P ) : x - 2 y + 2z + 5 = 0
d)
2
2
2
(S ) : x + y + z - 6 x - 4 y - 8z + 13 = 0
( P ) : z - 3 = 0
f)
2
2
2
(S ) : x + y + z - 6 x + 2 y - 16 z + 22 = 0
Bai 2. Bien luan theo m, v tr tng oi gia mat phang (P) va mat cau (S):
a) ( P ) : 2 x - 2 y - z - 4 = 0;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2(m - 1) x + 4my + 4z + 8m = 0
b) ( P ) : 4 x - 2 y + 4 z - 5 = 0;
(S ) : ( x - 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 + (z - 3)2 = (m - 1)2
c) ( P ) : 3x + 2 y - 6z + 7 = 0;
(S ) : ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + (z + 1)2 = (m + 2)2
d) ( P ) : 2 x - 3y + 6z - 10 = 0;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 4mx - 2(m + 1) y - 2z + +3m 2 + 5m - 4 = 0
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh mat cau (S) co tam I va tiep xuc vi mat phang (P) cho trc:
a) I (3; -5; -2), (P ) : 2 x - y - 3z + 1 = 0
b) I (1; 4; 7), ( P ) : 6 x + 6 y - 7 z + 42 = 0
c) I (1;1; 2), ( P ) : x + 2 y + 2z + 3 = 0
d) I (-2;1;1), ( P ) : x + 2 y - 2 z + 5 = 0
Bai 4. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) tiep xuc vi mat cau (S) cho trc:
a) (S ) : ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z + 2)2 = 24 tai M(-1; 3; 0)
b) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 6 x - 2 y + 4 z + 5 = 0 tai M(4; 3; 0)
c) (S ) : ( x - 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 + (z - 2)2 = 49 tai M(7; -1; 5)
d) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x - 2 y - 2z - 22 = 0 va song song vi mat phang 3 x - 2 y + 6z + 14 = 0 .
e) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 6 x + 4 y + 2z - 11 = 0 va song song vi mat phang 4 x + 3z - 17 = 0 .
f) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y + 4 z = 0 va song song vi mat phang x + 2 y + 2z + 5 = 0 .
g) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 6 y + 2 z + 8 = 0 va cha ng thang d : x = 4t + 4, y = 3t + 1, z = t + 1
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Tran S Tung
h) Tiep xuc vi mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD tai A vi A(6; 2; 3), B(0; 1; 6), C(2; 0;
1), D(4; 1; 0).
i) Tiep xuc vi mat cau: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 10 x + 2 y + 26 z - 113 = 0 va song song vi 2 ng
thang: d1 :
x + 5 y - 1 z + 13
x + 7 y +1 z - 8
=
=
, d1 :
=
=
.
-3
-2
2
2
3
0
Bai tap on: Phng trnh mat phang

Bai 1. Cho t dien ABCD.
Viet phng trnh cac mat cua t dien.
Viet phng trnh mat phang cha mot canh va song song vi canh oi dien.
Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua mot nh va song song vi mat oi dien.
Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua canh AB va vuong goc vi (BCD).
Viet phng trnh mat phang trung trc cua cac canh t dien.
Tm toa o cac iem A, B, C, D lan lt la cac iem oi xng vi cac iem A, B, C,
D qua cac mat oi dien.
Tnh khoang cach t mot nh cua t dien en mat oi dien.
Viet phng trnh mat cau (S) ngoai tiep t dien ABCD. Xac nh tam I va ban knh R
cua (S).
Viet phng trnh cac tiep dien cua (S) tai cac nh A, B, C, D cua t dien.
Viet phng trnh cac tiep dien cua (S) song song vi cac mat cua t dien.
a) A ( 5;1; 3) , B (1; 6; 2 ) , C ( 5; 0; 4 ) , D ( 4; 0; 6 ) b) A (1;1; 0 ) , B ( 0; 2;1) , C (1; 0; 2 ) , D (1;1;1)
c) A ( 2; 0; 0 ) , B ( 0; 4; 0 ) , C ( 0; 0; 6 ) , D ( 2; 4; 6 ) d) A(2; 3;1), B(4;1; -2), C (6; 3; 7), D (-5; -4; 8)
e) A(5; 7; -2), B(3;1; -1), C (9; 4; -4), D(1; 5; 0)
f) A(0;1; 0), B(2; 3;1), C (-2; 2; 2), D(1; -1; 2)
Bai 2. Cho hai mat phang (P), (Q) lan lt cat ba truc toa o tai cac iem: A(1; 0; 0), B(0; 2; 0),
C(0; 0; 3) va E(2; 0; 0), F(0; 1; 0), G(0; 0; 1).
a) Tm phng trnh tong quat cua (P) va (Q).
b) Tnh o dai ng cao cua hnh chop O.ABC.
c) Tnh goc gia hai mat phang (P), (Q).
Bai 3. Cho bon iem: A(1; 1; 1), B(3; 3; 1), C(3; 1; 3) va D(1; 3; 3).
a) Chng minh ABCD la mot t dien eu.
b) Chng minh t dien ABCD co cac cap canh oi oi mot vuong goc.
c) Tm phng trnh tong quat cua cac mat phang (ABC), (ABD), (ACD), (BCD).
d) Tnh goc gia cac cap mat phang: (ABC) va (ABD), (BCD) va (ACD).
www.boxmaths.com
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IV. PHNG TRNH NG THANG

1. Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang
Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co VTCP
r
a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) :
x = xo + a1t
(d ) : y = yo + a2t
z = z + a t
3
o
Neu a1a2 a3 0 th (d ) :
x - x0
a1
y - y0
a2
( t R)
z - z0
a3
gl phng trnh chnh tac cua d.
2. V tr tng oi gia hai ng thang

Cho hai ng thang d, d co phng trnh tham so lan lt la:
x = x0 + t a1
x = x0 + ta1
va
d : y = y0 + ta2
d : y = y0 + t a2
z = z + ta
z = z + t a
0
3
0
3
r r
a, a cung phng
x + ta = x + t a
1
0
1
d // d 0
he y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t , t ) vo nghiem
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
r
r r
r r
r r
] = 0
cung phng
a, auuuuuur
a, a cung phng
[ a, auuuuuur
r

r
r
a, M M 0
a
,
M
M
kho
n
g
cu
n
g
phng
M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) d
0 0
0 0
x0 + ta1 = x0 + t a1
d d he y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t, t ) co vo so nghiem

z + ta = z + ta
0
3
0
3
r r
r r uuuuuur
a, a cung phng

a, a, M0 M0 oi mot cung phng
M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) d
r
r r
r uuuuuur
[ a , a] = a , M0 M0 = 0
x0 + ta1 = x0 + t a1
d, d cat nhau he y0 + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t, t) co ung mot nghiem

z + ta = z + t a
3
0
3
0
r
r r
r r
a, a kho
[
]
n
g
cu
n
g
phng
a
,
a
0
r r uuuuuur
r r uuuuuur
a
,
a
,
M
M
o
n
g
pha
n
g
[ a , a] .M0 M0 = 0
0 0
r r
a, a khong cung phng
x + ta1 = x0 + t a1
d, d cheo nhau 0
he y + ta2 = y0 + t a2 (an t , t ) vo nghiem
0
z0 + ta3 = z0 + t a3
r r uuuuuur
r r uuuuuur
a, a, M0 M0 khong ong phang [ a , a] .M0 M0 0
r r
rr
d ^ d a ^ a
a.a = 0
www.boxmaths.com
Trang 44
Tran S Tung
3. V tr tng oi gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang

x = x0 + ta1
Cho mat phang (a): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 va ng thang d: y = y0 + ta2

z = z + ta
0
3
Xet phng trnh:
A( x0 + ta1 ) + B( y0 + ta2 ) + C (z0 + ta3 ) + D = 0 (an t)
(*)
d // (a) (*) vo nghiem

d cat (a) (*) co ung mot nghiem
d (a) (*) co vo so nghiem
4. V tr tng oi gia mot ng thang va mot mat cau
x = x0 + ta1
Cho ng thang d: y = y0 + ta2 (1) va mat cau (S): ( x - a)2 + ( y - b)2 + ( z - c )2 = R 2 (2)
z = z + ta
0
3
5.
6.
7.
8.
e xet VTT cua d va (S) ta thay (1) vao (2), c mot phng trnh (*).
d va (S) khong co iem chung (*) vo nghiem
d(I, d) > R
d tiep xuc vi (S) (*) co ung mot nghiem
d(I, d) = R
d cat (S) tai hai iem phan biet (*) co hai nghiem phan biet
d(I, d) < R
Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang (chng trnh nang cao)
r
Cho ng thang d i qua M0 va co VTCP a va iem M.
uuuuur
M M , ar
0
d(M , d) =
r
a
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau (chng trnh nang cao)
Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau d1 va d2.
r
r
d1 i qua iem M1 va co VTCP a1 , d2 i qua iem M2 va co VTCP a2
r r uuuuuur
a1 , a2 . M1M2
d (d1, d2 ) =
r r
a1, a2
Chu y: Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau d1, d2 bang khoang cach gia d1 vi
mat phang (a) cha d2 va song song vi d1.
Khoang cach gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang song song
Khoang cach gia ng thang d vi mat phang (a) song song vi no bang khoang cach t
mot iem M bat k tren d en mat phang (a).
Goc gia hai ng thang
r r
Cho hai ng thang d1, d2 lan lt co cac VTCP a1 , a2 .
r r
Goc gia d1, d2 bang hoac bu vi goc gia a1, a2 .
r r
a1.a2
r r
cos ( a1, a2 ) = r r
a1 . a2
9. Goc gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang

r
r
Cho ng thang d co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va mat phang (a) co VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) .
Goc gia ng thang d va mat phang (a) bang goc gia ng thang d vi hnh chieu d cua
no tren (a).
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3
sin
d ,(a ) =
A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a12 + a22 + a32
Trang 45
Tran S Tung
VAN E 1: Lap phng trnh ng thang

e lap phng trnh ng thang d ta can xac nh mot iem thuoc d va mot VTCP cua no.
r
Dang 1: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) :
x = xo + a1t
(d ) : y = yo + a2t
z = z + a t
3
o
( t R)
Dang 2: d i qua hai ieuuu

mrA, B:
Mot VTCP cua d la AB .
Dang 3: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va song song vi ng thang D cho trc:
V d // D nen VTCP cua D cung la VTCP cua d.
Dang 4: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va vuong goc vi mat phang (P) cho trc:
V d ^ (P) nen VTPT cua (P) cung la VTCP cua d.
Dang 5: d la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (P), (Q):
Cach 1: Tm mot iem va mot VTCP.
( P)
Tm toa o mot iem A d: bang cach giai he phng trnh
(vi viec chon gia tr
(Q)
cho mot an)
r
r r
Tm mot VTCP cua d: a = nP , nQ
Cach 2: Tm hai iem A, B thuoc d, roi viet phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem o.
Dang 6: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va vuong goc vi hai ng thang d1, d2:
r
r r
V d ^ d1, d ^ d2 nen mot VTCP cua d la: a = ad , ad
1 2
Dang 7: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) , vuong goc va cat ng thang D.
Cach 1: Goi H la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M0 tren ng thang D.

H
D
uuuuur r
M0 H ^ uV
Khi o ng thang d la ng thang i qua M0, H.

Cach 2: Goi (P) la mat phang i qua A va vuong goc vi d; (Q) la mat phang i qua A va
cha d. Khi o d = (P) (Q)
Dang 8: d i qua iem M0 ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) va cat hai ng thang d1, d2:
Cach 1: Goi M1 d1, M2 d2. T ieu kien M, M1, M2 thang hang ta tm c M1, M2. T
o suy ra phng trnh ng thang d.
Cach 2: Goi (P) = ( M0 , d1 ) , (Q) = ( M0 , d2 ) . Khi o d = (P) (Q). Do o, mot VTCP cua d
r
r r
co the chon la a = nP , nQ .
Dang 9: d nam trong mat phang (P) va cat ca hai ng thang d1, d2:
Tm cac giao iem A = d1 (P), B = d2 (P). Khi o d chnh la ng thang AB.
Dang 10: d song song vi D va cat ca hai ng thang d1, d2:
Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha D va d1, mat phang (Q) cha D va d2.
Khi o d = (P) (Q).
Dang 11: d la ng vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang d1, d2 cheo nhau:
MN ^ d1
, ta tm c M, N.
Cach 1: Goi M d1, N d2. T ieu kien
MN ^ d2
Khi o, d la ng thang MN.
Trang 46
Tran S Tung
Cach 2:
r
r r
V d ^ d1 va d ^ d2 nen mot VTCP cua d co the la: a = ad , ad .
1 2
Lap phng trnh mat phang (P) cha d va d1, bang cach:
+ Lay mot iem A tren d1.
r
r r
+ Mot VTPT cua (P) co the la: nP = a , ad .
1
Tng t lap phng trnh mat phang (Q) cha d va d2.
Khi o d = (P) (Q).
Dang 12: d la hnh chieu cua ng thang D len mat phang (P):
Lap phng trnh mat phang (Q) cha D va vuong goc vi mat phang (P) bang cach:
Lay M D.
r
r r
V (Q) cha D va vuong goc vi (P) nen nQ = aD , nP .
Khi o d = (P) (Q).
Dang 13: d i qua iem M, vuong goc vi d1 va cat d2:
Cach 1: Goi N la giao iem cua d va d2. T ieu kien MN ^ d1, ta tm c N.
Khi o, d la ng thang MN.
Cach 2:
Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua M va vuong goc vi d1.
Viet phng trnh mat phang (Q) cha M va d2.
Khi o d = (P) (Q).
r
Bai 1. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem M va co VTCP a cho trc:
r
r
r
a) M (1; 2; -3), a = (-1;3; 5)
b) M (0; -2; 5), a = (0;1; 4)
c) M (1;3; -1), a = (1; 2; -1)
r
r
r
d) M (3; -1; -3), a = (1; -2; 0)
e) M (3; -2; 5), a = (-2; 0; 4) f) M (4;3; -2), a = (-3; 0; 0)
Bai 2. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua hai iem A, B cho trc:
a) A ( 2; 3; -1) , B (1; 2; 4 )
b) A (1; -1; 0 ) , B ( 0;1; 2 )
c) A ( 3;1; -5 ) , B ( 2;1; -1)
d) A ( 2;1; 0 ) , B ( 0;1; 2 )
e) A (1; 2; -7 ) , B (1; 2; 4 )
f) A ( -2;1; 3) , B ( 4; 2; -2 )
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A va song song vi ng thang
D cho trc:
a) A ( 3; 2; -4 ) , D Ox
b) A ( 2; -5; 3) , D i qua M (5; 3; 2), N (2;1; -2)
x = 2 - 3t
c) A(2; -5; 3), D : y = 3 + 4t

