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1. z
=1
1
1
= ( z + ) 1 1 .
2
z
z =1
1
1
1
z*
1
(z + ) = (z +
)
(z + z*) = x
2
2
z
2
2
z
z = 1 1 x 1 1 1
2
3
(1 )
( 2 ) e 1+ i
5 1 cos
+ i sin , 0
(4)
a + ib
3 + i ) 3
i= e
=e
i(
2
i ( + k )
6 3
+ 2 k )
k
= cos(
= 0,1, 2
2
2
k ) + i sin( + k )
3
6 3
e 1+ i = ee i = e (co s1 + i sin 1) = 1
31 i
3=
1 + 3e
i arctg ( 3 ) + 2 k
= 2 (c o s
4
6 (
2i
1 + i
( 3 )1 i
a + ib =
a2 + b2 e
i(
i s in
a2 + b2e
1
b
arg + k )
2
a
= 2e
b
i (a rg + 2 k )
a
1
2
1
b
1
b
+ k ) + i s in ( a rg
+ k
a 2 + b 2 c o s( a rg
2
a
2
a
3 + i)
= 2sin cos
+ i sin
2
2
2
( 3 i )3
1
1 i 2
1
=
=
i
=
e
=
sin
i
8
8
8
2
( 3 + i )3 ( 3 i )3
i
2i
4
=
=
)
2
e
2(cos
i
sin
7
1 + i
4
4
3 sin cos cos 4 sin 4
i k n!
cos n + i sin n = (cos + i sin ) =
sin k cos nk
k =0 k !( n k )!
n
4!
i 4!
i 2 4! 2
4
3
cos 4 + i sin 4 =
cos +
sin cos +
sin cos 2
0!4!
1!3!
2!2!
i 3 4! 3
i 4 4! 4
+
sin cos +
sin
3!1!
4!0!
cos k
k =1
sin ( n +
) sin
2
2
2 sin
sin k =
cos( n +
k =1
2 sin
a1(1qn)
sn =
1q
k =1
e ik = c o s k + i s in k
) + cos
2
2
e ik
k =1
k =1
(cos k + i sin k ) = e
e
1
i
2
= i
i
e
1
i
2
i n
1
i
2
ik
i(n+
-1
ei (1 ein )
i
1 e
1
)
2
2 i s in
1
i
2
) cos
sin( n + ) sin
2
2 +
2
2
2 sin
2 sin
2
2
cos( n +
< ar cot
y
<
x 2
ar cot
y
argz
x
0 a rg z < 2 ,
6.
= a rg z =
y
x
y
a rc ta n
x
y
a rc ta n
x
y
a rc ta n
x
a rc ta n
b < 1, a = 1,
z I
+ , z II
+ z III
+ 2 z IV
a b
=1
1 ab
a = 1
.
ab
ab
ab
ab
=
=
=
=1
1 a b
ab
a 1 a b
a a a b
7. z1 , z2 , z3
z2 z1 z1 z3
=
z2 z1 = z3 z1 = z2 z3
z3 z1 z2 z3
z = z2 = z3 C 0
C. C=0 1
c = 1 z1 z3 2 =
z2 z1 z2 z3
z2 z3 = z1 z2 z3 z1
2
c = 1, c = 1
3
8. Re z
= x x2 + y 2 = z
z1 + z2 z1 + z2 , z1 z2 z1 z2
z1 + z 2
= z1
= z1
= ( z1 + z 2 ) ( z1 + z 2 ) = z1 z 1 + z 2 z 2 + z 1 z 2 + z1 z 2
+ 2 R e ( z1 z 2 ) + z 2
+ 2 z1 z 2 + z 2
z1
+ 2 z1 z 2 + z 2
= ( z1 + z 2 ) 2
9.
> 0N ( )p zn + p zn > , z
lim zn = z0 , > 0N ( ) > 0n>N
n
z n z0 <
z n + p z0 <
2
2
(13) zn + p zn = zn + p z0 + z0 zn zn + p z0 + zn z0 <
> 0N ( ) > 0n>Nzn + p z0 <
2
2
xn + p xn xn + p xn
y
n + p yn = zn + p z n <
2
2
y n + p yn xn + p xn
y
n + p yn = z n + p z n <
x0y0
lim xn = x0
n
lim yn = y0
n
1+i n
10. -N
0
1+i n
1 n
>0
-0 <
<
2
2
ln
ln
.
n>N= n > N ( )
ln 2
ln 2
1+i n
lim
=0
n
2
11.
n
in1
3+4i n
1
n
n
n
n
1z =
2z =1
3z =
(4)zn =1
n
6
2n +1
2n +1
n
n
i
1
n
(5)zn =in1 (6)zn =n+( 1
(2n +1)i (7)zn =1+ sin
8zn =1+ cos
n
6
2n
6
n
(1) z n n 0 lim z n = 0
n
1
1
lim z n =
n
n
2
2
(3) (1), lim z n = 0;
2lim z n =
(5) 1, i
( 6 ) { z n }
M , N , n > N , z n ,
z = 0 , lim z n =
n
(7)
0,
(8)
1
3
1 ( )
2
2
1
1
lim = 1lim = 1
n
n
2
1.1.2
1.
(1) R e( z 2 )
(3)
>
1
2
z + 3 + z 3 = 10 ;
1 Re z
y2 =
(2) 0
(4)
z 1
1.
z +1
= Re( x 2 y 2 + 2ixy ) = x 2 y 2
x2 y 2 >
1) = arg [ ( x 1) + iy ] = arctg
2 arg( z
0 < arctg
y>0
<
x 1 4
0
x>1
y
x 1
<
y
<1
x 1
y<x 1
(3)
00
z + 3 + z 3 = 10
( x + 3) 2 + y 2 + ( x 3) 2 + y 2 = 10
( x + 3) 2 + y 2 = 100 20 ( x 3) 2 + y 2 + ( x 3) 2 + y 2
12 x = 100 20 ( x 3) 2 + y 2 5 ( x 3) 2 + y 2 = 25 3 x
x
y
16 x 2 + 25 y 2 = (20) 2 ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 = 1
5
4
(4)
z 1
( x 1) 2 + y 2
=
1
z +1
( x + 1) 2 + y 2
x2 2 x + 1 + y 2 x2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2
4x 0
x0
3
4.
1
z
1
z
Re z = c
c = Re z = Re
1
1
= Re
= 2
+ i + 2
w
c ( 2 + 2 ) =
c ( 2
1
) + c
4c 2
1
4c
1 2
1
) + 2 = 2 ( 1 , 0 ) 1
2c
4c
2c
2c
x , eix 0
x cos x = 0 sin x = 0
x = (k +
1
)
2
x = k k = 0, 1,........
6
1
cos(ix)
ln(i)
1 cos(ix)
(2)
ch(ix)
5 ln
(3)
sin( a + ib)
a,b
1
1
= (ei iix + ei iix ) = (e x + e x ) = chx
2
2
1 ix
(e + e ix ) = cos x
2
c h (ix ) =
1
1
= sin a (e b + e b ) + cos a (e b eb )
2
2i
+ 2k ) k = 0, 1, 2,.......
5 ln
5 =
1
1
(ln 5 eiArg ( 5) ) = [ ln 5 + iArg ( 5) ]
2
2
ln 5 + i ( + k )
2
2
k = 0, 1, 2,......
7.z0
1 z z
1)f(z)=2x+iy , z0 = 2i
(2)f(z)= ( ), z0 = 0
2i z z
1 limf(z)=-4if(z0 )=-4i
2
zz0
2xy
y=kxk
x0 x + y2
y0
2limf(z)=lim
z0
f ( z0 ) 0 =
f ( z0 ) > 2 f ( z ) f ( z0 ) 2 f ( z0 ) 2 f ( z )
f ( z0 ) >
1
f ( z0 ) > 0,f ( z )z0 f ( z ) 0.
2
9.f ( z ) = z 2 z < 1
> 0 > 0 z ' z '' < ,
f ( z ') f ( z '') = z '2 z ''2 < z 'z ''
z < 1 z ' < 1, z '' < 1,
1.1.3
1 lim
z 0
z*
z
z i
z 1+ i z + 1
1
z i 1 + z 2
3 lim
lim
1 z
k y = kx
z*
x ikx 1 ik k
lim = lim
=
z 0 z
z 0 x + ikx
1 + ik
2
z i 1+ i i
1
2 i
=
=
=
z 1+i z + 1
1+ i +1 2 + i 5 5
lim
1
=
z i 1 + z 2
3 lim
2.
= z 4 2 = z
5z 4
z 1
= z
= z 4
>0
>0
z z0 <
f ( z ) f ( z0 ) = z z0 z z0 < < z0 = z
z = 1 z = 1
3.f ( z ) = z n
1
n
z + nz n1z + n(n 1) z n2 (z )2 + + (z )n z n
( z + z ) z
2
f '( z ) = lim
= lim
x 0
x 0
z
z
n 1
= nz
n
x2 y
, x2 + y2 > 0
2
2
4. u ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = x + y
0,
x= y=0
u ( x , y )0
0
u ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = u x x + u y y +
= x2 + y2 0 =
u ( x , y ) ( x , y ) u x x + u y y u ( x , y ) ( x , y )
du= u x dx + u y dy
u ( x , y ) u ( x , y )
x2 + y2
x2 y
u x (0, 0) = 0 u y (0, 0) = 0 x2 + y2 =
x2 + y2
1
x
x = y 2 x =
=
x 0 0
2
2 2
u ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) (0, 0).
5.zz
f
zxy0
C-R
1y=0, z = x.
f ( z + z ) f ( z )
[u ( x + x, y ) + iv( x + x, y)] [u ( x, y) + iv( x, y)]
f '( z ) = lim
= lim
z 0
x 0
z
x
u ( x + x, y) + u ( x, y)
v( x + x, y) v( x, y) u v
= lim
+ +i lim
=
+i
x 0
x 0
x
x
x x
(2)x=0, z = iy
f ( z + z ) f ( z )
[u ( x, y + y) + iv( x, y + y)] [u( x, y) + iv( x, y)]
f '( z ) = lim
= lim
z 0
y 0
z
x
u ( x, y + y) + u ( x, y)
v( x, y + y) v( x, y)
u v
= lim
+ +i lim
= i +
y 0
y 0
y
y
y y
C-R
1.1.4
C-R
1
2
z
2 = x 3 = z z 4 = e (5)w = z
z
x
1 z*
x iy
=
= = 2 = 2
x2 + y 2
z z
x + y2
x2 + y 2 2 x2
y 2 x2
= 2
x =
( x 2 + y 2 )2
( x + y 2 )2
2 xy
x = 2
( x + y 2 )2
y =
y
x2 + y2
2 xy
( x 2 + y 2 )2
( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 y 2
y 2 x2
= 2
y =
( x 2 + y 2 )2
( x + y 2 )2
z = 0 x = y y = x C-R z = 0
= x, = x, = 0 x = 1, y = 0, x = 0, y = 0
C-R
= z z = ( x 2 + y 2 )( x + iy ) = x 3 + xy 2 = x 2 y + y 3
2
x = 3x 2 + y 2 , y = 2 xy, x = 2 xy, y = x 2 + 3 y 2
2
2
2
2
= 3 x + y = x + 3 y x = y.......
1
x
y
= 2 xy = 2 xy xy = 0........
2
y
x
12
x = y = 0 z = 0 C-R
C-R
u(x, 0) u(0, 0)
x 0
x
f ( z ) = ( z 2 4 z + 6) 2
f (z) =
2z
1 z
f ( z) = 2( z 2 4 z + 6)(2 z 4) = 4( z 2 4 z + 6)( z 2)
f ( z ) =
2(1 z ) 2 z (1)
2
=
(1 z ) 2
(1 z ) 2
( , ) C-R
1
=
x = cos , y = sin
x 2 + y 2 , = arctan
=
1
y
x
x y
=
+
=
cos +
sin
x y x
y
1 1 x y
= (
+
)
x y
=
[ ( sin ) +
cos )] =
cos
sin
y
y
x
x
1
=
=
=
,
x y y
x
C-R
(1)
x y
cos +
sin
=
+
=
x
y
x
y
= [ ( sin ) +
cos )]
y
x
cos +
sin
y
x
C-R
= ,
=
x
y y
x
1
=
z = ei , z = ei + i ei
f ( z ) = ( , ) + i ( , )
1 = 0
z = ei = + i
f ( z ) = lim
=0
f ( z ) = lim
+i
i
=
e
+
i
(
)
i
e
z = i ei
+i
i 1
i
=
e
(
+
)
i
ie
z 0
1
=
1
=
4. z z x , y
f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + iv ( x , y ) = U ( z , z ) + iV ( z , z ) = F ( z , z )
F ( z , z ) = 0 C R
z
x
1
1
1
1 y
z=x+iy z =x-iy x= ( z + z ), y = ( z z ); = , =
z
2i
2
2
2 z
z z x , y f ( z ) = u ( x , y ) + iv ( x , y ) = U ( z , z ) + iV ( z , z ) = F ( z , z )
u ( x , y ) = u x ( z , z )y ( z , z ) = U ( z , z ),
v ( x , y ) = v x ( z , z )y ( z , z ) = V ( z , z )
F ( z , z ) z
f x f y
1 u
v
1 u
v
F ( z, z ) =
+
= (
+i ) (
+i )
z
x z
y z
2 x
x
2i y
y
i u v
1 u v
= (
)+ (
+ ) 0C-R
2 x y
2 y x
0 =
f ( z ) = F ( z , z ) z
1
2
=
(
,
)
0
( z + z ),
Rez=
F
z
z
z
zz
z
2
1.1.5
1.
