LI CM N

Em xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio, Thc s V Vn Tng Cng tc

ti Cc k thut nghip v I, B cng an, ngi trc tip hng dn tn
tnh ch bo em trong sut qu trnh lm tt nghip.
Em xin chn thnh cm n tt c cc thy c gio trong khoa Cng ngh
thng tin - Trng HDL Hi Phng, nhng ngi nhit tnh ging dy v
truyn t nhng kin thc cn thit trong sut thi gian em hc tp ti
trng, em hon thnh tt ti ny.
Em cng xin chn thnh cm n Ban lnh o, tt c cc c ch, cc anh
ch ti Cng ty C phn Thit b Bu in, gip v to mi iu kin tt
cho em trong thi gian thc tp v lm tt nghip ti Trung tm.
Trong qu trnh lm tt nghip tuy c nhiu c gng nhng khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s gp qu bu ca tt
c cc thy c gio, ca hi ng phn bin v ca tt c cc bn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Hi Phng, ngy ..........thng 7 nm 2009

Sinh vin
Trng Ngc Sn.

MC LC
LI CM N ................................................................................................... 1
MC LC ......................................................................................................... 2
M U .......................................................................................................... 4
CHNG 1:

TN HIU - C S X L TN HIU ............................... 5

1.1. Tn hiu ................................................................................................ 5

1.2. Cc tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian ....................................................... 7
1.2.1

Cc phng php biu din tn hiu ri rc ................................. 7

1.2.2

Mt vi tn hiu ri rc c bn ..................................................... 8

1.2.3

Phn loi cc tn hiu ri rc ........................................................ 9

1.2.4

Cc thao tc x l n gin trn tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian. 13

1.2.5

Biu din h thng ri rc theo thi gian bng s khi ....... 14

1.2.6

Phn loi cc h thng ri rc theo thi gian ............................. 16

CHNG 2:

C TRNG TING VIT ............................................... 18

2.1. c im ca Ting Vit ................................................................... 18

2.2. c im ng m............................................................................... 18
2.3. c im t vng .............................................................................. 18
2.4. c im ng php ............................................................................ 19
2.5. m tit trong ting Vit..................................................................... 20
CHNG 3:

BI TON NHN DNG TING NI ............................ 23

3.1. Mt s khi nim c bn v m thanh v ting ni.......................... 25

3.1.1

m thanh .................................................................................... 25

3.1.2

Cc c trng ca Ting ni ....................................................... 27

3.2. Mt s phng php nhn dng ting ni ......................................... 29

3.2.1

Mt s khuynh hng nghin cu nhn dng ting ni ............. 29

3.2.2

Cc n v x l ting ni .......................................................... 33

3.2.3

Mt s k thut kh nhiu .......................................................... 35

3.2.4

Mt s phng php nhn dng ting ni .................................. 36

CHNG 4:

CHNG TRNH DEMO ................................................. 44

4.1. Thit k cc chc nng chnh ............................................................ 44

2

4.2. La chn ngn ng lp trnh ............................................................. 45

4.3. Xy dng b mu nhn dng ............................................................. 45
4.4. Mt s hnh nh ca chng trnh ..................................................... 46
NH GI KT QU V KT LUN ....................................................... 49
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................... 50

M U
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin,
trong c cng ngh x l m thanh. c bit trong lnh vc x l m thanh
trong nhn dng ting Vit c mt ngha quan trng mang li nhiu ng
dng thit thc cho x hi, mang li nhng thay i mang tnh cch mng
trong nhiu lnh vc, pht thanh, truyn hnh, vin thng... Trong vi thp k
gn y, nhn dng l mt vn cun ht nhiu nh khoa hc cc lnh vc
khc nhau : Ton hc, iu khin, in t, sinh hc ... Trc s pht trin
mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, vn nhn dng cng c quan tm
nhiu hn nhm nng cao hiu qu giao tip ngi - my.
Trn th gii, cc ngn ng ph bin nh Anh, Php... c nhiu
phn mm nhn dng rt hiu qu. Vit Nam c nhiu cng trnh nghin
cu v lnh vc nhn dng ting ni (Speech recognition) trn c s l thuyt
cc h thng thng minh nhn to, nhiu kt qu tr thnh sn phm
thng mi nh ViaVoice, Dragon..., cc h thng bo mt thng qua nhn
dng ting ni cc h quay s in thoi bng ging ni... Trin khai nhng
cng trnh nghin cu v a vo thc t ng dng vn ny l mt vic
lm ht sc c ngha c bit trong giai on cng nghip ho hin i ho
hin nay ca nc ta.
Mc ch ca ti l nghin cu xy dng mt chng trnh nhn
dng ting ni ting Vit trong mi trng c nhiu vi u vo l tp t hn
ch l ting vit sau so snh vi cc mu c sn a ra kt qu. Ngoi
phn m u v kt lun n gm 4 chng:
Chng 1 : Tn hiu C s x l Tn hiu
Chng 2 : c trng Ting Vit
Chng 3 : Bi ton nhn dng Ting ni
Chng 4: Chng trnh Demo

CHNG 1:

TN HIU - C S X L TN HIU

C s ca x l tn hiu chnh l bc u ca qu trnh nhn dng

ting ni, khi bn ni mt t my s thu ging ca bn, ting ni s c biu
din di dng tn hiu, qua qu trnh x l tn hiu, ting ni u vo s
c i chiu vi tp mu m my c hc sn a ra kt qu. Di
y chnh l mt s cch nhn tng quan v tn hiu.
1.1.

Tn hiu
Tn hiu v mt ton hc l hm biu din trng thi vt l ca thng

tin. Ni chung, tn hiu l mt hm phc tp ca nhiu thng s. n gin

chng ta coi tn hiu l hm ca bin thi gian - tn hiu c 3 dng c bn:
- Tn hiu lin tc (tng t).
- Tn hiu ri rc (ly mu).
- Tn hiu s.
Ba loi tn hiu ny c mt cc v tr ca s hnh 1.1

Tn hiu lin tc l tn hiu c biu din bng hm s c bin s thi

gian c lp (hnh 1.2a).
Tn hiu ri rc (cn gi l tn hiu trch mu) l dy gi tr tn hiu
lin tc tng thi im ri rc v tn hiu c biu din di dng mt
dy s (hnh 1.2b). Tn hiu ri rc gp u ra mch lng t theo thi gian
(mch trchmu).

Tn hiu ri rc lng t theo bin l tn hiu c lng t theo

bin , thc cht l dy gi tr mu c quy trn theo cc mc lng t
bin (hnh 1.2c). Tn hiu ny gp u ra b lng t bin .
Tn hiu s l tn hiu lng t theo bin v m ho (hnh 1.2d). Cc
dng tn hiu va nu trn c m t trn hnh 1.2.
a. Tn hiu tng t.
b. Tn hiu ri rc (ly mu).
c. Tn hiu ri rc lng t theo bin ( lng t ho).
d. Tn hiu s ( gn cc bt c 2 cho cc mu lm trn).
Cc kiu tn hiu ny c biu din trong hnh 1. 2

Hnh 1.2. m t cc dng tn hiu

1.2.

Cc tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian

1.2.1 Cc phng php biu din tn hiu ri rc

Nh ta bit, tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian x(n) thc cht l hm ca
bin c lp c kiu s nguyn. tn hiu x(n) ch c nh ngha i vi cc
gi tr nguyn ca n. Trong khi nghin cu, chng ta gi s rng tn hiu ri
rc theo thi gian c nh ngha i vi gi tr nguyn ca n thuc khong <n<

. Theo qui c xem x(n) nh l mu th n ca tn hiu, Nu cho

rng x(n) l tn hiu nhn c do qu trnh ly mu ca tn hiu tng t

xa(t) th x(n) x(nT), trong T l chu k ly mu (thi gian gia hai ln ly
mu lin tip nhau)
Trong ti liu khi vit x(n) nh l cch vit n gin ca x(nT) hoc s
hiu l T=1.

x(n)

2
1.5

1.7

0.9

1.0
0.7
-

1.2
0.7
4

-4 Biu din
-2 -1th ca
0 tn1 hiu
2 ri3rc theo 5thi gian.
Hnh 1.3.

Ngoi phng php s dng th nh m t trn, cn c mt s

-0.8

-0.8

phng php khc tng i thun tin c s dng biu din tn hiu
(hoc dy) ri rc theo thi gian.
a. Biu din bng hm
vi n = 1,3
1,
V d: x(n) = 4, vi n = 2
0, vi cc gi tr cn li

b. Biu din bng bng

V d:
n

-2` -1

x(n .... 0

c. Biu din qua dy s

Tn hiu hoc dy v tn c m t qua v d di y.
x(n) = {0,0 1,4,1,0,0}
trong k hiu

dng

ch thi im gc (n = 0).