z = 5 - 2t
d) A(4; -2; 2), D :
x + 2 y -5 z- 2
=
=
4
2
3
x = 3 + 4t
e) A(1; -3; 2), D : y = 2 - 2t

z = 3t - 1
f) A(5; 2; -3), D :
x + 3 y -1 z + 2
=
=
2
3
4
Bai 4. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A va vuong goc vi mat phang
(P) cho trc:
b) A (1; -1; 0 ) , ( P ) : cac mp toa o
a) A ( -2; 4; 3) , (P) : 2 x - 3y + 6z + 19 = 0
c) A ( 3; 2;1) , ( P) : 2 x - 5y + 4 = 0
d) A(2; -3; 6), ( P ) : 2 x - 3y + 6z + 19 = 0
Bai 5. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (P), (Q)
cho trc:
( P ) : 3 x + 3y - 4 z + 7 = 0
( P ) : 2 x - 3y + 3z - 4 = 0
( P ) : 6 x + 2 y + 2z + 3 = 0
a)
c)
b)
+
+
=
=
(
Q
)
:
x
2
y
z
3
0
(
Q
)
:
3
x
5
y
2
z
1
0
(Q) : x + 6 y + 2 z - 6 = 0
Trang 47
Tran S Tung
( P ) : 2 x + y + z - 1 = 0
f)
(Q) : x + z - 1 = 0
Bai 6. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A va vuong goc vi hai ng
thang d1, d2 cho trc:
x = 1 + 2t
x = 1- t
x = 1+ t
x = 1 + 3t
b) A(2; -1;1), d1 : y = -2 + t , d2 : y = -2 + t
a) A(1; 0; 5), d1 : y = 3 - 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
z = 1 + t
z = 1 - 3t
z = 3
z = 3 + t
( P ) : x + z - 1 = 0
e)
(Q) : y - 2 = 0
( P ) : 2 x + y - z + 3 = 0
d)
(Q) : x + y + z - 1 = 0
x = 1- t
x = 1
x = -7 + 3t
x = 1+ t
c) A(1; -2; 3), d1 : y = -2 - 2t , d2 : y = -2 + t d) A(4;1; 4), d1 : y = 4 - 2t , d2 : y = -9 + 2t

z = 3 - 3t
z = 3 + t
z = 4 + 3t
z = -12 - t
x = 1 + 3t
x = 2t
x = t
x = t
e) A(2; -1; -3), d1 : y = 1 + t , d 2 : y = -3 + 4t f) A(3;1; -4), d1 : y = 1 - t , d2 : y = 1 - 2t

z = -2 + 2t
z = 2 - t
z = -2t
z = 0
Bai 7. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A, vuong goc va cat ng
thang D cho trc:
x = t
x = -3 + 2t
b) A(-4; -2; 4), d : y = 1 - t

a) A(1; 2; -2), D : y = 1 - t
z = 2t
z = -1 + 4t
x = 1 + 3t
c) A(2; -1; -3), D : y = 1 + t

z = -2 + 2t
x = t
d) A(3;1; -4), D : y = 1 - t
z = -2t
x = 1- t
e) A(1; -2; 3), D : y = -2 - 2t

z = 3 - 3t
x = 1+ t
f) A(2; -1;1), D : y = -2 + t
z = 3
Bai 8. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A va cat ca hai ng thang d1,
d2 cho trc:
x = 1 + 2t
x = 1- t
x = 1+ t
x = 1 + 3t
b) A(2; -1;1), d1 : y = -2 + t , d2 : y = -2 + t
a) A(1; 0; 5), d1 : y = 3 - 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
z = 1 + t
z = 1 - 3t
z = 3
z = 3 + t
x = -1 + 3t
x = 2 + 2t
x = 1 + 3t
x = -t
c) A(-4; -5; 3), d1 : y = -3 - 2t , d2 : y = -1 + 3t d) A(2;1; -1), d1 : y = -2 + 4t , d2 : y = t

z = 2 - t
z = 1 - 5t
z = -3 + 5t
z = 2t
x = 2 + t
x = -4 + 3t
x = -3 + 3t
x = 3 + 2t
f) A(3; -2; 5), d1 : y = 1 + 4t , d2 : y = 1 - t

e) A(2; 3; -1), d1 : y = 1 - 2t , d2 : y = 1 + t
z = 2 + 2t
z = 2 - 3t
z = 1 + 3t
z = -2 + 3t
Bai 9. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang nam trong mat phang (P) va cat ca hai
ng thang d1, d2 cho trc:
( P ) : y + 2 z = 0
( P ) : 6 x + 2 y + 2 z + 3 = 0
x = 1 + 2t
x = 2 - t
x = 1- t
a)
b)
x -1 y z
d
:
,
d
:
y
4
2
t
d1 : y = 3 - 2t , d2 : y = 2 + t
1 -1 = 1 = 4 2 = +
z = 1 - 3t
z = 1
z = 1 + t
( P ) : 2 x - 3y + 3z - 4 = 0
( P ) : 3x + 3y - 4 z + 7 = 0
x = 1- t
x = -7 + 3t
x = 1+ t
x = 1
d)
c)
d1 : y = 4 - 2t , d2 : y = -9 + 2t
d1 : y = -2 - 2t , d2 : y = -2 + t
z = 4 + 3t
z = -12 - t
z = 3 + t
z = 3 - 3t
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Trang 48
Tran S Tung
Bai 10. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang song song vi ng thang D va cat ca hai
ng thang d1, d2 cho trc:
x y -1 z - 5
x y -1 z - 1
D : 3 = -1 = 1
D : 2 = -1 = 2
x + 1 y z -1
x -1 y + 2 z - 2
b) d1 :
= =
a) d1 :
=
=
1
2 -1
1
4
3
+
+
x
2
y
1
z
3
4
7
x
y
z
+
+
d :
d :
=
=
=
=
2
2 5
3
2
1
9
1
x -1 y + 2 z - 2
x +1 y + 3 z - 2
D : 1 = 4 = 3
D : 3 = -2 = -1
x -1 y + 2 z - 2
x - 2 y + 2 z -1
=
=
d) d1 :
c) d1 :
=
=
3
4
1
1
4
3
7
3
x
y
z
-9
x+4 y+7 z
=
=
d2 :
=
=
:
d
-1
1
2
5
9
1
Bai 11. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang cheo
nhau d1, d2 cho trc:
x = 3 - 2t
x = 2 + 3t
x = 1 + 2t
x = -2 + 3t
a) d1 : y = 1 + 4t , d2 : y = 4 - t
b) d1 : y = -3 + t , d2 : y = 1 + 2t
z = -2 + 4t
z = 1 - 2t
z = 2 + 3t
z = -4 + 4t
x = 2 + 2t
x = 1+ t
c) d1 : y = 1 + t , d2 : y = 3 + t
z = 3 - t
z = 1 + 2t
x = 2 + 3t
x = -1 + 2t
d) d1 : y = -3 - t , d2 : y = 1 - 2t
z = 1 + 2t
z = 2 + t
Bai 12. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang d la hnh chieu cua ng thang D tren mat
phang (P) cho trc:
x + 2 y - 3 z -1
x -3 y-2 z+2
D :
=
=
b) D : -1 = 2 = 3
a)
-1
2
3
( P ) : 3 x + 4 y - 2z + 3 = 0
( P ) : 2 x - y + 2z + 3 = 0
x +1 y -1 z - 3
x y z -1
D :
D :
=
=
d) -2 = 1 = 1
c)
-2
1
2
( P ) : 2 x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
( P ) : x + y - z + 1 = 0
x - 2 y + 2 z -1
x -1 y - 2 z
D :
=
=
e)
f) D : 1 = -2 = -1
3
4
1
( P ) : x + 2 y + 3z + 4 = 0
( P ) : 2 x - y - 3z + 5 = 0
5 x - 4 y - 2 z - 5 = 0
x - y - z -1 = 0
D :
D :
g) x + 2z - 2 = 0
h) x + 2z - 2 = 0
( P ) : 2 x - y + z - 1 = 0
( P ) : x + 2 y - z - 1 = 0
Bai 13. Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang i qua iem A, vuong goc vi ng thang
d1 va cat ng thang d2 cho trc:
x = -1
x -1 y - 2 z
a) A(0;1;1), d1 :
=
= , d2 : y = t
3
1
1
z = 1 + t
x = 2
x -1 y + 1 z
=
= , d2 : y = 1 + 2t
b) A(1;1;1), d1 :
-1 1
2
z = -1 - t
x +1 y - 4 z
x -1 y +1 z - 3
c) A(-1; 2; -3), d1 :
=
= , d2 :
=
=
6
-2
-3
3
2
-5
Trang 49
Tran S Tung
Bai 14. Cho t dien ABCD co A(1; 0; 0), B(0; 1; 0), C(0; 0; 1); D(1; 1; 1). Viet phng trnh tham
so cua cac ng thang sau:
a) Cha cac canh cua t dien t dien ABCD.
b) ng thang qua C va vuong goc vi mp(ABD).
c) ng thang qua A va qua trong tam cua tam giac BCD.
x -3 y -6 z -3
,
Bai 15. Cho tam giac ABC co A(1; 2; 5) va hai trung tuyen: (d1 ) :
=
=
-2
2
1
x-4 y-2 z-2
=
. Viet phng trnh tham so cua cac ng thang sau:
(d 2 ) :
=
-4
1
1
a) Cha cac canh cua tam giac ABC.
b) ng phan giac trong cua goc A.
Bai 16. Cho tam giac ABC co A(3; -1; -1), B(1; 2; -7), C (-5;14; -3) . Viet phng trnh tham so cua
cac ng thang sau:
a) Trung tuyen AM.
b) ng cao BH.
c) ng phan giac trong BK.
d) ng trung trc cua BC trong DABC.
Bai 17. Cho bon iem S(1; 2; -1), A(3; 4; -1), B(1; 4;1), C(3; 2;1) .
a) Chng minh S.ABC la mot hnh chop.
b) Viet phng trnh tham so cua cac ng thang cha cac canh cua hnh chop.
c) Viet phng trnh ng vuong goc chung cua SA va BC.
Bai 18. Cho bon iem S(1; -2; 3), A(2; -2; 3), B(1; -1; 3), C (1; -2; 5) .
a) Chng minh S.ABC la mot t dien.
b) Viet phng trnh cac hnh chieu cua SA, SB tren mat phang (ABC).
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* Gio trnh Ton Cao ng i Hc Cao Hc.
* Ti Liu Ton Thi Ton cho hc sinh THPT.
* Phn mm Ton.
* Gio Trnh T in Phn Mm Hc Ting Anh.
* Cc Phn mm ng dng khc.
Trang 50
Tran S Tung
VAN E 2: V tr tng oi gia hai ng thang

e xet VTT gia hai ng thang, ta co the s dung mot trong cac phng phap sau:
Phng phap hnh hoc: Da vao moi quan he gia cac VTCP va cac iem thuoc cac ng
thang.
Phng phap ai so: Da vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh cac ng thang.
Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi gia hai ng thang d1, d2 cho trc:
x -1 y + 2 z - 4
a) d1 :
=
=
;
d2 : { x = -1 + t; y = -t; z = -2 + 3t
1
3
-2
d2 : { x = 3 + 2t '; y = -3 - t '; z = 1 - t '
b) d1 : { x = 5 + 2t; y = 1 - t; z = 5 - t ;
c) d1 : { x = 2 + 2t; y = -1 + t; z = 1;
d2 : { x = 1; y = 1 + t; z = 3 - t
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
=
=
;
9
6
3
x -1 y + 5 z - 3
=
=
;
e) d1 :
2
1
4
x - 2 y z +1
f) d1 :
=
=
;
4
-6 -8
x - 2y + 2z - 2 = 0
g) d1 :
;
2 x + y - 2 z + 4 = 0
x -7 y-6 z-5
=
=
6
4
2
x - 6 y +1 z + 3
d2 :
=
=
3
2
1
x -7 y-2 z
d2 :
=
=
9
12
-6
2 x + y - z + 2 = 0
d2 :
x - y + 2z -1 = 0
2 x - 3y - 3z - 9 = 0
d2 :
x - 2y + z + 3 = 0
d) d1 :
h) d1 : { x = 9t; y = 5t; z = t - 3;
d2 :
Bai 2. Chng to rang cac cap ng thang sau ay cheo nhau. Viet phng trnh ng vuong
goc chung cua chung:
a) d1 : { x = 1 - 2t; y = 3 + t; z = -2 - 3t ; d2 : { x = 2t '; y = 1 + t '; z = 3 - 2t '
b) d1 : { x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 - 2t; z = - t; d 2 : { x = 2t '; y = 5 - 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : { x = 3 - 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t - 2; d2 : { x = 2 + 3t '; y = 4 - t '; z = 1 - 2t '

x - 2 y +1 z
x y -1 z + 1
=
= ; d2 : =
=
-2
3
2
1
2
4
x -7 y -3 z-9
x - 3 y -1 z -1
e) d1 :
=
=
; d2 :
=
=
1
2
2
3
-1
-7
x - 2 y -1 z - 3
x - 3 y +1 z -1
=
=
; d2 :
=
=
f) d1 :
-2
-2
2
1
2
1
x - 2y + 2z - 2 = 0
2 x + y - z + 2 = 0
g) d1 :
;
d2 :
2 x + y - 2 z + 4 = 0
x - y + 2z -1 = 0
d) d1 :
Bai 3. Tm giao iem cua hai ng thang d1 va d2:

a) d1 : { x = 3t; y = 1 - 2t; z = 3 + t ;
d2 : { x = 1 + t '; y = 2t '; z = 4 + t '
x + y + z + 3 = 0
;
b) d1 :
2 x - y + 1 = 0
x - 2y - z - 4 = 0
c) d1 :
;
2 x + y + z + 6 = 0
2 x + y + 1 = 0
d) d1 :
;
x - y + z -1 = 0
d2 : { x = 1 + t; y = -2 + t; z = 3 - t
x - z - 2 = 0
d2 :
y + 2z + 7 = 0
3 x + y - z + 3 = 0
d2 :
2 x - y + 1 = 0
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Bai 4. Tm m e hai ng thang d1 va d2 cat nhau. Khi o tm toa o giao iem cua chung:
a) d1 : { x = 1 + mt; y = t; z = -1 + 2t ;
d2 : { x = 1 - t '; y = 2 + 2t '; z = 3 - t '
b) d1 : { x = 1 - t; y = 3 + 2t; z = m + t ;
d2 : { x = 2 + t '; y = 1 + t '; z = 2 - 3t '
2 x + y - z - 4 = 0
;
c) d1 :
x + y - 3 = 0
x + 2 y + mz - 3 = 0
d2 :
2 x + y + z - 6 = 0
VAN E 3: V tr tng oi gia ng thang va mat phang