1
z z * 2 = x 2 + iy 2 3 = xy + iy
= ( x + iy ) ( x iy ) = 2iy
= 0, = 2 y
x = 0, y = 0, x = 0, y = 2
C-R
= x 2 + iy 2
= x 2 , = y 2
x = 2 x, y = 0, x = 0, y = 2 y
z = 0 C-R
3 = xy + iy
= xy , = y
x = y, y = x, x = 0, y = 1
z = 0 C-R
2.
f ( z ) = u + iv
u = e x cos y
2u 2u
x
x
cos
cos y = 0 u
+
=
e
y
e
2
2
x y
C-R 1
u
=
= e x cos y
x y
u
=
= e x sin y
x
y
1 y :
e x sin y + g ( x) = e x sin y
g ( x) = 0, g ( x) = c
f ( z ) = u + i = e x (cos y + i sin y ) + ic = e z + ic
(2) = 2 xy + 2 y
2 2
+
=0
2 x 2 y
C-R 1
u
=
= 2x + 2
x y
u
=
= 2 y
x
y
1 x :
u = (2 x + 2)dx + g ( y ) = x 2 + 2 x + g ( y )
2 g(y)
g ( y ) = 2 y, g ( y ) = y 2 + c
u = x2 + 2x y2 + c
f ( z ) = u + i = ( x 2 + 2 x y 2 + c) + i (2 xy + 2 y )
3 = cos xshy
2 2
+ 2 = cos xshy + cos xshy = 0
2
x y
C-R 1 u
1 x :
u
= cos xchy 2
=
= s in x s h y
y
x
y
2 g(y)
g ( y ) = 0, g ( y ) = c
1
1
(4)C Rdv = vx dx + vy dy = ux dx + u y dy = d (2 xy x2 + y 2 )
2
2
1
1
v( x, y) = 2 xy x2 + y 2 + c
f(i)=-1+ix=0,y=1v=1
2
2
1
i
i
i
i
c= ,f ( z) = u( z,0) + iv( z,0) = z 2 z 2 + = z 2 (1 ) +
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
udu = u d + u d =
cos d
sin d = d ( 2 cos )
2
2
2
2
2
u = 2 cos + c
2
f ( z) = u + iv = 2 cos + c + 2 sin = 2 e 2 + c = 2 z + c
2
2
f (0) = 0c = 0f ( z) = 2 z
f ( z ) D f ( z ) D
= Re f ( z ) =
f ( z ) = + i =
( x0 , y0 )
= 0,
=0
y
x
dx +
dy ) + 0 = 0 ()
y
x
( x, y )
= Im f ( z ) =
3.
f ( z ) D
f ( z) = 2 + 2 = c
c = 0 2 + 2 = 0 = = 0, f ( z )
c0
2 + 2 = c2
x, y
+
=0
x
x
1 = 0
+
=0
y
x
x y
+
=0
y
y
= 2 + 2 = c 2 0
=
x y
=0
= 2 + 2 = c 2
f ( z ) =
1) f ( z ) 0 f ( z ) z 0
31 ( z ) = ln f ( z )
(3)f ( z )D
f ( z ) = u + ivf ( z ) = u ivC R
u x = v y ,v x = u y ; u x = v y , -v x = u y ,u x = u y =v x = v y = 0
uvf ( z )
4
0 x > 0
1.
2.
= z
z
= c1
= c2
3.z
= z
( + i ) 2 = 2 = z = x + iy
2 2 + i 2 = x + iy
2 2 = x
2 = y
y 2 = 4 2 2 = 4( x + 2 ) 2 = 4 2 x + 4 4
y 2 = 4c12 x + 4c14
y 2 = 4 2 2 = 4( x + 2 ) 2 = 4 2 x + 4 4
y 2 = 4c2 2 x = 4c2 4
= ln z
4. f ( z ) D 2 f ( z ) = 4 f '( z )
2
f ( z)
u
v
f ( z ) = u + iv f ( z ) = u + v ,
= 2u
+ 2v
= 2uu x + 2vv x
x
x
x
2
2 f ( z)
2 f ( z)
2
2
=
u
+
v
+
uu
+
vv
= 2(u y 2 + v y 2 + uu yy + vv yy )
2(
),
x
x
xx
xx
2
2
x
y
2
f ( z ) D f '( z ) = u x + iv x = v y iu y
f '( z ) = u x 2 + v x 2 = u y 2 + v y 2
2
u v.
2 u = u xx + u yy = 0, 2 v = v xx + v yy = 0
2
2
2
+
f ( z ) = 2[u x 2 + v x 2 + u y 2 + v y 2 + u (u xx + u yy ) + v (v xx + v yy )]
2
2
x y
= 2[u x 2 + v x 2 + u y 2 + v y 2 ] = 4 f '( z )
5.
:(1)sin 2 z + cos 2 z=1;(2)sin( z1 z 2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 sin z 2 cos z1;
(3)cos( z1 z 2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z 2;(4)ch 2z-sh 2z=1;
(5)sh(z1 z2 )=shz1chz2 shz2chz1;(6)ch(z1 z2 )=chz1chz2 shz1shz2
e iz + e iz 2 e iz e iz 2
(1)
sin z + cos z=(
) +(
)
2
2i
1
= ( e i 2 z + e i 2 z + 2 e i 2 z e i 2 z + 2) = 1
4
2
6. (24)
shz=-isin(iz)
e i iz e i iz e z e z
-isin(iz)=-i
=
= shz
2i
2
7.
(1)(sin z ) ' = cos z;(2)(cos z) ' = sin z;(3)( shz) ' = chz;(4)(chz) ' = shz
e z e z
e z + e z
=
(3)( shz ) ' =
= chz
2
2
()
1
= ( x, y )
= ( x, y ) = x ( x, y ) x + y ( x, y ) + 0( ( x)2 + ( y )2 )
= ( x, y )
( x, y )
x ( x, y )
y
x y ( x, y ) x y
f (2)
x , y , x , y
C-R
f (2)
x y ( x, y )
x2 y
( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
0
x 0, y 0
x = 0, y = 0
( x, y ) 00
x 0
y 0
(0 + x,0) (0,0)
x
(0 + x) 2 0
i0
(0 + x) 2 + 0
= lim
=0
x 0
x
(0,0 + x) (0,0)
y (0,0) = lim
y 0
y
(0 + y ) 2 i0
0
(0 + y ) 2 + 0
= lim
=0
y 0
y
(0,0) = 0 + 0 + 1 ( x) 2 + ( y ) 2
(0,0)
(0,0) = (0 + x,0 + y ) (0,0)
(0 + x) 2 (0 + y )
( x) 2 y
0 =
(0 + x) 2 + (0 + y ) 2
( x) 2 + ( y ) 2
x y x = y 0
2 3)
1 =
( x)2 x
( x) + ( y ) =
( x)2 + ( x) 2
1
2 2
( x, y )
1.
1.2.1
z dz l 1-1 1 2
-1 1(3)
1y=0, z = x ,dz=dx,
1 2 0 1 21 1 1
z
dz
=
xdx
+
xdx
=
+ x = + =1
x
1
1
0
2 1 2 0 2 2
1
2 z = e
z dz = 1iie d =e
i
= 1 ei = 2
i
3 z= e I3 =
2+ 4i
1+ i
e i i d = 2
z 2 dz l
1 x = t , y
= t 2 1 t 2
21 + i 2 + 4i
31 + i 2 + i 2 + 4i
= x + iy = t + it 2 , z 2 = t 2 (1 + it ) 2 = t 2 + 2it 3 t 4
dz = (1 + 2it )dt
1 z
I =
2+ 4i
1+ i
2
t3
2 2 1
= + it 4 t 5 t 6 = (t 3 + i3t 4 3t 5 it 6 )
1
6 1 3
3
1
86
= [(8 + i 48 96 i 64) (1 + 3i 3 i )] =
6i
3
3
21 + i 2 + 4i
y 1 = x 1 y = 3x 2
4 1 2 1
I =
2+ 4 i
1+i
z dz =
2
2+ 4 i
1+i
= [ x 2 (3 x 2) 2 + 2ix(3 x 2)](1 + 3i ) dx =
1
86
6i
3
31 + i 2 + i 2 + 4i
I =
2+ 4 i
1+i
3.I =
(2.4)
(0.3)
86
6i
3
(1)(0,3)(2,4)(2)(0,3)(2,3)(2,3)(2,4)
(3)x=2t,y=t2 + 3, 0 t 1.
(1)(0,3)(2,4)2y-x-6=0,x=2y-6
97
3
3
6
(2)(0,3)(2,3)y=3,dy=0;(2,3)(2,4)x=2,
2
4
103
dx=0,I2 = (2 3 + x 2 )dx + (3 2 y )dy =
0
3
6
(3)(0,3)(2,4)t=0t=1
4
33
2
dz
, (1) i i
l z
(2) i i
(3) 11
4.
(4) 11
(1) z = e i ,
(2) z = e i ,
, I1 =
3
, I2 =
2
CR
CR
dz
=
z
dz
=
z
id
2
3
2
de i
=
e i
id = i
2
= i
2
dz
=
C R z id = i
0
dz
(4) z = e i , 0, I 4 =
= id = i
CR z
(3) z = e i , 2 , I 3 =
5. f ( ) D
lim
z 0
f ( )
d =
L ( z )( z z )
f ( )
d , L D z D
L ( z ) 2
f ( )
d
L ( z )( z z )
f ( )
d < ,
L ( z ) 2
L l z min z = d
f ( ) D f ( ) f ( ) M (
5
I =
z
f ( )[
1
1
]d =
( z )( z z ) ( z ) 2
f ( )
z ( z z )
2
f ( ) z
L ( z ) 2 ( z z ) d
d ( ) z <
z 0 z <
min z = d I
M
L
d 2 (d
d
)
2
2 Ml
d3
2 Ml
d
I I
3
2
d
3
d d
< min(
, ), z I
2 Ml 2
d
,
2
1.2.2
1.
1
dz
l z 2 + 4 ;
dz
l ( z 2 + 4) ;
l a z i = 2
b z + i = 2
c z = 8
1 1 = 1 ( 1 1 )
4 + z 2 4i z 2i z + 2i
dz
1
2
i
=
i
=
4i z i =2 z 2i 4i
2
a I = 1
(b) I = 1
4i
z +i = 2
dz
= i 2 i =
z + 2i
4i
2
1
1
1
(
)dz = (2 i 2 i ) = 0
4i
4i z =8 z 2i z + 2i
(c) I = 1
(2)
1
( z 2 + 4) ( z 2 4)
1
z2 4
=
=
( z 2 + 4)2
8( z 2 + 4)2
8( z 2 + 4) 8( z 2 + 4)2
1
1
1
1
1
1
)
(
) (
=
+
2
32i z 2i z + 2i 16 ( z 2i) ( z + 2i)2
n
(
z
a
)
dz = 2 i n ,1
dz
1
dz
1
=
=
=
2
i
z i = 2 ( z 2 + 4)2 32i z i = 2 z 2i 32i
16
dz
1
dz
1
b
2
i
=
(c)
dz
1
=
z =8 ( z 2 + 4)2 32i
z =8
dz
dz
1
) dz =
(2 i 2 i ) = 0
z 2i z + 2i
32i
a1 = c1 =
1
1
, b2 = d 2 = ,
16
32
2.
dz l z i = 2
l z i
z i = 1
1 D
z i
3 2 z + 1dz , l
l z 2 + z
1 z =
1
;
4
2 z 1 = 1 ;
3 z + 1 = 1
4
4 z = 2
f ( z ) =
l1
2z + 1 1
1
f ( z ) z = 0 z = 1
=
+
2
z + z z z +1
dz
l1 z = 2 i
f ( z )dz =
l1
f ( z )dz = 0 ( l2 )
dz
l3
l3 z + 1 = 2 i l f ( z )dz = l dzz + l zdz+ 1 =2 i + 2 i = 4 i
4 f ( z ) D z0 D
f ( z )dz =
F ( z ) = f ( )d D F ( z ) = f ( z )
z
z0
f ( z ) F ( z + z )
F ( z ) 4
F ( z + z) F ( z) =
z+ z
z0
z z +
z+ z
z0
f ( )d f ( )d =
f ( )d
z+ z
F ( z + z ) F ( z ) f ( z ) = 1
f ( ) d f ( z )
z
z
z
z+ z
1
1 z+ z
1 z+ z
[
(
)
(
)]
(
)
(
)
=
f
f
z
d
f
z
d
<
d =
z
z
z
z
z
z
F ( z + z) F ( z)
= f ( z)
z 0
z
3z 1
dz
;(2)
(3)
5.(1)
sin
;
zdz
z =1
z =4 (z +1)(z 3)dz;
z =1 z 2 + 2z + 4
cos z
(4)
dz
z+3i =1 z + i
F ( z ) = lim
(1)z1,2 = 1 i 3, z1,2 = 1 i 3 = 2,
z = 1I1 =0.
(2)sinz()I2 =0.
(3)
3z 1
2
1
=
+
( z +1)(z 3) z 3 z +1
2
1
+
)dz = 2 2 i + 2 i = 6 i
z =4 z 3
z +1
(4)z=-i z+3i = 1I4 =0
I3 =
6. ( x)C R ( z = Rei ,
R ,1 2 ) lim z ( z ) = K lim ( z )dz = iK ( 2 1 )
R
R CR
z ( z ) K <
( 2 1 )
lim ( z )dz = iK ( 2 1 )
R CR
1.2.3
1.
