Fiat S.p.A.

This article is about the former holding company of Fiat

Group. For the company that succeeded Fiat S.p.A., and
owns the Fiat Group, see Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.
For the subsidiary which produces Fiat branded cars, see
Fiat Automobiles.

The group also has factories in Argentina, Poland and

Mexico (where Fiat-brand vehicles are manufactured at
plants owned and operated by Chrysler for export to the
U.S., Brazil, Italy and other markets) and a long history of
licensing manufacture of its products in other countries.
It also has numerous alliances and joint ventures around
the world, the main ones being located in Serbia, France,
Fiat S.p.A., or Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), was an Italian holding Turkey, India and China.
company whose original and core activities were in the Gianni Agnelli, the grandson of founder Giovanni Agautomotive industry, and that was succeeded by Fiat nelli, was Fiats chairman from 1966 until 1996; he then
Chrysler Automobiles NV (FCA). The Fiat Group con- served as honorary chairman from 1996 until his death
tained many brands such as Ferrari, Maserati, Fiat, Alfa on 24 January 2003, during which time Cesare Romiti
Romeo, the Chrysler Group, and many more. On 29 Jan- served as chairman. He was succeeded briey by Paolo
uary 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the for- Fresco, who served as chairman, and Paolo Cantarella, as
mer owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new CEO. Umberto Agnelli then took over as chairman from
Netherlands-based holding company Fiat Chrysler Auto- 2003 to 2004. After Umberto Agnellis death on 28 May
mobiles NV (FCA), took place before the end of 2014. 2004, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo was named chairFiat Chrysler Automobiles became the new owner of Fiat man, with Agnelli heir John Elkann becoming vice chairGroup.[3] On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received nec- man (at the age of 28), and other family members also
essary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger serving on the board. On 1 June 2004, Giuseppe Mor(which followed board approval).[4] The merger became chio was replaced by Sergio Marchionne as CEO.
eective 12 October 2014.[5][6]
Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors, including Giovanni Agnelli. During its more than century-long
history, Fiat has also manufactured railway engines and
carriages, military vehicles, farm tractors, and aircraft.
In 2013, Fiat (together with Chrysler) was the second
largest European automaker by volumes produced, and
the seventh in the world ahead of Honda, PSA Peugeot
Citron, Suzuki, Renault, and Daimler AG.

1 History

Over the years, Fiat has acquired numerous other automakers: it acquired Lancia in 1968, became a shareholder of Ferrari in 1969, took control of Alfa Romeo
from the Italian government in 1986, purchased Maserati
in 1993, and became the full owner of Chrysler Group
LLC in 2014. Fiat Group currently produces vehicles
under twelve brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler,
Dodge, Ferrari, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia,
Maserati, Ram Trucks, and SRT.
Fiat 3 CV (1899)

In 1970, Fiat employed more than 100,000 in Italy when

its production reached the highest number, 1.4 million
cars, in that country.[7] As of 2002, Fiat built more than
1 million vehicles at six plants in Italy and the country accounted for more than a third of the companys
revenue.[7]

Giovanni Agnelli, with several investors, founded the

Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (F.I.A.T.) societ
per azioni (S.p.a.),[10] Italian Automobile Factory of
Turin, in 1899. Its acronymous name was changed to
upper- and lower-case Fiat in 1906.[11] Agnelli led the
Fiat-brand cars are built in several locations around the
company until his death in 1945, while Vittorio Valletta
world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production
administered the rms daily activities. Its rst car the
is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.[8][9]
3 CV (of which only 24 copies were built, all bod1

HISTORY

Corso Dante plant

Advertisement, 1939

Miraori plant

Fiat tractor in a 1919 American magazine article

Lingotto factory (today)

ied by Alessio of Turin)[12] strongly resembled contemporary Benz,[13] and had a 697 cc (42.5 cu in) boxer
twin engine.[13] In 1903, Fiat produced its rst truck.[14]
In 1908, the rst Fiat was exported to the US.[14] That
same year, the rst Fiat aircraft engine was produced.
Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became popular
in Europe.[15]
Lingotto factory (1928)

By 1910, Fiat was the largest automotive company in

Italya position it has retained since. That same year,
a new plant was built in Poughkeepsie, NY, by the newly
founded American F.I.A.T. Automobile Company.[16][17]

1.1

Gianni Agnelli

Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The

cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000[18] and rose
up to $6,400 in 1918,[19] compared to $ 825 for a Ford
Model T in 1908,[20] and $ 525 in 1918, respectively.[21]
During World War I, Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplying the Allies with aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. Upon the entry of
the US into the war in 1917, the factory was shut down as
US regulations became too burdensome. After the war,
Fiat introduced its rst tractor, the 702.[22] By the early
1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.[23]
In 1921, workers seized Fiats plants and hoisted the red
ag of communism over them. Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, the Italian Socialist Party
and its ally organization, the Italian General Confederation of Labour, in an eort to eect a compromise
with the centrist parties ordered the occupation ended.
In 1922, Fiat began to build the famous Lingotto car
factorythen the largest in Europewhich opened in
1923. It was the rst Fiat factory to use assembly lines;
by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.[24]
In 1928, with the 509, Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.[25]

Gianni Agnelli (in the center) and the Fiat board of directors meet
Italian President Sandro Pertini (at his right) during an ocial
visit to the new Sevel Val di Sangro factory, 1981

stripped Volkswagen, its main European competitor, and

in 1968 produced some 1,750,000 vehicles while its sales
volume climbed to $2.1 billion. According to Newsweek
in 1968, Fiat was the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit. Then, in 1969, it purchased
controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia. At the time,
Fiat was a conglomerate, owning Alitalia, toll highways,
a typewriter and oce machine manufacturer, electronics and electrical equipment rms, a paint company, a
civil engineering rm, and an international construction
company. Following up on an agreement Valletta had
made with Soviet ocials in 1966, Agnelli constructed
the AvtoVAZ plant in the new city of Togliattigrad on
the Volga. This began operation in 1970, producing a local version of the Fiat 124 as the Lada. On his initiative,
Fiat automobile and truck plants were also constructed
in industrial centers of Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and
Romania.

Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World

War II for the Army and Regia Aeronautica and later for
the Germans. Fiat made obsolete ghter aircraft like the
biplane CR.42, which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along with Savoia-Marchettis, as well as light
tanks (obsolete compared to their German and Soviet
counterparts) and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was the G.55 ghter, which arrived too late and
in too limited numbers. In 1945the year Mussolini
was overthrownthe National Liberation Committee removed the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat
because of its ties to Mussolinis government. These
were not returned until 1963, when Giovannis grandson,
Gianni, took over as general manager until 1966, as chair- Despite oering a relatively competitive range of cars,
man until 1996.
Fiat was not immune from the nancial pressures that
the auto industry confronted following the 1973 oil price
shock. Towards the end of 1976 it was announced that
1.1 Gianni Agnelli
the Libyan government was to take a 9.6% shareholda capital injection worth
Among the younger Agnellis rst steps after gaining con- ing in the company in return for
[26]
The size of the Libyan
an
equivalent
of
250
million.
trol of Fiat was a massive reorganization of the company
investment
is
apparent
when
it
is
compared to the 310
management, which had previously been highly centralIMF
loan
that
the
Italian
government
was trying
million
ized, with little provision for the delegation of authority
[26]
to
negotiate
at
the
time.
Other
aspects
of
the
Libyan
and decision-making. Such a system was eective in the
agreement
included
the
construction
of
a
truck
and
bus
past, but lacked the responsiveness and exibility needed
[26]
Tripoli.
Chairman
Agnelli
candidly
described
plant
at
by Fiats steady expansion, and the growth of its international operations in the 1960s. The company was re- the deal as a classic petro-money recycling operation
organized on a product-line basis, with two main prod- which will strengthen the Italian reserves, provide Fiat
uct groupsone for passenger cars, the other for trucks with fresh capital and give the group greater tranquil[26]
and tractorsand a number of semi-independent divi- ity in which to carry out its investment programmes.
sion and subsidiaries. Top management, freed from re- Equally noteworthy was the fact that despite the dilutive
sponsibility for day-by-day operations of the company, eect of the Libyan investment on existing shareholders,
rewas able to devote its eorts to more far-reaching goals. the companys largest shareholder, the Agnelli family,
[26]
tained
a
30%
stake
in
the
recapitalised
business.
In 1967, Fiat made its rst acquisition when it purchased
Autobianchi; with sales amounting to $1.7 billion, it out- In 1979, the company became a holding company when

HISTORY

it spun o its various businesses into autonomous com- pany sold its interest in Fiat Engineering, as well as its
panies, one of them being Fiat Auto. That same year, stake in Edison.
sales reached an all-time high in the US, corresponding
to the Iranian Oil Crisis. However, when gas prices fell
again after 1981, Americans began purchasing sport util- 1.3 Sergio Marchionne
ity vehicles, minivans, and pickup trucks in larger numbers (marking a departure from their past preference for
large cars). Also, Japanese automakers had been taking
an ever-larger share of the car market, increasing at more
than half a percent a year. Consequently, in 1984, Fiat
and Lancia withdrew from the United States market. In
1989, it did the same in the Australian market, although
it remained in New Zealand.
In 1986, Fiat acquired Alfa Romeo from the Italian government. Also, in 1986 15% of Fiat company stock was
still owned by Libya, an investment dating back to the
mid-seventies. US foreign policy under President Reagans administration canceled a Pentagon contract to produce earth movers with Fiat and pressured the company
into brokering a buyout of the Libyan investment. In
1992, two top corporate ocials in the Fiat Group were
arrested for political corruption.[27] A year later, Fiat acquired Maserati. In 1995 Alfa Romeo exited the US market. Maserati re-entered the US market under Fiat in
2002. Since then, Maserati sales there have been increasing briskly.

1.2

Paolo Fresco

Paolo Fresco became chairman of Fiat in 1998 with the

hope that the veteran of General Electric would bring
more emphasis on shareholder value to Fiat. By the time
he took power, Fiats market share in Italy had fallen to
41% from around 62% in 1984. However, a Jack Welchlike management style would be much harsher than that
used by the Italians (e.g., precarious versus lifetime employment). Instead, Fresco focused on oering more incentives for good performance, including compensation
using stock options for top and middle management.

Sergio Marchionne, Chief Executive Ocer of Fiat Group

Sergio Marchionne was appointed CEO of Fiat in 2004

and initially he impressed investors.[28] At the end of the
2005 nancial year, the company saw its rst prot in 17
quarters of 196M for the rst 9 months of FY2006.[29]

However, his eorts were frustrated by union objections.

Unions insisted that pay raises be set by length of tenure,
rather than performance. Another conict was over his
preference for informality (the founder, Giovanni Agnelli, used to be a cavalry ocer). He often referred
to other managers by their rst name, although company
tradition obliged one to refer to others using their titles
(e.g., Chairman Fresco). The CEO of the company,
Paolo Cantarella, ran the day-to-day aairs of the company, while Fresco determined company strategy and especially acted as a negotiator for the company. In 1999,
Fiat formed CNH Global by merging New Holland NV
and Case Corporation.

Marchionne reduced Fiats managerial bureaucracy refocused the business on markets and prot. While chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, dealt with politicians and
unions, Marchionne rebuilt the car business. The success of the Grande Punto model was in large part responsible for the turnaround in Fiats fortunes, but the
award-winning 500 cemented it. Fiat formed a joint venture with Indias TATA Motors, which has subsequently
ended,[30] and with Chinas Chery Motors which didn't
conclude. In 2005 Fiat courted Ford,[31] and returned to
China with a joint venture GAC Fiat created in 2010. Under Marchionne Fiat also re-entered several large markets
that it had exited years before, such as Mexico and Australia.

In 2003, Fiat shed its insurance sector, which it was

operating through Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini
Group. In the same year, Fiat sold its aviation business,
FiatAvio to Avio Holding. In February 2004, the com-

In December 2008, Marchionne announced Fiat had to

become one of the top ve automakers to survive in the
long run. Under Marchionnes leadership, Fiat returned
to Canadian and American markets with the new 500.

1.4

Acquisition of Chrysler

However, since 2009, Marchionne has presided over a

business that has experienced a loss in European market share from 9.3 to 6.2 percent.[32] In December 2013,
Marchionne announced that he intended to discontinue
the Grande Punto so that the company could focus on
cool, high margin Fiat 500 (2007) variants and the Fiat
Panda.[33]

5
Chrysler. On 7 June 2009, the Indiana State Police Pension Fund, the Indiana Teachers Retirement Fund, and
the states Major Moves Construction Fund asked the
US Supreme Court to delay the sale of Chrysler to Fiat
while they challenge the deal. The funds argued that
the sale went against US bankruptcy law because it unlawfully rewarded unsecured creditors ahead of secured
creditors.[43] On 9 June 2009, the Supreme Court lifted
the temporary hold, clearing the way for Fiat to acquire
Chrysler.[44] See Indiana State Police Pension Trust v.
Chrysler for more information. On 10 June, the Supreme
Court announced that Fiat was now an owner of the new
Chrysler a.k.a. Chrysler Group LLC.