e xet VTT gia ng thang va mat phang, ta co the s dung mot trong cac phng phap sau:
Phng phap hnh hoc: Da vao moi quan he gia VTCP cua ng thang va VTPT cua
mat phang.
Phng phap ai so: Da vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh ng thang va mat phang.
Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi gia ng thang d va mat phang (P). Tm giao iem (neu co) cua
chung:
a) d : { x = 2t; y = 1 - t; z = 3 + t ;
( P ) : x + y + z - 10 = 0
b) d : { x = 3t - 2; y = 1 - 4t; z = 4t - 5 ;
x - 12 y - 9 z - 1
=
=
;
4
3
1
x + 11 y - 3 z
d) d :
=
= ;
2
4
3
x - 13 y - 1 z - 4
=
=
;
e) d :
8
2
3
3 x + 5 y + 7 z + 16 = 0
;
f) d :
2 x - y + z - 6 = 0
2 x + 3y + 6z - 10 = 0
g) d :
;
x + y + z + 5 = 0
c) d :
( P ) : 4 x - 3y - 6 z - 5 = 0
( P ) : 3 x + 5y - z - 2 = 0
( P ) : 3 x - 3y + 2 z - 5 = 0
( P ) : x + 2 y - 4z + 1 = 0
( P) : 5 x - z - 4 = 0
( P ) : y + 4z + 17 = 0
Bai 2. Cho ng thang d va mat phang (P). Tm m, n e:

i) d cat (P).
ii) d // (P).
iii) d ^ (P).
x -1 y + 2 z + 3
a) d :
;
( P ) : x + 3y - 2z - 5 = 0
=
=
m
2m - 1
2
x +1 y - 3 z -1
;
( P ) : x + 3y + 2 z - 5 = 0
=
=
b) d :
m
m-2
2
3 x - 2 y + z + 3 = 0
c) d :
;
( P) : 2 x - y + (m + 3)z - 2 = 0
4 x - 3y + 4z + 2 = 0
d) d : { x = 3 + 4t; y = 1 - 4t; z = -3 + t ;
e) d : { x = 3 + 2t; y = 5 - 3t; z = 2 - 2t ;
iv) d (P).
( P ) : (m - 1) x + 2 y - 4 z + n - 9 = 0
( P) : (m + 2) x + (n + 3) y + 3z - 5 = 0
Bai 3. Cho ng thang d va mat phang (P). Tm m, n e:

a) d : { x = m + t; y = 2 - t; z = 3t ct ( P ) : 2 x - y + z - 5 = 0 tai iem co tung o bang 3.
x - 2y - 3 = 0
cat ( P ) : 2 x + y + 2 z - 2m = 0 tai iem co cao o bang 1.
b) d :
y + 2z + 5 = 0
x + 2y - 3 = 0
ct ( P ) : x + y + z + m = 0
c) d :
3 x - 2z - 7 = 0
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VAN E 4: V tr tng oi gia ng thang va mat cau

e xet VTT gia ng thang va mat cau ta co the s dung cac phng phap sau:
Phng phap hnh hoc: Da vao khoang cach t tam mat cau en ng thang va ban knh.
Phng phap ai so: Da vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh ng thang va mat cau.
Bai 1. Xet v tr tng oi gia ng thang d va mat cau (S). Tm giao iem (neu co) cua
chung:
x y -1 z - 2
;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 4 z + 1 = 0
a) d : =
=
2
1
-1
2 x + y - z - 1 = 0
;
(S ) : ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + z 2 = 16
b) d :
x
z
2
3
0
=
x - 2y - z - 1 = 0
;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 2 y - 14 = 0
c) d :
x + y + 2 = 0
x - 2y - z - 1 = 0
;
d) d :
x + y + 2 = 0
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 x - 2 y - 10 z - 8 = 0
e) d : { x = -2 - t; y = t; z = 3 - t ;
( S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y + 2 z - 2 = 0
f) d : { x = 1 - 2t; y = 2 + t; z = 3 + t ;
( S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y + 6 z - 2 = 0
g) d : { x = 1 - t; y = 2 - t; z = 4 ;
( S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y + 6 z - 2 = 0
Bai 2. Bien luan theo m, v tr tng oi gia ng thang d va mat cau (S):
x - 2y - z + m = 0
;
(S ) : ( x - 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z + 1)2 = 8
a) d :
+
+
=
2
0
x
y
b) d : { x = 1 - t; y = m + t; z = 2 + t ;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 4 z + 1 = 0
x - 2y - 3 = 0
c) d :
;
(S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x - 2 y + 4 z + m = 0
+
=
2
1
0
x
z
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh mat cau (S) co tam I va tiep xuc vi ng thang d:
a) I (1; -2;1);
d : { x = 1 + 4t; y = 3 - 2t; z = 4t - 2
b) I (1; 2; -1);
d : { x = 1 - t; y = 2; z = 2t
x - 2 y + 1 z -1
=
=
2
1
2
x -1 y z - 2
d:
=
=
d) I (1; 2; -1);
-1
2
3
x - 2y -1 = 0
e) I (1; 2; -1);
d:
z - 1 = 0
Bai 4. Cho mat cau (S) co tam I(2; 1; 3) va ban knh R = 3. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen d cua
(S), biet:
r
a) d i qua A(0; 0; 5) (S) va co VTCP a = (1; 2; 2) .
c) I (4; 2; -1);
d:
b) d i qua A(0; 0; 5) (S) va vuong goc vi mat phang: (a ) : 3x - 2 y + 2 z + 3 = 0.

Bai 5. Cho t dien ABCD. Viet phng trnh mat cau tiep xuc vi cac canh cua t dien, vi:
a) A(1; 1; 1), B(3; 3; 1), C(3; 1; 3), D(1; 3; 3).
b) A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 1; 1), C(0; 2; 1), D(1; 3; 0).
c) A(3; 2; 1), B(1; 2; 1), C(2; 2; 2), D(1; 1; 1).
d) A(1; 0; 11), B(0; 1; 10), C(1; 1; 8), D(3; 1; 2).
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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VAN E 5: Khoang cach

Khoang cach t iem M en ng thang d
r
Cach 1: Cho ng thang d i qua M0 va co VTCP a .
uuuuur
M M , ar
0
d(M , d) =
r
a
Cach 2: Tm hnh chieu vuong goc H cua M tren ng thang d.
d(M,d) = MH.
Cach 3: Goi N(x; y; z) d. Tnh MN2 theo t (t tham so trong phng trnh ng thang d).
Tm t e MN2 nho nhat.
Khi o N H. Do o d(M,d) = MH.
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau
Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau d1 va d2.
r
r
d1 i qua iem M1 va co VTCP a1 , d2 i qua iem M2 va co VTCP a2
r r uuuuuur
a1 , a2 . M1M2
d (d1, d2 ) =
r r
a1, a2
Chu y: Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau d1, d2 bang khoang cach gia d1 vi
mat phang (a) cha d2 va song song vi d1.
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang song song bang khoang cach t mot iem thuoc ng
thang nay en ng thang kia.
Khoang cach gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang song song
Khoang cach gia ng thang d vi mat phang (a) song song vi no bang khoang cach t
mot iem M bat k tren d en mat phang (a).
Bai 1. Tnh khoang cach t iem A en ng thang d:

x = 1 - 4t
x = 2 + 2t
a) A(2; 3;1), d : y = 2 + 2t
b) A(1; 2; -6), d : y = 1 - t
z = 4t - 1
z = t - 3
x - 2 y -1 z
x + 2 y -1 z +1
=
=
d) A(2; 3;1), d :
=
=
c) A(1; 0; 0), d :
1
2
1
1
2
-2
x + 2 y -1 z + 1
x + y - 2z - 1 = 0
e) A(1; -1;1), d :
=
=
f) A(2; 3; -1), d :
1
2
-2
x + 3y + 2z + 2 = 0
Bai 2. Chng minh hai ng thang d1, d2 cheo nhau. Tnh khoang cach gia chung:
b) d1 : { x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 - 2t; z = -t;
d2 : { x = 2t '; y = 5 - 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : { x = 3 - 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t - 2;
d2 : { x = 2 + 3t '; y = 4 - t '; z = 1 - 2t '
x - 2 y +1 z
=
= ;
-2
3
2
x -7 y -3 z-9
e) d1 :
=
=
;
1
2
-1
x - 2 y -1 z - 3
=
=
;
f) d1 :
2
1
-2
x - 2y + 2z - 2 = 0
g) d1 :
;
2 x + y - 2 z + 4 = 0
x y -1 z + 1
=
=
1
2
4
x - 3 y -1 z - 1
d2 :
=
=
2
3
-7
x - 3 y + 1 z -1
d2 :
=
=
2
-2
1
2 x + y - z + 2 = 0
d2 :
x - y + 2z -1 = 0
d) d1 :
d2 :
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Bai 3. Chng minh hai ng thang d1, d2 song song vi nhau. Tnh khoang cach gia chung:
a) d1 : { x = 3 + 2t, y = 4 + 3t , z = 2 + t ; d2 : { x = 4 + 4t, y = 5 + 6t , z = 3 + 2t
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
=
=
;
-6
2
8
x - 3 y -1 z + 2
c) d1 :
=
=
;
2
1
3
2 x + 2 y - z - 10 = 0
d) d1 :
;
x - y - z - 22 = 0
x + 2 y - 3 z +1
=
=
-3
-12
9
x + 1 y + 5 z -1
d1 :
=
=
4
2
6
x + 7 y -5 z-9
d2 :
=
=
-1
3
4
Bai 4. Chng minh ng thang d song song vi mat phang (P). Tnh khoang cach gia chung:
a) d : { x = 3t - 2; y = 1 - 4t; z = 4t - 5 ;
( P ) : 4 x - 3y - 6 z - 5 = 0
b) d1 :
d2 :
b) d : { x = 1 - 2t; y = t; z = 2 + 2t ;
( P) : x + z + 8 = 0
x - y + 2z + 1 = 0
c) d :
;
2 x + y - z - 3 = 0
3 x - 2 y + z + 3 = 0
;
d) d :
4 x - 3y + 4z + 2 = 0
(P) : 2 x - 2 y + 4z + 5 = 0
( P ) : 2 x - y - 2z - 2 = 0
VAN E 6: Goc
1. Goc gia hai ng thang
r r
Cho hai ng thang d1, d2 lan lt co cac VTCP a1 , a2 .
r r
Goc gia d1, d2 bang hoac bu vi goc gia a1, a2 .
r r
a1.a2
r r
cos ( a1, a2 ) = r r
a1 . a2
2. Goc gia mot ng thang va mot mat phang
r
r
Cho ng thang d co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) va mat phang (a) co VTPT n = ( A; B; C ) .
Goc gia ng thang d va mat phang (a) bang goc gia ng thang d vi hnh chieu d cua
no tren (a).
Aa1 + Ba2 + Ca3
sin
d ,(a ) =
A2 + B 2 + C 2 . a12 + a22 + a32
Bai 1. Tnh goc gia hai ng thang:

a) d1 : { x = 1 + 2t , y = 1 + t , z = 3 + 4t ; d2 : { x = 2 t , y = 1 + 3t, z = 4 + 2t
x -1 y + 2 z - 4
;
=
=
2
2
-1
2 x - 3 y - 3z - 9 = 0
;
c) d1 :
x - 2y + z + 3 = 0
2 x - z + 2 = 0
d) d1 :
;
x - 7 y + 3z - 17 = 0
b) d1 :
d2 :
x + 2 y -3 z + 4
=
=
3
6
-2
d2 : { x = 9t; y = 5t; z = 3 + t
d2 : { x = 2 + 3t; y = 1; z = 4 t
x -1 y + 2 z + 2
x + 2y - z - 1 = 0
;
d2 :
=
=
3
1
4
2 x + 3z - 2 = 0
x + 3 y -1 z - 2
=
=
va d2 la cac truc toa o.
f) d1 :
2
1
1
Trang 55
e) d1 :
Tran S Tung
x - y + z - 4 = 0
2 x - y + 3z - 1 = 0
g) d1 :
;
d2 :
2 x - y + z + 1 = 0
x + y + z = 0
2 x - y + 3z - 4 = 0
x + y - 2z + 3 = 0
;
d2 :
h) d1 :
x
y
z
3
2
7
0
+
+
=
4 x - y + 3z + 7 = 0
Bai 2. Chng minh hai ng thang sau vuong goc vi nhau:
7 x - 2z - 15 = 0
x - y - z - 7 = 0
a) d1 :
;
d2 :
7 y + 5z + 34 = 0
3 x - 4 y - 11 = 0
b)
Bai 3. Tm m e goc gia hai ng thang sau bang a:
a) d1 : x = -1 + t; y = -t 2; z = 2 + t ;
d2 : x = 2 + t; y = 1 + t 2; z = 2 + mt ; a = 600 .
b)
Bai 4. Tnh goc gia ng thang d va mat phang (P)::
x -1 y -1 z + 3
a) d :
;
( P ) : 2 x y 2 z 10 = 0 .
=
=
1
3
-2
b) d : x = 1; y = 2 + t 4 5; z = 3 + t ;
(P) : x 4 5 + z + 4 = 0
x + 4y - 2z + 7 = 0
;
c) d :
3 x + 7 y - 2 z = 0
(P) : 3x + y z + 1 = 0
x + 2y - z + 3 = 0
;
(P) : 3x 4 y + 2z 5 = 0
d) d :
2 x - y + 3z + 5 = 0
Bai 5. Cho t dien ABCD co A(3; 2; 6), B(3; 1; 0), C(0; 7; 3), D(2; 1; 1).
a) Chng minh cac cap canh oi cua t dien oi mot vuong goc vi nhau.
b) Tnh goc gia AD va mat phang (ABC).
c) Tnh goc gia AB va trung tuyen AM cua tam giac ACD.
d) Chng minh AB vuong goc vi mat phang (BCD). Tnh the tch cua t dien ABCD.
Bai 6. Cho t dien SABC co S(1; 2; 1), A(3; 2; 1), B(1; 3; 1), C(1; 2; 5).
a) Viet phng trnh cua cac mat phang (ABC), (SAB), (SAC).
b) Tnh goc tao bi SC va (ABC) va goc tao bi SC va AB.
c) Tnh cac khoang cach t C en (SAB) va t B en (SAC).
d) Tnh khoang cach t C en AB va khoang cach gia SA va BC.
Bai 7. Cho t dien SABC co S(1; 2; 3), A(2; 2; 3), B(1; 1; 3), C(1; 2; 5).
a) Tm phng trnh cac hnh chieu cua SA, SB tren mat phang (ABC).
b) Goi M, N, P lan lt la trung iem cua BC, CA, AB. Tnh goc tao bi SM va NP va goc
tao bi SM va (ABC).
c) Tnh cac khoang cach gia SM va NP, SP va MN.
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VAN E 7: Mot so van e khac