1
1
(
)dz = 2 i 2 i = 0
z =5 z
1
z+
3
f ( z ) = 1
dz
z =5 z (1 + 3z ) =
sin z
z 1 =5 z dz = 2 i sin z
z =0
=0
f ( z ) = sin z
= 0
dz
1 1
1
1 1
1
=
[
(
)
(
z =2 z 4 1 z =2 4 z 1 z + 1 4i z i z + i )]dz
1
1
= (2 i 2 i ) (2 i 2 i ) = 0
4
4i
f ( Z ) = 1
z
zdz
z
2( z 2)
=
=
2
dz
i
z =1 (2 z 1)( z 2) z =1 1
2( z 2)
z+
2
1
z =
2
i
5
2.
1
2sin z
z =2
(z )
2
dz =
2
2 i d
(2sin z )
1! dz
z=
= 4 i cos z
z=
=0
( z a ) n dz = 2 i n ,1
2cos z z =
2
z
2
e
2
i
d
z
2
=
dz
e
z =1 z 3
2! dz 2
3 1
2 i
e z
= i
e z
z n l n
l n+1 d = n!
f ( n ) (a ) =
1
2 i
z =0
n!
2 i
1 d z
d
e
=
n
l n+1
n ! d
f ( )
l ( a)n+1 d
z n z
e
=0 =
n!
=0
zn
=
n!
f ( z ) l
z , f ( z )
f ( z) =
1
2 i
f ( z)
dz z l z l
z z
cR l z
f ( z ) = 1
2 i
cR
f ( z )
1
dz +
z z
2 i
f ( z ) l cR
l
f ( z )
dz
zz
R
cR
R 5
M
cR
cR
f ( z )
dz
z z
z = R z z z z = R z
cR
f ( z)
M
dz
z z
R z
cR
dz =
f ( z ) 0 M 0
cR
cR
f ( z ) cR f ( z ) M
f ( z )
dz
z z
f ( z)
1
dz = 0 f ( z ) =
z z
2 i
M i2
z
R
R
f ( z)
dz
z z
z=aei , dz = iaei d , d =
2
dz
iz
i
e ae
ez
n
d = a Re
dz
z =1 iz n +1
(aei ) n
2 d n e z
2 a n
= a Re(
) z =0 =
n
n! dz
n!
n
6.f ( z ) lim
r 0
f (rei )d = 2 f (0)
f (re ) > 0,
i
lim
r 0
f (rei )d =
f (0)d = 2 f (0)
7.f(z)g(z)DlDlf(z)=g(z)
lf(z)=g(z)
H(z)=f(z)-g(z)H(z)l
H(z)=
2 i
H( )
d = 0
l -z
lzH(z)=f(z)-g(z)=0, f(z)=g(z)
8.
1 2
f ( z + rei )d
f(z)=
2 0
lzrl = rei , d = rei id
f( )
1 2 f ( z + rei ) i
1
f(z)=
d =
re id =
2 i l -z
2 i 0
2
re
1
f ( z + rei ) d
9. f ( z ) z f ( z )
CRzRCR f ( z ) M R
(n = 1) f '( z ) =
f( )
CR
-z
M
= 0f '( z ) = 0f ( z )
R R
f( )
1
d
2
2 i CR ( -z)
2
1
M 2 R M
=
2 R
R
8.1.1
( x ) = lim
( x ) = lim
e n
2 2
(x +
2
( x ) = lim
(1 + n 2 x 2 )
x 0
x = 0,
lim
lim
(x +2 )
2
( x2 + 2 )
= 0,
= lim
x
v= ,
lim
(x +
2
dv
1
= arctan | = 1
2
1 + v
dx =
8.1.2
( 2 ) e x ( x 2 1)dx
( 3 ) sin 2 x ' ( x
( 9 ) ( 22 ) ( 29 )
d
sin 2 |x =
dx
= 2sin x cos x |x =
= sin 2 .
)dx
10.1.1
(1)utt a 2u xx = 0,
u ( x, 0) = sin x,
(2)utt a 2u xx = 0,
u ( x, 0) = x3 ,
ut ( x, 0) = x 2
ut ( x, 0) = x
1
1 x + at
(1)u ( x, t ) = [ ( x + at ) + ( x at )] +
( s )ds
2
2a x at
1
1 x + at 2
= [sin( x + at ) + sin( x at )] +
s ds
2
2a x at
1 1 3 x + at
= sin x cos at +
s
2a 3 x at
1
2(3 x 2 at + a 3t 3 )
6a
1
= sin x cos at + x 2t + a 2t 3
3
= sin x cos at +
1
1 x + at
(2)u ( x, t ) = [( x + at )3 + ( x at )3 ] +
sds
2
2a x at
1
1 1 2 x + at
= 2( x 3 + 3 xa 2t 2 ) +
s
2
2a 2 x at
1
2 2at
4a
= x 3 + 3 xa 2t 2 + xt
= x 3 + 3 xa 2t 2 +
2
u x ) = 0 ,
x
w( x, t )
w( x, t ) = xu ( x, t ) u ( x, t ) =
x
10.1.2 utt a 2 (u xx +
2 w
w
w
0 = a 2 [ + ]
x t0
x xx x x x
w w
1
2a 2 wx w
wtt a 2 ( x 2 ) x +
( 2 )
x
x
x
x
3
w x ( wx x w)2 x
w xw
= wtt a 2 x
2a 2 x 3
4
x
x
2w 2w 2w 2w
1
= [ wtt a 2 ( wxx x + 2 + x 2 )]
x
x
x
x
x
1
= ( wtt a 2 wxx )
x
x wtt a 2 wxx = 0
w( x, t ) = f1 ( x + at ) + f 2 ( x at )
u ( x, t ) =
1
1
w( x, t ) = [ f1 ( x + at ) + f 2 ( x at )]
x
x
10.1.3
utt + 2 ut + 2u a 2u xx = 0
u ( x, 0) = ( x), ut ( x, 0) = ( x),
< x <
< x <
(1) w( x, t ) = e u ( x, t ) u ( x, t ) = e
w( x, t )
0 = (e t w)tt + 2 (e t w)t + 2 (e t w) a 2 (e t w) xx
= ( e t w + e t wt )t + 2 ( e t w + e t wt ) +
2 e t w a 2 e t wxx
= 2 e t w 2e t wt + e t wtt 2 2 e t w + 2 e t wt
+ 2 e t w a 2 e t wxx
= e t ( wtt a 2 wxx )
e t 0,
wtt a 2 wxx = 0
(2) w
w( x, 0) = e t u ( x, t )
t =0
wt ( x, 0) = [e t u ( x, t )]t
= u ( x, 0) = ( x)
t =0
= [ e t u ( x, t ) + e t ut ( x, t )]
t =0
= u ( x, 0) + ut ( x, 0) = ( x) + ( x)
1
u ( x, t ) = e t w( x, t ) = e t [ ( x + at ) + ( x at )]
2
x + at
1
+ e t
[ ( ) + ( )]d
2a x at
10.1.4
utt a 2u xx = 0
u ( x, 0 ) = 0,
u (0, t ) = h(t )
x
0< x<
ut ( x, 0) = 0
u ( x, t ) = f1 ( x + at ) + f 2 ( x at )
0 = u ( x, 0) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)""" (1)
c1
2
(1) + (3) :
f1 ( x) =
(1) (3) :
f 2 ( x) =
( x 0)""" (4)
c1
2
( x 0) """ (5)
x + at 0 x at f 2 ( x at ) = ?
f1( ) + f 2( ) = h( )
a
= at > 0
s
f1 ( ) f 2 ( ) = h( )ds + f1 (0) f 2 (0)
0
a
=
s
a
= a a h( )d + c1
0
f 2 ( ) = f1 ( ) a a h( )d c1
0
c1
a a h( )d c1
0
2
c
= a a h( )d 1
0
2
c1
0" (5)
2
f 2 ( ) =
a a h( )d c1
< 0" (6)
0
2
x
c1
t " (7)
2
a
f 2 ( x at ) =
x
x
a t a h( )d c1
t > " (8)
a
2
=
4 f1 ( x + at ) =
c1
2
u ( x, t ) = f1 ( x + at ) + f 2 ( x at )
0
=
x
a t a h( )d
0
x
a
x
t>
a
t
10.2.1
.
:
1
utt a 2 2 = 0
u0
u |t =0 =
0
ut |t =0 = 0
R < R0
R R0
2
2
2 u 2 u 1 ( Ru )
u= 2 +
=
R
R R R R 2
2
v = Ru ,
vtt a 2 v RR = 0
3
v ( R, t ) = f1 ( R + at ) + f 2 ( R at )
u ( R, t ) =
1
[ f1 ( R + at ) + f 2 ( R at )]
R
4 f1f , ,
ut =0 ( R, t ) =
ut |t =0 =
u0
1
[ f1 ( R ) + f 2 ( R ) ] =
R
0
R < R0
R > R0
1
[af1' ( R ) + f 2' ( R )] = 0
R
R / a
f1 ( R ) f 2 ( R ) = 2C
1
R < R0
Ru + C ,
f1 ( R ) = 2 0
C ,
R > R0
1
Ru C ,
f2 ( R ) = 2 0
C ,
R < R0
R > R0
R at ,
(5) M , R + at > R0 , f1 ( R + at ) = C
f 2 ( R at )
u ( R, t ) =
1
[ f1 ( R + at ) + f 2 ( R at )]
R
-at
u0 ,
= 2R
0,
R < R0 ,
R at < R0
R > R0 ,
R at > R0
(6) M , R at R0 ,
u ( R, t ) =
1
[ f1 ( R + at ) + f 2 ( R at )]
R
u0
R at
=
u0
2R
0
R at < R + at < R0
R at < R0 < R + at
R0 < R at < R + at
10.2.2 .
utt a 2 2 = 0
sin ( R / 2 R0 )
u |t =0 =
R > R0
0
u | = 0
t t =0
: u ( R, t ) =
R < R0
1
R
[ f1 ( R + at ) + f 2 ( R at )] u0 sin
.
R
2 R0
11.1.1
2
n
=
, n , kn , a
n 2l / n
l
n = kn a , (14). .
11.1.1 nkn =
,(14)
1
= Cn sin kn ( x + at ) + sin kn ( x at ) + cos kn ( x at ) cos kn ( x + at )
2 n =1
x + at
1
1
sin kn sds
= Cn sin kn ( x + at ) + sin kn ( x at ) + Dn kn
x at
2 n =1
2 n =1
(15)(16)
1
1 x + at
u ( x, t ) = ( x + at ) + ( x at ) +
( s )ds
2
2a x at
,, ( x ) ( x )
[0,l], t , x at .
, ( x ) ( x ) , 2l
.
11.1.2
u tt a 2 u xx = 0
u ( 0,t ) = 0, u x ( l ,t ) = 0.
(1) . u( x , t ) = X ( x )T (t )
X ( x ) + X ( x ) = 0
2
T ( t ) + a T ( t ) = 0
X( x ) + X ( x ) = 0
X(0)=0 X(l)=0
1
(n+ ) x
2
X (x )=sin
n
l
(2n+1)
(x )=
n
2l
3 T (t )
2 n +1 2 2
) a Tn (t ) = 0
n
2l
2 n +1
2 n +1
T (t ) = A cos(
at ) + B sin(
at )
n
n
n
2l
2l
T (t ) T ( t )
+(
u ( x , t ) = u ( x )T (t )
n
n
n
2n+1
2n+1
2n+1
= [ A cos(
at ) + B sin(
at )]sin(
x)
n
n
2l
2l
2l
n = 0,1,2
11.1.3 X(0)=0 X=l 0
(
l
,h)
2
utt a 2 uxx = 0
u(0, t ) = 0, u(l , t ) = 0
4h
u( x, 0) = 2 (l x ) x, ut ( x, 0) = 0
l
x2
u =
2 p
1
4h
l 2
l
( ,h) (u h)=(x ) + h =
(l x ) x
2
2p
2
2
l
=(
n 2
) ,
l
n x
X (x)=sin(
)
n
l
n = 1,2,
Tn ( t ) = An cos
n at
n at
+ Bn sin
l
l
n at
n at
n x
u ( x , t ) = [A cos(
) + B sin(
)]sin(
)
n
n
l
l
l
n =1
An ,
4h
n x
(l x ) x =u ( x ,0) = An sin
l
l2
n =1
Bn
2 l 4h
n x
16 h[1 ( 1)n ]
dx =
An = c (l x ) x sin
l l2
l
3 h3
n a
n x
)sin(
)B =0
0 = u ( x , 0) = Bn (
t
n
l
l
n =1
16 h [1 ( 1)n ]
n at
n x
cos(
)sin(
)
u ( s, t ) =
3
3
l
l
n =1
n
11.1.4
F0 F0
S Y
(1)
utt a 2u xx = 0
u(0, t ) = 0,
Fx
u( x,0) = 0 ,
YS
u x (l , t ) = 0
ut ( x,0) = 0
F x
= 0 (0, x )
YS
u( x ,0) u(0,0)
x
F0
u( x ,0) u(0,0)
u( x ,0)
= P =Y
=Y
x
S
x
F x
u( x , 0) = 0
YS
u( x , 0)
( X =0)
(2)
1
(n+ ) x
2
X (x )=sin
n
l
(3)
(x )=(
(2n+1) 2
)
2l
2 n +1
2 n +1
2 n +1
u ( x , t ) = [A cos(
at ) + B sin(
at )]sin(
x)
n
n
2
l
2
l
2
l
n =0
(4) u ( x , 0) = 0 B = 0
t
n
F0 x
2 n +1
x )
= u( x , 0) = An sin(
YS
l
2
n =0
( 1) n 8lF0
2 l F0 x
(2 n +1) x
1
A = c
sin
dx =
n
l
2l
YS
2YS (2 n +1)2
8 F0l
( 1)n
(2 n +1) at
(2 n +1) x
u ( x, t ) =
cos
sin
=
2
2l
2l
2YS
n = 0 (2 n +1)
11.1.5 l (1 2 ) ,
u a 2u = 0
tt
xx
u (0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = 0
x
(1)
u ( x, 0) = 2 ( l x), u ( x, 0) = 0
t
2
u( x , 0) .,
,
u( x ,0) l
=
u( x,0)
l
l
x
2
2
l
= 2
-x
2
-u( x ,0) l
l
=
u ( x , 0 ) = 2
- x
l
l
2
x
2
2
(2) 11-2
n (x )=
n 2
(x )=cos
n x
l
(3)
n at
n at
n x
u ( x , t ) = [A cos
+ B sin
] cos(
)
n
n
l
l
l
n =0
(4),.
u
( x , 0) = 0 B = 0
n
l
n x
2
-x=u( x,0) = An cos
l
2
n =0
1
l
2 l
A = 0l 2 ( x ) dx = 0l dx
xdx = 0
0 l
2
l 0
2
l
n x
4 l
n
A = 0l 2 ( x ) cos
dx =
[1 ( 1) ]
n l
2
2
n 2 2
8 l
(2 m +1) at
( 2 m +1) x
1
cos
cos
u ( x, t ) =
l
l
2 m = 0 (2 m +1)2
11.1.6 l ,
v0 .,.