Dy x(n) c gi tr bng 0 vi n < 0 c biu din bng cch sau:

x(n) = {0,1,4,1,0,0}
y thi im gc vi dy x(n) c gi tr bng 0 nu n<0 c hiu
nh l im bn tri nht ca dy.
Dy hu hn c th c biu din bng cch:
x(n) = {3,-1,-2,5,0,4,-1}
Nu dy hu hn tho mn iu kin x(n) = 0 vi n<0 th dy c th
c biu din theo cch sau:
x(n) = {0,1,4,1}

1.2.2 Mt vi tn hiu ri rc c bn
a. Dy mu n v
Tn hiu ny cn c gi l dy xung n v v c nh ngha nh
sau:
(n)

1,
0,

n=0
n 0

Nh vy, dy mu n v l tn hiu ch c mt gi tr duy nht bng

n v ti thi im n = 0 trong khi tt c cc gi tr cn li u bng 0.
Tn hiu dy xung n v c m t bng th sau:
8

(n)

1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1.4 Biu din th ca tn hiu mu n v

n
b. Dy nhy bc n v

Dy ny cn c gi l tn hiu nhy bc n v hay hm bc thang v

c nh ngha qua hm sau:
u (n)

1,
0,

n>0
n<0

Gia tn hiu nhy bc n v v tn hiu xung n v c mi quan h:

u(n) =

(n k ) v

(n) u(n) u(n 1)

k 0

Tn hiu nhy bc n v c m t trn hnh sau:

U(n)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1.5 Biu din bng th ca tn hiu nhy bc n v

1.2.3 Phn loi cc tn hiu ri rc
Cc phng php ton hc c dng trong vic phn tch tn hiu v
h thng ri rc theo thi gian hon ton ph thuc vo c th ca tn hiu.

a. Tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut

Nng lng E ca tn hiu x(n) c nh ngha bng cng thc:
2

x ( n) ,
n

y x(n) l modul ca tn hiu. Vi cch nh ngha ny th cng

thc trn c th c s dng tnh nng lng ca tn hiu phc cng nh
ca tn hiu thc.
Nng lng ca tn hiu c th l hu hn hoc v hn. Nu E l hu
hn (0 < E <

) th x(n) c gi l tn hiu nng lng. phn bit nng

lng ca tn hiu ri rc, thng thng ngi ta s dng thm ch s x i

vi E v bit l Ex.
Rt nhiu tn hiu vi nng lng v hn li c cng sut hu hn.
Cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian x(n) c nh ngha
bng biu thc:
P=

N
1
x ( n) 2
2N 1 n N

Lim
n

Nu nh ngha nng lng tn hiu ca dy x(n) trong khong hu hn

-N < n < N l:
N

EN

x ( n)
n

th c th xc nh nng lng tn hiu E qua biu thc

E

Lim

EN

v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu x(n):

P

Lim
N

1
EN
2N 1

R rng rng nu E l hu hn th P=0. Trong khi nu E l v hn

th cng sut trung bnh P c th l hu hn hoc v hn. Nu P l hu hn
(v khc 0) tn hiu s c gi l tn hiu cng sut.

10

b. Tn hiu tun hon v khng tun hon

Nh nh ngha trong phn 1.3 tn hiu x(n) c gi l tun hon
vi chu k N(N>0) khi v ch khi:
x(n + N) = x(n) vi mi n
Gi tr nh nht ca N tho mn biu thc trn c gi l chu k c
bn. Nu khng c bt c mt gi tr no ca N bt trn l ng th tn hiu
c gi l khng tun hon. Hnh di l mt v d v tn hiu tun hon.
x(n)

M t bng th tn hiu tun hon

-1 0 1 2 3 4

Khi kho st tn hiu hnh sin ta nhn thy rng tn hiu.

x(n) = Asin2 f0n
l tn hiu tun hon nu f0 l mt s hu t, hay ni cch khc f0 c th
c biu din qua biu thc:
f0

k
N

trong k v N l nhng s nguyn.

Nng lng ca tn hiu tun hon x(n) trong mt chu k hay trong mt
khong 0

N-1 l hu hn nu x(n) nhn cc gi tr hu hn trong mt

chu k. Tuy vy, nng lng ca tn hiu tun hon vi -

l v hn.

Mt khc, cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu tun hon l hu hn v bng

cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k. Nh vy, nu x(n) l tn hiu tun
hon vi tn s c bn N v c cc gi tr hu hn th cng sut ca n c
xc nh qua biu thc:
11

1
N

N 1

x ( n)

n 0

Suy ra rng tn hiu tun hon l tn hiu cng sut.

c. Tn hiu i xng (chn) v tn hiu khng i xng (l)
Tn hiu c gi tr thc x(n) c gi l i xng (chn) nu:
x(-n) = x(n)
v c gi l phn i xng (l) nu:
x(-n) = - x(n)
C th nhn thy rng nu x(n) l l th x(0) =0
x(n)

1
-4

-3

-2

-1

x(n)

1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

53

n
Tn hiu chn c th c biu din qua cng thc:
xe (n)

1
[ x(n) x( n)]
2

Tn hiu l c th c biu din qua cng thc

x 0 ( n)

1
[ x(n) x( n)]
2

12

Nh vy nu x(n) l tn hiu bt k th ta c th biu din x(n) di

dng sau:
1
[ x(n) x(n) x( n) x( n)]
2
1
1
[ x(n) x( n)]
[ x ( n ) x ( n)
2
2

x ( n)

= x e(n) xo(n)
Nh vy mt tn hiu bt k c th c biu din di dng tng ca
tn hiu chn v tn hiu l
1.2.4 Cc thao tc x l n gin trn tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian.
Trong phn ny ta s xem xt mt vi x l n gin lin quan n cc
bin c lp v bin ca tn hiu.
a.Php dch cc bin c lp.
Tn hiu x(n) c th c dch chuyn theo thi gian bng cch thay th
bin c lp n bi n- k trong k l s nguyn. Nu k l s nguyn dng th
kt qu ca s dch chuyn v thi gian s l s tr ca tn hiu vi k n v
ca thi gian. Nu k l s m th kt qu ca s dch chuyn theo thi gian l
s vt trc ca tn hiu vi k n v thi gian.
b. Php nhn, cng v php ly t l.
Vic thay i ca bin tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian c th c
thc hin qua cc php ton (thao tc) cng, nhn, ly t l.
Ly t l cn c gi l php nhn ca dy vi hng s v thc hin
bng cch nhn gi tr ca mi mu vi chnh hng s . Gi s rng s
c k hiu l A, khi ta c th vit:
y(n) = Ax(n), -

Tng ca hai tn hiu x1(n) v x2(n) l mt tn hiu y(n) vi gi tr

mi thi im bng tng cc gi tr x1(n) v x2(n) tng ng thi im
v nh vy:
y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n), -

n
13

Tch ca hai tn hiu l mt tn hiu khc vi gi tr mi thi im

bng tch cc gi tr ca hai tn hiu thi im tng ng, hay:
y(n) = x1(n).x2(n), -

1.2.5 Biu din h thng ri rc theo thi gian bng s khi

a. B nhn vi hng s (constant muLTIplier)
Php ton ny c m t trn hnh di v biu din mt php ly t
l ca tn hiu u vo x(n).
x(n)

y(n) = ax(n)

Biu din s ca h nhn vi hng s.

b. B cng (Adder)
Hnh di m t mt h thng (b cng) thc hin cng hai dy tn
hiu vi kt qu l mt dy khc - dy y(n) (dy tng).
Trong qu trnh thc hin thao tc cng ta khng cn phi lu tr bt
c mt gi tr trung gian no bi v php cng c thc hin tc th khng
nh.
x1(n)
y(n)=x1(n) + x2(n)

x2(n)

Biu din qua s ca b cng.

14

c. B nhn tn hiu (signal muLTIplier)

biu din mt b nhn ca hai dy tn hiu vi kt qu l mt dy tch
y(n). Cng ging nh hai trng hp trc, y php nhn cng l php
ton khng nh.
x1(n)

y(n)=x1(n)x2(n)

x2(n)

Biu din qua s ca h nhn.

d. Phn t tr n v
Phn t tr n v (unit delay element) l h thng c bit c tc dng
lm tr tn hiu i qua vi thi gian bng mt n v. h thng ny l h thng
c nh
Trong min Z, phn t ny c k hiu bi z-1. s biu din
x(n)

y(n) = x(n-1)
Z

-1

e. Phn t vt trc n v (Unit advance element)

Tri ngc vi h tr n v, h vt trc n v s chuyn u vo
x(n) dch v trc mt mu theo thi gian c th nhn c u ra tn
hiu y(n) = x(n+1).
x(n)

y(n) = x(n+1)

Biu din qua s ca phn t vt trc.