In 2010, John Elkann became the Chairman of Fiat

SpA and shareholders approved a plan to demerger Fiats
capital goods businesses. Agricultural and construction
equipment manufacturer CNH Global NV, truck maker
Iveco, and the industrial and marine division of Fiat Powertrain Technologies were spun o into a new group on
1 January 2011. The parent company, Fiat Industrial Marchionne was appointed CEO of Chrysler following
S.p.A., was listed on the Milan stock exchange on 3 Jan- its emergence from bankruptcy proceedings. Under his
uary 2011.[34]
leadership, Chrysler has taken on a structure similar to
In 2010, credit rating agency Fitch cut Fiats debt rating that of Fiat and has released, in quick succession, a large
to BB- after it had accumulated a debt of around 9.3 number of completely redesigned or refreshed vehicles.
billion. In 2013, Fiats debt rating was cut again, this time Fiat launched its 500, which had been available in Euby Moodys, to Ba3[35] over concerns European demand rope since 2007, in the United States and Canada in 2011,
was lower and debt was falling slower than expected.[36] marking the companys return to the American auto marThe Financial Times estimate of Fiats debt at the time ket, which it had been absent from since 1984. Prior to
this, Fiats main presence on the continent was Mexico,
was almost 28 billion.[37]
where it oers a greater variety of products than in the
United States and Canada.

1.4

Acquisition of Chrysler

On 20 January 2009, Fiat S.p.A. and Chrysler LLC announced their intention to form a global alliance. Under
the terms of the agreement, Fiat would take a 20% stake
in Chrysler and gain access to its North American distribution network in exchange for providing Chrysler with
technology and platforms to build smaller, more fuelecient vehicles in the US and providing reciprocal access to Fiats global distribution network.[38][39] Agreements were signed on 30 April 2009,[40] with Fiats future
shareholding capped at 49% until all government loans
had been repaid.[41][42]
In addition, the proposed agreement would entitle Fiat
to receive a further 15% (without cash consideration)
through the achievement of specic product and commercial objectives. No cash or nancial support was required from Fiat under the agreement. Instead it would
obtain its stake mainly in exchange for covering the cost
of retooling a Chrysler plant to produce one or more Fiat
models for in the US. Fiat would also provide engine and
transmission technology to enable Chrysler to introduce
smaller, fuel-ecient models in the NAFTA market. The
deal was engineered by Fiat chief Sergio Marchionne,
who pulled the Italian group back from the brink of collapse after taking over in 2004. The principal objective
of the partnership was to provide both groups with signicantly enhanced economies of scale and geographical
reach at a time when they were struggling to compete with
larger and more global rivals such as Toyota, Volkswagen
and alliance partners Renault S.A. and Nissan.[38]
Fiat would not have to pay any money for its 20% of

On 10 January 2011, Fiat announced that it had increased its share in Chrysler from 20% to 25% following the achievement of the rst of three performance
objectives.[45] On 11 April 2011, it announced achievement of the second performance objective, increasing its
stake a further 5% to 30%.[46] On 24 May 2011, Fiat
announced that it had paid Chrysler US$ 1,268 million
for a further 16% interest, increasing its stake total stake
to 46% (fully diluted). The transaction coincided with
Chrysler renancing its debt to the U.S. and Canadian
governments.[47] On 25 May autonews.com reported that
Fiat could buy government stakes in Chrysler as soon as
the end of July 2011, increasing its total stake to 54%.[48]
In May 2011, it emerged that Fiat could actually increase its stake in Chrysler Group to more than 70 percent
through the exercise of further options.[49]
In a regulatory ling dated 22 July 2011, the Michiganbased automaker reported that Fiat held a 53.5% interest
(fully diluted). Fiat and Chrylser have both stated that
they expect that interest to reach 58.5% by the end of
2011 as result of achievement of the third of the three
performance objectives.[50] In 5 January 2012 Fiat released press info that the ownership has increased to
58.5%.[51] The stake was further increased to 68.49%
in July 2013.[52] On 1 January 2014, Fiat announced
it would be acquiring the remaining shares of Chrysler
owned by the VEBA worth $3.65 billion.[53] The deal was
completed by 21 January.
On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A.
would be merged into a new company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, incorporated in the Netherlands with tax

domicile in the UK. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles will become the owner of Fiat Group.[3] On August 1, 2014, Fiat
S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval).[4]
FCA will be listed on the New York Stock Exchange with
an additional listing on the Mercato Telematico Azionario
in Milan to follow.

Activities

ACTIVITIES

2.2 Alliances and joint ventures

Fiat has undertaken numerous joint ventures and alliances. Commencing in 1978, the Type Four platform
was an alliance between Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Lancia and
Saab and resulting in a range of cars on sale in the mid
1980s.
In 2000 a number of joint ventures were established with
General Motors following GM buying 20% of Fiat while
Fiat bought 6% of GM. Complications with the relationship saw these JVs being wound back by 2005.[55] Resulting projects included the GM Fiat Small platform and
Fiat-GM Powertrain.
In 2005, Fiat formed an alliance with Ford to create a new
small car, resulting in the Fiat 500 and Ford Ka.[56]
In 2012, Fiat formed an alliance with Mazda to develop
and build a new rear wheel drive roadster for the Alfa
Romeo and Mazda brands.[57]

2.3 Automotive
For Fiat branded cars see Fiat Automobiles

Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009

The groups activities were initially focused on the industrial production of cars, industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over time it has diversied into many other elds,
and the group now has activities in a wide range of sec- Global locations of Fiat Group automobile production sites,
tors in industry and nancial services. It is Italys largest 2008. Including own plants, joint ventures and license producindustrial concern. It also has signicant worldwide op- tion. Excluding Chrysler.
erations, operating in 61 countries with 1,063 companies
that employ over 223,000 people, 111,000 of whom are
outside Italy.
Fiats main shareholders include 30.1% by Exor S.p.A
(controlled by the Agnelli family), 24.9% by EU institutional investors, 11.2% by outside EU institutional investors and 2.6% by Baillie Giord & Co., a Scottish investment management company.[1]