(1)
u a 2u = 0
tt
xx
u (0, t ) = 0, u x (l , t ) = 0
u ( x, 0) = 0, ut ( x, 0) = v0
(2) 11-2
1
(n+ ) x
2
X (x )=sin
n
l
(x )=(
(3)
u ( x,t ) =
[ A cos
n
( 2n +1) at
2l
(2n+1) 2
) ,
2l
+ Bn sin
n=0
(4),.
0 = u ( x,0 ) =
A sin
n
( 2n + 1) at A
n = 0,1, 2,
( 2n + 1) at
2l
]sin
( 2n + 1) x
=0,
2l
( 2n + 1) a ( 2n + 1) x
v0 = ut ( x, 0) = Bn
sin
2l
2l
n =0
n =0
Bn =
8lv0
2
(2 n +1) x
l
dx =
0 v0 sin
(2 n +1) a
2l
(2 n +1)2 2 a
u ( x ,t ) =
8lv0
1
(2 n +1) at
(2 n +1) x
sin
sin
2l
2l
2 a n = 0 (2 n +1)2
11.1.7 l
( x) = x(l x) t > 0
2l
u a 2u = 0
t
xx
u (0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = 0
1
u ( x, 0) = x(l x)
2 11-2
n (x )=(
n 2
n x
) X n (x )=sin
l
l
n 2 2 a 2t
nx
u ( x , t ) = Cn e
sin
l2
l
n =1
4.
x (l
l
nx
x ) = u ( x , 0) = Cn sin
l
n =1
nx
2 l
4l 2
n
C = 0 x (l x ) sin
dx =
[1 ( 1) ]
n
l
l
n3 3
(2 n +1)2 2a 2
2
8l
( 2 n +1) x
1
2
u ( x, t ) =
e
sin
l
l
3 n =0 (2 n +1)3
11.1.8 l u ( x, 0) = x
u a 2u = 0
t
xx
u (0, t ) = 0, u x (l , t ) = 0
(1) x
u ( x, 0) = x
(2)
2
2n + 1) 2
(
,
n =
2
4l
n x
X (x )=cos
,
n
l
(3)
2 2 2
nx
u ( x , t ) = Cn e n a t cos
l
n =0
(4)
nx
x = u ( x , 0) = Cn cos
l
n =0
n = 0,1, 2
1
l
n = 0 : C = dx =
0 l
2
2
nx
2 l l
nx
C = 0l x cos
dx =
xd
sin
n
l
l
l
l n 0
2
nx l
=
|0 0l sin nx dx ]
[ x sin
n
l
l
2l
nx l
2l
n
=
|
=
1]
cos
[(
1)
0
2
2
2
2
l
n
n
(2 k +1)2 2 a 2t
4l
( 2 k +1) x
l
1
cos
u ( x, t ) =
e
l2
2 2 k =0 (2 k +1)2
l
11.1.9
u a 2u = 0
t
xx
u (0, t ) = 0, u x (l , t ) = 0
(1)
u ( x, 0) = u0
(2)
2
2n + 1) 2
(
,
n =
2
4l
X (x )=sin
n
(2n+1) x
, n = 0,1, 2
2l
(3)
(2 n +1)2 2 a 2t
(2 n +1) x
u ( x , t ) = Cn e
sin
4l 2
2l
n =0
(4),
(2 n +1) x
= u ( x , 0) = Cn sin
0
2l
n =0
4u0
2
(2 n +1) x
dx =
C = 0l u0 sin
n l
2l
(2 n +1)
4u0
(2 n +1) x
1
u ( x, t ) =
sin
n = 0 (2 n +1)
2l
(2 n +1)2 2 a 2t
4l 2
11.1.10
u
u ( x, t ) ,
u a 2u = u
t
xx
1. u ( 0 , t ) = 0 , u ( l , t ) = 0
2. X
3.
(x )=sin
n x
, n = 0,1, 2
l
nx
u ( x , t ) = Tn ( t ) sin
l
n =1
n 2 2 a 2
Tn(t ) (
)Tn (t ) = 0
2
l
Tn (t ) = Cn e
n2 2 a 2
l2
)t
n 2 2 a 2
(
)t
nx
2
u ( x , t ) = Cn e
sin
l
l
n =1
n = 1 , (
2a 2
l2
2a 2
l2
)t < 0 u1 n > 1
)t < 0 u n u1 ( x, t ) t
>
2a2
l2
l >
u1 ( x, t ) t
2
<
2a2
l2
l <
u1 ( x, t ) t
3
2a2
l2
l =
u1 ( x, t ) t u1 ( x, t ) t
11.1.11
u a 2u = Ae x
xx
t
u (0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = 0
u ( x, 0) = T ()
0
u ( x , t )
= v ( x , t ) + w( x , t )
w a 2 w = Ae x
xx
t
w(0, t ) = 0
w( x , t )
w(l , t ) = 0
w( x, t ) = w( x) wt = 0
xx
A x
e
a2
w =
A x
+ C1
e
a2
w=
A x
+ C1 x + C2
e
2a2
A
A
+ C2 , C2 =
2
2
2
a
a2
A l
A
0=w(l,t) =
e
,
+ C1l +
2a 2
2a 2
0=w(0,t) =
C1 =
A
(1 e l )
2
2
a
w(x) =
A
A
(1 e l )
(1 e l ) x
2a 2
2 a 2l
2. v ( x, t )
u a 2u = 0
xx
t
u (0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = 0
u ( x,0) = T w( x)
0
n 2 2 a 2t
1 v( x, t ) sin
v ( x , t ) = An e
n =1
l2
nx
l
sin
nx
l
nx
w( x ) = v ( x , 0) = An sin
0
l
n =1
n x
2
dx
A = 0l [T0 w( x )]sin
n l
2
2T0
2 Al 2 [ e l ( 1)n ]
n
[1 ( 1) ] +
=
n
a 2 n ( a 2l 2 + n 2 2 )
u ( x , t ) = v ( x , t ) + w( x )
2T0
2 Al 2 [ e l ( 1)n ]
n
u ( x, t ) = {
[1 ( 1) ]+
}
2
2
2
2
2
n
a n ( a l + n )
T
a 2 n 2 2
t
n x
A
l
l x
l
+
ie
[(1
e
)
(1
e
) ]
sin
2
2
l
l
a
1.
2.
n x
, n = 1, 2
n
l
n x
- x
,T {sin
}
u(x,t),Ae
0
l
X
(x )=sin
n x
u(x,t)=
T
(
t
)sin
l
n=1
n x
=
T
C
sin
0 n
l
n=1
- x
n x
= f n (t )sin
Ae
l
n=1
2 A l - x n x
sin
dx
0 e
l
l
2 A - x
n x l n l - x n x
[e sin
|0
=
dx ]
cos
0 e
l
l
l
l
2 An
= 2 2 0l cos n x de- x
l
l
2 An - x
2 An 2 2 l
n
= 2 2 [e ( 1) 1]
fn
i
2 2
2A
l
l
2 2
n
2 An
f n (1 +
)
[1 e- l (1) n ]
=
2 2
2 2
l
l
2 An
[1 e- l (1) n ]
fn = 2 2
2 2
l +n
2T
2
l
n x l 2T0
| =
[1 (1) n ]
Cn = 0l T0 sin n x dx = 0 ( )cos
l
2
l
l
l 0 n
fn =
3. u(x,t),Ae
- x
n 2 2 a 2
n x
n x
[Tn (t ) +
T
(
t
)]sin
f
sin
=
n
n
l
l
l2
n=1
n=1
{sin
n x
} n
l
n a
Tn(t ) + n2Tn (t ) = f n
d [Tn (t )
fn
2
n
dt
= n2 [Tn (t )
fn
2
n
:
fn
n2t
Tn (t ) 2 = Bn e
Tn (t ) =
fn
2
n
+ Bn e
n2t
u ( x, t ) = Tn (t )sin
n=1
n x
l
fn
n x
rn2t
= [ 2 Bn e ]sin
l
n=1 rn
4. Bn
u ( x,0) = T0
f
n x
[ 2n Bn ]sin
l
n=1 rn
{sin
n x
} :
l
C
n=1
fn
fn
C
,
=
=
Cn
B
B
n
n
n
2
2
rn
rn
4. u(x,t)
n (t )sin
n x
l
u(x,t)= [
n=1
= [
n=1
fn
fn
n x
rn2t
C
e
)
]sin
n
l
rn2
rn2
fn
n x
rn2t
rn2t
e
C
e
(1
)
+
]sin
n
l
rn2
(
2 Al 2 [1 (1) n e l ]
= {
[1 e
2
2 2
2 2
n=1 n a ( n + l )
n a 2
) t
l
n a 2
(
) t
2T0
n x
n
+
[1 (1) ]e l }sin
l
n
11.1.12.
a
u
tt
xx
l
u x (0, t ) = 0, u x (l , t ) = 0
u ( x,0) = 0, ut ( x,0) = 0
{cos
(1)
(2)
n x
}
l
u ( x, t ), f ( x, t ){cos
u ( x, t) = Tn (t ) cos
n=1
f ( x, t ) = f n (t ) cos
n=0
(3)
n x
}
l
n x
l
x
n x
= A sin t cos
l
l
n 2 2 a 2
n x
x
+
=
[T
(
t
)
T
(
t
)]cos
A
sin
wt
cos
n
n
l
l
l2
n=0
n a
n x
{cos
}, =
n
l
l
(1) n = 0, T (t ) = 0
0
2
(2) n = 1, T (t ) + r T (t ) = A sin wt
1
1 1
2
(3) n > 1, T (t ) + r T (t ) = 0
n
n n
1 T (t ) = a t + b
0
0
0
at
at
2 T ( t ) = a cos
+ b sin
+ c sin wt
1
1
1
l
l
c
2
2
cw sin wt + r c sin wt = A sin wt
1
A
c =
w2 r12
A sin wt
w2 12
3 Tn (t ) = an cos n t + bn sin n t ( n > 1)
(1),(2),(3)u(x,t):
T1 (t ) = a1 cos 1t + b1 sin 1t
u(x,t)=a t + b
0
0
l + (a cos t + b sin t )
n
n
n
n
w2 2
n =1
1
A sin wt cos
u(x,t)=a t
0
l + b sin t cos n x
n
n
l
w2 2
n =1
1
A sin wt cos
n x
l
0=u t (x,0)=a
+ b cos
n n
0
l
w2 2 n = 1
1
Aw cos
{cos
n x
}
l
a0 = 0
Aw
1 ( w2 2 )
w2 2
1
1
bn rn = 0,( n 1) bn = 0( n 1)
b1r1 =
Aw
, b1 =
A sin wt cos
Aw
x
sin r1t cos
l
1 ( w2 2 )
w2 2
1
1
at a
x
Al
1
=
[ w sin
sin wt ]cos
a w2 ( a ) 2
l
l
l
l
u ( x, t ) =
l +
11.1.13.