15

1.2.6 Phn loi cc h thng ri rc theo thi gian

a. H nh v khng nh
H thng ri rc theo thi gian c gi l khng nh (memoryless)
hoc tnh (static) nu tn hiu ra ca n mi thi im ch ph thuc vo tn
hiu u vo cng mt thi im m khng ph thuc vo cc gi tr mu
ca tn hiu u vo trong qu kh hoc trong tng lai. Trong trng hp
ngc li, h thng c gi l c nh hoc bin i (dynamic). Nu u ra
ca h thng thi im n c th c xc nh mt cch hon ton bi cc
mu u vo trong khong t n-N n n (N

0) th h thng c gi l c

nh trong khong N. Nu N = 0 th h s l h khng nh. Nu 0 < N <

thng c gi l h nh hu hn, ngc li nu N =

th h c gi l h

nh v hn.
b. H thng bt bin v khng bt bin theo thi gian
Mt h c gi l bt bin theo thi gian nu nh c trng vo/ra ca
n khng thay i theo thi gian
nh l. Mt h thng relaxed c gi l bt bin theo thi gian khi
v ch khi:
x(n) T y(n)
suy ra

x(n-k) T y(n-k)

i vi mi tn hiu u vo x(n) v mi thi gian dch chuyn k.

c. H tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh
Cc h thng c th c chia lm hai loi tuyn tnh v khng tuyn
tnh. H thng c gi l tuyn tnh nu n tha mn nguyn l xp chng
nh l : H thng c xem l tuyn tnh khi v ch khi:
T[a1x1(n) + a2x2(n)] = a1 T[x1(n)] + a2T[x2(n)]
i vi mi dy tn hiu u vo x1(n), x2(n) v cc hng s a1, a2

16

x1(n)
a1

y(n)

a2
x2(n)
x1(n)

T
a1

+
x2(n)

y(n)

a2

Biu din ho ca nguyn tc xp chng

17

CHNG 2:
2.1.

C TRNG TING VIT

c im ca Ting Vit
Ting ni thng xut hin di nhiu hnh thc m ta gi l m

thoi , vic m thoi th hin kinh nghim ca con ngi.Nhng ngi c

iu kin th cht v tnh thn bnh thng th rt d din t ting ni ca
mnh do ting ni l phng tin giao tip chnh trong lc m thoi.
Ting ni l m thanh mang mc ch din t thng tin,l cng c t
duy v tr tu,ting ni mang tnh c trng ca loi ngi.
Ting Vit thuc ngn ng n lp, tc l mi mt ting (m tit) c
pht m tch ri nhau v c th hin bng mt ch vit. c im ny th
hin r rt tt c cc mt ng m, t vng, ng php.
2.2.

c im ng m
Trong ting Vit c mt loi n v c bit gi l ting. V mt ng

m, mt ting l mt m tit. H thng m v ting Vit phong ph v c tnh

cn i, to ra tim nng ca ng m ting Vit trong vic th hin cc n v
c ngha. Nhiu t tng hnh, tng thanh c gi tr gi t c sc. Khi to
cu, to li, ngi Vit rt ch n s hi ho v ng m, n ng iu ca
cu vn.
2.3.

c im t vng
Mi ting, ni chung, l mt yu t c ngha. Ting l n v c s ca

h thng cc n v c ngha ca ting Vit. T ting, ngi ta to ra cc n

v t vng khc nh dng s vt, hin tng..., ch yu nh phng thc
ghp v phng thc ly.
Vic to ra cc n v t vng phng thc ghp lun chu s chi
phi ca quy lut kt hp ng ngha. Theo phng thc ny, ting Vit trit
s dng cc yu t cu to t thun Vit hay vay mn t cc ngn ng
khc to ra cc t, ng mi, v d: tip th, karaoke, th in t (e-mail),
18

th thoi (voice mail), phin bn (version), xa l thng tin, lin kt siu vn

bn, truy cp ngu
Vic to ra cc n v t vng phng thc ly th quy lut phi hp
ng m chi phi ch yu vic to ra cc n v t vng v d chm cha,
chng ch, ng ng nh, th thn, lng la lng ling, v.v.
2.4.

c im ng php
T ca ting Vit khng bin i hnh thi. c im ny s chi phi

cc c im ng php khc. Khi t kt hp t s tr thnh cc kt cu nh

ng, cu. Trong ting Vit khi ni Anh ta li n l khc vi Li n anh
ta, Nh trt t kt hp ca t m c ci khc vi ci c, tnh cm
khc vi cm tnh. Trt t ch ng ng trc, v ng ng sau l trt t
ph bin ca kt cu cu ting Vit
Ting Vit rt coi trng phng thc trt t t v h t ngoi ra trong
ting Vit cn dng phng thc l ng iu.
Phng thc h t cng l phng thc ng php ch yu ca ting
Vit. Nh h t m t hp anh ca em khc vi t hp anh v em, anh
v em. H t cng vi trt t t cho php ting Vit to ra nhiu cu cng c
ni dung thng bo c bn nh nhau nhng khc nhau v sc thi biu cm.
V d, so snh cc cu sau y:
- ng y khng ht thuc
- Thuc, ng y khng ht
Ng iu gi vai tr trong vic biu hin quan h c php ca cc yu
t trong cu, nh nhm a ra ni dung mun thng bo. Trn vn bn,
ng iu thng c biu hin bng du cu. Chng ta th so snh hai cu
sau thy s khc nhau trong ni dung thng bo:
- m hm qua, cu gy.
- m hm, qua cu gy.
Qua mt s c im ni bt va nu trn y, chng ta c th hnh
dung c phn no bn sc v tim nng ca ting Vit.
19

2.5.

m tit trong ting Vit

m tit l m v nh nht khi ni. D pht m c tht chm,tht tch

bch th nhng m thanh ca pht ngn cng khng th chia nh c na.

Mi m tit ting Vit l mt khi hon chnh trong pht m, nhng khng
phi l mt khi bt bin m c cu to lp ghp. Khi lp ghp y c th
tho ri tng b phn ca m tit ny hon v vi b phn tng ng ca
cc m tit khc.
V d:
tin u u tin

o tt t m tit v hon v thanh iu

hin i hi in

hon v phn sau in cho ai

nh ay nhy i

thanh iu gi nguyn v tr cng vi phn u nh

v

m tit v th c tnh ton vn c pht m bng mt t cng ca b

my pht m.Cc t cng ca c ni tip nhau lm thnh mt chui m tit
v c th hnh dung bng mt chui ng cong hnh sin .

Trong s trn l hai cch pht m c v qu.Trong pht m

th nht c 2 m tit,m [u] nm nh m tit u.Trong pht m th hai c
mt m tit v m [u] nm sn ca m tit.
Cu trc tng qut ca mt m tit trong ting Vit l

20

Cn y l cu trc cht ch ca mt m tit trong ting Vit

C th hnh dung v cu to m tit ting vit trong mt m hnh nh

sau:
Thanh iu: khng (zero), huyn (`), hi (?), ng (

) Sc ( ' ), nng (.)

Vn
t

m u

m m

m chnh

m cui

m u: thng l ph m, c gi l ph m u,n c chc nng

to ra m sc cho m tit lc m u.m u c th vng mt trong mt s
trng hp nh khi ta ni an,m
m m: m m l yu t ng v tr th hai, sau m u. N to
nn s i lp trn mi (voan) v khng trn mi (van), c chc nng lm
thay i m sc ca m tit lc khi u v lm khu bit m tit ny vi m
tit khc.v d nh tn v ton.m m c th vng mt trong mt s
trng hp khi c m u v o.
m chnh : m chnh ng v tr th ba trong m tit, l ht nhn, l
nh ca m tit, n mang m sc ch yu ca m tit. m chnh lun lun c
mt trong mi m tit c chc nng quy nh m sc ch yu ca m tit .m
chnh lun lun l nguyn m.
m cui : c th l ph m hoc l bn nguyn m (ting vit c 2 bn
nguyn m l i v u). m cui c v tr cui cng ca m tit v c chc nng
kt thc m tit,do vy khi c am cui th m tit ko c kh nng kt hp vi
m khc,vd nh cimt s m cui vn c kh nng kt hp vi m khc

21

nh quc th thnh qut hay qunh th y vn c coi l m cui v

sau l c mt ca mt m cui gi l m cui zezo.
Thanh iu : lun c mt trong m tit v c ngha quyt nh m tit
v cao. Ting Vit c 6 thanh iu: thanh ngang (khng du, ting Anh:
zero /level), huyn (falling), ng (broken), hi (curve), sc (rising), nng
(drop).C nhiu kin khc nhau v v tr ca thanh iu trong m tit.
Nhng kin cho rng thanh iu nm trong c qu trnh pht m ca m tit
(nm trn ton b m tit) l ng tin cy nht v v tr ca thanh iu.

