LabReport:BloodTypeTesting

Members:G111
PaweeBankPennyworthKochNontamongkoltorn
KarnsineeYotsakulsate(Jenny)

Introduction
Blood,areddishfluid,helpsourbodytobeoperatedconsistentlybycirculating.Inside
thefluid,itisconsistedofplasmainaddition,redbloodcells,proteins,whitebloodcells,and
plateletsaresuspendedinsideofit.Evenmore,bloodcontainsofrichandvariousnutrientsin
ordertoprovideamaximumefficiencytoabody.Moreimportantly,bloodhastwodirections
infunctioningthebody.Therearearterialandvenous.Theformershowsoxygenand
nutrientsaresenttotissues,whereasthelatterdisplayscarbondioxideandmetabolic
productsaretransportedtokidneysandlungs.Additionallytovenous,aftertheprocess,any
wasteproductswillberemovedfromthebody.Speakingofhuman,wehavefourbloodtypes:
A,B,AB,andO.AbloodtypeandBbloodtype,processbothdominantandrecessivealleles:
IAIA,orIAiisgenotypeofAbloodtype,ontheotherhand,IBIB,orIBi,agenetypeofBblood
type.IAandIBaredisplayedasdominanttraits,henceitdominatesrecessivetraits,ii.Each
oneofthemhasdifferentantigensandantibodies:AhasantigenAandantibodyBonly,
whereasBhasantigenBandantibodyA.BloodtypeABisacombinationofAandB.IAIB,is
itsgenotype,andhencethisisapurelydominanttrait,alsoitiscalledcodominance.
Additionally,ABhasonlyantigenAandantigenB,butnotforantibodyAandantibodyB.
Lastbutnotleast,Obloodtypeisrecessive,ii.ComparingtoAB,OhasantibodyAand
antibodyB,butdoesnothavebothantigenAandantigenB.
Traitisacharacteristicfeaturingforanorganism.Everyorganismcanhaveasingle
traitormultipletraits.MultipleinLatin,meansmanykinds.Infact,traitcanbeconsisted
multiplelyinasinglegene.Also,phenotypeisdependedonbothdominantandrecessive
allelesinthedominancepatternandthetrait.Furthermore,whentheyarecombinedtogether,
theoneallelesfollow.Ifanorganismhasmorethantwoalleles,itisconsideredasmultiple
allelesinfact,thisisakindofanonMendelianinheritancepattern.Agoodexampleforthis
statement,humanABObloodtype.
Antigenisasubstancethatthebodyconsiderasaforeignsubstance

andneutralize
it.Itstimulatesthebody'simmunesystemtoproduceantibodiesinordertodefendthebody
fromtheinvasionofthosedangeroussubstances.Thetermofantigencomesfromthe
purportthattheforeignsubstancesstimulatetheimmuneresponsetogenerateantibodies.
Antigenshavemanysourcesofthings,fromthebreathingoreatingbacteriaandviruses.For
example,whenthebodyimmunesystemstimulatestheforeignsubstance,whichisatoxin,
theimmunesystemgeneratesantibodies.
AntibodiesareYshapedproteinswhichareproducedbybodyimmunesystemdueto
thestimuliofantigeninblood.Itcanalsocalled
immunoglobulins.

Theantibodiesdestroythe
antigenbyphagocytosis(eatingtheantigen).Lymphocyte,atypeofwhitebloodcell,
recognizestheantigenasaforeignsubstance.Itproducesantibodieswhicharemadefor

particularantigen.Thefunctionofantibodyistobindtheparticularantigenandsendssignals
totheothercellsofbodyimmunesystem,sotheycangetridoftheinvasionofthedangerous
substances.Antibodieshaveuniqueshapeofbindingsitewhichfitsonaparticularshapeof
antigen.Anautoimmunedisorderiswhentheantibodiesareproducedfromthemisconsider
ofimmunesystemthatthehealthytissueisdangerous.
Theexactcauseofautoimmune
disordersisunknown.Onetheoryisthatsomebacteria,viruses,ordrugsmaytrigger
changesthatmakethebodyimmunesystemconfuses.Thismayhappenmoreoftenin
peoplewhohavegenesthatmakethemmorepronetoautoimmunedisorders.Resultingin
thedestructionofbodytissue,abnormalgrowthofanorgan,andchangesinorganfunction.
Theorgansincludingarebloodvessels,connectivetissues,someendocrineglands,joints,
muscles,redbloodcells,andskin.
Theinteractionofantigensandantibodiesisabimolecularassociationanditisa
reversiblechemicalalteration.Itincludesthevariousnoncovalentinteractionsbetweenthe
antigenicdeterminant(epitope)oftheantigenandthevariableregiondomainoftheantibody
molecule.Thespecificassociationofantigensandantibodiesisdependentonhydrogen
bonds,hydrophobicinteractions,electrostaticforces,andvanderWallsinteractions,which
areallweakandnoncovalent.Theinteractioncanhappenonlywhentheantigenand
antibodymoleculesareclosetoeachotherinorderforatomstofitintocomplementary
recesses.
AntibodyAffinitymeasuresthestrengthoftheinteractionbetweentheepitopeandthe
antibodybindingsite.Theaffinityofmonoclonalantibodiescanbemeasuredaccurately
becausetheyarehomogeneousandselectiveforasingleepitope.Unlikethepolyclonal
antibodies,theyareheterogeneousandtheycontainamixtureofantibodiesofdifferent
affinitieswhichrecognizeseveralepitopes.So,onlyanaverageaffinitycanbedetermined.
AntibodyAviditymeasuresthetotalstrengthofanantibodyantigencomplex.Itis
dependentonthesethreemainparameters,theaffinityoftheantibodyfortheepitope,the
valencyofboththeantibodyandantigen,andthestructuralarrangementofthepartsthat
interact.