1dQ = k
u
Sdt
n
u
u
u
|x + dx Sdt k
|x Sdt = k ( )dxSdt
x
x
x x
= ku xx dvdt
(2)
k
dQ = h(u |s u1 ) sdt
u xx +
u
t
c
c s c s
ut au xx + fu = b
u(0,t)=0,u(l ,t)=0
u(x,0)=0
1.u ( x, t )b{sin
u(x,t)= Tn (t ) sin
n=1
b = bn (t ) sin
n=1
n x
}
l
n x
l
n x
l
2 l
2b
n x
l
[
bn = b sin
dx =
n
l
l 0
l
=
n x l
]|
cos
l
0
2b
n
[1 ( 1) ]
n
1. u ( x , t ) b {sin
u(x,t)= Tn ( t ) sin
n=1
b=
bn (t ) sin
n=1
n x
l
n x
l
2 l
bn = b sin
l 0
=
n x
}
l
n x
dx =
l
2b
[
l
l
l
n x
]|
cos
n
l
0
2b
n
[1 ( 1) ]
n
2.
n=1
{sin
n x 2
{Tn (t ) +
[
+
l
n x
}
l
f ]Tn (t )}sin
n x
l
= bn (t )sin
n=1
n x
l
n x
l
T n ( t ) +
[
bn
d [Tn (t )
2 + f ] T n ( t ) = b n ( t )
]
= [T n (t )
dt
T n (t ) =
bn
+ Ane
u (x,t) =
n =1
bn
bn
+ Ane
) s in
n x
l
(2)A n
0=u(x,0)= (
n =1
bn
n x
l
+ An )sin
n x
}
l
2b
[1 ( 1) n ]
b
A n = n = n
na 2
(
) +f
l
4b
(2 k +1) 2 a 2 2
+ f ]t
(2k + 1) x
(2k + 1)
l2
e
u ( x, t ) =
{1
}isin
2 2 2
l
k = 0 (2 k + 1) a
f
+
l2
{sin
4I 2r
=
c k =0
(2 k +1) 2 a 2 2
hL
]t
c s
l
(2k + 1) x
1 e
sin
(2k + 1) 2 a 2 2 hL
l
]
(2k + 1)[
+
2
l
c s
11.1.14.
u (0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = B
u ( x,0) = 0, ut ( x,0) = 0
:1.u ( x, t ) = w( x, t ) + v( x, t )
w( x, t ) = bx 2 + cs + d ,
A
2a 2
0 = w(0, t ) = d w = bx 2 + cx
2ba 2 = A, b =
Al B
2
B
w
l
t
bl
cl
c
(
,
)
=
=
+
=
+
2
l
2a
A
Al B
w( x , t ) = 2 x 2 + ( 2 + ) x
l
2a
2a
2.v(x,t):
u a 2u = 0
tt
xx
v(0, t ) = 0, u (l , t ) = 0
A
Al B
v( x,0) = 2 x 2 ( 2 + ) x, vt ( x,0) = 0
2a
2a
l
(1) :
n at
n at
n x
]sin(
)
u ( x , t ) = [A cos
+ B sin
n
n
l
l
l
n =1
(2)0 = vt ( x,0)Bn = 0
v ( x, t ) =
n x
n at
An cos
sin
l
l
n =1
Ax 2
Al
B
n x
(3)
(
+ ) x = v ( x , 0) = An sin
l
l
2a2
2a2
n =1
n x
2 l Ax 2
Al B
A = 0 [
(
+ ) x ] sin
dx
n
2
2
l
l
l
2a
2a
Al B
Ax 2
u ( x, t ) = 2 + ( 2 + ) x + An cos n at sin n x
l
l
2a
2a
l
n =1
11.1.15.
u 2u = 0
t
xx
u ( x,0) = 25
:1.u ( x, t ) = w( x, t ) + v( x, t )
w( x, t ) = w( x) = ax + b
10=w(0,t)=bb=10
40-b
= 10
40=w(3,t)=3a+ba=
3
w( x) = 10( x + 1)
2.v( x, t )
v 2v = 0
t
xx
v( x,0) = 25 10( x + 1) = 15 10 x
(1) :
v( x, t ) = An e
n =1
2
( n )2 t
9
sin
n x
3
n x
3
n x
2 3
An = (15 10 x)sin
dx
3 0
3
n x 3 20 3 3
n x
2
3
= 15 cos
xd cos
| +
3 n
3 0 3 n 0
3
n x 3 3
n x
30
20
n
=
dx ]
[1 (1) ] +
[ x cos
| cos
0
n
n
3 0
3
20
30
3(1) n
=
[1 (1) n ] +
n
n
30
=
[1 + (1) n ]
n
0, n = 2k + 1
= 60
n , n = 2k
60
1
u ( x, t ) =
e
n =1 2n
8 n 2 2t
2n x
+ 10 ( x + 1)
sin
3
11.1.16.
: (1) .u ( x, y , t ) = v ( x, y )T (t )
v + v yy + v = 0
: xx
T + T = 0
:
v(0,y)=v(a,y)=v(x,0)=v(x,b)=0
( 2) .v(x,y)=X(x)y(y)
X + X=0
:
y+ y=0
X(0) = X ( a ) = 0
y (0) = y (b) = 0
( 3) .
n2 m2
nm = ( 2 + 2 ), m, n = 1, 2,
a
b
n x
m y
vnm = sin
sin
a
b
( 4 )i T ( t )
n2 m2
+ 2 + B nm sin t
T nm ( t ) = Anm cos( t
2
a
b
(5 ) .
u(x,y,t)=
u nm ( x , y , t ) =
n ,m =1
n ,m =1
[ Anm cos( t
n2 m2
+ 2 )
2
a
b
n ,m =1
v nm ( x , y , t )T nm ( t )
n2 m2
+ 2 + B nm sin t
a2
b
n2
m2
+ 2 )]
a2
b
n x
m y
sin
a
b
( 6 ) .
i sin
( x, y ) = u( x, y ,0) =
nm sin
n ,m =1
Anm =
n x
m y
sin
a
b
n x
m y
4 a b
x
y
dxdy
(
,
)sin
sin
ab 0 0
a
b
n2 m2
n x
m y
( x, y ) = ut ( x, y ,0) = Bnm 2 + 2 sin
sin
a
b
a
b
n ,m =1
Bnm =
a 2 m 2 + b2 n 2
( x, y )sin
n x
m y
sin
dxdy
a
b
n 2 m2
n 2 m 2 n x
m y
sin
u ( x, y, t ) = An ,m cos t 2 + 2 + Bn ,m sin t 2 + 2 sin
a
b
a
b
a
b
n , m =1
11.1.17.
u +u =0
xx
yy
u (0, y ) = u1 , u (a, y ) = u1
u ( x,0) = u , u ( x, b) = u
1
2
(2)x
u ( x, y ) = v ( x, y ) + u1
v xx + v yy = 0
v (0, y ) = 0, v ( a , y )
v ( x,0) = 0, v ( x , b) = u u
2
1
(3).x
n y
a
n y
a
n x
)sin
v ( x, y ) = ( An e + Bn e
a
n =1
(4).
0=v(x,0)= ( An + Bn )sin
n =1
{sin
n x
}An = Bn
a
v ( x, y ) = An ( e
n y
a
n =1
= 2 An s h
n =1
n x
a
n x
n y
sin
a
a
n y
a
)sin
n x
a
n b
n x
sin
a
a
n =1
n x 2 a
n x
2 An s h
= (u2 u1 )sin
dx
0
a
a
a
u2 u1 a
n x
An =
sin
dx
n x 0
a
ash
a
u2 u1 a
n x a
[ cos
]|
=
n x n
0
a
ash
a
u2 u1
[1 ( 1) n ]
=
n x
n sin
a
u2 u1
=
n x n ,2 k +1
n s h
a
u ( x, y ) = u1 + v( x, y )
u2 u1 = v ( x, b) = 2 An s h
(2k + 1) y
(u2 u1 ) 1
(2k + 1) x
a
= u1 +
sin
(2k + 1) b
a
k =0 2k + 1
sh
a
sh
11.1.18. a
u tt v 2 ( u xx + u yy ) = 0, 0 < x < a , 0 < y < a
(1)
utt v 2 (u xx + u yy ) = 0
u (0, y, t ) = 0, u (a, y, t ) = 0
u ( x,0, t ) = 0, u ( x, a, t ) = 0
2u ( x, y, t ) = u ( x, y )T (t )
T u xx + u yy
=
=
vT
u
T + v 2 T = 0
u xx + u yy + u = 0
3
.U ( x, y ) = X ( x)Y (t )
X
Y
= ( + ) =
X
Y
X + X = 0
Y + ( )Y = 0
4
.
X + X = 0
X (0) = 0, X (a) = 0
n
n x
n = ( ) 2 , X n ( x) = sin
, n = 1, 2
a
a
Y + vY = 0
Y (0) = 0, Y (a ) = 0
m 2
m y
, m = 1, 2,
v=(
) , ym ( y ) = sin
a
a
n
m 2
mn = n + vm = ( ) 2 + (
)
a
a
5
.T (t )
m2 + n2 2
T (t ) + v (
) T (t ) = 0
2
a
2
v m2 + n2 t
a
+ Bnm sin
v m2 + n2 t
a
f nm
wnm v m 2 + n 2
=
=
2
2a
11.2
11.2.1
I=
un(0 )
b4
j0
d = (0)
un
b
3
1 4
u0(0 )
( )
j u (0)
2
1 n
b
b
u (0)
0
I = 3 j0 n d = b 4 j un( ) d
0
(u ) d =
(0)
( ) 4 J (u( ) )
u( )
(u( ) )
J 1 un(0)
0
n
0
n
0
n
( )
11.2.2
0 < < 0
1
u
1 2u
2
(1) u = ( ) + 2 2 = 0( 0 < < a )
(2)u ( 0 , ) = f ( )
(3)u ( ,0) = u ( , a) = 0
(4)u (0, )
u( , ) = R( ) ( )
1. u( ,0) u(0, )
2
+ = 0 R + R R = 0
=
=
(0)
(
a
)
0
R(0)
un ( , ) = Rn ( )n ( ) = Cn
Cn = 0
n
a
n
a
n
sin
a
n
2 a
f
d
(
)sin
0
a
a
u ( , )
11.2.3 b u0
u ( , t )
1.
ut a 2 2 u = 0
u (b, t ) = 0
u ( ,0) = u
0
2.
uzu
3.
u ( , t ) = R ( )T (t )
T d
dR
(
)=0
d d
1
1 d
T
dR
2
: 2 =
(
) = 2
a RT
a T R d
d
:RT-a 2
T + a 2 2T = 0, t > 0
: 1 d
dR
2
(
)
+
R = 0,0 b
d
d
4.R ( ), =0
R ( ) = J 0 ( )
5.
0 = u (b, t ) = R (b)T (t )R(b)=0
R(b)=0=J0 ( b)
:
a 2 n2t
un ( , t ) = e
J 0 (n ), n = 1, 2
6. n(0)n
n =
n(0)
b
7.
u ( , t ) = Cn e a n t J 0 (n )
n =0
2 2
8.
u0 = u ( ,0) = Cn J 0 (n )
n=0
Cn =
2u0 J 0 (n ) d
0
b 2 J12 (n )
J 0 (n ) d =
2
n
nb
J 0 ( x) xdx
nb b
1
d
[
(
)]
(
)
xJ
x
dx
=
xJ
x
= J1 (nb)
1
1
2 0
2
0 n
dx
n
n
b
2u0 J1 (n b)
n
2u0
2u0
Cn =
=
=
nbJ1 (nb) n(0) J1 ( n(0) )
b 2 J12 (n b)
=
nb
u ( , t ) = 2u0 e
a n( 0 ) 2
) t
(
b
J 0 ( n(0)
J ( )
(0)
(0)
n =1
n
n
1
11.2.4. b h f ( )
1.
u ( ,0) = 0, u ( , h) = f( );
u (a, z ) = 0, u (0, z )
2.
Z( z )
2 R + R + 2 2 R = 0
R(b) = 0, R (0)
Z ( z ) 2 Z ( z ) = 0
3.
Rn ( ) = J 0 (
n(0)
), n =
n(0)
b
, n = 0,1, 2
Z ( z )
Z 0 ( z ) = A0 + B0 z
4.
Z n ( z ) = An e
n( 0 )
b
+ B0 e
n( 0 )
b
, n = 1, 2,
5.
u( , z) = A0 + B0 z + ( Ane
n(0)
b
n=1
+ B0e
n(0)
b
), n = 1,2,6.
n(0)
0 = u(,0) = A0 + (An + Bn )J0 ( )
b
n=1
n(0)
n(0)
(0)
f () = u(, h) = A + B h + (Ae b + B e b h )J ( n )
0
0
0
n
n
b
n=1
A 0 = 0, An + Bn = 0
2
A0 + B0 h = 2
b
f ( )J 0 (
n(0)
b
)d =
J 0 ( x) = J1 ( x), J 0 ( x) = 0J 0 (
2
b2
n(0)
b
f ( ) d
)J1 ( x) = 0
J1 ( x) = 00
J0 (
(0)
0
n(0)
b
) = J0 (0) = 1
n( 0 )
An e
+ Bn e
n( 0 )
b
b
n(0)
2
= 2 2 (0) f ( )J 0 (
)d
b J 0 (n ) 0
b
n(0)
2 b
A0 = 0B0 = 2 f ( )J 0 (
)d
bh 0
b
b
n(0)
1
2
An = Bn =
f ( )J 0 (
)d
n(0) b 2 J 0 2 ( n(0) ) 0
b
2 sh
h
b
7.
u( , z) =
2
+ 2
b n =1
2z
hb 2
sh(
n(0)
sh(
n(0)
f ( ) d
) J0 (
h)
n(0)
b
J 0 ( n(0) )
f ( )J 0 (
n(0)
b
)d
11.2.5. b h q F
, ,.
u = u ( , z )
1.:
q , u ( , h) = q
u
(
,0)
=
z
k z
k
u (b, z ) = 0, u (0, z )
2.: Z(z)
2 R + R + 2 2 R 2 = 0
R(b)=0,R(0)
Z
(z)
Z ( z) = 0
3.