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang
Dang 1: Mat phang (P) i qua iem A va ng thang d:
Tren ng thang d lay hai iem B, C.
r uuur uuur
Mot VTPT cua (P) la: n = AB, AC .
Dang 2: Mat phang (P) cha hai ng thang song song d1, d2:
r
Xac nh VTCP a cua d1 (hoac d2).
Tren d1 lay iem A, tren d2 lay iem B. Suy ra A, B (P).
r
r uuur
Mot VTPT cua (P) la: n = a , AB .
Dang 3: Mat phang (P) cha hai ng thang cat nhau d1, d2:
Lay iem A d1 (hoac A d2) A (P).
r
r
Xac nh VTCP a cua d1, b cua d2.
r r r
Mot VTPT cua (P) la: n = [ a , b ] .
Dang 4: Mat phang (P) cha ng thang d1 va song song vi ng thang d2 (d1, d2 cheo
nhau):
r r
r r r
Lay mot iem M thuoc d1 M (P).
Dang 5: Mat phang (P) i qua iem M va song song vi hai ng thang cheo nhau d1, d2:
r r
r r r
2. Xac nh hnh chieu H cua mot iem M len ng thang d
Cach 1: Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua M va vuong goc vi d.
Khi o: H = d (P)
H d
Cach 2: iem H c xac nh bi: uuuur r
MH ^ ad
3. iem oi xng M' cua mot iem M qua ng thang d
Cach 1: Tm iem H la hnh chieu cua M tren d.
Xac nh iem M sao cho H la trung iem cua oan MM.
Cach 2: Goi H la trung iem cua oan MM. Tnh toa o iem H theo toa o cua M, M.
uuuuur
MM ' ^ ar
d .
Khi o toa o cua iem M c xac nh bi:
H
d
4. Xc nh hnh chieu H cua mot iem M len mat phang (P)

Cach 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang d qua M va vuong goc vi (P).
Khi o: H = d (P)
H ( P)
Cach 2: iem H c xac nh bi: uuuur r
MH , nP cung phng
5. iem oi xng M' cua mot iem M qua mat phang (P)
Cach 1: Tm iem H la hnh chieu cua M tren (P).
Xac nh iem M sao cho H la trung iem cua oan MM.
Cach 2: Goi H la trung iem cua oan MM. Tnh toa o iem H theo toa o cua M, M.
H ( P)
Khi o toa o cua iem M c xac nh bi: uuuur r
.
MH
,
n
cu
n
g
phng
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Bai 1. Viet phng trnh cua mat phang (P) i qua iem A va ng thang d:
x = 4 + 2t
x = 2 - t
b) A(1; 4; -3),
a) A(2; -3;1),
d : y = 2 - 3t
d : y = -1 + 2t
z = 1 - 3t
z = 3 + t
x -1 y + 2 z - 5
x + 3 y + 2 z -1
d:
=
=
d) A(2; -1; 5),
d:
=
=
c) A(4; -2; 3),
3
4
2
2
1
3
x - y + 2z - 1 = 0
x + 3y - 2 z + 1 = 0
e) A(-2;1; 4),
d:
d:
f) A(3; -2; 4),
x + 2y + 2z + 5 = 0
2 x - y + z - 3 = 0
Bai 2. Viet phng trnh cua mat phang (P) i qua hai ng thang song song d1, d2:
x + 2 y -1 z + 3
d2 :
=
=
a) d1 : { x = 2 + 3t; y = 4 + 2t; z = t - 1;
3
2
1
x -1 y + 3 z - 2
x + 2 y -1 z - 4
=
=
,
d2 :
=
=
b) d1 :
2
3
4
2
3
4
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
x + 2 y - 3 z +1
c) d1 :
=
=
;
d2 :
=
=
-6
-3
-12
2
8
9
x - 3 y -1 z + 2
x + 1 y + 5 z -1
=
=
;
d2 :
=
=
d) d1 :
2
1
3
4
2
6
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh cua mat phang (P) i qua hai ng thang cat nhau d1, d2:
a) d1 : { x = 3t; y = 1 - 2t; z = 3 + t ;
d2 : { x = 1 + t '; y = 2t '; z = 4 + t '
x + y + z + 3 = 0
;
b) d1 :
2 x - y + 1 = 0
x - 2y - z - 4 = 0
c) d1 :
;
2 x + y + z + 6 = 0
2 x + y + 1 = 0
d) d1 :
;
x - y + z -1 = 0
d2 : { x = 1 + t; y = -2 + t; z = 3 - t
x - z - 2 = 0
d2 :
y + 2z + 7 = 0
3 x + y - z + 3 = 0
d2 :
2 x - y + 1 = 0
Bai 4. Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau d1, d2. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha d1 va song
song vi d2:
b) d1 : { x = 1 + 2t; y = 2 - 2t; z = - t; d 2 : { x = 2t '; y = 5 - 3t '; z = 4
c) d1 : { x = 3 - 2t; y = 1 + 4t; z = 4t - 2; d2 : { x = 2 + 3t '; y = 4 - t '; z = 1 - 2t '
x - 2 y +1 z
x y -1 z + 1
=
= ; d2 : =
=
-2
3
2
1
2
4
x -7 y -3 z-9
x - 3 y -1 z -1
e) d1 :
=
=
; d2 :
=
=
1
2
2
3
-1
-7
x - 2 y -1 z - 3
x - 3 y +1 z -1
=
=
; d2 :
=
=
f) d1 :
-2
-2
2
1
2
1
x - 2y + 2z - 2 = 0
2 x + y - z + 2 = 0
g) d1 :
;
d2 :
+
+
=
2
x
y
2
z
4
0
x - y + 2z -1 = 0
Bai 5. Tm toa o hnh chieu H cua iem M tren ng thang d va iem M oi xng vi M qua
ng thang d:
x = 2 + 2t
x = 1 - 4t
a) M (1; 2; -6),
d : y = 1- t
d : y = 2 + 2t
b) M (2; 3;1),
z = t - 3
z = 4t - 1
Trang 58
d) d1 :
Tran S Tung
x = 2t
x = 2 - t
c) M (2;1; -3),
d : y = 1 - t
d : y = 1 + 2t
d) M (1; 2; -1),
z = -1 + 2t
z = 3t
x +1 y + 2 z - 3
x -1 y + 2 z - 2
e) M (1; 2; -1),
d:
d:
=
=
=
=
f) M (2; 5; 2),
2
1
2
2
-2
1
y + z - 4 = 0
x - 2y - z = 0
d:
h) M (2;1; -3),
d :
g) M (2;1; -3),
2 x - y - z + 2 = 0
2 x + y - z - 5 = 0
Bai 6. Tm toa o hnh chieu H cua iem M tren mat phang (P) va iem M oi xng vi M qua
mat phang (P):
a) ( P ) : 2 x - y + 2z - 6 = 0,
M (2; -3; 5)
b) ( P ) : x + y + 5z - 14 = 0,
M (1; -4; -2)
c) ( P ) : 6 x - 2 y + 3z + 12 = 0,
M (3;1; -2)
d) ( P ) : 2 x - 4 y + 4z + 3 = 0,
M (2; -3; 4)
e) ( P ) : x - y + z - 4 = 0,
M (2;1; -1)
f) ( P ) : 3x - y + z - 2 = 0,
M (1; 2; 4)
BAI TAP ON PHNG TRNH NG THANG

Bai 1. Tm tren truc Ox iem M cach eu ng thang D :
(a ) : 2 x - y - 2z = 0 .
x -1 y z + 2
= =
va mat phang
1
2
2
Bai 2. Cho 2 iem A(1; 0; 0) va B(0; 2; 0). Viet phng trnh cua mp (a ) qua AB va tao vi
mp(Oxy) mot goc 60 0 .
Bai 3. Viet phng trnh cua ng thang (d) qua A(3; 1; 1) nam trong mp (a ) : x y + z 5 = 0
x y-2 z
va hp vi ng thang D : =
=
mot goc 45 0 .
1
2
2
Bai 4. Goi (a ) la mat phang qua A(2; 0; 1) va B(2; 0; 5) va hp vi mp(Oxz) mot goc 45 0 .
Tnh khoang cach t O en mp (a ) .
x = 7 + 3t
x -1 y + 2 z - 5
=
va D 2 : y = 2 + 2t cung nam
Bai 5. Chng minh rang 2 ng thang D1 :
=
-3
2
4
z = -1 - 3t
trong mot mat phang. Viet phng trnh mat phang ay.
x +1 y - 2 z - 2
Bai 6. Cho hai iem A(1; 2; 1), B(7; 2; 3) va ng thang d :
=
=
-2
3
2
a) Chng minh rang ng thang d va ng thang AB cung thuoc mot mat phang.
b) Tm iem I thuoc d sao cho IA + IB nho nhat.
Bai 7. Trong khong gian Oxyz cho 4 iem A(1; 2; 3), B(2; 1; 0), C(1; 0; 2), D(0; 2; 3).
1) Chng minh ABCD lauuur
mot tuuur
dien. Tnh
tch
uuur theuuuu
r tr dien o.
2) Tm iem M sao cho : MA + 2 MB - 2 MC + 3MD = 0 .
3) Xac nh toa o trong tam t dien ABCD.
4) Viet phng trnh mat phang trung trc cua cac oan thang AB, AC, BC.
5) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va vuong goc vi truc Oz.
6) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va B va vuong goc vi mat phang 2 x + 3y z = 0 .
7) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va vuong goc vi hai mat phang 2x + 3y z = 0,
x + 2y 3z = 0.
Trang 59
Tran S Tung
8) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va chan cac na truc dng Ox, Oy, Oz lan lt tai
cac iem I , J, K sao cho the tch t dien OIJK nho nhat.
9) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va chan cac na truc dng Ox, Oy, Oz lan lt tai
cac iem I , J, K sao cho OI + OJ + OK nho nhat.
10) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua C, song song vi truc Oy va vuong goc vi mat
phang x + 2y 3z = 0.
11) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va qua giao tuyen cua hai mat phang :
(P): x + y + z 4 =0, (Q):3x y + z 1 = 0.
x -1 y - 3 z + 1
=
=
.
12) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua A va cha ng thang :
-2
3
4
x + 2 y + 1 z -1
13) Tm iem A oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d:
=
=
va tnh khoang
3
2
1
x + y - 3z + 3 = 0
cach t A en ng thang d:
2 x - y - 3z + 1 = 0
14) Tm tren truc Oz iem M cach eu iem A va mat phang (P): x + 3y + 2 = 0.
15) Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A, song song vi mat phang (P): x y z 4 = 0 va
x + 1 y - 3 z -1
=
=
.
vuong goc vi ng thang D:
2
1
3
x y
16) Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A vuong goc va cat ng thang: = = z + 3 .
2 4
17) Tm iem P thuoc mat phang (P): 2x 3y z +2 = 0 sao cho PA+PB nho nhat.
x y - 3 z -1
=
cung thuoc mot
18) Chng minh rang ng thang AB va ng thang d : =
3
1
3
mat phang. Tm iem N thuoc d sao cho NA + NB nho nhat.
x - 3 y -1 z
19) Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A, vuong goc vi ng thang:
=
=
va
1
2
1
x + y - z + 2 = 0
cat ng thang:
.
2 x - y + z - 1 = 0
20) Viet phng trnh hnh chieu cua ng thang AB len mat phang (P): x + 3y z = 0.
21) Tnh goc tao bi ng thang AB vi mat phang (BCD).
22) G la trong tam DABC, G la mot iem bat ky thuoc mat phang (P): 2x 3y + z +3 = 0.
Chng minh rang: G ' A 2 + G ' B 2 + G ' C 2 nho nhat khi va ch khi G' la hnh chieu cua G len
(P). Tm toa o iem G.
23) Lap phng trnh mat cau i qua A, B, C va co tam thuoc mp(Oxy)
24) Lap phng trnh tiep dien cua mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 6 x - 2 y + 4z + 5 = 0 tai B.
25) Lap phng trnh mat phang qua A va tiep xuc vi mat cau (S) co phng trnh:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 4 x + 2 y - 6z + 5 = 0 .
26) Lap phng trnh mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD.
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Trang 60
Tran S Tung
V. GIAI TOAN HNH HOC KHONG GIAN

BANG PHNG PHAP TOA O
e giai cac bai toan hnh khong gian bang phng phap toa o ta thc hien cac bc sau:
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch hp.
Bc 2: Da vao gia thiet bai toan xac nh toa o cac iem co lien quan.
Bc 3: S dung cac kien thc ve toa o e giai quyet bai toan.
Chu y: Thong thng ta da vao cac yeu to ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang e chon
he truc Oxyz sao cho de xac nh toa o cac iem lien quan.
MOT SO V DU
V du 1:
Cho t dien OABC co cac canh OA, OB, OC oi mot vuong goc vi nhau. H la hnh chieu
cua O tren (ABC).
1. Chng minh DABC co ba goc nhon.
2. Chng minh H la trc tam DABC.
3. Chng minh
1
OH
1
OA
1
OB
1
OC 2
4. Goi a =
(OAB),( ABC ) , b =
(OBC ),( BCA) , g =
(OAC ),( ACB) .
Chng minh cos 2 a + cos2 b + cos 2 g = 1.

Giai:
Chon he truc Oxyz sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) (a, b, c > 0)
1.
Chng minh DABC co ba goc nhon:

uuur uuur
Ta co: AB . AC = (- a; b; 0)(- a; 0; c) = a2 > 0
BAC nhon
z
C
Tng t:
ABC ,
ACB nhon.
Vay DABC co ba goc nhon.
2.
Chng minh H la trc tam DABC:

Ta co phng trnh mp (ABC):
x y z
+ + = 1 bcx + acy + abz - abc = 0
a b c
r
r
OH ^ ( ABC ) uOH = n( ABC ) = (bc; ac; ab)
x = bct
Phng trnh ng thang OH: y = act

z = abt
(t R )
Thay x, y, z vao phng trnh mp(ABC): (b 2c 2 + a 2c 2 + a 2 b2 )t = abc

Trang 61
H
B y

t=
Tran S Tung
abc
a 2 b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2
ab 2 c 2
a2 bc 2
a2 b 2 c
H
;
;
a2 b 2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 a 2 b2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
uuur
a2
AH
=
(-ab 2 - ac2 ; bc2 ; b2 c)
2
2
2
2
2
2
a b +b c +c a
uuur
b2
BH =
(ac2 ; - a 2 b - bc 2 ; a 2 c)
2 2
2 2
2 2
a b +b c +c a
uuur
AH
uuur
BH
uuur
. BC =
a2
uuur
. AC =
(-ab 2 - ac2 ; bc2 ; b2 c)(0; - b; c ) = 0
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
a b +b c +c a
b2
a b +b c +c a
(ac2 ; - a 2 b - bc 2 ; a 2c)(- a; 0; c) = 0
AH ^ BC
H la trc tam DABC.