22

CHNG 3:

BI TON NHN DNG TING NI

Khi qut v nhn dng

Hin nay cha c mt nh ngha chung no v nhn dng, nhng v
bn cht ca qu trnh nhn dng mt i tng cha bit no l sp xp
a i tng cha bit v lp cc i tng bit. Thc hin vic so snh
a ra kt lun i tng cn nhn dng thuc lp i tng no bit.
Nhng yu t cn quan tm trong bi ton nhn dng
Khng gian biu din quan st: L tp hp cc k hiu, s liu miu t
i tng sau qu trnh cm nhn.
Khng gian c tnh: l tp hp cc miu t c tnh sau qu trnh trch
chn c tnh.
Khng gian din dch: l tp hp cc tn ca cc i tng hoc tn ca
cc lp i tng cho bit i tng quan st thuc v lp no.
Cc vn ca h thng nhn dng
Biu din hoc miu t i tng nhn dng
Trch chn c tnh: Qu trnh trch chn c tnh, cc c trng c bn
phi m bo cc tiu ch sau:
. Gim c th nguyn khng gian biu din
. m bo c lng thng tin phn bit i tng ny
vi i tng khc
.C ng cc c tnh chnh
Qu trnh hc: qu trnh hc thc cht l qu trnh nhm cc lp c
cng mt s c tnh chnh, c mt s phng php hc sau:
. Hc c mu: l s hc c bt u bi tn ti s phn lp
i vi mt s i tng mu hoc bit c tnh ca cc lp i tng, ni
cch khc l xc nh c bin gii gia cc lp sao cho c th nhn
bit c i tng thuc lp no.
. Hc khng c mu: qu trnh hc khng c mu bt u khi s
phn lp cha hnh thnh, v khng c mu. Qu trnh hc nhm tin hnh
23

nhm dn dn trn c s cc i tng quan st c tng t gn nhau

tin hnh s phn lp.
Qu trnh ra quyt nh : Qu trnh ra quyt nh l tm ra 1 lut da
trn c s bit s phn lp cc i tng cng nh c trng ca cc lp
quyt nh mt i tng quan st thuc 1 lp no hoc ng nht vi mt
phn t no .
Khi qut v nhn dng ting ni
Nhn dng ting ni l mt qu trnh nhn dng mu, vi mc ch l
phn lp (classify) thng tin u vo l tn hiu ting ni thnh mt dy tun
t cc mu c hc trc v lu tr trong b nh. Cc mu l cc n
v nhn dng, chng c th l cc t, hoc cc m v.
Nhn dng ting ni l mt k thut c th ng dng trong rt nhiu
lnh vc ca cuc sng : trong vic iu khin (iu khin robot, ng c,
iu khin xe ln cho ngi tn tt), an ninh quc phng
Cc nghin cu v nhn dng ting ni da trn ba nguyn tc c bn:
+) Tn hiu ting ni c biu din chnh xc bi cc gi tr ph trong
mt khung thi gian ngn (short-term amplitude spectrum). Nh vy ta c th
trch ra cc c im ting ni t nhng khong thi gian ngn v dng cc
c im ny lm d liu nhn dng ting ni.
+) Ni dung ca ting ni c biu din di dng ch vit, l mt
dy cc k hiu ng m. Do ngha ca mt pht m c bo ton khi
chng ta
phin m pht m thnh dy cc k hiu ng m.
+) Nhn dng ting ni l mt qu trnh nhn thc. Thng tin v ng
ngha (semantics) v suy on (pragmatics) c gi tr trong qu trnh nhn
dng ting ni, nht l khi thng tin v m hc l khng r rng.
Ngi ta chia cc dng bi ton nhn dng ting ni theo mt s tiu
ch sau:
- Nhn dng ting ni ph thuc ngi ni/ c lp ngi ni
24

- Kiu li ni: lin tc hay ri rc

- Kch thc t in: nh, trung bnh hoc ln
- Nhn dng trong mi trng c nhiu hay khng c nhiu
Da vo kch thc t in, cc h thng nhn dng ting ni cn c
chia thnh 3 loi chnh sau :
- Cc h thng t in nh: thng t 20- 200 t.
- Cc h thng t in trung bnh: thng t 201- 1000 t.
- Cc h thng t in c ln: c t trn 1000 t.
3.1.

Mt s khi nim c bn v m thanh v ting ni.

3.1.1

m thanh
+ sng m v cm gic m
- Khi mt vt giao ng v mt pha no , lp khng kh lin trc

n b nn li v lp khng kh lin sau n b dn ra. S dn v nn ca cc lp

khng kh lp i lp li to ra trong khng kh mt sng dc n hi vi tn
s no . Sng khng kh truyn ti tai ngi lm cho mng nh dao ng
theo tn s , khi tn s sng t n mt mc nht nh th to ra cm
gic m thanh trong tai ngi
- Mng nh tai ngi ni chung thu c sng c tn s t 16hz n
20.000hz. Trong khong tn s dao ng c gi l dao ng m thanh
hay m thanh.
+ cao ca m
- Nhng m thanh c tn s khc nhau gy cho ta nhng cm gic m
khc nhau, m c tn s ln gi l m cao cn m c tn s nh gi l m
thp hay m trm.
+ Nng lng ca m
- Cng nh cc sng c hc khc, sng m mang nng lng t l vi
bnh phng bin sng. Nng lng s truyn t ngun m ti tai
ngi.
25

+ Cng m
- L nng lng c sng m truyn trong mt n v thi gian qua
mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn (w/m2). i vi tai
ngi, cng m (I) l tham s khng quan trng bng gi tr t s I/I 0 vi
(I0 l cng chun). Ngi ta nh ngha n ca m thanh L qua biu
thc sau:
L=lg(I/I0)
Th nguyn ca L l Ben (k hiu: B). Nh vy khi L=1,2,3 c ngha
l cng m I ln hn 10, 102, 103ln cng m chun I0
Sau y l mt s mc m lng
- Ting n trong phng: khong 30 dB
- Ting n o ngoi ng ph: khong 90 dB
- Ngng au tai: khong 130 dB
+ to ca m
to ca m (m lng) i vi tai ngi khng trng vi cng
m. Tai ngi nghe thnh nht i vi cc m trong min tn s 1000-5000Hz
v nghe m cao thnh hn m trm.
+ m sc
m sc l mt c tnh sinh l ca m, c hnh thnh trn c s cc
c tnh vt l ca m l tn s v bin . Thc nghim chng t rng khi
mt dao ng m thanh pht ra mt m c tn s f0 th ng thi cng pht ra
cc m c tn s f1=2f0, f3=3f0
m c tn s f0 gi l m c bn hay ho m th nht, cc m c tn s
cao hn gi l ho m th 2, th 3,m c bn bao gi cng mnh nht, cc
ho m c tc dng quyt nh m sc ca m c bn. Tu theo cu trc
khoang ming, c hng v khoang mi ca tng ngi m c cc ho m
khc nhau.

26

3.1.2 Cc c trng ca Ting ni

Nng lng v ln trung bnh thi gian ngn
Nng lng thi gian ngn c nh ngha theo cng thc sau:
[ x(m) w(n m)]2

(3.1.1)

Do tnh nng lng c php tnh bnh phng nn kt qu thng c

gi tr rt ln. Ngi ta thay th bng mt i lng khc l ln trung bnh.
Mn

| x(m) | w(n m)

(3.1.2)

Trong w(n-m) l khung ca s ly tn hiu m thanh.