Rn ( ) = J 0 (
n(0)
), n =
n(0)
, n = 1, 2,
b
b
(0)
J
0
0
0J
(
x
)
0
0
n n = 1,2,
4.
u ( , z ) = ( An e
n( 0 )
b
n =1
+ Bn e
n( 0 )
)J 0 (
n(0)
b
5.
q
n(0)
n(0)
k = u z ( ,0) = b ( An Bn )J 0 ( b )
n =1
n( 0 )
n( 0 )
(0)
q = u ( , k ) = ( A e b z B e b z )J ( n )
z
n
n
0
k
b
n =1
{J 0 ( x)}
b
n(0)
2q
2qb
A
B
J
(
)
d
=
=
n n 2k(0) J 2 ((0) ) 0 0 b
(0)
(0)
k
J
(
1
1
n
n
n
n )
n(0)
n(0)
h
h
2qb
b
b
=
A
e
B
e
n
n
kn(0) J1(n(0) )
:An =
Bn =
qb(1 e
k
J (
(0)2
n
1
qb(1 e
k
J (
(0)2
n
1
(0)
n
bq
u( , z) =
k n =1
i[(1 e
n( 0 )
b
n( 0 )
)e
n( 0 )
b
) sh(
(0)
n
n( 0 )
) sh(
n(0)
b
h)
n(0)
b
h)
1
J (
(0)2
n
1
+ (1 e
(0)
n
n( 0 )
b
) sh(
)e
11.3
n(0)
n( 0 )
b
b
z
h)
] J1 (
n(0)
b
11.3.1.
2 R( ) + 2rR(r ) l (l + 1) R( ) = 0
R(r ) = Ar l + Br l 1
1. = ln r. R ( r ) = ( )
dR dR d 1 dR
=
=
d d d d
d 2 R d 1 dR
1 d dR
d 1 dR
=
=
+
(
)
(
)
( )
2
d d d d
d
d d
1 d 2 R 1 dR
= 2
d 2 2 d
( ) ( ) + 2( ) l (l + 1)( ) = 0
( ) + ( ) l (l + 1)( ) = 0
2.( ) = e :
k 2 + k l (l + 1) = 0
1 1 + 4l (l + 1) 1 (2l + 1) l
=
=
2
2
(l + 1)
l ( ) = Ael + Be ( l +1)
k =
Rl (r ) = Ar l + Br ( l +1)
11.3.2 19
2
0
'
'
1
1
|m ' |
Pl '
( x )Pl|m| ( x ) dx
11.3.3
sin ei +
sin e i
3
8
3
8
2
2
=
Y11 +
Y1,1
3
3
(2) f ( , ) = cos ei 2
: (1)e2i Ylmm = 2, cos {PL2(x)}
m
x = cl pl2 ( x)
l =2
(l + 2)! 2
lk
(l 2)! 2l + 1
2l + 1 (l 2)! 1 2
cl =
xpl ( x)dx
2 (l + 2)! 1
2l + 1 (l 2)! 1 (1 x 2 ) d l +2 2
l
=
x
(
x
1)
dx
l
l +2
2 (l + 2)!
2 l ! dx
2l + 1 (l 2)! 1
d l +1 2
3
l
= l +1
(
x
x
)
d
[
(
x
1)
]
l +1
2 l ! (l + 2)!
dx
l +1
1
d l +1 2
l 1
2 d
(1 3x ) l +1 ( x 2 1)l dx]
= A[( x x ) l +1 ( x 1)
1 1
dx
dx
3
1
dl 2
dl 2
l 1
= A[(1 3x ) l ( x 1)
6 x l ( x 1)l dx]
1 1
dx
dx
2
dl 2
dl
l 1
l
l 1
= l [( x + 1) ( x 1) ]
( x 1)
l
1 dx
1
dx
= {c ( x + 1) [( x 1) ] +
0
l
l (l )
+ c [( x + 1) ] ( x 1) }
l
l
l (l )
1
1
A2l +2 l !,l = 2k
=
0,l = 2k + 1
d l 1 2
A 6 x l 1 ( x 1)l
1
dx
d l 1 2
= A[6 x l 1 ( x 1)l
dx
d l 1 2
l
x
dx] = 0
(
1)
6
1 dxl 1
1
1
2l + 1 (l 2)! l + 2
2 l !,l = 2k
l +1
cl = 2 l ! (l + 2)!
0,l = 2k + 1
x = cl p ( x) = (4k + 1)
l =2
2
l
= (4k + 1)
k 1
k =1
(2k 2)! 2
2 p2 k ( x)
(2k + 2)!
1
2 p22k ( x)
(2k + 2)(2k + 1)2k (2k 1)
(4k + 1)
p22k ( x)
k =1 (2k + 2)(2k + 1)2k (2k 1)
f ( , ) = cos ei 2
(4k + 1)
p22k (cos )ei 2
k =1 2(2 k + 1)(2 k 1)( k + 1) k
(l m )! 2l + 1 m
Ylm ( , ) =
pl (cos )eim
(l + m )! 4
p22k (cos )ei 2 =
=
(2k + 2)! 4
Y2 k ,2
(2k 2)! 4 + 1
(4k + 1)
Y2 k ,2
(2k + 1)(2k 1)(k + 1)k
k =1
1 + cos 2
1
(3) f ( , ) = sin 2 cos 2 1 = sin 2
2
1
1
= (1 cos 2 ) + sin 2 (ei 2 + e i 2 ) 1
2
4
f ( , ) = 2
2 1
1
1
= (3cos 2 1) + sin 2 ei 2 + sin 2 e i 2
3 6
4
4
=
2
1 16
1 32
1 32
4 Y00
Y20 +
Y22 +
Y2,2
3
6 5
4 15
4 15
=
11.3.4
16
4
2
2
Y00
Y20 +
Y22 +
Y2,2
9
45
15
15
2
u (1, ) = cos
1.
: 2 u1 = 0, r < 1, 2 u 2 = 0, r > 1
: u1 (0, )
u 2 (, ),0
:
,
)=cos
u(1
2.
Bl
:
u
(r,
)
(
) Pl (cos )
A
r
=
+
1
l
l +1
l =0
: u (r,0) = (c r l + Dl ) P (cos )
2
l
l
l +1
r
l =0
3.
(1)(1)Bl = 0, u1 (r , ) = Al r l pl (cos )
l =0
(2)(3):cos = Al pl (cos )
2
l =0
1
3
1
pl (cos ) = (3cos2 1) = cos2 p0 (cos )
2
2
2
2
1
cos2 = p2 (cos ) + p0 (cos )
3
3
2
1
A l pl (cos ) = p2 (cos ) + p0 (cos )
3
3
l =0
{ pl (cos )}:
1
2
A 0 = , A 2 = , Al = 0(l 0, 2)
3
3
1 2
1
1
u1 = + r 2 p2 (cos ) = + (cos 2 )r 2
3 3
3
3
pl
(3)Cl = 0, u2 = l +1 pl (cos )
l =0 r
(4)(3):
Dl pl (cos ) = cos2 =
l =0
2
1
pl (cos ) + p0 (cos )
3
3
{ pl (cos )} :
1
2
D0 = , D2 = , Dl = 0(l 0, 2)
3
3
1
2
u2 = + 3 p2 (cos )
3r 3r
1
2 3
1
= + 3 ( cos 2 )
3r 3r 2
2
1 1 3cos 2 1
= ( +
)
3
r
3
11.3.5
u0
1. :
2
u
r
r
0
,
,
0
=
<
u ( r0 , ) = u 0
u (r,
) = 0
2
2.
3.
=
<
0,
,
0
u
r
r
0
u
,
0
;
0
2
u ( r0 , ) =
u , <
0 2
u (0, ) = 0
4.
u (r , ) = ( Al r l +
l =0
5.
Bl
) pl (cos )
l +1
r
u (r , ) = Al r l pl (cos )
l =0
(2)(1) :
2l + 1
Al =
u (r0 , ) pl (cos )sin d
l 0
2r0
2l +1 2
Al = l [ u0 pl (cos )sin d + u0 pl (cos )sin d ]
2r0 0
2
1
(2l +1)u0 0
=
[ pl (x)dx + pl (x)dx]
l
1
0
2r0
1 dl 2 l
l
x
x
pl (x) = l
(
x
1)
=
(
1)
pl (x)
l
2 l! dx
Al =
1
(2l + 1)u0
l
[1
(
1)
]
pl ( x) dx
l
0
2r0
l = 0A L = 0
3u0
,l = 1
2r0
A2 n +1 =
(4n + 3)u0 (1) n (2n 1)!! , l = 2n + 1
r0 2 n+1
(2n + 2)!!
3u0
2r0
(4n + 3)u0
n (2n 1)!!
A2 n +1 =
(
1)
r0 2 n+1
(2n + 2)!!
A1 =
( 1) n (4 n + 3) u 0 (2 n 1)!!(2 n )!!
=
r0 2 n +1
(2 n + 2)!!(2 n )!!
( 1) n (4 n + 3) u 0
(2 n )!
=
r0 2 n +1
2 n+1 ( n + 1)!2 n n !
( 1) n (4 n + 3)(2 n )! u 0
=
2 n+1 ( n + 1)( n !) 2 r0 2 n +1
( 1) n (4n + 3)(2n)!
r 2 n +1 (cos )
u (r1 ) = n+1
u
(
) p2 n +1
0
2
2 ( n + 1)(n!)
r0
n =0
11.3.6.
:
1.:
2
0,
,0
=
<
u
r
r
0
u (r0 , ) = u0
u (r , ) = 0
2
2. F
3.
2u = 0, r < r0
u (r0 ) = u0
u (0)
4.
u (r ) = A +
5.
B
r
(1)u (0)B = 0
u (r ) = A
(2)u (r0 ) = u0
u0 = u (r0 ) = A
u (r , , ) u0r , ,
11.3.7 R u ( R0 , , ) = sin cos
0
1.
2u = 0
u ( R0 , , ) = sin cos
u (0, , )
2.
Dl m
) pl (cos )
l +1
R
3.
l =0 m=0
U ( R, , ) =
R
R0
sin cos
u1 (, , ) u u1 (, )
11.3.8 R0 u0 sin
(1)
2 u1 = 0
R < R0
2
u1 ( R0 , ) = u1 sin = u0 P0 ( cos ) P2 ( cos )
3
u1 ( 0, )
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2)
u1 ( R, ) = Al R l pl ( cos )
(4)
l =0
(3), u1 ( R0 , )
(5)
Al = 0 ( l 0, 2 )
(6)
2
Al R0l pl ( x )
u0 P0 ( x ) P2 ( x ) =
3
l =0
Pl ( x )
A0 =
2
u0 ,
3
A2 =
2u0
,
3R02
(4),
u1 ( r, ) =
2 R2
u0 1 2 u0 P2 ( cos )
3 R0
R < R0
() u2 (, , ) u u2 (, ) .
(1)
2 u2 = 0
R > R0
2
u2 ( R0 , ) = u0 sin = u0 P0 ( cos ) P2 ( cos )
3
u2 ( , ) = 0
(2)
u2 ( R, ) = Bl
l =0
(8)
(9)
(10)
Pl ( cos )
R l +1
(11)
(3), u2 ( R0 , ) ,
2
P ( x)
u0 P0 ( x ) P2 ( x ) = Bl l l +1
3
R0
l =0
(12)
Pl ( x )
B0 =
2
R0 u0 ,
3
2
B2 = u0 R02 ,
3
Bl = 0 ( l 0,2 )
(11),
2 R0 R03
u2 ( R, ) = u0 3 P2 ( cos )
3 R R
R > R0
11.3.9 a, b,,
2 u = 0
a<R<b
u ( a, ) = u0 cos = u0 P1 ( cos )
u 2u
u ( b, ) = u1 + u2 cos2 = u1 + 2 + 2 P2 ( cos )
3
3
(2)
u ( R, ) = Al R l + l +l 1 Pl ( cos )
R
l
(3).
u0 P1 ( cos ) = u ( a, ) = Al R l + l +l 1 Pl ( cos ) ,
R
l
B
B
B
A0 + 0 = 0
Aa1 + 21 = u0,
Al R l + l +l 1 = 0 ( l 2 )
a
a
R
B
u2 2u2
+
P2 ( cos ) = Al R l + l +l 1 Pl ( cos ) ,
u1 +
R
3
3
l
B
B
u
B
B
2u
A0 + 0 = u1 + 2 , A1b + 21 = 0, 2 = A2 b 2 + 32 , Al bl + l +l1 = 0
( l 3)
b
b
b
b
3
3
A0 =
u
b
u1 + 2 ,
3
a b
B0 =
u
ab
u1 + 2
3
ab
a2
a 2 b3
=
,
u
B
u0
0
1
a 3 b3
a 3 b3
2b3
2a 5 b3
=
u2
A2 =
u
B
2
2
3( a 5 b5 )
3( a 5 b5 )
Al = Bl = 0(l 3)
Al Bl
A1 =
1
al
=0
1
l
b
bl +1
Al = Bl = 0 u ( R, ) , .
al
11.4.1
a ( x ) y " ( x ) + b ( x ) y ' ( x ) + c ( x ) y ( x ) + y ( x ) = 0,
-
y ( x )
k ( x )
Q ( x ) y ( x ) + ( x ) y ( x ) = 0,
dx
dx
:
a<x<b
(1)
a<x<b
(2)
(2)
k ( x)
( x)
y ( x) +
"
k' ( x)
( x)
y' ( x )
Q ( x)
( x)
y ( x) + y ( x) = 0
(1),
k ( x)
( x)
k' ( x)
= a ( x),
= b ( x) ,
( x)
Q ( x)
( x)
= c ( x)
k' ( x) b ( x)
.
=
, x ,
k ( x) a ( x)
k ( x) = e
.
Q ( x)
k ( x)
c( x)
a ( x)
b( x )
a( x ) dx
Q ( x ) = k ( x )
c ( x)
a ( x)
(2)(1)-.
11.4.2
k ( b ) yn* ( b ) yn' ( b ) + k ( a ) yn* ( a ) yn' ( a ) 0
(1) yn ( a ) = 0, yn ( b ) = 0, yn ( a ) = 0, yn ( b ) = 0
*
(36).
(2) yn ( a ) = 0, yn ( b ) = 0, (36).
'
'
'
2
2
k ( a ) yn* ( a ) hyn ( a ) k ( b ) yn* ( b ) hyn ( b ) = h k ( a ) yn ( a ) + k ( b ) yn ( b )
(4) k ( a ) = k ( b ) = 0, (36).
[ a , b] ,,.
11.4.3 ,..
, F
*
F x dx
x
F
x
dx
x
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
( )
F . ( x ) ( x ) ,
x .
-.
: F
F ( x ) = ( x )
F , ( x ) F .
, -,
-
1
d Q ( x )
+
k
x
(
)
y ( x) = y ( x)
dx ( x )
( x ) dx
L=
d Q ( x)
1
+
k
x
(
)
( x ) dx
dx ( x )
L y ( x) = y ( x)
b
a
* ( x ) L ( x ) dx = ( x ) L ( x ) dx
L ,,.
cos 2 0t
0
12.1.1 f (t ) =
1
2
f (t ) =
c( ) =
t <T
t T
c ( ) .
c( )ei t d
f (t )e i t dt
+T
sin(2 0 + )T sin(2 0 )T
+
2 0 +
2 0
12.1.2.
e t sin 2 0t
f (t ) =
0
f (t ) =
1
2
f ( ) =
t >0
t<0
c( )ei t d
e it f (t )dt = e t sin 2 0 te it dt
i ( 2 0 ) + t
1
i ( 2 0 ) t
e
dt
2i 0
2 0
=
=
( 2 0 )
+ ( + i )
12.1.3 f ( x ) =
c( k ) =
f ( )
1
a>0
a + x2
2
e ikx
dx
a 2 + x 2
f ( x)e ikx dx =
k<0 k>0
(1)k < 0
c(k ) =
a2 + x2
= 2 i
ik x
ik z
dx = 2 i Re sF (ia)
e
k a
= 2 i
= e
2ia a
i k ia
a2 + z 2
z = ia
(2)k > 0
x x
e ikx
eikx
c(k ) = 2
dx = 2
d ( x)
a + x 2
a + x 2
eikx
ka k a
d
x
e = e
(
)
= 2
=
a + x 2
a
a
c ( k )
e k a
sin ax
a
x
sin ax
f ( k ) = f ( x )e ikx dx =
e ikx dx
12.1.4. f ( x ) =
sin ax cos kx
sin ax
(cos kx i sin kx )dx = 2
dx
0
x
x
sin( a + k ) x
sin( a k ) x
=
dx +
dx
0
0
x
x
2 ,b > 0
sin bx
0 x dx = 0, b = 0
, b < 0(b = b
2
a>k>0k<0a> k
f ( k ) = a=k>0
2
0, k>a>0k<0a< k
12.1.5. f ( x) = cos x
2
F [e
i x2
c( k ) = F [cos x 2 ] = Re F ( ei x )
2
F [ei x ] = ei x e ikx dx = e
2
=e
k2
4
i x
k 2 k2
) i
2
4
dx
k2
1 i 4 i 4
e d = e 2e 2
i 2
k2
i ( 4 4 )
=
e
k2
i ( 4 4 )
k2
f ( k ) = Re[
e
]=
cos(
)
4 4
f ( k ) = cos x 2 e ikx dx
k2
k2
1 i x 2 ikx
1 i x 2 ikx
1 i ( x 2 ) 2 i 4
1 i ( x + 2 )2 +i 4
= e
dx + e
dx = e
dx + e
dx
2
2
2
2
k2
k2
k2
k2
2
2
1 i
1 i
1 i 4 i 2
1 i 4 i 2
= e 4 ei d
+ e 4 e i d
=
e
e
d
+
e e d
0
2
2
k2
4
e4
k2
4
(e 4
k2
k2
1 i ( 4 4 ) i ( 4 4 )
+e
) =
[e
]
2
2
*
k2
=
)
cos(
4 4
ei d = e 4
2
6.
c (k ) = f ( x) sin kxdx
0
s
2
f ( x) = cs (k ) sin kxdk
0
c (k ) = f ( x) cos kxdx
0
c
2
f ( x) = cc (k ) cos kxdk
0
f ( x ) = {[
0
f ( ) cos k d ]cos kx + [
1 f(x)
A(k ) = 0
2
B(k)= cs (k )
B(k ) = 0 f ( ) sin k ( )d
c (k ) = f ( x) sin kxdx
0
s
2
f ( x) = cs (k ) sin kxdk
0
2 f(x)
2
A(k ) = 0 f ( ) cos k d
A(k)= cc (k )
cs (k ) = 0
c (k ) = f ( x) cos kxdx
0
c
2
f ( x) = cc (k ) cos kxdk
0
7 f ( x ) = e
f ( x ) =
ax
a>0
f ( x)cc cs
cs (k ) = e ax sin kxdx
0
1 ( ik a ) x (ik + a ) x
[e
e
]dx
2i 0
1
1 e(ik a ) x e ( ik + a ) x
1 1
]
= [
] = [
2i ik a (ik + a ) 0 2i ik a ik + a
=
k
(ik ) a
2
k
k + a2
2
cc (k ) = e ax cos kxdx
0
1 (ik a ) x ( ik + a ) x
[e
e
]dx
2 0
1 1
1
1 e(ik a ) x e (ik + a ) x
]
] = [
= [
2 ik a (ik + a ) 0 2 ik a ik + a
=
a
k + a2
2
12.1.6
1 + x2
2
f C ( k ) = f c ( x ) cos kxdx
fC ( x ) =
f C ( k ) = e , e k
k
.
12.1.7.
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx =
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx =
2
2
f1s ( k ) f 2 s ( k ) dk
f1c ( k ) f 2 c ( k ) dk
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) dx =
f 2 ( x ) f1 s ( k ) sin kxdk dk
0
f1 s ( k ) f 2 s ( k ) dk
1, k < a
f(x)
0, k > a
12.1.8 f ( k ) =
f ( x ) =
1
=
2
12.1.9
:
1
2
f ( k )eikx dk
1 eikx
=
e
dk
2 ix
ikx
F e
ik0 x
1 eiax eiax
sin ax
(
=
2 ix
x
ix
f ( x ) = f ( k k0 ) .
12.1.10 f
1 x ) * f 2 ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) * f1 ( x )
f1 x) f 2 ( x) =
*
f1 ( ) f 2 ( x )d
i ( k +k ) x
f ( x ) e 0 dx = f (k k0 )
f 2 ( x)* f 2 ( x) =
f 2 ( ) f1 ( x )d
y = x
f1 ( x)* f 2 ( x) =
=
f1 ( x y ) f 2 ( y )( dy )
f 2 ( y ) f1 ( x y )dy = f 2 ( x)* f1 ( x)
12.1.11
y ( )d
1
= 2
, 0 < a < 1
2
( x ) + a
x + b2
y ( x )
x ) =
x + a2
2
1
y ( )d
=
]
F
[
] = F [ y ( x ) * ( x )]
2
2
x +b
( x ) + a2
1
= F [ y ( x )]F [ ( x )] = F [ y ( x )]F [ 2
]
x + a2
1
] = e k b
F [ 2
2
x +b
b
ka
1
F[ 2
]= e
x + a2
a
a k ( ba ) a b a
1
=
F [ y ( x )] = e
F[ 2
]
b
b
x + (b a)2
1
y( x) =
2
b [ x + (b a)2 ]
F[
12.1.12.
sin k
y ( x ) sin kxdx =
0
0 k
k >
(
)
f
k
f ( x ) sin kxdx
=
s
f ( x ) = f ( k ) sin kxdk
0 s
sin k
0
f s ( k ) =
0 k
k >
1
1 sin k ( x 1) sin k ( x + 1)
= [cos k ( x 1) cos k ( x + 1)]dk = [
]
0
2
2
x 1
x +1
k =0
1 sin ( x 1) sin ( x + 1)
1 sin x sin x
[
]= [
]
2
x 1
x +1
2 x 1
x +1
sin x
=
1 x2
=
12.2
12.2.1
utt + a 2u xxxx = 0
u ( x, 0) = ( x)
u ( x, t ) = ?
1.
d 2u ( k , t )
+ a 2 k 4u (k , t ) = 0
2
dt
u (k , 0) = (k ), u (k , 0) = ak 2 (k )
t
u (k , t ) = (k ) cos ak 2t (k ) sin ak 2t
3.
u ( x, t ) = F 1[ (k ) cos ak 2t ] F 1[ (k ) sin ak 2t ]
= F 1[ (k )]* F 1[cos ak 2t ] F 1[ (k )]* F 1[sin ak 2t ]
1
F [cos ak t ] F [sin ak t ]
1
x2
x2
+ sin
[cos ak t ] =
(cos
)
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
2
1
x2
x2
F [sin ak t ]=
(cos
)
sin
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
1
1
1
x2
x2
x2
x2
(cos
) ( x )*
(cos
)
+sin
u ( x ,t )= ( x )*
+sin
4 at
4 at
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
2 2 at
1
=
2 2 at
1
2 2 at
1
( x ) 2
( x )2
( )
[cos
]
+sin
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
1
( x )2
( x ) 2
( )
[cos
+sin
]
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
[cos ak t ] = Re F
1
= Re
2
=
1
Re
2
1
Re
2
dk
1
Re e
2
i ( atk +
x2
4 at
Re e
2 at
ikx
[e
iak 2t
ei ( ak t + xk )dk
eiak t e
x2
4 at
2 at
eiu
)2 i
x2
4 at
dk
du
at
2*
e dx = e 4
ix 2
eiu du
F [cos ak t ]=
2
Re e
x2
4 at
2 at
x2
1
=
cos(
)
4 4 at
2 at
x2 1
x2
1
1
=
+
(
cos
sin
)
4 at
4 at
2 at 2
2
x2
x2
1
=
+sin
(cos
)
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
1
x2
x2
2
1
F [sin ak t ]=
sin
(cos
)
4 at
4 at
2 2 at
12.2.2
< x , y , z <
t >0
ut a 2 ( u xx +u yy +u zz )=0
u ( x , y , z ,0)= ( x , y , z )
du( k , t )
+ a 2 k 2 u(k , t ) = 0
dt
u( k ,0) = ( k )
u ( k , t ) = ( k )e a k
2 2
u ( x , t ) = F 1[u ( k , t )] = F 1[ ( k , t )e a k t ]
2 2
= F 1[ ( k , t )]* F 1[e a k t ]
2 2
= ( x) *
=
1
(2a t )
1
(2a t )3
x2 + y 2 + z 2
4 a 2t
( )e
( x ) 2
4 a 2t
d 3
2 2
F 1[ e a k t ]=
(2 )3 =1
3
e
(2 )3
1
e a 2k 2t eikx d 3k
(2 )3
1
a 2 k 2j t ik j x j
dk j =
x j2
4 a 2t
=1
(2 a t )
( a tk j
2 x j 2 x j2
)
4 t
4 a 2t
(2 )3 =1
dk j
x2 + y 2 + z 2
4 a 2t
12.2.3
u xx +u yy =0
u y ( x ,0)= y ( x ),u y ( x , y ) y
ux(x,y) x =0
u ( x , y ) x =0
1 w ( x , y ) =uy ( x , y )
u ( x , y ) =
a w( x , ) d ,a
+
=
w
w
(u xx + u yy ) = 0
yy
xx
y
w( x,0) = u y ( x,0) = g ( x)
w( x, y ) y = u y ( x, y )
w( x, y ) x = 0, wx ( x, y ) x = 0
x , u ( x, y ) = 0y
u y ( x, y )
w(x,y)
2. x
d 2 w(k , y )
2
(
ik
)
w(k , y ) = 0
+
dy 2
w(k ,0) = g (k ), w(k , y ) y
(3)
w(k , y )
=0
w(k , y ) = Ae
+ Be
k2 y
= Ae
k2 y
ky
+ Be
k y
u (k , y ) y A = 0w(k , y ) = Be
g (k ) = w(k ,0) = B, w(k , y ) = g (k )e
k y
k y
(4).,
1
2
w (x, y) =
1
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
g ( )d
k y
g ( )e
k y ik ( x )
w ( k , y )e ik x d k
g ( k , y )e
e ik x d k
ik
dx =
k y + ik x
k y ik ( x )
]e
2 y
+ ( x )
w( x, y ) =
g ( )
d ]d
- + ( x ) 2
d [ 2 + ( x ) 2 ]
2 + ( x ) 2
1
=
2
1
=
2
d [ y 2 + ( x ) 2 ]
g ( ) ln a 2 + ( x ) 2 d
d g ( )
12.2.4
dk +
k y ik ( x )
g ( )
d
2
2
y + ( x)
u(x,y)= wx, )d
y
dk
k y ik ( x )
(5).w(x,y)u(x,y)
dk
utt a 2u xx = 0
u (0, t ) = 0
u ( x,0) = ( x)
cs ( k ) = f ( x)sin kxdx = f s ( k )
2
f ( x) = f s ( k )sin kxdx
0
(1)
d 2us ( k , t )
+ a 2 k 2u s ( k , t ) = 0
dt 2
us (k ,0) = s (k ), dus (k , t ) = s (k )
dt
t =0
( 2 ) u s ( k t )
1
s ( k ) s in k a t
u s ( k t ) = s( k ) c o s k a t +
ka
( 3 ) .
u ( x , t ) = F s 1 [ u s ( k t ) ]
= F s 1 [ s ( k ) c o s k a t ] + F s 1 [
=
s ( k ) c o s k a t s in k x d k
1
( k ) s in k a t s in k x d k
0 k a s
1
=
k x + a t ) + s in k ( x a t ) ] d k
s ( k )[ s in
+
1
s ( k ) s in k a t ]
ka
1 2
2
[ s ( k ) [s in
k x + at )dk +
k x at )dk ]
( k ) s in
2 0
0 s
1
[ x + a t ) + ( x a t ) ]
2
1
2
k at x )dk ]
( k ) s in
[ x + a t )
2
0 s
1
= [ x + a t ) ( a t x )] , x < a t , x > 0
2
=
x )
x<at
0
1 x + at
1
d
=
( ) d +
(
)
[
2 a x at
2 a x at
x+ at
0
( ) d
x + at
1 0
d
+
(
)
(
)
0 ( ) d
2 a a t x
0
x + at
1
=
( ) d ]
[ ( ) d ( ) +
0
2 a at x
1 x + at
=
( ) d ( )
2 a a t x
12.2.5
,, ( x = 0 ) q ( t ) ,
.