BH ^ AC
3.
Chng minh
OH 2
1
OA 2
OA 2
4.
1
OH
1
OB 2
1
OA
1
OC 2
1
OB
1
OB 2
1
OC 2
-abc
OH = d (O, ( ABC )) =
1
a2 b 2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
1
a2
1
OC 2
1
b2
1
c2
1
OH 2
a2 b2 + b2c 2 + c 2 a2
a 2 b2 c 2
a2 b 2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
a2 b2c2
Chng minh cos2a + cos2b + cos2g = 1
r
r
Nhan xet: cos a = cos
(OAB), ( ABC ) = cos n(OAB ) , n( ABC )
r r
n = n( ABC ) = (bc; ac; ab)
r
r
r r
r
r
n1 = n(OAB ) = k = (0, 0, 1);
n2 = n(OBC ) = i = (1, 0, 0);
Goi
r
r r
n3 = n(OAC ) = j = (0, 1, 0)
r r
r r
r r
cos 2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = cos 2 (n1, n ) + cos2 (n2 , n ) + cos 2 (n3 , n )
=
Vay:
a2 b2
a 2 b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a2
b2c2
a2 b 2 + b2 c 2 + c 2 a 2
a2c 2
a2 b2 + b2c2 + c 2a2
cos 2 a + cos2 b + cos 2 g = 1.
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Trang 62
Tran S Tung
V du 2:
Cho tam giac eu ABC co ng cao AH = 2a. Goi O la trung iem AH. Tren ng thang
vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) tai O, lay iem S sao cho OS = 2a.
1. Tnh cosin cua goc j tao bi hai mat phang (SAB) va (SAC).
2. Tren oan OH lay iem I. at OI = m (0 < m < a). Mat phang (a) qua I, vuong goc vi
AH cat cac canh AB, AC, SC, SB lan lt tai M, N, P, Q.
a. Tnh dien tch thiet dien MNPQ theo a va x.
b. Tm m e dien tch MNPQ ln nhat.
Giai:
Goi D la trung iem AB
OD ^ OH
BC 3
4a
BC =
AH =
2
3
a
1
OD = BC =
4
3
2a
E
Chon he truc toa o Oxyz sao cho:

a
O(0; 0; 0), D
; 0; 0 , H (0; a 0), S(0; 0; 2a)
3
2a
2a
A(0; - a; 0), B
; a; 0 , C ; a; 0
3
3
1.
j
O
a
x
Q
m
D
M
Tnh cosj:
BEC
Ve BE ^ SA tai E CE ^ SA (v SA ^ ( BCE )) j =
uur
SA = (0; a; 2a) = a(0; 1; 2)
x = 0
Phng trnh ng thang SA: y = - a + t

z = 2t
(t R )
Phng trnh mp(BCE): ( y a ) + 2z = 0

Thay x, y, z vao phng trnh (BCE), ta c: -2a + t + 4t = 0 t =
2a
5
uuur 2a 8a -4a 2a
;
;
(5; 4 3; - 2 3 )
EB =
=
5
5
3a 4a
3
5
3
E 0; - ;
uuur
5
5
2
8
4
2a
a
a
a
EC = ;
; - =(5; - 4 3; 2 3 )
5
3 5
5 3
2a 2 a
.
(5; 4 3; - 2 3 )(5; - 4 3; 2 3 )
uuur uuur
35 7
3
3
cos j = cos( EB, EC ) =
=
=
2
85 17
2a
85 85
3
7
Vay cos j = .
17
Trang 63
H y

uuur
2. Ta co: I(0; m; 0), OH = a(0; 1; 0)
phng trnh mp(MNPQ): y m = 0
a. Tnh SMNPQ:
Ta co:
uuur 2a
2a
AB =
; 2a; 0 =
(1; 3; 0) ;
3
3
uur 2a
a
SB =
; a; - 2a =
(2; 3; - 2 3 ) ;
3
3
x = t
Phng trnh ng thang AB: y = - a + 3t

z = 0
a+m
M = AB ( MNPQ) M
; m; 0
3
x = t
Phng trnh ng thang AC: y = - a - 3t

z = 0
-a - m
N = AC ( MNPQ ) N
; m; 0
3
x = 2t
Phng trnh ng thang SB: y = 3t

z = 2a - 2 3t
Tran S Tung
uuur 2a
2a
AC = ; 2a; 0 = (1; - 3; 0)
3
3
uur 2a
a
SC = ; a; - 2a = (2; - 3; 2 3 )
3
3
(t R )
(t R )
(t R )
2m
Q = SB ( MNPQ ) Q
; m; 2a - 2m
3
x = 2t
(t R )
Phng trnh ng thang SC: y = - 3t
z = 2a + 2 3t
2m
P = SC ( MNPQ ) P ; m; 2a - 2m
3
uuur m - a
uuur - a - 3m
uuuur -2a - 2m
MQ =
; 0; 2a - 2m ; MP =
; 0; 2a - 2m ; MN =
; 0; 0
3
3
3
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuuu
r
1
SMNPQ = [MQ, MP ] + [ MP, MN ]
2
4m 2 - 4a 2
1 8m(m - a)
= 0;
; 0 + 0;
; 0
2
3
3
2
2
1 8m(a - m) 4a - 4m
6 2 4a
2a 2
=
+
m +
m+
=
2
3
3
3
3
3
SMNPQ =
(-3m 2 + 2am + a2 )
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Trang 64
Tran S Tung
b/ Tm m e (SMNPQ)max:
Bang xet dau:
m
2
-3m + 2am + a
SMNPQ
a
3
4a 2
3
2 4a 2 8a 2
.
=
3 3
3 3
Vay (SMNPQ )max =
Cach khac:
8a 2
a
khi m = .
3
3 3
SMNPQ
(SMNPQ )max =

(a - m) + m + a
3 8a 2
= 2 3 ( a - m) m + 2 3
=
3 ( cosi)
2
3 3
8a 2
3 3
a-m = m+
a
a
m= .
3
3
V du 3:
Cho t dien OABC co OA, OB, OC oi mot vuong goc. OA= a, OB = b, OC = c.
1. Goi I la tam mat cau noi tiep (S) cua OABC. Tnh ban knh r cua (S).
2. Goi M, N, P la trung iem BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rang hai mat phang (OMN) va
1
1
1
(OMP) vuong goc
=
+ .
2
2
a
b
c2
Giai:
1.
Chon he truc Oxyz sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c)
Tnh r:
Ta co: VI . AOB + VI .OBC + VI .OCA + VI . ABC = VOABC
r
abc
.
(SDOAB + SDOBC + SDOCA + SD ABC ) =
3
6
1 uuur uuur
SD ABC = [ AB, AC ]
2
1
= [(- a; b; 0), (- a; 0; c)]
2
1 2 2
=
a b + b2c 2 + c2 a2
2
r
abc
(1) (ab + bc + ca + a 2 b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2 ) =
6
6
x
abc
Vay r =
ab + bc + ca + a 2 b 2 + b 2c2 + c 2 a2
Trang 65
c
N
O
a
A
b
P

2.
Tran S Tung
Chng minh (OMN) ^ (OMP)
a2 b 2 c 2
b c
a
a b
c
M 0; ; , N ; 0; , P ; ; 0
Ta co:
2 2
2
2 2
2
uuur uuur
bc ac
ab
r
n(OMN ) = [OM , ON ] = ; ; -
4
4 4
uuur
uuu
r
bc ac
ab
r
n(OMP ) = [OM , OP ] = - ;
;-
4 4
4
r
r
(OMN ) ^ (OMP ) n(OMN ) .n(OMP ) = 0
-
b 2 c 2 a2 c 2 a 2 b 2
+
+
= 0 a 2 (c 2 + b 2 ) = b 2 c 2
16
16
16
1
a2
1
b2
1
c2
V du 4:
Cho hnh ch nhat ABCD co AB= a, AD = 2a. Tren tia Az ^ ( ABCD ) lay iem S. Mat
phang (a) qua CD cat SA, SB lan lt tai K va L.
1. Cho SA = 2a, AK = k (0 k 2a)
a. Tnh dien tch t giac CDKL . Tnh k theo a e SCDKL ln nhat, nho nhat.
b. Chng to khoang cach gia hai ng thang KD va BC khong oi.
c. Tnh k theo a e (a) chia hnh chop S.ABCD thanh hai phan co the tch bang nhau.
2. Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem SC, SD. Tm quy tch giao iem I cua AN, BM khi S di
ong tren tia Az.
Giai:
1.
Chon he truc toa o Axyz sao cho: A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(a; 2a; 0), D(0; 2a; 0), S(0; 0; 2a)
AK = uuu
k
Kr(0; 0; k ), 0 k 2a
r uuu
r
na = [KC , KD ] = a(0; k ; 2a)
Phng trnh (a ) : k ( y - 2a) + 2az = 0 ky + 2az - 2ak = 0

uur
SB = a(1; 0; - 2)
x = a + t
Phng trnh ng thang SB: y = 0

(t R )
z = -2t
k
(a ) SB = L L a - ; 0; k
K
k
A
a
a/ SCDKL = SDCKL + SDCKD:

uuur uuur
1 uuur uuur
x
= [CK , CL ] + [CK , CD ]
2
1
k
= [(- a; - 2a; k , - ; - 2a; k ] + [(- a; - 2a; k ,(- a; 0; 0)]
2
2
1 2a - k
4
a
k
4a 2 + k 2 + a 4 a 2 + k 2 =
4a2 + k 2
=
2 2
4
Trang 66
I
N
M
2a
C
Tran S Tung
Xet f (k ) =
4a - k
-2k 2 + 4ak - 4a 2
<0
4a 2 + k 2 f / ( k ) =
2
2
4
4 k + 4a
Bang bien thien:

k
/
f (k)
f(k)
2a
2a2
a2 2
Vay:
b/
c/
Smax = 2a 2 k = 0
Smin = a 2 2 k = 2a.
uuur uuur uuur
[KD , BC ] DC
[0; 2a; - k ), (0; 2a; 0)](a; 0; 0)
=
= a (khong oi)
d(KD, BC) =
uuur uuur
[0; 2a; - k ), (0; 2a; 0]
[KD, BC ]
* Chu y: CD la oan vuong goc chung cua KD va BC.
1
Tnh k e VS.CDKL = VS. ABCD
2
Ta co: d (S, (a )) =
4a 2 - 2ak
k 2 + 4a 2
1
a(2a - k )4a - k
VS.CDKL = d (S, (a )). SCDKL =
3
6
3
1
4a
VS. ABCD = SA.S ABCD =
3
3
3
a(2a - k )(4a - k ) 4a
=
6
6
(do k 2a)
k = (3 - 5 ) a
2.
Quy tch I:
a
s
s
S Az S (0; 0; s), s > 0 M ; a; , N 0; a;
2
2
2
uuur
uuu
r
1
1
BM = - (a; - 2a; - s);
AN = (0; 2a; s)
2
2
x = a + at1
Phng trnh ng thang BM: y = -2at1

z = - st
1
x = 0
Phng trnh ng thang AN: y = 2at2

z = st2
I = ( AN ) (BM ) I (0; 2a; s)
uur
uur uur
Ta co: ID = (0; 0; - s) ID / / AS.
(t1 R)
(t2 R)
Vay quy tch I la na ng thang Dt ^ ( ABCD ) (tr iem D, do s > 0).
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Trang 67
Tran S Tung
V du 5:
Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co canh ay a 2 ;

ASB = a .
1. Xac nh tam va ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep hnh chop.
2. Xac nh tam va ban knh mat cau noi tiep hnh chop.
3. Tm a e tam mat cau ngoai tiep va noi tiep trung nhau.
Giai:
Ta co: AC = BD = 2a. Goi SO la ng cao va SO= h.
Chon he truc toa o Oxyz sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0),S(0; 0; h)
C (- a; 0; 0), D (0; - a; 0)
1.
Tam I va R cua (S) ngoai tiep chop S.ABCD

Do S.ABCD la hnh chop t giac eu nen I OS I (0; 0; z0 )
a
h
Phng trnh mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 z0 z + d = 0

a2 + d = 0
2
h - 2 z0 h + d = 0
d = -a 2
x A
h2 - a2
=
z
0
2h
h2 - a 2
h2 - a2
h2 + a2
I 0; 0;
, R =
+a =
2h
2h
2h
uur uur
(a; 0; - h)(0; a; - h)
SA.SB
h2
Mat khac: cos a =
=
=
SA.SB
a2 + h2
a2 + h2
A, S (S )
a2 cos a
1 - cos a
h=
Vay:
OI =
2.
R=
(a nhon do DSAB can tai S).

a
2 cos a (1 - cos a )
a(2 cos a - 1)
Tam J va r cua (S/) noi tiep chop S.ABCD:

Ta co:
J OS J (0; 0; r ), OJ = r
1
2a 2 h
VS. ABCD = .h(a 2 )2 =
3
3
r
VS. ABCD = .Stp ;
3
1
Sxp = 4SDSAB = 4. SA.SB sin a = 2(a 2 + h 2 )sin a
2
Stp = Sxp + SABCD = 2(a 2 + h 2 )sin a + 2a 2
r=
a2 h
2
a + (a + h )sin a
Vay: OJ =
a cos a (1 - cos a )
1 + sin a - cos a
= r.
1 + sin a - cos a
Trang 68
O
a
2 3
Tran S Tung
3.
Tm a e I J
I J
1 + sin a - cos a
(2 cos a - 1)(1 + sin a - cos a ) = 2 cos a (1 - cos a )
(1 - 2 cos a sina ) + (sin a - cos a ) = 0 (sin a - cos a )(sin a - cos a + 1) = 0
sin a = cos a (do sin a + 1 - cos a > 0)
(do a nhon)
a = 45o
OI = OJ
a(2 cos a - 1)
Vay I J a = 45o.
V du 6:
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la ay hnh ch nhat vi AB = a, AD = b, SA = 2a
vuong goc vi ay. Tren canh SA lay iem M, AM = m ( 0 m 2a)
1. Mat phang (MBC) cat hnh chop theo thiet dien la hnh g. Tnh dien tch thiet dien?
2. Tm v tr M e dien tch thiet dien ln nhat.
3. Tm v tr M e mat phang (MBC) chia hnh chop thanh hai phan co the tch bang nhau.
Giai:
Chon he truc toa o Axyz sao cho: A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), D(0; b; 0), S(0; 0; 2a)
C (a; b; 0), M (0; 0; m) (0 m 2a) .
uuur uuur
r
Ta co: n( MBC ) = [MB, MC ] = b(m; 0; a)
uuur
SD = (0; b; - 2a)
z
S
2a
Phng trnh mat phang (MBC): mx + az - ma = 0
2ab - mb
Goi N = SD ( MBC ) N 0;
; m
2a
1.
Hnh tnh va dien tch BCMN

uuuur 2ab - mb
; 0 ;
Ta co: MN = 0;
2a
uuur
BC = (0; b; 0);
x = 0
Phng trnh ng thang SD: y = b + bt (t R)

z = -2at
a
B
x
uuur
MB = (a; 0; - m)
MN P BC
BCMN la hnh thang vuong.