Cn c vo cc gi tr nng lng hoc ln thi gian ngn c th
phn bit c cc on hu thanh v thanh hoc cc on tn hiu nhiu
nn.
Tn s ct khng trung bnh thi gian ngn
Cc tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian, khi nim tn s ct khng c ngha
l s ln tn hiu i du. y l mt i lng tn s n gin ca tn hiu.
V d tn hiu hnh sin c tn s F0 , tn s ly mu Fs c Fs/F0 mu trong mt
chu k sng sin, trong khi mi chu k c hai ln ct khng, do tn s
ct khng trung bnh thi gian di l Z = 2F0/Fs s ln ct trn mu. Nh vy
tn s ct khng trung bnh cng l mt cch xc nh tn s ca sng hnh
sin. Tn hiu ting ni l tn hiu bng rng nn thng xc nh tn s ct
khng trong on thi gian ngn, cng thc chung nh sau:
| sgn[ x(m)] sgn[ x(m 1)] | w(m n)

Zn

(3.1.3)

Trong :
sgn[x(n)]

= 1 khi x(n)

= -1 khi x(n) < 0

w(n) : ca s ly tn hiu
w(n) = 1 nu 0

N-1= 0 trng hp cn li.

27

Nng lng, ln v tn s ct khng thi gian ngn l cch n gin

v hiu qu xc nh phn nhiu nn v tn hiu, phn tn hiu v thanh v
hu thanh. Bng thc nghim quan st trc quan ta thy : Phn c tn hiu m
thanh th bin sng m ln hn phn nhiu nn. Mt khc gi tr trung bnh
bin sng m ca hai on m thanh c tn hiu v nhiu nn u xp x
khng.
Khi cn phn bit phn nhiu nn v tn hiu, phn tn hiu v thanh v
hu thanh, thng ta ch cn mt ch tiu trn cng phn bit. Nhng
i khi trng hp phc tp hn trong phn bit m xt v nhiu nn ta cn
phi s dng n c hai ch tiu nng lng v tn s ct khng. Ngoi ra cc
ch tiu trn cn c s dng thit lp chu k Pitch(tn s c bn ca
ting ni).
Hm sai khc ln trung bnh thi gian ngn
Di y s trnh by mt phng php rt hu dng trch ra c
tn s Pitch(tn s c bn ca ting ni). Hm sai khc ln trung bnh thi
gian ngn c nh ngha nh sau :

AMDF ( P)

1 ko N
| yi
N i ko 1

yi

(3.1.4)

Gi s chui {yn} tun hon vi chu k P0 th hm AMDF s t gi

tr cc tiu ti P0 . Nh vy vic xc nh chu k Pitch ca ting ni s thng
qua xc nh ch s P0 m ti hm AMDF i gi tr cc tiu. Trong thc
t chu k Pitch ting ni ca mt ngi nm trong mt min gii hn, v vy
khng cn thit phi tnh ton cho mi gi tr P ca hm AMDF. Qua thc
nghim m thanh ting ni con ngi, chu k Pitch nm trong khong 2.5
mili giy n 19.5 mili giy. Vi tc ly mu thc hin trong n l
11025 mu trn giy th chu k Pitch nm trong khong 30 n 220.

28

3.2.

Mt s phng php nhn dng ting ni

3.2.1

Mt s khuynh hng nghin cu nhn dng ting ni

Hin nay trn th gii c 4 khuynh hng nghin cu nhn dng ting

ni, gm :
- Hng tip cn m hc ng m hc.
- Hng tip cn nhn dng theo mu thng k.
- Hng tip cn tr tu nhn to.
- Hng tip cn s dng mng nron.
3.2.1.1 Hng tip cn m hc ng m hc nhn dng ting ni
Khuynh hng m hc ng m hc da trn l thuyt v ng m
hc. L thuyt ny cho rng tn ti cc n v ng m xc nh, c tnh phn
bit trong li ni v cc n v ng m c c trng bi mt tp cc c
tnh tn hiu ting ni . Mc d cc c tnh m hc ca cc n v ng m
bin thin rt ln theo c ging ngi ni ln tc ng ca cc n v ng m
xung quanh (cn gi l hin tng ng pht m), nhng vn tn ti cc qui
tc cho php gii quyt nhng vn nh vy
Bc u tin trong hng tip cn m hc ng m hc nhn dng
ting ni l phn on v gn nhn. Bc ny chia tn hiu ting ni thnh cc
on c cc c tnh m hc c trng cho mt (hoc vi) n v ng m
(hoc lp), ng thi gn cho mi on m thanh mt hay nhiu nhn ng
m ph hp.
Bc th hai xc nh mt t (hoc mt chui t) ng trong s chui
cc nhn ng m c to ra sau bc mt v phi tun th mt s iu kin
rng buc (tc l cc t c chn ra trong t in cho trc phi ph hp
nguyn tc ng php v c ngha)
S khi ca h thng nhn dng ting ni theo hng m hc ng
m hc th hin trn Hnh 1.1

29

H thng nhn dng ting ni theo khuynh hng ny gp phi kh

nhiu vn kh khn do n cha c p dng nhiu trong thc t.
Khuynh hng ny i hi s hiu bit su sc v cc tnh cht m hc ca
cc n v ng m. Ngun kin thc ny kh c th y c nn nhn
dng ting ni theo khuynh hng ny vn cn l ch nghin cu th v
nhng cn c nghin cu v tm hiu su sc hn c th p dng thnh
cng vo cc h thng nhn dng ting ni thc t.
3.2.1.2 Hng tip cn nhn dng theo mu thng k
Nhn dng ting ni theo khuynh hng ny l s dng trc tip cc
mu tn hiu ting ni m khng phi xc nh r rng cc c tnh m hc
(so vi khuynh hng m hc ng m hc) v khng phi phn on ting
ni. Cc h thng nhn dng ting ni theo khuynh hng ny c thc hin
theo hai bc:
Bc th nht: S dng tp mu ting ni (c s d liu ting ni)
hun luyn h thng, tri thc v ting ni ca h thng nhn dng ting ni
c tch lu thng qua qu trnh hun luyn
Bc th hai: Nhn dng, thc hin so snh ting ni cha bit vi cc
mu c hun luyn.
Nguyn tc c bn ca hng ny l nu c s d liu dng cho hun
luyn c cc phin bn ca mu cn nhn dng th qu trnh nhn dng c
30

th xc nh c cc c tnh m hc ca mu (mu c th l m v, t hoc

cm t).
Hng tip cn theo mu thng k c ccchc nng ch yu sau:
- Phn tch v xc nh cc tham s: Tn hiu ting ni c phn tch
thnh mt chui cc c trng xc nh cc mu nhn dng. i
vi tn hiu ting ni, cc c trng ny thng l kt qu ca mt
s k thut phn tch ph nh ngn hng b lc, phn tch m ho
d bo tuyn tnh (LPC), bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT)
- Hun luyn mu: Mt s mu tng ng vi cc n v m thanh
cng loi c s dng hc, trch chn ra cc c trng ca mu
.
- Khi phn lp mu: Mu u vo cha bit c so snh vi mu
i din ca mt loi m thanh no v o khong cch (cn gi l
ging nhau) gia mu u vo v mu chun.
- Khi nguyn tc chn: Cc ch s v im ging nhau gia cc mu
tn hiu ting ni u vo v mu chun c s dng quyt nh
mu chun no ph hp nht vi mu u vo cha bit.
Vic chn hng tip cn ny c nhng u v nhc im sau:
- Tnh n gin v d hiu trong vic p dng thut ton
- Tnh bt bin trong thut ton so snh mu v quyt nh i vi
mi t vng, mi ngi s dng
- S thc hin ca h thng rt nhy cm vi s lng d liu hun
luyn c th cung cp cho lp cc mu chun. Ni chung, hun
luyn cng nhiu th hiu sut thc hin ca h thng cng cao.
- Khng c kin thc ting ni c bit dng xc nh h thng
v vy phng php ny khng nhy cm vi vic chn t vng,
c php v ng ngha.

31

- S tnh ton cho hun luyn mu v phn lp mu ni chung l

tuyn tnh i vi s mu hun luyn hoc nhn dng, v vy khi
s lp ln th s php tnh tng ln cng nhanh.
- Tng i d rng buc trc tip cc thnh phn ng php (v c
ng ngha) vo cu trc nhn dng mu, do ci thin c tnh
chnh xc nhn dng v gim c s tnh ton
3.2.1.3 Hng tip cn tr tu nhn to cho nhn dng ting ni
Nhn dng ting ni theo hng tr tu nhn to l s kt hp gia
khuynh hng m hc vi khuynh hng nhn dng mu v n khai thc cc
tng ca hai khuynh hng . Nhn dng ting ni theo khuynh hng
ny l c gng t ng ho th tc nhn dng theo cch m con ngi p
dng tr tu ca mnh hnh dung, phn tch v cui cng a ra quyt nh
trn cc c trng m hc o c. Trong thc t, cc k thut nhn dng
ting ni theo khuynh hng ny l s s dng h chuyn gia cho s phn
on v gn nhn, nh th bc ct yu v kh khn nht ny c th c
thc hin khng ch nh cc thng tin m hc ( tng nhn dng theo
khuynh hng m hc) m cn phn bit cc mu m thanh ( tng ca
nhn dng mu).
tng c bn ca hng tip cn tr tu nhn to vo nhn dng ting
ni l thu thp kin thc t cc ngun tri thc khc nhau gii quyt cc vn
ang t ra, v d tip cn tr tu nhn to cho vic phn on v gn nhn
ting ni cn c s tng hp cc kin thc v m hc, kin thc t vng, kin
thc ng php, kin thc ng ngha v thm ch c kin thc thc t.
3.2.1.4 Hng tip cn s dng mng nron
Xt v kha cnh m phng tr tu con ngi th mng nron nhn to
c th coi l phng php tip cn tr tu nhn to, tuy nhin c th coi y l
mt phng php ring.
Phng php ny thc cht c c s l phng php nhn dng mu
thng k. Khc c bn l cch thc lu tr mu. Phng php ny ch lu tr
32

vect s liu th hin tham s c trng thng qua trng s lin kt v h s

hiu chnh.
3.2.2

Cc n v x l ting ni
3.2.2.1 Tn s ly mu
Qu trnh ly mu to ra tn hiu ri rc hoc tn hiu s t tn hiu

tng t. Tn s ly mu l s ln ly mu c tnh trong mt n v thi

gian, thng thng l giy. Tn s ly mu k hiu l Fs.
Khong thi gian m qu trnh ly mu c lp li gi l chu k ly
mu.
V d: Fs = 11025 Hz
1s thu c 11025 mu
1ms thu c 11025/1000

11 mu.

S bit lu mt mu c th l 8 hoc 16 bit.

+ 8 bit/1 mu: x(n)

(0,28 - 1)

Ngng lng tuyt i l 128

+ 16 bit/1 mu: x(n)

(2-15, 215-1)

Ngng lng tuyt i l 0

3.2.2.2 Tn s c bn
Mt m thanh c th l t hp ca nhiu tn s, tn s chnh bao trm
trong m c gi l tn s c bn. Trong ting ni, tn s c bn l p ng
ca s rung ng cc dy thanh m, tn s c bn thng c k hiu l F 0.
Tn s c bn c gi tr ph thuc vo tn s ly mu v khong cch a,
l khong cch gia hai nh ca cc sng m tun hon.
n v ca tn s l Hertz, k hiu l Hz. Mi Hz bng 1 dao ng/1s.
v 1KHz s bng 1000 Hz.
3. 2. 2. 3 Nhiu
Nhiu i vi h thng l loi m thanh ngoi mong mun hoc khng
phi ting ni sinh ra trong mi trng xung quanh. Ngay c b pht m ca
con ngi i khi cng sinh ra nhiu, chng hn nh ting th, ting bt li,
33

ting chp ming c khi mi chm vo micro... Khng d g c th lc c

mi th nhiu, ta ch tm cch ti thiu ho chng c th nng cao cht
lng ca h thng nhn dng.
Vi tn hiu ting ni l sn, tn hiu nhn c sau qu trnh thu s c
~

k hiu l s n . Nh vy:
~

s n - sn chnh l tn hiu nn. nhiu ca tn hiu c xc nh thng

N

s 2n

qua nng lng o c ca tn hiu: E = 10log10

n 0
N

sn

sn

n 0

(n v nng lng tnh bng dB)

~

Nh vy, nu nng lng E cng ln th s n cng gn vi sn, tn hiu nn

c gi tr gn v 0. Nu E

th tn hiu thu c l tn hiu sch, khng c

nhiu.
3.2.2.4 Thng s n nhiu.
Cch xc nh: Thng bo yu cu ngi s dng dng ni trong 3
giy v thu tn hiu trong thi gian ly ting n nhiu ca mi trng
xung quanh. Ngng im lng c xc nh l nng lng cao nht ca cc
frame. Ngoi ra c th dng bin i Fourier tnh ra cc tn s nhiu phc
v cho vic lc nhiu.
3.2.2.5 Lc nhiu
Hin ti, vic lc nhiu ca h thng c thc hin theo phng php
kinh in l dng php bin i Fourier vi thut ton FFT. Dng bin i
Fourier thun xc nh c cc tn s tham gia v loi i tt c tn s khng
thuc phm vi ting ni (nu bit c phm vi tn s ng ca ngi s dng
th kt qu lc s cng cao) bng cch cho cc h s tng ng gi tr zero sau
bin i ngc li.

34

3.2.3

Mt s k thut kh nhiu
1. K thut CMS
y l mt k thut thng dng kh nhiu trong cc h thng nhn

dng, c dng kt hp trong qu trnh tnh ton cc c tnh ph ca ting

ni. Phng php ny da trn gi thit l cc c tnh tn s ca mi trng
l thng xuyn c nh hoc bin i chm. Cc tham s cepstral ca mt
pht m c tr i gi tr trung bnh ca cc tham s trong mt khong thi
gian no v lm cho cc gi tr ny t b nh hng bi mi trng
( ) = O( ) -

1
T

O( )

(3.2.1)

t 1

Trong , T l di ca vng ly gi tr trung bnh, thng l di

ca c pht m.
2. K thut RASTA
RASTA l k thut lc da trn gi thit rng cc tnh cht thi gian ca
cc nhiu l khc so vi cc tnh cht thi gian ca ging ni. Tc thay i
ca cc thnhphn khng phi ting ni thng xuyn nm ngoi tc hot
ng ca b my pht m con ngi. Bng cch dng b lc s, k thut
RASTA c th loi b c mt phn cc nhiu ca mi trng v cc nhiu
b sung bt thng khc. B lc dng trong RASTA l:
H(z) =

0,2

0,1z 1 0,2z 2
1 0,94z 1

0,1z

(3.2.2)

Cc k thut kh nhiu thng yu cu mt on ting ni ln

phn tch, thng k. V vy, khi p dng cc k thut kh nhiu vo nhn dng
ting ni, cn lu n tc x l v bo tn cc c trng m hc ca ph
m, c bit l cc ph m v thanh. m bo thc hin c trong thi
gian thc, hin nay, ngi ta p dng m hnh tham s thch nghi vi nhiu. C
th nh sau: Khi hun luyn tham s, ngi ta ly mt mu sch, khng b
nhiu, hun luyn, sau , ngi ta ly cc mu sch ny trn vi cc loi
nhiu sinh bi cc m hnh ton hc khc nhau v tham s m hnh s c
bin i bi mu nhiu nh cc cng c m hnh nh mng Nron. Do ,
35

trong giai on nhn dng, khi tn hiu thc c a vo h thng, ngi ta s

tnh thng cc c trng v quyt nh t chnh tn hiu ch khng cn lc
3.2.4

Mt s phng php nhn dng ting ni

3.2.4.1 S khi h thng nhn dng ting ni
Qu trnh nhn dng ting ni c th m t s lc nh sau: m thanh

mi a vo my s c phn tch trch ra cc c trng ca ting ni,

ngn ng. Sau em so snh vi cc mu ta thc hin phn tch t trc.
Cui cng l a ra quyt nh nhn dng i vi m thanh mi. So snh mu
thc hin tnh ton v quyt nh cho nhn dng ting ni.
Cc mu
so snh
u ra kt

u vo
m thanh

Trch
c trng

Quyt nh
nhn dng

qu nhn
dddng

H thng so snh mu
Vi h thng so snh mu, y ch l m t mt cch khi qut nht
cho mt ng dng nhn dng ting ni. Di y l s khi cho h thng
nhn dng ting ni theo tng t ring bit.