2.1

Principal subsidiaries

Fiats principal operating subsidiaries (direct and indirect) include: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (FGA),
Chrysler Group LLC, Fiat Automoveis, S.A. (subsidiary
of FGA); FGA Capital S.p.A. (a JV held 50% by
FGA and 50% by Crdit Agricole CF), Ferrari S.p.A.,
Maserati S.p.A., Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Teksid S.p.A.,
Comau S.p.A., Itedi-Italiana Edizioni S.p.A. (see 2010
Annual Report[54] )

A Fiat 1500 at a vintage car event in Germany in May 2014

Fiat is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Italy, with cars

ranging from small Fiat city cars to sports cars made by
Ferrari, and vans and trucks such as the Ducato. Besides
Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A, Fiat Group automotive

2.4

Trucks & Buses

Fiat 500L in production from 2012

Ferrari 458 Italia

companies include Chrysler Group LLC and Maserati

S.p.A. The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. companies
include: Abarth & C. S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles
S.p.A., Fiat Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Professional and
Lancia Automobiles S.p.A..
Ferrari S.p.A. is 90% owned by the Fiat Group.[58] The
company also owns Autobianchi but the marque has been
dormant since 1995, and Innocenti, which ceased production in 1996.

Lancia Delta

The European Car of the Year award, Europes premier

automotive trophy for the past 50 years, has been awarded
twelve times to the Fiat Group, more than any other manufacturer, most recently with the Fiat 500 in 2008.[59]
Previous Fiat Group models which have won European
Car of the Year: Fiat 124 (1967), Fiat 128 (1970), Fiat
127 (1972), Lancia Delta (1980), Fiat Uno (1984), Fiat
Tipo (1989), Fiat Punto (1995), Fiat Bravo/Brava (1996),
Alfa Romeo 156 (1998), Alfa Romeo 147 (2001) and the
Fiat Panda (2004).

Alfa Romeo 159

2.4 Trucks & Buses

For Fiat branded trucks & buses from 1903 to 1975, see
Fiat Industrial Vehicles
Iveco, Fiats former truck, bus and specialty vehicles business unit, was demerged into Fiat Industrial at the beginning of 2011.[60]

2.5 Commercial vehicles

Maserati GranTurismo

On 17 April 2007, Fiat Automobiles light commercial

vehicle unit Fiat Veicoli Commerciali was rebranded as
Fiat Professional.[61] Some of Fiats light commercial vehicle products include the Fiat Ducato, Fiat Scudo and
Fiat Dobl Cargo.

2.6

ACTIVITIES

Agricultural and Construction equip- also deals with the management of real estate properties.
ment

2.10.2 Information technology

For Fiat branded Agricultural & Construction equipments
from 1917 to 1991, see Fiat Trattori and from 1992 to
Fiat Group is present in IT elds and in communications
2014, see CNH Global.
with ICTInformation & Communication Technology,
Global Value, TeleClient, London and Atlanet.

2.7

Components

The major Italian component maker Magneti Marelli is

owned by Fiat, and it in turn owns other brands such
as AL-Automotive Lighting, Carello, Cromodora, Cofap, Ergom Automotive, Jaeger, Mako Elektrik, Parau,
Seima, Siem SpA, Solex, Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni and
Weber.

2.8

Metallurgical products

Fiat owns Teksid S.p.A., the largest iron foundry group

in the world with a production capacity of approximately
600,000 tons annually. The company was established
in December 1978, and designs and produces cylinder
blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts,
camshafts and other components for automobiles and
commercial vehicles. Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal,
Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China. Since 2007, Teksid
S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from
aluminum alloys.

2.9

Production systems

2.11 Publishing and communication

Fiat Group also has interests in several major publishing houses and national and local newspapers, such as
La Stampa (created in 1926), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni.
A specialised advertising space reseller is Publikompass,
supported by the Consorzio Fiat Media Center. Fiat is
also has one of the largest shareholdings in RCS MediaGroup.

2.12 Other activities

Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services,
Easy Drive, RM Risk Management and Servizio Titoli
are minor companies that work for public services, delivering services in economics and nancial elds. Other activities include industrial securitisation (Consorzio Sirio),
treasury (Fiat Geva), Fiat Information & Communication
Services.
Fiat supports the Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, an important foundation for social and economic research. Palazzo
Grassi, a well-known historic building in Venice, now a
museum and formerly supported by Fiat, was eventually
sold to the French businessman Franois Pinault in January 2005.

Production systems are made mainly through Comau

S.p.A. (now Comau Systems), which bought the American Pico, Renault Automation and Sciaky and produces 2.12.1 Aviation and motorcycles
industrial automation systems. In the 1970s and 1980s,
the company became a pioneer in the use of industrial
robotics for the assembly of motor vehicles. Fiat assembly plants are among the best automated and advanced in
the world.

2.10 Services
An insurance company, Toro Assicurazioni, allowed Fiat
to control a relevant part of this market (also with minor
companies like Lloyd Italico) and to interact with some
associated banks. Toro Assicurazioni was acquired by the
giant insurance company Assicurazioni Generali and is no
longer part of the Fiat Group.
Fiat G91T training aircraft
2.10.1

Construction

Main articles: Fiat Aviazione, Avio and Piaggio Aero

Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering work in various elds Fiat, as Fiat Aviazione, was an important aircraft manof construction, while IPI is a mediation company that ufacturer, focused mainly on military aviation. After

9
World War I, Fiat consolidated several Italian small aircraft manufacturers, like Pomilio and Ansaldo. Most famous were Fiat biplane ghter aircraft of the 1930s, Fiat
CR.32 and Fiat CR.42. Other notable designs were ghters CR.20, G.50, G.55 and a bomber, the Fiat BR.20. In
1950s, the company designed the G.91 light ground attack plane. In 1969, Fiat Aviazione merged with Aerfer
to create Aeritalia.
In 1959, Piaggio came under the control of the Agnelli
family. In 1964, the aeronautical and motorcycle divisions split to become independent companies. The aeronautical division was named IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Today the aeronautical company Piaggio Aero is controlled
by the family of Piero Ferrari, which also holds 10% of
Early rail cars at the Finnish Railway Museum. The green car is
the carmaker Ferrari.
a Fiat and the black car is a Cadillac

Main article: Vespa

The motorcycle division, Vespa, thrived until 1992, when
Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEObut Agnelli was
already suering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999,
Morgan Grenfell Private Equity acquired Piaggio.

electric locomotives and railcars (Littorine) not only in

Italy, but other parts of Europe, and in South America,
but from the 1970s onward, more widely known throughout the world with their successful commercial development of the Pendolino tilting trains, the rst working prototype four-car set being run in the mid-1970s. Fiat Ferroviaria was later sold to Alstom in the middle 1990s.
2.12.4 Recreation
The Fiat Group owned the Sestriere skiing facilities; the
village in the Alps is a creation of the Agnelli family. The
Sestriere skiing facilities were sold by the group in 2006.

3 Enterprises outside Italy

See list of Fiat Group assembly sites
Fiat artillery tractor in the journal Horseless Age, 1918.

2.12.2

Weapons

Fiat built artillery tractors for the French and Italian

armies in World War I.

Fiat was a key player in developing motor industries for

a number of countries from the 1950s, particularly in
Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia and Turkey. The
AutoVAZ state works Lada products in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia, were Fiat based, as were SEAT products
of Spain. Lada is now controlled by Renault, and SEAT
by Volkswagen. A small number of Fiats were built in
Bulgaria. Among Fiats earliest foreign assembly plants
was one in Poughkeepsie, New York, between 1910 and
1913.[16][17] The building is now part of the Marist College campus.

Societ Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino (SAFAT) was a

wholly owned subsidiary of FIAT in the 1930s, designing
and manufacturing weapons for the Italian armed forces.
After losing a competition to produce a series of new
machine-guns for the Regia Aeronautica, SAFAT was
sold to the winning competitor - Societ Italiana Ernesto 3.1 Fiat Automveis (Brazil)
Breda, forming Breda-SAFAT.
Fiat Automveis S.A., a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.,[62] began making automobiles in Brazil in 1976 beginning with
2.12.3 Rail transport
the production of the Fiat 147, the Brazilian version of
the Italian Fiat 127, produced until 1986. More than
Fiat Ferroviaria, there has been a long history going back 10,000,000 units have been produced in Fiat Automveis
pre WW2 of Fiat motive power used for both Diesel and factory in Betim since 1976,[63] plus 232,807 units in the

10

3 ENTERPRISES OUTSIDE ITALY

followed by the Siena and Palio Weekend.[70] Fiat sold
665,514 vehicles in Brazil in 2008,[71] allowing the carmaker to continue as the market leader for seven years in
a row.[72] Flex fuel automobiles represented almost 100
percent of the car sales in 2008, and 92 percent of all
light-duty trucks sold.[73]

The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the rst modern car to run on
pure hydrous ethanol fuel (E100)

In 2006 Fiat introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a

four-fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat
Brazil.[74][75] This automobile can run as a ex-fuel on
100% ethanol (E100); or on E20-E25 blend, Brazils normal ethanol gasoline blend;[76] on pure gasoline (though
no longer available in Brazil since 1993,[77][78] it is still
used in neighboring countries); or just on natural gas
(CNG). The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch
from any gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically,
depending on the power required by road conditions.[79]

Fiat Argentina plant of Crdoba. The original factory, located in the city of Belo Horizonte, cost $250 million to 3.2 Fiat Argentina
build. The state of Minas Gerais had a 10-20% stake in
the company and also provided special economic benets Fiat has been present in Argentina since the beginning of
the 20th century. There was a Fiat manufacturing plant
to Fiat.[64]
in Crdoba at least as far back as 1954 when Fiat entered
Launched in July 1979, the 147 was the rst massinto a joint venture with two local companies to manufacproduced car that ran on ethanol as fuel instead of
ture tractors. The company was known as Fiat-Concord
petrol.[65][66][67] The performance slightly increased and
until 1980. In 1959 the construction of a car plant in
fuel consumption was 30% higher but the cost of the alCaseros was approved, and 1960 saw the production there
cohol was a quarter of the gasoline because, at that time,
of the rst Argentinian produced Fiat passenger car, a
petrol had become expensive as a consequence of the
Fiat 600, after the Fiat 1100 Export and after in 1963
1979 oil crisis. This version was nicknamed cachacinha
the Fiat 1500. In 1977 appears the Fiat 133, just a re(little cachaa) because it had the scent of that Brazilian
badged Seat 133 but made in Argentina. By 1978 a car
drink.
manufacturing facility was well established in Crdoba,
producing Fiat 128s as well as two models which from
the Italian perspective belonged in earlier decades, the
125 (with some derivates) and the 600R.[80]
In 1980 a joint venture with PSA called Sevel Argentina
S.A. was begun, which lasted until 1995. The current
day automobile manufacturing started with a new factory
opened in Crdoba on 20 December 1996.[81] From April
1997 the Siena and Palio models production started.
Production was suspended in the early 2000s as the Argentinean economy went downhill. In 2008 Fiat invested
new money and the production of Fiat Siena saloon and
the Fiat Palio was started. In October 2009, a Fiat Siena
HLX becomes the 2 million unit produced by Fiat in ArFiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4, a multifuel car that runs as a exiblegentina. The Fiat Auto Argentina S.A. is Fiat S.p.A.
fuel on gasoline, E20-E25 gasohol, ethanol (E100); or as a biowned company.[82]
fuel with CNG

In October 1984 Fiat Automveis introduced the Fiat

Uno, which continued on sale until the end of 2013 as
the renamed Fiat Mille, resulting in total production of
3.6 million vehicles.[68] Production of the Fiat Palio world
car began in 1996.

3.3 Fiat Automobili Srbija

Its rst enterprise came in 1955, when it agreed to a deal

with Yugoslav carmaker Zastava to assemble Fiats for
Eastern Europe. The rst cars produced by Zastava were
After the successful 2003 introduction of exible-fuel its versions of the Fiat 1300 and Fiat 1400. By 1970,
vehicles in the Brazilian market,[69] Fiat Automveis Zastava was producing parts for the newer Fiat 124 and
launched its rst ex model in March 2004, the Fiat Palio, Fiat 125 models, which were assembled in Poland. The

3.5

AutoVAZ Lada (Russia)

11

Zastava 750, launched in 1962, was Zastavas version of

the iconic Fiat 600 minicar. It outlived the car on which it
was based, with production lasting until 1981. Zastavas
were not popular outside of Eastern Europe before the
1980s, although they were exported to the US and several European countries under the Yugo brand during the
1980s.
The most famous product launched by Zastava is the
Zastava 101, a front-wheel drive car based on the Fiat
128, also available as a hatchback version never sold in
Italy. With the demise of the Zastava 750 in 1981, the
minicar gap in the Zastava range was lled by the Zastava
Koral, which was best known in Britain and America as
the Yugo Tempo or Yugo 45/55. It was based on the
1971 Fiat 127, which was due to be replaced by the Fiat
Uno in 1983. Hostility towards Yugoslavia in the wake
of the 1992 civil unrest saw a swift ending of imports
to both Britain and America. The Zastava factory in
Kragujevac was later bombed, but was rebuilt after the
war ended, and production continued at another factory
in Kragujevac.
In 1987, Zastava came up with a new car design. The
Zastava Floridaknown in other markets as the Yugo
Sanawas styled by Giorgetto Giugiaro at the ItalDesign
studio, featured a range of rened Peugeot engines. Sales
continued in its homeland, with an update at the end of
the 1990s. Zastava did not launch another new car for another 16 years. The 2003 Zastava 10 model was another
Fiat designthis time the second generation Punto, and
in 2009 was renamed Fiat Punto Classic

Fiat 500 & 126

ported to Western Europe. 1978 saw the appearance of

a new ve-door hatchback, the FSO Polonez, that made
use of Fiat 125p running gear. After 1982, Fiat withdrew its licence; since then FSO badge was reinstated
with the Polski Fiat 125p surviving until 1991, and the
Polonez production ending in 2002. FSO was taken over
by Daewoo of South Korea in 1995, and become independent again in late 2000, after Daewoo went bankrupt
and was taken over by General Motors.
Fabryka Samochodw Maolitraowych (FSM) in
Bielsko-Biaa and Tychy was a joint venture between
FSO and Fiat, and manufactured the Fiat 126(p) in 1973
and the Cinquecento in 1991. In 1992 Fiat owned 90%
of FSM (called Fiat Auto Poland, since 1993) and since
then it produced Cinquecento, Uno, Seicento, Siena and
Palio Weekend models with the capacity up to 200.000
cars a year. In 2003, FSM become the sole producer of
Fiat Panda, and in 2007, the Fiat 500 and its related Ford
Ka[85] Capacity was increased with production reaching
over 600,000 in 2009, but dropped below 300,000 in
2013, resulting in the workforce being cut by a third.[86]

A new memorandum of understanding between Fiat and

the Serb ministry of economic and regional development
about the acquisition of Zastavas Kragujevac plant in
2008 led to a new company being set up in which the
Italians would have a 70 percent stake and the Serb government 30 percent.[83] The factory was renamed from
Zastava Automobili Srbija to Fiat Automobili Srbija.
In 2010 and 2011, FAS (Fiat Automobili Srbija) underwent large-scale reconstruction for production of the Fiat
3.5
500L in 2012.[84]

AutoVAZ Lada (Russia)

Main article: Lada

3.4

Polski Fiat/FSO (Poland)

Main article: Fabryka Samochodw Osobowych

Fiat automobiles have been made in Poland since 1920.
In 1932, the Polskie Zakady Inynieryjne (Polish Engineering Works, PZIn) started the production of Fiat 508,
produced until 1939 also as a military vehicle. In 1936
the licence was extended to include the Fiat 518 model.
In 1965, the Polish communist government signed a deal
with Fiat to produce selected Fiat models in Poland at
the FSO factory in Warsaw that had been built in 1951.
Production of the new carthe Polski Fiat 125pbegan
in 1967. It was visually identical to the Fiat 125, but it
made use of older Fiat mechanicals which dated back to
1960. The car sold well in its homeland and was soon ex-

In 1966, Fiat helped USSR state industries build a new

car factory (AvtoVAZ) on the Volga river. A planned
city called Tolyatti (named after Palmiro Togliatti, former Italian Communist Party Secretary) was developed
around the factory, which started producing a peoples
car similar to the Volkswagen Beetle and Citron 2CV
of Germany and France. The new Soviet car, called the
Lada, was a more spacious oering, in four-door saloon
and ve-door estate variants. Fiat installed British machine tools supplied by Herbert-BSA[87] of Birmingham
for the manufacture of many Lada parts. The 124s
design was mechanically upgraded to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions and extremely cold winters. Imports to Western Europe, Canada, and some third

12

4 SEE ALSO

world countries sold well owing to their low price. This

car was upgraded to become the Lada Riva (marketing
name in some markets) in 1980. Lada has gone on to
develop some of its own models. The four-wheel drive
Lada Niva uses some Fiat based components, e.g. engine
and gearbox, but the body and four-wheel drive system
are VAZ designs.

3.6

Bulgaria

19671971 produced Pirin-Fiat in Lovech, Bulgaria.

Egypt manufacturer for Fiat. They assembled the Fiat

Ritmo in order of Nasr.

3.11 India
Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited (FIAPL) is a
joint venture between Fiat and Mumbai based Tata Motors, founded in 1997. Fiat builds the Palio Stile, Linea
and Punto.[90] The Fiat plant is situated in Ranjangaon
near Pune in Maharashtra and also manufactures the Tata
Indica.[91]

Although not a subsidiary of Fiat, Premier Automobiles

of Mumbai was licensed to manufacture versions of the
3.7 Tofa (Turkey)
Fiat 500 for the Indian market. This was followed by the
Tofa is joint venture owned by Fiat SpA and Ko Hold- Fiat 1100 in 1954. In 1973, the Fiat label was replaced
ing (37.8% Fiat Group Automobiles, 37.8% Koc and with the Premier name.
24.3% others).[88] The Fiat 124 was produced under licence by Tofa as the Tofa Murat. This was replaced by
a version of the Fiat 131, known as the Tofa ahin(Tofa 3.12 Pakistan
Murat 131). Today the Fiat Linea car is amongst those
manufactured by the Fiat-Tofas joint venture in Turkey, Raja Motors are the authorized manufacturers of Fiat
and the company has 12.1% of the Turkish car market as motor vehicles in Pakistan since 1948. The manufacturing started with VESPA scooters in 1948. The
of 2007.[89]
project was expanded in 2001 to facilitate assembly-cummanufacturing of the Fiat Uno. The production facility is
located in Landhi Industrial Area, Karachi, Pakistan.
3.8 SEAT (Spain)
In Spain, SEATSociedad Espaola de Automviles de
Turismo (Spanish Touring Car Company)was established with Fiat assistance in 1950, producing Fiat models
under its own brand name until 1981, when Fiat withdrew its support. In 1982 SEAT signed a cooperation
agreement with the German manufacturer Volkswagen
and by the end of 1986 after a purchase of a majority
stake SEAT had become part of the Volkswagen Group.
However, production of some Fiat-based models continued, ending with the Fiat-based Marbella in 1998.

3.13 Sri Lanka

In 1973, entrepreneur Upali Wijewardena's Upali Motor Company began assembly of the local variant of Fiat
128, known as UMC-Fiat 128. Production ended with
the introduction of the open-market economy in 1978.