Thenumberofantigenbindingsitesisproportiondirectlytotheamountofantigen
binding.
Inthisexperiment,wewanttofindouttheindividualsbloodtypebyjudgingwhetheris
itcoagulatedornot.Coagulationisanactionthatbloodformsclottingbyitselforouraction,
likemixing.Therearefoursubjects:control,antiA,antiB,andantiAB.Ifallofthemare
coagulated,thatmeanstheonesbloodtypeisAB,yetnoneofthemarecoagulated,thenthe
individualhasObloodtype.Altenatively,IfthistestingsubjecthascoagulationononlyantiA
andantiABornot,thissubjectsbloodtypeisA.Ontheotherhand,thesubjectsbloodtype
isB,ifantiBandantiABareexclusivelycoagulated.

Materials

2Microscopeslides
AntiA,antiB,antiAB
Markers
Lancet
LancetDevice

Ethanol
CottonBall
3toothpicks

Methods
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Draw2circlesby1cm.Diametresidebysideoneachslide.(4circles)
Label:control,antiA,antiB,antiABoneachslide.
Puncturethetestsubjectstipoffinger.
Dropasingledropofbloodoneachslide.
Donotputantibodiesincontrol
Dropasingledropofsample(antiA:antiA,antiB:antiB,antiAB:antiAB)onthe
matchedcircles.
7) Utilizethetoothpicktomixtheantibodyandblood.(Changetoothpickeverytime)
8) Waitfortheresultby10seconds
9) Puttheresultsinthedatatable.

Results

PreBloodTestingExperiment

PostBloodTestingExperiment


Title:

BanksBloodTypeTesting

Subject

State:Coagulation/Nocoagulation

Control

Nocoagulation

AntiA

coagulation

AntiB

coagulation

AntiAB

coagulation

Discussion
Banksscenario

Legends:

MaleBloodTypeB
FemaleBloodTypeB
MaleBloodTypeAB
FemaleBloodTypeAB

Combiningwiththeresultandmypedigreechart,bothofthemareexactlythesame.
MybloodtypeisAB.ThereasonthatIgetABisfrommymumandherparents,asbothofmy
grandparentshaveABbloodtypedefinitely,thusmymumgetsABandpassesontome.
Additionally,ABbloodtypehasheterozygousgenotypes,IAIB,anditisalsocodominance.
Speakingofmydadsfamily,hisparentsbloodtypeisB,andhencemydadhasbloodtype
B.Eventhough,thepossibilitiesofgettingB:IBIB,purelyhomozygousgenetype,orIBi,
heterozygousgenotypes.

Jennysscenario
AA A
Father=Abloodtype(I
IorI
i)
AA A
Mother=Abloodtype(I
IorI
i)
AA A
Prediction:Jenny=AbloodtypeorObloodtype(I
IorI
iorii)

Ifbothfatherandmotherhavehomozygousgenotypes
AA AA
I
IxI
I

A
I

A
I

A
I

AA
I
I

AA
I
I

A
I

AA
I
I

AA
I
I

AA
PossiblebloodtypesofJenny:Abloodtypeonly(I
I
)

Iffatherhashomozygousgenotypeandmotherhasheterozygousgenotype
AA A
I
I
xI
i

A
I

A
AA
I
I
I

A
I
i

A
AA
I
I
I

A
I
i

AA A
PossiblebloodtypesofJenny:Abloodtypeonly(I
IorI
i)

Iffatherhasheterozygousgenotypeandmotherhashomozygousgenotype
A
AA
I
ixI
I

A
I

A
AA
I
I
I

A
I
i

A
I

AA
I
I
A
I
i

AA A
PossiblebloodtypesofJenny:Abloodtypeonly(I
IorI
i)

Ifbothfatherandmotherhaveheterozygousgenotypes
A
A
I
ixI
i

A
I

A
I

AA
I
I

A
I
i

A
I
i

ii

AA A
PossiblebloodtypesofJenny:Abloodtype(I
IorI
i)orObloodtype(ii)

Conclusion
Inconclusion,everyonehasdifferenttypeofblood,evenyourfamilymembersstillget
thedifferentone.Butstill,wegetnutrientsandbenefits,ifyouchoosetoeatgoodfood,or
keepexercisingregularly.Bloodtypescanhelppatientswhodoneedbloodforperforming
surgery,oranykindoftransplant.Ifwedonothaveblood,ourbodywillnotworkproperly,
andsoonyouwilldie.Bloodhelpscirculatingeverysectionofyourbodytoensurethings
runningsmoothly.Fromthisexperiment,wehavelearnedaboutcoagulation,inwhichblood
takesfewsecondstobeclottedduetoredbloodcellsandwhitebloodcellsarematchedwith
theantigen.Therefore,theprocessofcoagulationisoccured.Inthiscase,Banksbloodtype
isAB,ashisredbloodcellsandwhitebloodcellsarematchedwithAntiA,AntiB,and
AntiAB.

References
AffinityandAvidityofAntibodies
AbDSerotech
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DavidC.2013.Autoimmunedisorder.
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bloodMedicineNet
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LauraJ.2014.Antibody.UnitedStates:U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine[accessed2015
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MandalA.2014.Whatisanantibody.
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[accessed2014
October13].
http://www.newsmedical.net/health/WhatisanAntibody.aspx

MultipleAllelesAbouteducation
http://evolution.about.com/od/EvolutionGlossary/g/MultipleAlleles.htm
[Wednesday
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Trait(biology)Sciencedaily
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/t/trait_(biology).htm
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