Cc t mu
so snh
u ra kt

u vo
m thanh

Trch
c trng

Quyt nh
nhn dng t

qu nhn
dng

36

H thng ny c nhiu kh nng thc hin. Nhng i vi mi mt

ngn ng s lng t thng l rt ln. Vic thit lp v lu tr h thng d
liu cho tt c cc mu t trong mt ngn ng gp nhiu kh khn v dung
lng b nh cng nh tc x l thc. nng cao tnh kh thi ca h
thng ny, ngi ta b xung thm mt khu nhn dng n gin : nhn dng
m v. Mt t in m v c xy dng thc hin nhn dng m v ca t.
Sau da trn kh nng m v s sinh ra t no v tip tc nhn dng t .
im khc bit l ch trong t in mi t l mt chui cc m v cu thnh
ln t . Nh kch thc ca t in t nh hn, gim c dung lng
b nh dnh cho t in t.
Cc m v

Cc t

mu so

mu so

snh

snh

Trch

Nhn dng

Nhn dng

qu nhn

c trng

m v

dng

u vo
m thanh

u ra kt

Nhn dng t da trn nhn dng m v

3.2.4.2 So snh tng ng gia cc mu
Ngy nay nhn dng ting ni tr nn pht trin v c ng dng
rt nhiu trong cuc sng, c nhiu phng php nghin cu v nhn dng
ting ni nh phng php m hnh markow n (HMM), phng php dng
mng nron , hay phng php LPC-10
Trong vn nhn dng d l nhn dng nh, m thanh hoc mt kiu
d liu no khc, hay m hnh nhn dng no th vic ra quyt nh u da
trn phng php chung nht l so snh. i chiu gia mu mi v cc lp
mu sau da trn cc quy tc quyt nh v mu . Mu no c
tng ng i vi 1 lp mu l ln nht th quyt nh mu thuc v lp
mu .
37

3.2.4.2.1 nh ngha
tng ng( hay ging nhau) gia cc mu c xc nh bng
cng thc ton hc. N cho php ta khng nh s ging nhau ca 2 mu.
Gi s ta c 2 vector mu u v Ai , Aj n chiu. ging nhau L(Ai ,
Aj) phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- S o ging nhau phi dng : L(Ai , Aj) >= 0;
- Phi c tnh i xng

L(Ai , Aj) = L(Aj ,Ai)

- S o ging nhau phi c gi tr cc i khi c lng s ging

nhau gia mt nh no vi chnh n
(vi mi i <> j)

L(Ai , Aj) = max L(Ai , Aj)

3.2.4.2.2 Hm khong cch

Hm khong cch ca hai mu c th cho ta nh gi c d dng

ging nhau gia hai mu. Theo trc quan chng ta khng nh ging nhau
gia hai mu cng ln khi v ch khi khong cch gia chng cng nh.
Gi s hai mu Ai , Aj n chiu :
Ai = {ai1 , ai2 , ... , ain}
Aj = {aj1 , aj2 , ... , ajn}
Di y l mt s hm khong cch ph bin.
+ Khong cch clid
N

d1(Ai , Aj) = {

a jk ) 2 }1/2

( a ik

(3.2.3)

k 1

+ Khong cch Manhattan

N

a ik

d2(Ai , Aj) =

a jk

(3.2.4)

k 1

+ Khong cch Trebsep

( a ik
d3(Ai , Aj) = max
k

a jk )

(3.2.5)

+ Khong cch Micowskiedo

38

a ik

d4(Ai , Aj) =

1/

a jk

(3.2.6)

k 1

+ Khong cch Korelasi

N

a ik

a i a jk

aj

k 1

d5(Ai , Aj) =

a ik

1/2

ai .

a jk

k 1

k 1

x ik

1
=
N

aj

(3.2.7)

y:

1
ai =
N

aj

k 1

x jk
k 1

+ Khong cch Cambera:

N

a ik

a jk

k 1

a ik

a jk

d6(Ai , Aj) =

(3.2.8)

Cc hm tnh khong cch Trebsep, Manhattan v clid c khi

lng tnh ton tng dn. Cc hm cn li u i hi thi gian tnh nhiu
hn. Trong ba khong cch c khi lng tnh ton t nht th khong cch
clid m bo khc phc c c tnh bin ng ca mu ( m d liu tn
hiu m thanh c s bin ng rt ln v v bin v thi gian). La chn
hm tnh khong cch clid gim ti thiu tnh bin ng ca d liu m
thanh m vn m bo tc tnh ton cho h thng.
3.2.4.2.3 Nhn dng trn c s tng ng ca cc i tng
Gi s ta c S = {S j} l tp cc mu nhn dng N chiu. Vic nhn
dng s c thc hin thng qua cc s o v tng ng gia mu mi
vi cc mu c.
Ai thuc S j nu L(Ai, S j) = max (L(Ai, S j)) theo j
Theo quan im v khong cch :
Ai thuc S j nu d(Ai, S j) = min (L(Ai, S j)) theo j
Nh vy ta c th vn dng nhn dng mu theo nguyn tc :
+ Tnh khong cch gia mu mi vi tng lp mu khc nhau.
39

+ Khng nh mu thuc lp no c tr khong cch l nh nht.

3.2.4.3 i snh mu da trn phng php LPC-10
Phng php ny c p dng nhn dng cc t n l. N c cc u
v nhc im sau:
u im:
- Tiu hao ti nguyn h thng t
- C th s dng cho mt t n hoc mt nhm t m khng cn thay
i thut ton nhiu.
- D ci t v trin khai. Vi s lng t khng ln, chnh xc t
cao.
Nhc im:
- chnh xc ca h ph thuc vo s lng mu hc. Cc mu tham
kho s b nh hng bi mi trng lc to mu nh ting n, thit b,
tm l...
- Thi gian tnh ton ph thuc vo s lng mu hc v s lng t
cn nhn dng
3.2.4.3.1 Phn tch d bo tuyn tnh
Phn tch d bo tuyn tnh l mt trong nhng k thut phn tch ting
ni c s dng rng ri. N c th tnh ton hiu qu cc tham s nh hm
din tch ca tuyn m v lu tr hoc truyn thng ting ni vi t l lu tr
nh.
Phn tch d bo tuyn tnh da trn c s mu tn hiu yn s c d
bo bng p mu tn hiu trc n.
40

i yn

yn

+ G.

i 1

Trong :

i (i=1..p)

l cc h s d bo

{yn-i}(i=1..p) l dy p tn hiu ngay trc ca tn hiu yn

G : h s lc lp
: sai s d bo (hay cn gi l nhiu)

Sai s d bo

chnh l sai s phn tch ting ni. Yu cu t ra cho

h thng l phi gim ti thiu sai s d bo

2

ring phn
gi tr

n
2
n

cho tng bin

. y ta thc hin o hm

(i=1..p), tnh gi tr h s d bo

m vi

t cc tiu.
2

E yn

. yn

. yn i

G .n

i 1

2E

=>

yn

G.

yn

i 1

=>

E [ yn i yn j ]

E [ yn yn j ]

i 1

Bi ton a v gii h phng trnh P n tm

. gii h trn ta

cn tnh c cc E [yn-i . yn-j]. C hai phng php cho php ta tnh cc E [yni

. yn-j] l phng php t tng quan (autocorrelation) v phng php hip

bin (autocovariance). Trong phng php t tng quan ta c :

E [ yn-i . yn-j] = Ryy(| i j |)

41

Gi s dy tn hiu {yn} bng 0 ngoi on tn hiu ta cn tnh h s d

bo. Khi :
N

R yy (k )

yn . yn

n k 1

By gi ta c th m t h phng trnh dng ma trn nh sau :

R yy (0)

R yy (1)

...

R yy ( P 1)

R yy (1)
R yy (0)
... R yy ( P 2)
2
.
...
...
...
...
...
R yy ( P 1) R yy ( P 2) ...
R yy (0)
P

R yy (1)
R yy (2)
...
R yy ( P)

H phng trnh trn c th gii bng phng php nghch o ma trn

bi v ma trn Ryy l ma trn Toeflitz (ma trn i xng qua ng cho
chnh v cc ng cho song song vi ng cho chnh c cc phn t
ging nhau). Ma trn Toeflitz lun c nh thc khc 0, cng c ngha l lun
tm c ma trn nghch o cho ma trn Toeflitz. Nhng gii h phng
trnh bng phng php ma trn nghch o khng hiu qu, hn na sai
s rt ln. Di y trnh by thut ton Levinson Durbin cho php ta tnh
h s d bo

(i=1..P) m khng cn gii h phng trnh trn.

* Thut ton Levinson Durbin :

1.

t E0 = Ryy(0) , i = 0

2.

i=1
i 1

3.

( i 1)

ki = (

R yy ( i

1)

R yy (i) ) / Ei 1 )

j 1

4.

5.

(i)

(i)

= ki

(i-1)
j

ki2

+ ki .

(i-1)
j

6.

Ei = ( 1

7.

Nu i < P th quay li 2.

(vi j = 1..i-1)

) Ei-1

42

3.2.4.3.2 Nhn dng ting ni bng phng php LPC-10

LPC l vit tt ca Linear Predictive Coder (m ho d bo tuyn tnh).
Ch s 10 c ngha l h thng d bo tuyn tnh c s lng h s t 10 tr
ln l tt nht, h thng phi c ti thiu 10 h s d bo mi m bo mc
chnh xc ca kt qu d bo. S lng h s cng cao th hiu qu d bo
cng cao. Nhng ngc li thao tc tnh ton cng phc tp v tn nhiu thi
gian. Chng trnh nhn dng t ting Vit chn s lng h s LPC-10 l 10
h s. Qua thc nghim, tiu chun LPC-10 c c cc h s tt nht nu ta
ly kch thc frame t 10 20 ms(dng file WAVE 11.025kHz, mono, 8
bits, th kch thc theo mu tn hiu ca 1 frame t 110 n 220 mu). K
thut nhn dng ting ni bng phng php LPC-10 l thc hin tnh ton
cc h s d bo tuyn tnh sau so snh vi b mu l cc b h s d bo
c tnh ton trc .
X l tn hiu m thanh bng phng php d bo tuyn tnh (LPC) rt
ph bin. N p ng c cc yu cu t ra v x l m thanh: Tng hp
ting ni, nhn dng ting ni ... Nhn dng ting ni da trn tiu chun
LPC-10 chnh l vn dng k thut d bo tuyn tnh nhm tng hiu qu
nhn dng chng trnh.

43

CHNG 4:
4.1.

CHNG TRNH DEMO

Thit k cc chc nng chnh

Vi nhim v n l nghin cu v xy dng chng trnh nhn dng

t trong ting Vit. Trc ht, chc nng chnh ca chng trnh l m phng
c cng vic nhn dng cc t n ca ting Vit. N l c s cho vic
nhn dng cc n v ting Vit ln hn nh: t ghp, cm t, cu Chng
trnh gm 2 chc nng chnh:
+ Hun luyn h thng: Chc nng ny nhm mc ch to v cp nht
vo c s d liu cc c trng c bn nht ca t, tc l cho my hc
trch rt cc c trng ca t i vi nhiu ngi ni, phc v nhu cu
nhn dng t cho nhiu ngi khc nhau. Mi ngi thc hin cho my hc
mt s t ting Vit v sau s ghi m t nhng ln ni khc ri cho h
thng nhn dng.
+ Nhn dng t n (t ch c mt ting) ca ting Vit t file ngun:
Mt t ch c nhn dng sau khi cho my hc v t , chc nng ny
nhm nhn dng cc t t file m thanh. Nu cha c ta phi ghi m t cn
nhn dng bng trnh SoundRecorder ca Window tch hp sn trong h
thng ri ghi vo cc file Wave, sau vi nhn dng cc file m thanh ny
bng chc nng nhn dng ca chng trnh. Hoc kim tra kh nng nhn
dng chng trnh ta s dng cc t ghi m sn trong th mc Data-forNhanDang, do cc t ny c mt tp hp cc mu c hc trc v
lu cc c trng ca cc t trong c s d liu.
+ Nhn dng trc tip qua Microphone: Trn c s t c hc
ri. H thng s thng trc ch ngi ni ni vo Micro v hin th thng
tin nhn c dng text ln mn hnh. ng thi sng m c hin th trc
quan trong hp nh.
+ Ngoi ra cn c cc chc nng khc nh:
- Ghi m: ghi m cc t mu hc v cc t nhn dng.
- Hin th thng tin v file Wave ang c.
44

- Hin th sng m thanh khi c t tp.

- Hin th sng m thanh sau khi c x l.
- a ra loa d liu m thanh ang x l ( kim tra).
4.2.

La chn ngn ng lp trnh

Trong thit k chng trnh nhn dng t ting Vit, chng trnh phi

c d liu m thanh vo mng. Sau phi thc hin x l d liu m thanh

thu c qua nhiu cng on a v dng chun ho v tnh ton a ra
b tham s c trng. Tip m c s d liu v so snh vi tt c cc mu
trong ri a ra kt lun nhn dng, cui cng l hin th t nhn dng
c. nhn dng c mt t phi x l rt nhiu thao tc, c bit khi s
lng t trong c s d liu ln.
Do s phc tp ca h thng v yu cu ca n, ti la chn ngn
ng Visual Basic vi h qun tr c s d liu Access. Ngn ng lp trnh ny
tuy c tc x l khng cao lm nhng li h tr ngi lp trnh tt trn c
s d liu v c giao din thn thin, d s dng. l ngn ng c kh
nng p ng c yu cu ca h thng.
4.3.

Xy dng b mu nhn dng

M hnh nhn dng t ting Vit da trn phng php d bo tuyn tnh
LPC-10. Mi mt mu t s c chia thnh cc frame nh. Sau thc hin
tnh ton h s LPC-10 cho tng frame, cho tt c cc frame, b tham s ny
s c lu tr trong c s d liu.
Ta c th hnh dung thao tc to d liu t 1 mu nh sau :
+ File m thanh c ct trch ly phn d liu m thanh c ting
ni.
+ Chun ho thi gian
+ Chun ho bin ng

45

+ Chia file m thanh ra thnh 30 frame nh (kch thc mi frame 110

byte). Tnh h s LPC-10 cho mi mt frame. Sau lu tr b h s ny
trong c s d liu.
4.4.

Mt s hnh nh ca chng trnh

Lc quan h c s d liu ca chng trnh

D liu c t chc gm 4 bng:
+ Bng 1 l bng chnh: gm 2 trng, trng th nht l kha ID
autonumber. Trng th 2 c dng text lu mu k t ca t c hc.
+ 3 bng cn li, mi bng gm mt trng kha ID v 100 trng
dng s double lu 30 b h s LPC-10 (mi b h s LPC-10 gm 10 s
c trng, 30 b h s l 300 con s tng ng vi 300 trng ca tng 3
bng).
Cc trng ID ca c 4 bng c lin kt vi nhau. Quan h gia cc
bng l 1-1. Mi mu m thanh c hc (1 t c hc) c lu vo CSDL
l 1 bn ghi vi ch s ID, tn, v 300 con s c trng. Do s trng lu tr
l rt ln nn ta tch ra thnh 4 bng

46

Hun luyn h thng hc cc t ting vit

Giao din gm hp nh th nht, v sng m thanh ca file m thanh
c m hc. Hp nh bn di hin th sng m thanh sau khi ct
ly phn ch c ting ni. Mc ch trc quan ho d liu ct c. Mt hp
TextBox nhp t cn hc. Ngoi ra cn hin th thng tin v file m thanh,
pht ra loa tn hiu m thanh khi mt file m thanh c m.

47

Nhn dng t ting vit t file ngun

Nhn dng t ting Vit t Microphone

48

NH GI KT QU V KT LUN
Vi ti c giao, sau thi gian thc hin n tt nghip, vn dng
nhng kin thc c bn c hc cng vi n lc bn thn, s ch bo tn
tnh ca gio vin hng dn - Thc S V Vn Tng n Nhn dng tp
t hn ch Ting Vit trong mi trng nhiu hon thnh. Chng
trnh p ng c c bn cc yu cu t ra.
Nhng vn t c:
+ p ng c tn ti yu cu l nhn dng t ting vit
+ Khi s lng mu hun luyn ln th kt qu nhn dng t cht
lng
+ Th nghim h thng cho kt qu nhn dng tt khi m s lng t
khng ln (hn 20 t).
+ H thng nhn dng tt vi cng ngi ni v nhng ngi tham gia
hun luyn mu.
+ Khi ngi ni khng tham gia hun luyn mu th kt qu nhn dng
cha c kh quan.
Cc yu cu ca tng cht lng h thng
+ Chn mu hun luyn phi l cc mu chun, t nhiu
+ Tng s lng mu hc
+ Kim tra, nghe th trc khi cp nht vo CSDL
Hng pht trin ca n
+ Lm c s thit k h thng nhn dng cm t v cu
+ Pht trin chng trnh giao tip vi my tnh trc tip qua
Microphone thc hin mt s cu lnh c bn.

49

TI LIU THAM KHO

+ Visual Basic 6 Certification Exam Guide Chaper 1- Dan mezick &
Scot Hillier Mcgraw- Hill 1998.
+

Digital

Signal

Processing:

Principles,

Algorithms,

and

Applications- Prentice Hall. John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis

+ X l tn hiu v lc s - Nguyn Quc Trung.
+ Visual Basic - Lp trnh c s d liu- Nxb Lao ng x hi-2004Nguyn Th Ngc Mai.
+

Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach-

McGraw-Hill. Sanjit K. Mitra

+ X l tn hiu s- Nguyn Hu Phng.
+ Ti liu tham kho mn hc X l ting ni [L B Dng- khoa
CNTT- H Hng Hi Vit Nam].
+ Voice Processing - Gordon E. Pelton nm 1993.

50