BC ^ MB
SBCMN =
2.
MB
( MN + BC ) =
2
4ab - mb 2
a 2 + m 2 2ab - mb
+ b =
a + m2
2
2a
4a
Tm v tr M e SBCNM ln nhat:
Ta co: S(m) =
b
( 4a - m ) m 2 + a 2
4a
Trang 69
b
C

S(/m ) =
( 4 a - m )m
b
b -2m 2 + 4am - a2
2
2
.
m
a
+
+
=
2
2
4a
4
a
m + a
m2 + a2
S(/m) = 0 m =
m
a(2 2 )
2
S(/m )
S(m )
Tran S Tung
a(2 - 2 )
2
0
a(2 + 2 )
2
0
ab 71 + 8 2
8
ab
ab 71 - 8 2
8
Smax =
2a
ab 5
2
ab 71 + 8 2
a(2 + 2 )
m=
8
2
ab 71 - 8 2
a(2 - 2 )
m=
8
2
1
Tm v tr M e VS.BCNM = VS. ABCD
2
Smin =
3.
Ta co: d (S, ( MBC )) =
2a 2 - ma
m 2 + a2
1 2a 2 - ma 4ab - mb
b(4a - m )(2a - m)
VS.BCNM = .
.
m 2 + a2 =
3 m 2 + a2
4a
12
1
2a 2 b
VS . ABCD = . 2a . ab =
.
3
3
(4a - m)(2a - m )
= a2
Yeu cau bai toan
4
m 2 - 6am + 4a 2 = 0 m = (3 - 5 )a
(v m 2a)
Vay AM = (3 - 5 )a.
V du 7:
Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD canh a.
1. Chng minh A/ C ^ ( AB / D / ) . Tnh goc j gia (DAC) va (ABBA).
2. Tren canh AD/, DB lay iem M, N thoa AM = DN = k (0 < k < a 2 ) .
a. Chng minh MN // (A/D/BC)
b. Tm k e MNmin. Chng to khi o MN la oan vuong goc chung cua AD, DB.
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Trang 70
Tran S Tung

Giai:
Chon he truc toa o Axyz sao cho:
k
k
AM = DN = k M 0;
;
,
2
2
1.
A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(a; a; 0), D(0; a; 0)

A/(0; 0; a), B/(a; 0; a), C/(a; a; a), D/(0; a; a)
k
k
N
; a; 0
2
2
z
Chng minh A/ C ^ ( AB / D / ) :
uuuur
A/ C = (a; a; - a)
uuuur
AB /r = (a; 0; a)
Ta co: uuuu
/
AD = (0; a; a)
uuuur uuuur
r
n( AB/ D / ) = AB / , AD / = (- a 2 ; - a2 ; a 2 )
uuuur
A / C , nr
= (a; a; - a), (-a 2 ; - a 2 ; a 2 ) = 0r
/ /
r
( AB D )

uuuu
r
A/ C P n( AB / D / )
A/
D/
B/
C/
k
M
D
A
k
N
B
Vay A/ C ^ ( AB / D / )
uuuur uuuur
A/ C . AB / = 0
A / C ^ AB /
/
A / C ^ ( AB / D / )
Cach khac: uuuur uuuur
/
A C ^ AD
A/ C . AD / = 0
uuuu
r
r
uuur
Tnh j: n1 = [DA / , DC ] = (0; a2 ; a 2 )
r
r
r
n2 = n( ABB / A / ) = j = (0; 1; 0)
r r
n1.n 2
a2
2
cos j = r r =
=
.
2
2
a 2
n1 n 2
Vay j = 45o.
2.
a. Chng minh MN // (A/D/BC):

uuuur 1
MN =
( k ; a 2 - 2k ; - k )
2
uuuur uuur
r r
n = n( A / D / BC ) = [BA / , BC ] = - a 2 (1; 0; 1)
uuuur r - a 2
Ta co: MN . n =
(k - k ) = 0
2
MN P ( A/ D / BC )
(do M ( A/ D / BC ) )
b/ Tm k e MNmin:
1
Ta co: MN 2 = (6k 2 - 4 2ak + 2a 2 )
2
k
MN2
a 2
3
a2
3
Trang 71
a 2

MN min =
k=
Tran S Tung
a 2
3
3
uuuur a
a 2
Khi k =
th MN = (1; 1; - 1)
3
3
uuuur
uuuu
r
a
/
MN . AD = 3 (1; 1; - 1)(0; a; a) = 0
uuuur uuur
MN . BD = a (1; 1; - 1)(- a; a; 0) = 0
MN ^ AD /
MN ^ BD
Vay MN la oan vuong goc chung cua AD/ va BD.
V du 8:
Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A/B/C/D/ canh a. Goi M la trung iem AB, N la tam cua hnh
vuong ADD/A/.
1. Tnh ban knh R cua mat cau (S) i qua 4 iem C, D/, M, N.
2. Tnh ban knh r cua ng tron (C) la giao cua (S) va mat cau (S/) i qua A/, B/, C, D.
3. Tnh dien tch S cua thiet dien tao bi mat phang (CMN) va hnh lap phng.
Giai:
Chon he truc toa o Axyz sao cho:
A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(a; a; 0), D(0; a; 0)

A/(0; 0; a), B/(a; 0; a), C/(a; a; a), D/(0; a; a)
a a
M ; 0; 0 , N 0; ;
2
2 2
1.
Tnh R:
Phng trnh mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2a x - 2 b y - 2g z + d = 0
C , D / , M , N (S ) , suy ra:
2a 2 - 2a a - 2 b a + d = 0
2
2a - 2b a - 2g a + d = 0
a2
-aa + d
4
a2
- ba -g a + d = 0
2
(1) (2) suy ra: a = g
(2) (4) suy ra: d = a2
(1)
(2)
z
A
D/
(3)
B/
(4)
D
B
5a
(3) a = g =
4
a
(4) b =
4
A
M
Phng trnh mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 -
5a
5a
a
x - y - z + a2 = 0
2
2
2
Trang 72
Tran S Tung
2
2
5a 5a 2 a
35a 2
R = +
+ - a2 =
4 4 4
16
2
Vay R =
2.
a
35 .
4
Tnh r:
(S)
Phng trnh mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2a /2 x - 2b / y - 2g / z + d / = 0

A/ , B / , C / , D (S / ), suy ra:
a2 - 2g / a + d / = 0
2
a - 2a / a + d / = 0
2
/
/
/
/
3a - 2a a - 2b a - 2g a + d = 0
a2 - 2 b / a + d / = 0
(C)
I/
(S / ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - ax - ay - az = 0 va ban knh R / =
a 3
2
De thay C(a; a; 0) (S / ) C (C )
Goi I , I / , J la tam cua (S), (S/) va (C)
5a a 5a / a a a
I ; ;
, I ; ;
4 4 4
2 2 2
r = d (C, II / ) =
uur uur
[II / , CI ]
II /
uur
uur uur
3a a -3a uur a -3a 5a
a2
/
II / = - ;
;
CI
=
;
;
[
II
,
CI
]
=
(-1; 3; 2)
4 4 4
4 4
4
4
r=a
3.
R/
a
a / = b / = g / = , d/ = 0
2
Ta co: JC ^ II /
14
19
Tnh S:
uuur uuur
a2
r
n(CMN ) = [CM , CN ] = - (2; - 1; 3)
4
Phng trnh mat phang (CMN): 2 x - y + 3z - a = 0
x = 0
Phng trnh ng thang AA: y = 0 (t R)

z = t
x = 0
Phng trnh ng thang DD: y = a (t R)

z = t
Goi K = (CMN ) AA/ , L = (CMN ) DD /
Trang 73
Tran S Tung
a
2a
K 0; 0; , L 0; a;
3
3
uuur uuur
1 uuur uuur
S = SCMKL = [CM , CK ] + [CK , CL ]
2

a
a
1 a
2a
= - ; - a; 0 , - a; - a; + - a; - a; , - a; 0;

2 2
3
3
3

a 2 14
S=
.
4
WWW.BOXMATHS.COM
BAI TAP
Bai 1. Cho t dien OABC co ay OBC la tam giac vuong tai O, OB=a, OC= a 3 , (a>0) va ng
cao OA= a 3 . Goi M la trung iem cua canh BC. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AB
va OM.
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A(0; 0; a 3 ), B(a; 0; 0), C (0; a 3; 0) .
a 15
5
Bai 2. Cho hnh chop O.ABC co cac canh OA = a, OB = b, OC = c oi mot vuong goc. iem M
co nh thuoc tam giac ABC co khoang cach lan lt en cac mp(OBC), mp(OCA),
mp(OAB) la 1, 2, 3. Tnh a, b, c e the tch O.ABC nho nhat.
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C (0; 0; c) .
d ( AB; OM ) =
1 2 3 1
= = =
a b c 3
Bai 3. T dien S.ABC co canh SA vuong goc vi ay va D ABC vuong tai C. o dai cua cac
canh la SA = 4, AC = 3, BC = 1. Goi M la trung iem cua canh AB, H la iem oi xng cua C
qua M. Tnh cosin goc hp bi hai mat phang (SHB) va (SBC).
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: A(0;0;0), B(1;3;0), C(0;3;0), S(0;0;4) va H(1;0;0).
Bai 4. Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay la tam giac ABC vuong can tai A, AB = AC = a (a > 0), hnh
chieu cua S tren ay trung vi trong tam G cua DABC. at SG = x (x > 0). Xac nh gia tr
cua x e goc gia hai mat phang (SAB) va (SAC) bang 60o.
a a a a
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: A(0;0;0), B(a;0;0), C(0; a; 0), G ; ; 0 , S ; ; x .
3 3 2 2
Vmin = 27
a
x = .
3
Bai 5. Cho hnh chop tam giac eu S.ABC co o dai canh ay la a. Goi M, N la trung iem SB,
SC. Tnh theo a dien tch DAMN, biet (AMN) vuong goc vi (SBC).
a 3
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), S(0; 0; h), A
; 0; 0 (SO = h).
3
2
r
r
5a
1 uuur uuur a 2 10
2
AM , AN =
( AMN ) ^ (SBC ) n( AMN ) .n(SBC ) = 0 h =
SD AMN =
12
2
16
Trang 74
Tran S Tung
Bai 6. Cho lang tru ABC.A'B'C' cac cac mat ben eu la hnh vuong canh a. Goi D, F lan lt la
trung iem cua cac canh BC, C'B'. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang A'B va B'C'.
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho:
a a 3 a a 3
a a 3
a a 3
A(0; 0; 0), B ;
; 0, C - ;
; 0 , A '(0; 0; a), B ' ;
; a , C ' - ;
; a
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
a 21
.
7
Bai 7. T dien ABCD co AB, AC, AD oi mot vuong goc vi nhau, AB = 3, AC = AD = 4. Tnh
khoang cach t A ti mat phang (BCD).
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: A(0;0;0); B(0;0;3); C(0;4;0); D(4;0;0).
Bai 8. Cho hnh chop SABC co o dai cac canh eu bang 1, O la trong tam cua tam giac DABC. I
la trung iem cua SO.
a) Mat phang (BIC) cat SA tai M. Tm t so the tch cua t dien SBCM va t dien SABC.
b) H la chan ng vuong goc ha t I xuong canh SB. Chng minh rang IH qua trong tam G cua
DSAC.
3
3 1
3 1
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: O(0; 0; 0), A
; 0; 0 ; B ;- ;0 ; C ; ;0 ;
6
6 2
3
6
6
S 0; 0
; I 0; 0;
.
3
6
V( SBCM ) 1
=
V (SABC ) 4
d ( A ' B; B ' C ' ) =
Bai 9. Cho hnh lang tru ABCD. A1B1C1 co ay la tam giac eu canh a. AA1 = 2a va vuong goc
vi mat phang (ABC). Goi D la trung iem cua BB1; M di ong tren canh AA1. Tm gia tr
ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua dien tch tam giac MC1D.
a 3 a
; ; 2a , D(0;a;a)
HD: Chon he truc toa o sao cho: A(0;0;0), B(0;a;0), A1 (0;0;2a), C1
2 2
a 2 15
khi M A
1
4
Bai 10. Cho t dien SABC co ay la DABC vuong can tai B, AB = a, SA ^ ( ABC ) va SA = a.
AH ^ SB tai H, AK ^ SC tai K.
a. Chng minh HK ^ SC.
b. Goi I = HK BC. Chng minh B la trung iem CI.
c. Tnh sin goc j gia SB va (AHK).
d. Xac nh tam va ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep SABC.
uuur uur
a 3
2
S:
a/ HK .SC = 0;
d/ SJ = JC , R =
c/
;
2
6
Gia tr ln nhat SDC M =
Bai 11. Cho t dien SABC co ay la DABC vuong can tai B, AB = a, SA ^ ( ABC ) va SA = a 2 .
Goi D la trung iem cua AC.
a. Chng minh khoang cach t A en (SBC) gap oi khoang cach t D en (SBC).
b. Mat phang (a) qua A va vuong goc SC, (a) cat SC va SB tai M va N. Tnh the tch hnh
Trang 75
Tran S Tung
chop SAMN.
c. Tnh cosin cua goc tao bi hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBC).
a3 2
3
a 6
a 6
d/
; dB =
b/
18
3
6
3
Bai 12. Cho DABC eu canh a. Tren ng thang d ^ ( ABC ) tai A lay iem S, SA = h.
S:
a/ d A =
a. Tnh d(A, (SBC)) theo a va h.