(1)_
ut a 2u xx = 0
u x ( 0, t ) = q ( t ) ,
u ( x,0 ) = 0
(2),
Fc ut ( x, t ) =
d uc ( k , t )
dt
Fc u xx ( x, t ) = k 2 uc ( k , t ) u x ( 0, t ) = k 2 uc ( k , t ) q ( t )
d uc ( k , t )
+ a 2 k 2 uc ( k , t ) = a 2 q ( t )
dt
uc ( k , 0 ) = 0
(3) uc ( k , t ) ,
uc ( k , t ) = a 2 q ( ) e
t
a 2 k 2 ( t )
(4),
u ( x, t ) = a 2 dk q ( )e a k
= a 2 q ( )d e
=
q ( )
12.3
12.3.2
cos kxd
a 2 k 2 ( t )
cos kxd
e x
/ a 2 k 2 ( t )
12.3.1 L[f(t) e t ]
L e t f ( t ) =
( t )
2 2
= f ( p ), Re( p ) > 0
e t f ( t )e pt dt = f ( t )e ( p )t dt = f ( p )
L[t n e t ] = ?
L[f(t)]=F(p)
L[f(t)e t ] = F ( p )
n!
L[tn ]= n+1
p
n!
L[t n e t ] =
(p- )n+1
12.3.3
L[t sin t ] = ?
L[sint]=
1
= F ( p)
p +1
2
dn
n F ( p ) = L[(t ) n f (t )]
dp
d 1
2 p
L[t sin t ] =
=
dp p 2 + 1 ( p 2 + 1) 2
12.3.4
1
L[ (e t e t )] = ?
t
L[e t e t ] =
1
1
= F ( p)
p
p
f (t )
p F ( p ) d p = L [ t ]
e t e t
1
1
L[
]= (
)dp
p
t
p
p
p
= ln
p
= lim
p
p
+ ln
p
p
p
p
ln 1 = 0
= ln
12.3.5
L[
t
0
s in u
du ] = ?
u
1 . L [ s i n t ] =
+ 1
F ( p )
2 .
f (t)
] =
L [
F ( p ) d p
p
t
s in u
1
1
] =
a
r
c
t
a
n
L [
d
p
=
p
u
p 2 + 1
p
a rc ta n p = a rc c ta n p = a rc ta n
3 . L [
L [
s in u
d u ] =
u
t
0
1
p
1
L [ f (t)]
p
1
1
a rc ta n
p
p
f (t)d t] =
1
s in u
] =
L [
p
u
12.3.6 y (t ) ty (t ) +
y (t ) = 1
y (0) = 1, y(0) = 2
( 1 )
[ y ( t ) ] =
=
y ( p )
L [ t y ( t ) ] =
[ p
d
d p
y ( p )
L [1 ] =
1
p
y ( p )
p y ( 0 )
y ( 0 )
L [ ( t ) y ( t ) ]
y ( p )
p
y ( 0 ) ]
y ( p )
d p
d L [ y ( t ) ]
d p
p2 y( p) p 2 + y( p)
d y( p)
1
+ y( p) =
dp
p
+ p
2
2
1
d y( p)
+ (p +
+
y ( p ) = 1 +
dp
p
p
p2
(2). y( p)
y ( p ) = ce
= cp
(p+
2
)dp
p
= ce
1 2
p 2 ln p
2
p2
2
1
2
+
p
p2
y ( p ) = c p
p2
2
1
2
+
p
p2
)+
1
2
+
p
p2
( 3 ) .
e
y ( p ) = cp
=
p2
2
2
p2
p4
(1
+
2
8
p2
1
2
1
+ (c + ) 2 + c(
+
p
p
2
8
(1 ) k = 0 , 1 , 2 ,
L1 [
L1 [ p k ] = 0 ( t > 0 )
dk
p k ] = k L - 1[ 1 ] = k ( t
k
dp
L[(t ]=
( t e -ptd t = e -pt
t=0
= 1)
k ! ( t = L1 [
dk
dk
1
k
p
L
]
[
=
F ( p )] = ( t )k f (t )
k
k
dp
dp
L1 [ p k ] = L1 [ F ( p )] = f ( t ) =
k(t
= 0 ( t > 0 )
(-t)k
L1[ 1 ] = 1
p
1
L1[ 2 ] = t
p
1
1
y t= L1[ y ( p )] = L1[ + (c + 2) 2 ]
p
p
1
1
L1[ + (c + 2) 2 ] = 1 + (c + 2)t
p
p
12.3.7.
q
dI(t) 1 t
+ I(t)dt = 0
L
c 0
c
dt
I(0) = 0
1.
1 I(p) q 0 1
=
c p
c p
q 1
1
1
: I(p)(L + 2 ) = 0 2
p
cp
c p
q0 1
q
1
c p2
I(p) =
= 0
1
1
c + 2 Lc p 2 +
cp
Lc
L{pI(p)-I(0)}+
2.
q 0 1
1
L [
]
1
Lc
2
p +
Lc
1
q
q
t
Lc
] = 0 sin
= 0 LcL1[
1 2
Lc
Lc
Lc
p2 + (
)
Lc
L-1[I(p)] =
12.3.7 f ( p ) =
( p2 2 )
, f ( t )
p f ( p ) , pb1,2 = ,
e pt
e pt
, + Re s
,
f ( t ) = 2 i Re s
2
2 2
2
2 2
( p )
( p )
1
=
(tcht sht )
2 3
12.4
12.4.1
u tt a 2 u xx = cos wt
u(0, t) = 0, u(x,t) x
t x,0)=0
u(x,0) = 0u
1.
t
d 2 u(x,p)
p
p u(x,p)=pu(x,0)-u t (x,0)-a
=
dx 2
p2 + w 2
2
d 2 u(x,p) p2 u(x,p)
1
p
= 2 2
2
2
a
a p + w2
dx
u(0,p) = 0, u(x,p)
x
2. u( x , p)
+
u( x , p) = c1e
(1) u( x , p)
p
x
a
+ c2e a +
1
p(p + w 2 )
2
c2 = 0
p
x
a
1
p(p + w 2 )
1
0 = u( 0 , p ) = c 1 +
2
p(p + w 2 )
1
c1 = 2
p(p + w 2 )
u( x , p ) = c 1 e
u( x , p ) =
p
x
1
1
a
e
p (p 2 + w 2 ) p(p 2 + w 2 )
3.
p
x
a
1
e
]-L-1 [
]
2
p(p + w )
p(p 2 + w 2 )
1
1
1
p
]= 2 L-1 [ 2
]
1 L-1 [
2
2
p(p + w )
w
p p + w2
1
wt
w (t )
p
2
x
2
a
e a
x
2 sin
1
L [
]= w
,t
2
2
2
p(p + w )
a
x
0, t <
a
w(t- )
2
wt
2
a ,t x
sin 2
2 [sin
u (x, t) = w
2
2
a
2
x
2 wt
,t <
2 sin
2
a
w
12.4.2.
u tt -a 2 u xx =0
u(0,t)=0, u x (x,t) x = 0
u(x,0)=0,u t (x,0)=b
1.
t
2
2
2 d
p
u(x,p)-pu(x,0)-u
(x,0)-a
u(x,p)=0
t
2
dx
u(0,p)=0, u (x,p)
=0
x
x
2.u(x,p)
u(x,p)=c1e
(1) u x (x,p)
p
- x
a
p
- x
u(x,p)=c1e a +
+ c2e
b
p2
= 0c 2 =0
b
p2
20 = u(0,p)=c1 +
u(x,p)=-
p
x
a
b
b
, c1 =- 2
2
p
p
b - pa x b
e + 2
p2
p
3.
b - pa x b
u(x,t)=L [u(x,p)]=L [- 2 e + 2 ]
p
p
-1
-1
b - pa x
b
e ] + L-1[ 2 ]
2
p
p
b
(1)L-1[ 2 ] = bt
p
= L-1[-
f (t ), t
L-1[e p F(p)] = f (t ) =
0,t<
x
x
b(t ), t
p
b - x
a
a
L1[- 2 e a ] =
p
0,t < x
a
x
x
b(t a ) + bt, t a
u(x, t) =
bt,t < x
a
x
x
= b(t )H(t ) + bt
a
a
12.4.3.
u t -a 2 u xx +hu=0,0<x<,t>0
u(0,t)=0, u x (x,t) x = 0
u(x,0) = u
0
1.
t
d2
pu(x, p) u(x, 0) a
u(x, p) + hu(x, p) = 0
dx 2
d2
u0
p+h
2 u(x, p) 2 u(x, p) = 2
a
a
dx
u(0, p) = 0
u x (x, p)
=0
x
2
2.u(x, p)
u(x, p) = c1e
(1) u x (x, p)
p+ h
x
a
+ c2e
p+ h
x
a
u0
p+h
= 0c 2 =0
p+ h
x
a
u0
p+h
u
u
(2)0 = u(0, p) = c1 + 0 , c1 = 0
p+h
p+h
u(x, p) = c1e
u(x, p) =
p+ h
x
a
u0
u
0 e
p+h p+h
3.
u
u
u(x, t) = L [ 0 ] L1 [ 0 e
p+h
p+h
u
L1 [ 0 ] = u 0e ht
p+h
1
2u
u 0 ap x
L [ e
]= 0
p
u
L [ 0 e
p+h
1
p+ h
x
a
p+ h
x
a
e- d
2
x
2a t
F [ p ]= L[ e f ( t )]
L1 [ F ( p )]= e t f ( t )
u( x, t ) = u 0 e ht (1
x
2a t
e- d
2
e ht
2u 0
x
2a t
e- d
2
12.4.4
d 2
dt
e y dy =
2
x / 2a t
d 2
dt
2a t
3
2
e x
/ 4 a2t
x
,
2a t
e y dy ( x ) =
2
x / 2a t
d 2
dt
( )
x
e y dy =
2
lim (
lim e
e y dy
2
( t + t )
t 0
( t +t )
t 0
2a t
3
2
e x
( x)
/ 4 a2t
lim ( t + t ) ( x ) / t
t 0
e y dy ) / t
2.5.1
1.F
x =0
=1
( x 1) + ( x + 1)
(2) e x ( x 2 1)dx = e x
1
= (e x
2
+ ex
x =1
x =1
dx
1
) = (e1 + e 1 ) = cosh1
2
(3) sin 2 x ( x + ) dx
f ( x ) ( x ) dx = f (0)
= sin 2 x
= 2 sin x cos x
x =
x =
2 = sin 2
= 2 sin
226,(27),(28)
1 x ) = l i m
e nx
( a ) x = 0
n
lim
e nx
= lim
x=0
( b ) x 0
n
lim
e nx = l i m
2
e nx
1
1
= 0
2
2
n
n 2 x e nx
(c )
=
lim
- n
lim
e nx
dx =
= 1
(x) = lim
n
e nx
1
e nx
( 2 ) ( x ) = lim
(x2 + 2)
( a ) x = 0
lim
(x2 + 2)
= lim
x=0
( b ) x 0
lim
(x2 + 2)
= lim
=0
( c )
(x + )
v=
x
2
>0
2
dx
1
dv
=
a rctg v
2
tv
= [ ( )] = 1
2
2
( x ) = lim
0 (x2 + 2 )
=
n
n 1 + n x 2
1
2 =
n
(3) ( x ) =
lim
d
x
[( ) 2 + 1]
3. 2 ( p ) =
1 2 1
ln
2
1 c
1 2 1
1 2
ln =
ln
2
2
1 1 d
d
(
ln ) = 0
=
2 d
d
(2) 0
1 2 1
ln
2
(3)
0
2
d
1
1
2
d
l
n
0 0
d
2
z
1
2
1
2
1
=
2
=
2
0
v
s
1
0
2
(ln
ln
(ln
1
)dv
G
d
G 1 G G
= e +
e + e
z z
1
ln
) d d d z
ln
ln
=
e =
1 G
e
z
G G
G G
n e e n = 0
G G
e n = 1
I =
=
1
2
v
s
1 1
2
2
1 G
G
e d