3.14 North Korea

The Fiat 131, known as the Holland Car DOCC.

The North Korean car manufacturer and dealer

Pyeonghwa Motors assembles two Fiat models under
licence since 2002: Hwiparam (whistle)based on the
Fiat Siena, Bbeokgugi (owl)based on the Fiat Dobl.

3.10 Egypt

3.15 China

Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, President

Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the EGID (General Intelligence Agent) to establish a state owned automobile company. Nasr was founded in 1960 in Helwan, Egypt. It
began producing some Fiat based models, but later produced the Tofa ahin under license by Tofa. The last
Fiat 128 model was built in 2008, while the ahin is in
production in Egypt.

Fiat entered into a 50:50 joint venture with GAC Group

in 2010 to create GAC Fiat Automobiles Co, with a
factory in Changsha completed in 2012 producing a localised version of the Dodge Dart sold as the Fiat Viaggio.

3.9

Ethiopia

Currently the El-Mashreq Company, a part of the Seoudi

Group is the main manufacturer of Alfa Romeo and Fiat
vehicles for the Egypt market. The AAV was also an

4 See also
Automotive industry
Automotive industry crisis of 20082009

13

List of aircraft engines

[19] Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 39

List of Italian companies

[20] Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 551

Neckar

[21] Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 556

Simca

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turer.com. Retrieved 12 March 2008.

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15

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External links
Ocial Fiat S.p.A. website

Coordinates: 450157N 74001E / 45.032580N

7.666934E

16

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

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Ahoerstemeier, Mac, CatherineMunro, Den fjttrade ankan, Rlandmann, Evercat, GRAHAMUK, WhisperToMe, Wik, DJ Clayworth,
Saltine, Nv8200p, Joy, Carbuncle, RadicalBender, Robbot, Dale Arnett, RedWolf, Pibwl, Texture, ZekeMacNeil, Gidonb, Bkell, Wikibot, Mushroom, Fab, Lzur, DocWatson42, Greyengine5, Meursault2004, Lupin, Neuro, No Guru, Leonard G., DO'Neil, Zoney, Avala,
Bobblewik, 159753, Abu badali, Gzuckier, Onco p53, Armaced, Rdsmith4, Burgundavia, Gazwim, Sfoskett, Sam Hocevar, WikiDon,
DmitryKo, Millisits, Dryazan, Mike Rosoft, D6, N328KF, Spiko-carpediem, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Supercoop, MCBastos,
Quiensabe, SpookyMulder, Bender235, Djordjes, Mind the gap, El C, Kiand, Gilgamesh he, Aaronbrick, Bobo192, Johnteslade, Savvo,
Jerryseinfeld, Mdd, Jumbuck, Orzetto, Alansohn, Hektor, Guy Harris, Interiot, Arthena, Tabor, M7, Kalpol, SidP, Barryap, Lecar, Galaxiaad, Kbolino, Tournesol, Kevin Hayes, Gret, Batintherain, Ercolev, Woohookitty, Ylem, Jamieli, Before My Ken, WadeSimMiser, Sicilianmandolin, Je3000, Tabletop, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, Rogerd, Vary, Ericmc783, Vegaswikian, Bhadani, Ev, FlaBot, Kallemax, Mathbot,
Jak123, Mtyilmaz, Mark83, Idaltu, MoRsE, Sherool, Sharkface217, Random user 39849958, Antonio Di Dio, Daduzi, YurikBot, Noclador, Meridius, Carpictures, Peter G Werner, RussBot, Hede2000, Jereysenk, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05, KissL, Howcheng,
Irishguy, Malcolma, Reward, RL0919, Tsk070, Bota47, PGPirate, Crisco 1492, AlfaManDan, SFGiants, Genivs, Failest, GrinBot, Asterion, Mohylek, Draicone, DocendoDiscimus, SmackBot, Estoy Aqu, Primetime, NantucketNoon, D C McJonathan, StefanoC, Brossow,
BigglesPiP, Tomh009, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Fellinox, Preveen, Chris the speller, Ian3055, Dayglored, Thanissaro, Elagatis, Arroww,
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Jack O'Neill, AEMoreira042281, Hu12, BSI, Iridescent, Midnighttonight, Wfgiuliano, Joseph Solis in Australia, Saturn Simon, HennessyC,
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Bull-Doser, CZmarlin, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, Carcrazy, IrishPete, Smartse, THEunique, JAnDbot, MER-C, Charles01, KuwarOnline,
PhilKnight, Benstown, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Nrvn93, The Anomebot2, Gr1st, BilCat, LorenzoB, ArmadilloFromHell, Philg88, Holistic, BigGuns, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Taalo, Kimse, Neolandes, Rose Palmer, 72Dino, Dbiel, Siryendor, Carlosforonda, Fiatswat800, Hennessey, Patrick, SriMesh, Mighty Antar, , STBotD, DH85868993, Treisijs, Andylong, CardinalDan, Empty cognizance, Conte di Cavour, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Mattkloz, Scania10, X!, Jaaahn, VolkovBot, Jamcib, Harveyqs,
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EmxBot, Chief tin cloud, Icsunonove, Tontotti, AdRock, SieBot, Scarian, WereSpielChequers, Warren Whyte, Crash Underride, Grundle2600, Prestonmag, North wiki, Scottrules14, AMCKen, OKBot, Nancy, Lustigson, Bart ray, Tesi1700, Daryl 95, Tripod86, Squash
Racket, ImageRemovalBot, Ky72x, Martarius, ClueBot, Mariordo, Traveler100, Techman84, TransporterMan, Sergei Gutnikov, Pgecaj,
Drmies, G2007, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, User1010, ElSaxo, Jeremiestrother, Nimbus227, Bbb2007, Hamilton365, Three-quarter-ten,
TonyBallioni, Udonknome, Leontios, Promethean, LarryMorseDCOhio, 842U, Ncarfra, BOTarate, Ranjithsutari, IJA, Local hero, Loranchet, XLinkBot, Mavigogun, RyanCross, Alanthehat, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Fredd the Redd, Fyrael, Ronhjones, Giagi, MiauGGangsters,
CanadianLinuxUser, ShepBot, Buster7, AnnaFrance, Orion30, FstrthnU, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Krano, Krukouski, Lite, Odder, Enthusiast10, Yobot, Gayle Lynn1, Agismaniax, Andreasmperu, Fraggle81, Rsquire3, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Jeni, Piano non troppo, Baloobas1,
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Oigresspa, DanieleAccornero, Galloramenu, Biker Biker, Thebestguy, Degen Earthfast, Wstlngtime, Mr68000, Ruigenbok, Fat&Happy,
Varmapak, Fiat uk, Majcheluk, Merlion444, Marsal20, Trappist the monk, Mr Mulliner, Lotje, Now wiki, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Naoliv, Balph Eubank, Slon02, EmausBot, John of Reading, Franjklogos, Filipdr, Look2See1, Katherine, Dewritech, BLIZZARDIBLO,
TheAutoJunkie, MikeyMouse10, Ponydepression, Kkm010, Willinatorwall1999, Captainpsycho, Kshitij85, Prabu Muthusamy, Bilbo571,
H3llBot, Estergo, Cf. Hay, Phillies9513, , Gsarwa, ClueBot NG, BaboneCar, NordhornerII, Jenova20, NoomBot, Stotty2011, Widr,
HMSSolent, DBigXray, Scheno, BG19bot, The Banner Turbo, Wiki13, Financier73, Knightserbia, Cloverleaf II, Pioneeraaron, Factsearch, ThatBrownLady, Buzzards-Watch Me Work, Egeymi, Powerfox, BrightStarSky, Lugia2453, Immarollin', Tomik395, Faizan, Epicgenius, Seqqis, Skeledzija, ProtossPylon, Jiggnfm 999, Bahooka, Rjr003, Quenhitran, TiWikiInculoAssInTheDani61, Kre45oi, Baconz101,
Knowledge200, Monkbot, Samack2307, Hpdv6, Autoedit68, Gyptjack, Jaredclce, Antouel and Anonymous: 633

7.2

Images

File:2012_Geneva_Motor_Show_-_Fiat_500L.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/2012_Geneva_

Motor_Show_-_Fiat_500L.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: 2012 Geneva Motor Show - Fiat 500L Original artist: NRMA
Motoring and Services
File:Alfa_Romeo_159_Norway.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Alfa_Romeo_159_Norway.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Torw
File:Brazilian_Fiat_Siena_TetraFuel_four_views.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Brazilian_Fiat_
Siena_TetraFuel_four_views.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader (both pictures and Photoshop edit) Original
artist: Mariordo
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Factory_1b.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Factory_1b.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: PNG version on the English Wikipedia Original artist: Dtbohrer, updated to SVG by Tomtheman5
File:Ferrari_458_Italia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Ferrari_458_Italia.jpg License: CC BY 2.0
Contributors: Ferrari 458 Italia Original artist: Anthony Joh from Bangkok, Thailand

7.3

Content license

17

File:Fiat500126.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Fiat500126.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ruigenbok
File:Fiat_147_br.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Fiat_147_br.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Grtecno
File:Fiat_1500_in_2014.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Fiat_1500_in_2014.JPG License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NordhornerII
File:Fiat_3,5hp_1899.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Fiat_3%2C5hp_1899.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: older than 70 years (Italy) Original artist: Unknown
File:Fiat_508_Balilla,_advertisement,_1939,_Netherlands.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Fiat_
508_Balilla%2C_advertisement%2C_1939%2C_Netherlands.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Nieuwe Tilburgsche Courant (a
dutch newspaper), from 1 April 1939 Original artist: unknown (probably Garage Harry Kruijssen)
File:Fiat_Group_revenues_2009.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Fiat_Group_revenues_2009.png
License: Public domain Contributors: I (Typ932 TC ) created this work entirely by myself. Original artist: Typ932 TC
File:Fiat_Lingotto_veduta-1928.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Fiat_Lingotto_veduta-1928.jpg
License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dgtmedia - Simone at it.wikipedia
File:Fiat_Mirafiori.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Fiat_Mirafiori.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dgtmedia - Simone at it.wikipedia
File:Fiat_S.p.A._logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Fiat_S.p.A._logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Annual Report at 31 December 2013 Original artist: Fiat S.p.A.
File:Fiat_Sergio_Marchionne.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Fiat_Sergio_Marchionne.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dgtmedia - Simone at it.wikipedia
File:Fiat_artillery_tractor_in_Horseless_Age_v43_n4_1918-02-15_p50.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/d/de/Fiat_artillery_tractor_in_Horseless_Age_v43_n4_1918-02-15_p50.png License: Public domain Contributors: Editorial
sta and correspondents (1918-02-15), Fiat artillery tractor photo, Horseless Age 43 (4): 50, http://books.google.com/books?id=
JFbmAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA50#v=onepage&f=false Original artist: Horseless Age
File:Fiat_corso_dante.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Fiat_corso_dante.jpg License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: Transferred from it.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Dgtmedia - Simone at it.wikipedia
File:Fiat_tractor_of_1919_in_The_Gas_Engine_Monthly_Magazine_Ohio_vol_21.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Fiat_tractor_of_1919_in_The_Gas_Engine_Monthly_Magazine_Ohio_vol_21.jpg
License:
Public domain Contributors: Editorial sta (1919), The tractor used on Italian farms: test of Fiat tractor before Italian authorities, The Gas Engine Monthly Magazine (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: The Gas Engine Publishing Company) 21 (1): 34,
http://books.google.com/books?id=mz8xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&f=false Original artist: The Gas Engine Publishing
Company
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Increase2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Italian_G-91T.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Italian_G-91T.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/Assets/Still/1989/Air_Force/DF-ST-89-05350.JPG Original artist: Camera Operator: MSGT
PATRICK NUGENT
File:Lancia_Delta_2.0_Multijet_16V_Aquablau-Lavaschwarz.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/
Lancia_Delta_2.0_Multijet_16V_Aquablau-Lavaschwarz.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thomas
doerfer
File:Lingotto-1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Lingotto-1.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Traveler100
File:Maserati_Gran_Turismo_red2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Maserati_Gran_Turismo_
red2.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Maserati Gran Turismo Original artist: Chris Watson from Louisville, United States
File:Rail_Car_Finnish_Railway_Museum.jpg Source:
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Railway_Museum.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:A333 using
CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Harveyqs. Original uploader was Harveyqs at en.wikipedia
File:Sandro_Pertini_e_Gianni_Agnelli.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Sandro_Pertini_e_Gianni_
Agnelli.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Presidenza della Repubblica Original artist: Unknown
File:Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:World_locations_of_Fiat_Group_car_manufacturing_sites.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/
World_locations_of_Fiat_Group_car_manufacturing_sites.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: derivative work of http://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:World_locations_of_General_Motors_factories.PNG Original artist: Typ932

7.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0