b. ng thang D ^ (SBC ) tai trc tam H cua DSBC, chng to D luon qua iem co nh khi
S di ong tren d.
c. D cat d tai S/. Tnh h theo a e SS/ nho nhat.
S:
a/
ah 3
3a 2 + 4h 2
d/ a 2 ; h =
b/ Trong tam DABC
a 2
.
2
Bai 13. Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ay la hnh vuong canh a, SA ^ ( ABCD ) va SA = a 2 . Mat
phang (P) qua A va (a ) ^ SC ; (P) cat cac canh SB, SC, SD lan lt tai H, M, K.
a. Chng minh AH ^ SB, AK ^ SD.
b. Chng minh BD // (a) va BD // HK.
c. Chng minh HK i qua trong tam G cua DSAC.
d. Tnh VS.AHMK.
uuur r
uuur 3 uuur
uuur uur uuur uuur
S:
a/ AH .SB = AK .SD = 0
b/ BD.na = 0; BD = HK ;
2
a3 2
.
18
Bai 14. Cho hnh chop t giac S.ABCD, SA ^ ( ABCD ) va ABCD la hnh ch nhat co AB = a,
AD = b, SA = 2a. N la trung iem SD.
a. Tnh d(A, (BCN)), d(SB, CN).
b. Tnh cosin goc gia hai mat phang (SCD) va (SBC).
c/ HG / / GK ;
d/
1
c. Goi M la trung iem SA. Tm ieu kien a va b e cos
.
CMN =
3
Trong trng hp o tnh VS.BCNM.
S:
a/
a 2
;
2
2ab
4a 2 + 5b 2
b/
c/ a = b; V =
a3
.
4
20a 2 + 5b 2
Bai 15. Trong mp(P) cho hnh vuong ABCD. Tren tia Az ^ (a ) lay iem S. ng thang
(D1 ) ^ (SBC ) tai S cat (P) tai M, (D2 ) ^ (SCD ) tai S cat (P) tai N. Goi I la trung iem MN.
a. Chng minh A, B, M thang hang; A, D, N thang hang.
b. Khi S di ong tren Az, chng to I thuoc ng thang co nh.
c. Ve AH ^ SI tai H. Chng minh AH la ng cao t dien ASMN va H la trc tam
DSMN.
d. Cho OS = 2, AB = 1. Tnh VASMN.
uuur
uuur uuur
uuur
h2
h2
S:
a/ MA = h 2 AB, NA = h 2 AD;
b/ I - ; - ; 0 AC;
2
2
Trang 76
Tran S Tung
16
.
3
Bai 16. Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co SA ^ ( ABCD ) , ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a. Tren cac
canh BC, CD lay lan lt cac iem M, N. at CM = x, CN= y (0 < x, y < a).
a. Tm he thc gia x va y e goc gia hai mat phang (SAM) va (SAN) bang 45o.
b. Tm he thc gia x va y e (SAM ) ^ (SMN )
c/ AH ^ (SMN ); MN ^ SH ; SM ^ AH ;
S:
a/ 4a 4 - 4a3 ( x + y) + 2axy ( x + y ) - x 2 y 2 = 0
d/
b/ x 2 - ax + ay = 0
Bai 17. Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD, canh ay bang a 2 , ng cao SO, canh ben bang
a 5.
a. Tnh the tch hnh chop. Xac nh tam Iva ban knh R cua hnh cau (S) noi tiep hnh chop.
b. Goi M, N, P lan lt la trung iem AB, AD, SC. Mat phang (MNP) cat SB, SD tai Q va R.
Tnh dien tch thiet dien.
c. Chng to rang mat phang (MNP) chia hnh chop ra hai phan co the tch bang nhau.
2a3
4a3
a
.
c/
; OI = R =
b/ a2 2
3
3
2
Bai 18. Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD, ay la hnh vuong canh a, ng cao SO. Mat ben
S:
a/ V =
tao vi ay goc 600 . Mat phang (P) cha canh AB va tao vi ay goc 300 cat cac canh SC,
SD lan lt tai M, N.
a. Tnh goc gia AN vi (ABCD) va BD.
b. Tnh khoang cach gia AN va BD.
c. Tnh the tch hnh khoi ABCDMN.
S:
a/ sin j =
3
13
b/ a
3
22
c/
5a 3 3
.
48
Bai 19. Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a 2 tam O. Tren tia Oz ^ ( ABCD ) lay iem S, mat phang
(SAD) tao vi ay goc a.
a. Xac nh va tnh o dai oan vuong goc chung cua SA va CD.
b. Mat phang (b) qua AC va vuong goc (SAD) chia hnh chop thanh hai phan. Tnh t so the
tch hai phan o.
a/ a 2 .sin a
b/ cos 2 a .
S:
Bai 20. Cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.ABCD co AB=
uuuur2, AD = 4, AA = 6. Goi I, J la trung
uuur
uuur uuur
iem AB, CD. Goi M, N thoa AM = m AD , BN = mBB / (0 m 1)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tnh khoang cach t A en (BDA).

Chng minh I, M, J, N ong phang.
Xac nh tam K va ban knh R cua mat cau (S) ngoai tiep ABDA.
Tnh ban knh r cua ng tron giao cua (S) va (BDA).
uur uur uuur
12
5 26
S:
a/
c/ K (1; 2; 3), R = 14;
d/
b/ [IN , IJ ].IM = 0
.
7
7
Bai 21. Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD co cac canh bang 2. Goi M, N la trung iem AB
va DD.
a. Chng minh MN // (BDC). Tnh MN va d(MN, (BDC)).
b. Goi P la trung iem CD . Tnh VC.MNP va goc gia MN va BD.
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/
c. Tnh ban knh R cua ng tron (A BD).

uuuur r
3
2 6
a/ MN .n = 0; MN = 6; d =
b/ V = 1; j = 30o ;
c/
S:
.
;
3
3
Bai 22. Cho lang tru OAB.OAD ay DOAB vuong tai O, OA= a, OB = b, OO/ = h. Mat phang
(P) qua O vuong goc AB.
a. Tm ieu kien a, b, h e (a) cat canh AB, AA/ tai I, J (I, J khong trung A, B, A/).
b. Vi ieu kien tren hay tnh: SDOIJ va t so the tch 2 phan do thiet dien chia lang tru.
S:
a/ a < h
b/ S =
a 3b a 2 + b 2 + h 2
2h(a2 + b 2 )
V1
V2
a4
3a 2 h 2 + 3b 2 h 2 - a 4
Bai 23. Cho t dien SABC co ABC la tam giac vuong tai A, SC ^ ( ABC ) va SC = AB = AC =
a 2 . Cac iem M thuoc SA va N thuoc BC sao cho AM = CN = t (0 < t < 2a)
a. Tnh o dai oan MN, tm t e oan MN ngan nhat.
b. Khi MN ngan nhat, chng minh rang MN la ng vuong goc chung cua BC va SA.
a 6
2a
,t=
b/ MN ^ AM , MN ^ CN .
3
3
Bai 24. Cho hnh chop SABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong tai B, co AB= 3, BC = 4. Canh ben
SA ^ ( ABC ) va SA = 4.
S:
a/ MN = 3t 2 - 4at + 2a2 ; min =
a. Tm tam va ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep hnh chop SABC.
b. Tren AB lay 1 iem E vi AE = x. Mat phang (P) qua E song song vi SA va BC cat hnh
chop theo thiet dien la hnh g? Tnh dien tch thiet dien. Tm x e dien tch nay ln nhat.
41
3
b/ max S = 4, x = .
2
2
Bai 25. Cho tam giac eu SAD va hnh vuong ABCD canh a nam trong 2 mat phang vuong goc
nhau. Goi I la trung iem cua AD, M la trung iem cua AB, F la trung iem cua SB.
a. Chng minh rang mat phang (CMF ) ^ (SIB) .
S:
a/ SI = IC; R =
b. Tnh khoang cach gia 2 ng thang AB va SD gia CM va SA.

a 3 a 3
;
.
2
4
Bai 26. Cho hnh lang tru ng ABCD.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thoi canh a, goc
BAD = 60o . Goi M la trung iem canh AA va N la trung iem canh CC.
S:
b/
a. Chng minh rang 4 iem B, M, D, N cung thuoc mot mat phang.

b. Tnh canh AA theo a e t giac BMDN la hnh vuong.
S:
b/ a 2 .
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E THI CHUNG CUA BO GD-T
Bai 1: (A2002) Cho hnh chop tam giac eu S.ABC nh S, co o dai canh ay bang a. Goi M
va N lan lt la cac trung iem cua cac canh SB va SC. Tnh theo a dien tch tam giac AMN, biet
rang mat phang (AMN) vuong goc vi mat phang (SBC).
S:
a2 10
S=
16
Bai 2: (A2002) Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz, cho hai ng thang:
x = 1+ t
x - 2y + z - 4 = 0
va D2 : y = 2 + t
A1 :
x + 2 y - 2z + 4 = 0
z = 1 + 2t.
a. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang D1 va song song vi ng thang D2.
b. Cho iem M(2; 1; 4). Tm toa o iem H thuoc ng thangD2 sao cho oan thang MH co
o dai nho nhat.
a/ ( P ) : 2 x - z = 0
b/ H(2; 3; 3).
S:
Bai 3: (B2002) Cho hnh lap phng ABCDA1B1C1D1 co canh bang a.
a. Tnh theo a khoang cach gia hai ng thang A1B va B1D.
b. Goi M, N, P lan lt la cac trung iem cua cac canh BB1, CD, A1D1. Tnh goc gia hai
ng thang MP va C1N.
S:
a/
a 6
;
6
b/ MP ^ C1 N.
Bai 4: (D2002) Cho hnh t dien ABCD co canh AD vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC);
AC = AD = 4cm; AB = 3cm; BC = 5cm. Tnh khoang cach t iem A ti mat phang (BCD).
6 34
.
17
Bai 5: (D2002) Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz, cho mat phang
(2m + 1) x + (1 - m ) y + m - 1 = 0
(P): 2x y + 2 = 0 va ng thang dm:
(m la tham so).
mx + (2m + 1)z + 4m + 2 = 0
S:
Xac nh m e ng thang dm song song vi mat phang (P).

1
m=- .
S:
2
Bai 6: (A2003) Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A/B/C/D/. Tnh so o cua goc phang nh dien [B,
A/C, D].
S:
120o
Bai 7: (A2003) Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz, cho hnh hop ch nhat
ABCD.A/B/C/D/ co A trung vi goc cua he toa o, B(a; 0; 0), D(0; a; 0), A/(0; 0; b) (a >0, b >
0). Goi M la trung iem canh CC/.
a. Tnh the tch khoi t dien BDA/M theo a va b.
a
b. Xac nh ty so e hai mat phang (A/BD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau.
b
Trang 79
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a2 b
a
;
b/
= 1.
4
b
Bai 8: (B2003) Cho hnh lang tru ng ABCD.A/B/C/D/ co ay ABCD la mot hnh thoi canh a,
goc
BAD = 60o . Goi M la trung iem canh AA/ va Nla trung iem canh CC/. Chng minh
S:
a/
rang bon iem B/, M, D, N cung thuoc mot mat phang. Hay tnh o dai canh AA/ theo a e
t giac B/MDN la hnh vuong.
S:
a 2.
Bai 9: (B2003) Trong khong gian vi heuuurtoa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz, cho hai iem
A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 0; 8) va iem C sao cho AC = (0; 6; 0) . Tnh khoang cach t trung iem I cua
BC en ng thang OA.
S:
5.
Bai 10: (D2003) Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz, cho ng thang:
x + 3ky - z + 2 = 0
( dk ) :
kx - y + z + 1 = 0
Tm k e ng thang (dk) vuong goc vi mat phang (P): x y 2z + 5 = 0.
k = 1.
S:
Bai 11: (D2003) Cho hai mat phang (P) va (Q) vuong goc vi nhau, co giao tuyen la ng
thang D. Tren D lay hai iem A, B vi AB= a. Trong mat phang (P) lay iem C, trong mat
phang (Q) lay iem D sao cho AC, BD cung vuong goc vi D va AC = BD = AB. Tnh ban
knh mat cau ngoai tiep t dien ABCD va tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (BCD) theo
a.
a 3
a 2
; AH =
.
2
2
Bai 12: (A2004) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD
S:
R=
la hnh thoi, AC cat BD tai goc toa o O. Biet A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 1; 0), S(0; 0; 2 2 ) . Goi M la
trung iem cua canh SC.
a. Tnh goc va khoang cach gia hai ng thang SA, BM.
b. Gia s mat phang (ABM) cat ng thang SD tai iem N. Tnh the tch khoi chop
S.ABMN.
S:
a/ 30o ;
2 6
.
3
Bai 13: (B2004) Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co canh ay bang a, goc gia canh ben va
mat ay bang j( (0o < j < 90o ) . Tnh tang cua goc gia hai mat phang (SAB) va (ABCD)
theo j. Tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABCD theo a va j.
S:
2 .tan j ;
a2 2
.tan j
6
Bai 14: (B2004) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(-4; -2; 4) va ng thang
x = -3 + 2t
d: y = 1 - t
z = -1 + 4t.
Viet phng trnh ng thang D i qua iem A, cat va vuong goc vi ng thang d.
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S:

(D) :
x +4 y+2 z-4
=
=
.
3
2
-1
Bai 15: (D2004) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.A1B1C1.
Biet A(a; 0; 0), B(-a; 0; 0), C(0; 1; 0), B1(-a; 0; b), a > 0, b > 0.
a. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang B1C va AC1 theo a, b.
b. Cho a, b thay oi, nhng luon thoa man a + b = 4. Tm a, b e khoang cach gia hai
ng thang B1C va AC1 ln nhat.
ab
S:
a/
;
b/ 2 ; a = b = 2.
a 2 + b2
Bai 16: (D2004) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ba iem A(2; 0; 1), B(1; 0; 0), C(1;
1; 1) va mat phang (P): x + y + z 2 = 0. Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua ba iem A, B, C
va co tam thuoc mat phang (P).
S:
( x - 1)2 + y 2 + (z - 1)2 = 1.
Bai 17: (A2005) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang d:
va mat phang (P): 2 x + y - 2z + 9 = 0 .
x -1 y + 3 z - 3
=
=
-1
2
1
a) Tm toa o iem I thuoc d sao cho khoang cach t I en mat phang (P) bang 2.
b) Tm toa o giao iem A cua ng thang d va mat phang (P). Viet phng trnh tham so
cua ng thang D nam trong mat phang (P), biet D i qua A va vuong goc vi d.
x = t
S:
a) I1 (-3; 5; 7), I 2 (3; -7;1)
b) A(0; 1; 4);
D: y = -1
z = 4 + t
Bai 18: (B2005) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.ABC vi
A(0; 3; 0), B(3; 0; 0), C(0; 3; 0), B(4; 0; 4).
a) Tm toa o cac nh A, C. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam la A va tiep xuc vi mat
phang (BCCB).
b) Goi M la trung iem cua AB. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua hai iem A, M va
song song vi BC. Mat phang (P) cat ng thang AC tai iem N. Tnh o dai oan MN.
576
S:
a) A (0; 3; 4), C (0; 3; 4); (S): x 2 + ( y + 3)2 + z2 =
25
17
2
Bai 19: (D2005) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai ng thang
b) (P): x + 4 y - 2z + 12 = 0 ; MN =
x -1 y + 2 z +1
=
=
3
2
-1
x + y - z - 2 = 0
d2 :
x + 3y - 12 = 0
a) Chng minh rang d1 va d2 song song vi nhau. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ca
hai ng thang d1 va d2.
b) Mat phang toa o Oxz cat hai ng thang d1, d2 lan lt tai cac iem A, B. Tnh dien tch
tam giac OAB (O la goc toa o).
a) (P): 15 x + 11y - 17 z - 10 = 0
b) SDOAB = 5
S:
d1 :
va
Bai 20: (A2006) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hnh lap phng ABCD.ABCD
vi A(0; 0; 0), B(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0), A(0; 0; 1). Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AB, CD.
Trang 81
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a) Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AC va MN.

