Chapter 7 Chromosome, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Vocab
Chromatid A newly replicated chromosome, from the time molecular duplication occurs
until the time the centromeres separate
Chromosome In bacteria and viruses, the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the
genetic information of the cell or virus. In eukaryotes, a structure composed of DNA and
proteins that bears part of the genetic information of the cell.
Centromere The region where sister chromatids join.
Chromatin The nucleic acidprotein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
Karyotype The number, forms, and types of chromosomes in a cell.
Cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell.
Diploid Having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies (homologs) of
each chromosome. Designated 2n.
Haploid Having a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each
chromosome; designated 1n or n
Polyploidy The possession of more than two entire sets of chromosomes.
Homologous chromosomes A pair of matching chromosomes made up of a
chromosome from each of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid organism.
Maternal homologue the chromosome in a homologous pair inherited from the mother
Paternal homologue the chromosome in a homologous pair inherited from the father
Sister chromatids Each of a pair of newly replicated chromatids.
Tetrad During prophase I of meiosis, the association of a pair of homologous
chromosomes or four chromatids.
Dyad double chromosome resulting from the splitting of a tetrad (a quadruple
chromosome) during meiosis (germ cell formation)
Questions
1) Crossing over introduces genetic variability because it allows homologue
chromatids to exchange genetic information and form recombinant chromatids.
Independent Assortment is the random separation of genes into gametes, which
makes inheritance random.
2) Crossing over of chromatids and independent assortment allow for genetic
diversity in a species. This gives the species the ability to evolve by natural
selection.
3) In karyotyping, a blood sample is taken from a person, and added to a growth
medium and mitotic stimulator. Colchicine is added to stop cells at metaphase.
This makes the chromosomes easy to view in the karyotype.

4) I think cancer can be stopped in metaphase and anaphase. If there is a malfunction

in metaphase and anaphase then the chromatids will not separate to form different
cells.
5) Binary fission
+faster
+simpler
- little genetic variety
- undesired mutation can be passed on quickly with out a way for natural selection
to act
Meiosis
+allows for genetic variety
+allows for natural selection to act
-takes more time
-and energy

Web Quest 1 (see packet for charts)

1) Interphase took up the most amount of time, and telophase took the least amount of
time
2) It was easiest to differentiate interphase from prophase if in the interphase state I
could see the nucleolus. This visual is created by the chromatin in the nucleus.
3) Metaphase was the easiest to identify because it was easy to see the chromosomes
lined up in the middle of the cell.
4) The biggest difference between telophase and anaphase is that I can see cytokinesis,
separation of the cells, start in telophase. There is a line for between the cells to
signal this.
5) Yes, cytokinesis was happening to the cell in telophase. This was obvious because of
the cell plate growing between the cells.
6) In plants a cell plate grows between the separating cells. This doesnt occur in animal
cells, and the cells separate by furrowing.
7) A furrow between the cells
8) If the cells were different from the parent then they wouldnt be recognized by the
immune system and killed.
9) - The visual difference between prophase and interphase
- How long cells are in each phase during the day
- How animal and plant cells differ in cytokinesis
Web Quest 2
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

6)
7)
8)
9)

5 million
Skin cells divide often because they died quickly and need to be replaces
Cells died because they could be killed by the immune system if they are infected
Surrounding cells replicate to fill the gap created by the dead cell.
During G1 the cells size increases by 20 % and its genetic material undergoes a
check for damage and size check. In synthesis a copy of every chromosome is
made. In G2 phase, the cells checks to make sure all the chromosomes are
duplicated, the cell size, and if the genetic material is intact. If the material is
damage the cell will repair it.
The cell has to increase size before dividing because it will need enough material
to split off into two cells.
Chromosome duplication needs to occurs so each cell gets a copy of all the
chromosome, which are necessary to live.
In G1, G2, and in metaphase.
This is important so the cell can repair damaged material, and not spread the
damage.

Web Quest 3
1)
2)
3)
4)

Asexual reproduction = when an organism clones itself

+Rapid / -there is not diversity for natural selection to act on
Yes, egg and sperm cells are haploid
A karyotype is a display of the homologous chromosomes in metaphase from a
cell. It tells us how big and how many of each chromosome there are. It cannot
tell you how the genes in the chromosomes are expressed.

5) (see packet)
6) (see packet)
7) Translocation = when a chromosome gains part of another chromosomes that
another chromosome lost
Nondisjunction = when homologous dont separate in meiosis 1
Deletion = when a part of a chromosome is lost and transferred to another cell
More Meiosis Question
1) Meiosis II is more similar to mitosis
2) Crossing over and independent assortment ensure genetic diversity in meiosis.
3) Organisms that only use mitosis and binary fission have less genetic diversity, and
therefore natural selection cannot help these organisms adapt as much as it does to
organisms that use meiosis. Bacteria can use transduction, conjunction, and
transformation to exchange genetic material.
4) Species use binary fission because the organisms do not need to find a sexual
partner. It also is quicker and uses less energy.
5) I can conclude that these traits are next to each other on the same chromosome.
FRQ
1)

A. Asexual reproduction = Salmonella Salmonella reproduces quickly because

it needs to infect as many cells as possibly before the immune system starts to
attack it. Since salmonella cannot survive in cold conditions it only reproduces in
warm conditions. He warmer the conditions the faster the bacteria reproduces.
Sexual reproduction = Cats One sexual adaptation cats have is that males and
female have different sexual structures to differentiate the genders and make it
easier to find a mate. Another reproductive adaptation cats have is using
pheromones to attract a mate or signal that a cat is ready to mate.
Both = Brittle Star One reproductive adaptation brittle stars have is that they
live in large groups, so when they reproduce sexually, through spawning, the eggs
are more likely to be fertilized. Also, brittle stars are radially symmetric with most
of their vital organs in the center of their bodies. As a result, if a brittle star loses
its arm, the brittle star can live without its arms while it is regenerating them.
B. Sexual reproduction would be favored in cases where organisms live close to
each other, so it is easy to find a mate. Also, sexual reproduction would be
favored when an environment requires genetic diversity so natural selection can
occur to help species adapt. Asexual reproduction can be favored when organisms
live in isolation or they need to reproduce quickly.
2) A. Trisomy 21 means that all cells have three 21-chromosome copies. This
occurs because of nondisjunction, when homologous chromosomes fail to
separate in anaphase I. This makes one cell have three copies of chromosome 21
and one of the other to have 1 copy of this chromosome, monosomy 21.
Monosomy 21 is a fatal condition and organisms with this condition die quickly.
B. Down syndrome is a spectrum disorder because its severity ranges with how
much of the third copy of chromosome 21 is active. The more active it is the more
abnormalities the person will have. On the 21st chromosome there are DNA that
synthesizes proteins. The extra copy of chromosome 21 will synthesis excess
protein, which can cause over expression and imbalance in the body.