b) Viet phng trnh mat phang cha AC va tao vi mat phang Oxy mot goc a, biet
1
.
cos a =
6
S:
a) d(AC, MN) =
1
2 2
b) (Q1): 2 x - y + z - 1 = 0 , (Q2): x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0
Bai 21: (A2006) Cho hnh tru co cac ay la hai hnh tron tam O va O, ban knh ay bang chieu
cao va bang a. Tren ng tron ay tam O lay iem A, tren ng tron ay tam O lay iem
B sao cho AB = 2a. Tnh the tch cua khoi t dien OOAB.
S:
V=
3a3
.
12
Bai 22: (B2006) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(0; 1; 2) va hai ng thang:
x = 1+ t
x y -1 z + 1
d1 : =
va
d2 : y = -1 - 2t
=
2
1
-1
z = 2 + t
a) Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua A, ong thi song song vi d1 va d2.
b) Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d1, N thuoc d2 sao cho ba iem A, M, N thang hang.
a) (P): x + 3y + 5z - 3 = 0
b) M(0; 1; 1), N(0; 1; 1).
S:
Bai 23: (B2006) Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh ch nhat vi AB = a, AD =
a 2 , SA = a va SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD). Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua
AD va SC; I la giao iem cua BM va AC. Chng minh rang mat phang (SAC) vuong goc vi
mat phang (SMB). Tnh the tch cua khoi t dien ANIB.
a3 2
.
36
Bai 24: (D2006) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(1; 2; 3) va hai ng thang:
x - 2 y + 2 z -1
x - 1 y -1 z + 1
d1 :
=
=
va
d2 :
=
=
2
1
2
1
-1
-1
a) Tm toa o iem A oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d1.
b) Viet phng trnh ng thang D i qua A, vuong goc vi d1 va cat d2.
x -1 y - 2 z - 3
=
=
a) A (1; 4; 1)
b) D:
S:
-3
-5
1
Bai 25: (D2006) Cho hnh chop tam giac S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac eu canh a, SA = 2a
va SA vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC). Goi M va N lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua A
tren cac ng thang SB va SC. Tnh the tch cua khoi chop A.BCNM.
S:
VAINB =
3 3a3
.
50
Bai 26: (A2007) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai ng thang:
x = -1 + 2t
x y -1 z + 2
=
d1 : =
va
d2 : y = 1 + t
-1
2
1
z = 3
S:
V=
a) Chng minh rang d1 va d2 cheo nhau.

b) Viet phng trnh ng thang d vuong goc vi mat phang (P): 7 x + y - 4z = 0 va cat hai
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ng thang d1, d2.

x - 2 y z +1
= =
.
S:
b) d:
7
1 -4
Bai 27: (A2007) Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh vuong canh a, mat ben SAD la tam
giac eu va nam trong mat phang vuong goc vi ay. Goi M, N, P lan lt la trung iem cua
cac canh SB, BC, CD. Chng minh AM vuong goc vi BP va tnh the tch cua khoi t dien
CMNP.
3a3
.
96
Bai 28: (B2007) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat cau (S) va mat phang (P) co
S:
VCMNP =
phng trnh: (S): x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2 x + 4 y + 2 z - 3 = 0 , (P): 2 x - y + 2z - 14 = 0 .

a) Viet phng trnh mat phang (Q) cha truc Ox va cat (S) theo mot ng tron co ban knh
bang 3.
b) Tm toa o iem M thuoc mat cau (S) sao cho khoang cach t M en mat phang (P) ln
nhat.
a) (Q): y - 2 z = 0
b) M(-1; -1; -3) .
S:
Bai 29: (B2007) Cho hnh chop t giac eu S.ABCD co ay la hnh vuong canh a. Goi E la
iem oi xng cua D qua trung iem cua SA, M la trung iem cua AE, N la trung iem cua
BC. Chng minh MN vuong goc vi BD va tnh (theo a) khoang cach gia hai ng thang
MN va AC.
a 2
.
4
Bai 30: (D2007) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai iem A(1; 4; 2), B(1; 2; 4) va
x -1 y + 2 z
ng thang D:
=
= .
1
2
-1
a) Viet phng trnh ng thang d i qua trong tam G cua tam giac OAB va vuong goc vi
mat phang (OAB).
S:
d(MN, AC) =
b) Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang D sao cho MA 2 + MB 2 nho nhat.

x y-2 z-2
a) d: =
S:
=
b) M(1; 0; 4).
2
1
-1
Bai 31: (D2007) Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh thang,
ABC =
BAD = 900 , BA = BC =
a, AD = 2a. Canh ben SA vuong goc vi ay va SA = a 2 . Goi H la hnh chieu vuong goc
cua A tren SB. Chng minh DSCD vuong va tnh (theo a) khoang cach t H en mat phang
(SCD).
a
d(H, (SCD)) = .
S:
3
Bai 32: (A2008) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(2; 5; 3) va ng thang
x -1 y z - 2
d:
= =
2
1
2
a) Tm toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem A tren ng thang d.
b) Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha d sao cho khoang cach t A en (P) ln nhat.
a) H(3; 1; 4)
b) (P): x - 4 y + z - 3 = 0
S:
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Bai 33: (A2008) Cho lang tru ABC.ABC co o dai canh ben bang 2a, ay ABC la tam giac
vuong tai A, AB = a, AC = a 3 va hnh chieu vuong goc cua nh A tren mat phang (ABC)
la trung iem cua canh BC. Tnh theo a the tch khoi chop A.ABC va tnh cosin cua goc
gia hai ng thang AA, BC.
a3
1
V=
S:
cos j =
2
4
Bai 34: (B2008) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ba iem A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1), C(
2; 0; 1).
a) Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua ba iem A, B, C.
b) Tm toa o cua iem M thuoc mat phang 2 x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0 sao cho MA = MB = MC.
S:
a) x + 2 y - 4z + 6 = 0
b) M(2; 3; 7).
Bai 35: (B2008) Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh 2a, SA = a, SB =
a 3 va mat phang (SAB) vuong goc vi mat phang ay. Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem
cua cac canh AB, BC. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi chop S.BMDN va tnh cosin cua goc
gia hai ng thang SM, DN.
a3 3
5
;
.
cos j =
3
5
Bai 36: (D2008) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho bon iem A(3; 3; 0), B(3; 0; 3),
C(0; 3; 3), D(3; 3; 3).
a) Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D.
b) Tm toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC.
S:
V=
S:
a) x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 3 x - 3y - 3z = 0
b) H(2; 2; 2).
Bai 37: (D2008) Cho lang tru ng ABC.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong, AB = BC = a,
canh ben AA = a 2 . Goi M la trung iem cua canh BC. Tnh theo a the tch cua khoi lang
tru ABC.ABC va khoang cach gia hai ng thang AM, BC.
S:
V=
2 3
a ;
2
d=
a 7
.
7
Bai 38: (A2009) Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang vuong tai A va D; AB =
AD = 2a, CD = a; goc gia hai mat phang (SBC) va (ABCD) bang 600 . Goi I la trung iem
cua canh AD. Biet hai mat phang (SBI) va (SCI) cung vuong goc vi mat phang (ABCD),
tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABCD theo a.
3 15a3
.
5
Bai 39: (A2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat phang (P): 2 x - 2 y - z - 4 = 0
S:
V=
va mat cau (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x - 4 y - 6 z - 11 = 0 . Chng minh rang mat phang (P) cat mat
cau (S) theo mot ng tron. Xac nh toa o tam va tnh ban knh cua ng tron o.
S:
H(3; 0; 2),
r = 4.
Bai 40: (A2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat phang (P): x - 2 y + 2 z - 1 = 0 va
hai ng thang D1 :
x +1 y z + 9
x -1 y - 3 z + 1
= =
, D2 :
=
=
. Xac nh toa o iem M thuoc
1
1
6
2
1
-2
Trang 84
Tran S Tung
ng thang D1 sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang D2 va khoang cach t M en mat

phang (P) bang nhau.
18 53 3
S:
M ; ; .
35 35 35
Bai 41: (B2009) Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC co BB = a, goc gia ng thang BB
va mat phang (ABC) bang 600 ; tam giac ABC vuong tai C va
BAC = 600 . Hnh chieu vuong
goc cua iem B len mat phang (ABC) trung vi trong tam cua tam giac ABC. Tnh the tch
khoi t dien A.ABC theo a.
S:
9a3
.
V=
208
Bai 42: (B2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho t dien ABCD co cac nh A(1; 2;
1), B(2; 1; 3), C(2; 1; 1) va D(0; 3; 1). Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua A, B sao cho
khoang cach t C en (P) bang khoang cach t D en (P).
S:
(P): 4 x + 2 y + 7 z - 15 = 0 hoac (P): 2 x + 3z - 5 = 0 .
Bai 43: (B2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat phang (P): x - 2 y + 2z - 5 = 0
va hai iem A(3; 0; 1), B(1; 1; 3). Trong cac ng thang i qua A va song song vi (P),
hay viet phng trnh ng thang ma khoang cach t B en ng thang o la nho nhat.
x + 3 y z -1
= =
.
S:
D:
26
11 -2
Bai 44: (D2009) Cho hnh lang tru ng ABC. ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong tai B, AB
= a, AA = 2a, AC = 3a. Goi M la trung iem cua oan thang AC, I la giao iem cua AM
va AC. Tnh theo a the tch khoi t dien IABC va khoang cach t iem A en mat phang
(IBC).
4a3
2a 5
,
d=
.
9
5
Bai 45: (D2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho cac iem A(2; 1; 0), B(1; 2; 2), C(1;
1; 0) va mat phang (P): x + y + z - 20 = 0 . Xac nh toa o iem D thuoc ng thang AB sao
cho ng thang CD song song vi mat phang (P).
5 1
D ; ; -1 .
S:
2 2
S:
V=
x+2 y-2 z
=
=
-1
1
1
va mat phang (P): x + 2 y - 3z + 4 = 0 . Viet phng trnh ng thang d nam trong (P) sao cho
d cat va vuong goc vi ng thang D.
x = -3 + t
S:
d: y = 1 - 2t .
z = 1 - t
Bai 46: (D2009) Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang D :
Chan thanh cam n cac ban ong nghiep va cac em hoc sinh a oc tap tai lieu nay.
transitung_tv@yahoo.com
www.boxmaths.com
Trang 85

Phuong Phap Toa Do Trong Khong Gian

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TRAN S TUNG

---- & ----

BAI TAP HNH HOC 12

ON THI TOT NGHIEP THPT & AI HOC

PP Toa o trong khong gian

I. VECT TRONG KHONG GIAN

PP Toa o trong khong gian

II. HE TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN

3. Toa o cua iem:

M (Oxy) z = 0; M (Oyz) x = 0; M (Oxz) y = 0

Toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC:

PP Toa o trong khong gian

Toa o trong tam G cua t dien ABCD:

c) ng dung cua tch co hng:

The tch t dien ABCD:

1 uuur uuur uuur

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 1: Cac phep toan ve toa o cua vect va cua iem

Bai 1. Viet toa o cua cac vect sau ay:

PP Toa o trong khong gian

PP Toa o trong khong gian

Bai 3. Xet tnh thang hang cua cac bo ba iem sau:

h) A(1; -2; 6), B(2; 5;1), C (-1; 8; 4)

Bai 5. Tren truc Oy (Ox), tm iem cach eu hai iem:

c) A(4;1; 4), B(0; 7; -4)

Tren mat phang Oxy (Oxz, Oyz), tm iem cach eu ba iem:

PP Toa o trong khong gian

Bai 9. Cho hnh hop ABCD.A'B'C'D'.

b) A(2; 5; -3), B(1; 0; 0), C (3; 0; -2), A '(-3; -1; 2)

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 3: Phng trnh mat cau

th (S) co tam I(a; b; c) va ban knh R =

Bai 1. Tm tam va ban knh cua cac mat cau sau:

PP Toa o trong khong gian

Bai 3. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam I va ban knh R:

b) I (5; -3; 7), R = 2 c) I (1; -3; 2), R = 5 d) I (2; 4; -3), R = 3

Bai 4. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam I va i qua iem A:

c) I (3; -2;1), A(2;1; -3)

c) A(3; -2;1), B(2;1; -3)

VAN E 4: V tr tng oi gia hai mat cau mat cau

( x + 1)2 + ( y - 2)2 + ( z - 3)2 = 9

Bai 2. Bien luan theo m v tr tng oi cua hai mat cau:

( x + 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 + (z + 1)2 = 16

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 5: Tap hp iem la mat cau Tap hp tam mat cau

hoac: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ax + 2by + 2cz + d = 0

Tm toa o cua tam I, chang han: y = g(t ) (*)

PP Toa o trong khong gian

III. PHNG TRNH MAT PHANG

Phng trnh mat phang (a)

Tnh chat mat phang (a)

4. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang

(a): A1x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0

(a), (b) cat nhau A1 : B1 : C1 A2 : B2 : C2

(a) ^ (b) A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 1: Viet phng trnh mat phang

PP Toa o trong khong gian

d) A ; -1; 0 , B 1; - ;5 e) A 1; ; , B -3; ;1 f) A(2; -5; 6), B(-1; -3; 2)

e) M (2; -3; 5), ( b ) : x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 2: V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang

PP Toa o trong khong gian

VAN E 3: Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang.