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    Revolución francesa, Historia

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    Revolución francesa, Historia

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    348 views50 pages

    Jocelun Hunt, The French Revolution 1

    Uploaded by

    Omar Sánchez Santiago
    Revolución francesa, Historia

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    QUESTIONS AND ANALYSIS IN HISTORY THE FRENCH REVOLUTION JOCELYN HUNT ROUTLEDGE London and New York Pred ante mat aon ered ota an fa by Sacre beaten on Ha Pew = (Over nd Hoy CONTENTS lution 2, When did developments in France bect revolutionary? The Constituent Assembly The war in Europe The Teor The Directory and its achievements 7, The counterrovoltion {Did the French Revolution end with Bonaparte? Notes and sources Select bibliography Index a 101 115 122 428 SERIES PREFACE Woe stony textbooks cow sto grove tha stent i interpret te and mary azo cover ho Hleogrepy of ope. Seance 2 ‘So ar however tore fave beef temple 1 combine a the shite needed bythe story suet Interpretation i usa found a femawork ands olen dct separa tute to or eaaypspasse, Where sources ar ince, ei ‘aly mach guidance sto how to answer he quetons on them “The uvstons and Anes saris Oootore based on th let that ober approach should be aod Yo howe whieh aes en tater ono longer date bythe forar Most chaps sa wth = eckgrourd arte secon conta ‘mater then od ia Eecion Spocc quashon, Tha main purpose oa tei “he eocond sin geod comprehen range of sources tor ench of he neve covered. The questans are af We hype whch topes on srainaton pepe, and some have Worked answers 0 domonsae the techies requ. Tho chapters may be spp0sch ground paatce can bo rae ret ta prove an orl porspectve ‘Bho bythe anaes end thon the sures, Tho aerate method Tro wock Hough a ho compenets of enc chapter Baore ging ‘nto the net, vray. Th back ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS WHY DID THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGIN? ACKGROUND NARRATIVE Notables woud bm co thee reforms and ied oeatablh a consttatonl role CCalonne was replaced by Archbishop Beane, Biel » mo e tractable was mitaen, raed objections the Notable. He, too, led to perstade the Notas, ho ‘demanded thatthe representatives ofthe whole nation shouldbe ruled, The next months were spent in tying to permmade the ferement to accept the reforms, while the fnancal sta worsened and pai onder was threaten. By August | 78 the Kin ws force to agro to the sutmioning of ah Estates Genera for the ext May, and to reappoint the ever popular Necker, Dicom: “trv of the Estates General were asgoed to bout the pre 2 ecind Assembly of Notables, and ues For clection were apred The Awembly which had scemed imponibe in 1786 amet at Verses in May 1789 The qaetin of hy the Revoltion began fas long been a mater of hitoringrphial deste, One ofthe clearest decent ‘ofthe debe canbe oud in Rtinking te Frch Rec by © Covnsinel" Marxist bistros ane tat this war 2 social revo Ion: Fundamental proces ois development. Barve tis in lcion 2 Is Révltion Prange (1792), be writen that ty was tly ferent from and much more cp "aluable inn dain ded property thas the Revolution aimed {o align poltel power with economic wealth, Barnave could be ‘id to hive predicted Marx. Later Mart hitriane concurred long eaters unl wil evolution which bs mate bourgeois the mises of the world." And, for Maxis, the bourgeois revolion tthe inevitable precursor f the p tinge ‘the bourgeois, wherever te got te upper hand, kas pu send 19 all Teal, patriarchal, lic relitons” (Commune this ws a revolution Ted by ides: concepts like egalitarianism, justice, organisational rationals. and antclerielinn led to 2 seatch fora beter society. R, R Pale, Jacques Gaderhor and ‘Clade Manceron hve pt forward « comervaie/ eral view that Revoluion war necded to restore justice. They agree dt 2 wider morement can be tac, Hing the American and Dutch cs to Ut of dhe French. J.-M. Thompson provides a = tore Ink between the Marsits and these bison, ables xed thr welt testing that the hourgeie ali ta creditable way to improve sci, Among thoes who erg for 2 les ear cot ew are Cobhan and Dele Souboal and Rudi add he dimension of the popular revolt, ithe anvlrement ofthe mane pple: the pests in 1783, for eaple and the sonal The tw anaes in ht secton consider mary arguments: Were the prvleged ates rxponsibe forthe ANALYSIS (i: WERE THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OUTAREAK OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION? ‘he pivanse easere could be hald respon these wy hoy Talped cuss the pretlerssinca ther wealth wat ot aubjct 10 1 change hla Sly derencng, for hae own enc the mscting oF the Estates Genorl which gave voi the Thed Ete and ented ff propery, The fat two estates ware wanted ee pvlagea ancaron as hi a sy about the Ft Esa, the Church troney thn the vob. Th bishops a of whom inthe pest Contry have came rom the nba a¢ wel a8 the poner “bot ofthe great manasa, ols moat haf hee otto of ‘cons of endowrant and i regarded ee sacred, touche pany farm of lanaton Every year thant oe he aston i ows!" CF coarse the Chichi ke te git tthe goverment vey, The Socond Estat, he roby fr long Pad exampton rom mary tax Capitation, or x por heed wa pail by Uw nol ut we ide ito ony fou graces, aed 3 at at he ch Nobis he ays ca paid tail, but cade tnt own cour, The ‘sited Gale's planed agi nd tes poi beens ¢ wad have ben eolctd acorn owe andl helonge eguons Member ofthe maby, and of the clergy, wor alo invalved capialt enterprises France was peti very nich cum. a Becsesirs abroad and harbour on Oat he Nectonancn re tibet on es ome Me Ags gd since 1740, was assessed on “teal property. Thus ether decty 0 rey, 4 was he cameon peopl who bore the wath of ran fd nota of thom: mary towns ad purchawed cromptin em Those who kd wert paysansct Fane county fos Te ing paysanect Fane, tho cout fo The ge goverment cad te harass much ef ost om tho very pot whe tg ie fom te wey The fate howe suns 2 up bough a the cre which ban the Reolton Members of he prosperous les called eran aaa ne ‘rea. While thie benatted the government, who got thet money * ont ntray moant thatthe lpayr pd ro, inode To eovet the imesimon. And the st Brome les than dome when the femiers pdr tok tong In 1OUs rater tha natal ‘oures he ich. They recived thar dvidends and the repayments fo ose tee nonin ah anon he po hw prnloged clssce leo lenated the rst of oucoly. The signer, the nd olde, wheher gy, nabs, bourgece ot poratan, mom dec oppeeed the payne The pease pid 4 the King tote, inghtmes, captain ard th gobele oo a they also pad the cine rite Yo the Church, bu above a they fd thor landlord. The hole those who pai fed moray rr Fed actualy berated fom the inflaton ofthe 17700, Otter were ‘mstnyrs, sao crpper, nko gue atvsen 40 per cnt wed 60 pot ‘eto hr rue 1 ie erosion fr the eden tel many aroas, peasants si held ther land according tothe medieval 4 WHT TaTTRENGTRWOLTON FGI rue of feud, They pi bot in mony a in Kn or ue of he awe, which prevented than lig gue animal, ining pigoone ‘Sd rats, bling tone wale o harvesting crops bee had rithed eating Them, Tare wae Mle that peasants could 0 19 robe had sented he tants lar by employing Wace Tanner who secaed in dncovedng and enforcing forgotten feuds ren ‘ome histolans svgget that @ ith aepect of he oud rosoton had beer te tego loe the rank fe ncoy Wo new Crain tb pat tar had been venue rout attain al he ‘Robe’ nobles were rexented by the rabies ofthe sword, sthough robe abla wes eocapod as ene robes ser threo geersons or Your suaienge” Dung the eighleeath con, forma decoes ters mace iting Ihe len rane othe ary aro enor fe (Church and State tothe wih four quatro I may be tha te ‘erly Bougsose nha tu ecanad hs ling ofthe ders “Above al it was the privileged classes whe lumed a financilciie ine conativtond and poe evaluon. Te Arson of Noles Tole fo accept Calome's lors, of even Erisne's mach le ‘acl reworking of thn. Thy, the the mabe oft Pararent, ‘accept Caloae's permanent rhe prisogos deere atemptedto retain tome contol over amounts, bf denanding thal is panned ‘egand! councils mst par ard and pet emp accrcing to "00 Kg ragitered thm by de justo, te pafamensires cepted iemeches es protector ofthe taitona igo ha French ages theeneroschment fhe King, ac fora fone ost conned ho people thal thay were defending Ir. When bees car, n {ho autumn of 1788, that they wore amply delonsng thir on The arrogance ofthe prnloged groupe canbe roenthrmenten {o use the Elates Genera lr th wn ends. he meng had been Inthe fom o 1834, he the extato wr have hed ania rus WHFSOTHEFRNCWAVOUTONTTE 5 ne be the dovlauants of the nest fo year. Ho Franca, Thre an elon of Gricion In he ‘fest spectacle cane id yet ha gh comment that es the et ee ives of le nab oa cou have bean rot of cours, prec ht tha fina polos, these were shortve, and the urben poor in France bensited 28 WHR BO DETEOPNENTS FERRET HICOMT THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY BACKGROUND NARRATIVE Although the sts of les passed by the Constituent Assembly (1789-91) was not eaiely lear sine the Ki ree nevertheles accept hey were agreed by the Aten September 1789, shes os fate remblisthe war dedared to be siponsve rather than abot and, foun October, tle was tobe ‘King of the French ot France’. He wat nt stripped of all hit powers, however, Partly ‘hanks tote argument of Mirae, the King sya concen March 1790, The Enlightenment principle of Separation of Powers was ext led wath the denon of 7 Nowemiber 1789, ht opal miners oul not itn the Assembly. The voting regulations of December Ingodusd the distinction between aces psive zens, and the lea government replace history and tation wih elghened efceney wa also if the same month were intended to hoped that the aboli evotcnay Feo Auta (789 marked the sar? of the jl errs, withthe shelton of torre and “permanent rasan’ for the Ps Debates on equality of pusikenent were of particle iret tthe vrellrend amateur pis of the dst of Pars would cura the srs such the Coreliers ofthe Awemby and conse pet deal of time. The sbottion of February (790 provided the racat space on which the new adil sytem could bo ul Enlightenment presstes within the Asembly ensured tht the were supprewed spin May the silo of the Church ands began The nor instal reforms were completed and accepted by th 012 July nthe Cal Constiition of the Clergy, and he com accepting wa inposed the King did not sg the ing the abaliion of social ditincdons in the Aegan Decrees 1789, he amy relorie of Fbruary 1790 were ese: ‘he ending of purchased coamsone, andthe principle of promo on by mer Tis wat not, however, the begining of eq ‘pportonties rezme. Attempt to iberte Mack sles in the Wes Indies in May 1791 fle nt leant Beene ofthe large mers of sline owner (uch a te de Lameths) nthe Avs. Nor dd French workers fre beter since the Lue Chapeber Gune 1791 sme soles ere egal Meanwhile, dacusion of finiot, the orignal reason f sxmmoning the Etter Genera, had been defer. Asay bad een wed far the fst tie in December 1789 an atonal ‘ownership of the church at and holng coavnced some people ‘hat there wo be enzgh money for everything however, new sad fa taxes were essential in November 1790, the or cng nl a) a Fn andi amy 791 the ced vas adden March the pase ws deere the Asembly liming that tis payment could be made in pce oF subseriptons to the reocrly soled pike, Deering the summer of 1791, atonal touches were put to the Constitution: a decree m May prevented members ofthe eating Assembly from standing for election to the new Legistive ‘Amery The sles” eth tothe tation and slaw, agreed om 13 June conte dhe change of Fc aay fe the King, The CConstiation was pane on 3 September ad accepted bythe King on 14 Septerber The new Legshtive Assembly met on 1 O of the work ofthe Constituent Assembly tends to Focasontheefetvencs ofthe lla, hth x eompared to the 30 RECGRSTTUNT ASSET? eed of France tthe time and in tems ofthe enduring quality Ur che tutions ard ideale etaished, Ws the Const of Sptember 1791 workable ae: dite the problem which ont France? Once the sroctures were extalsed, was he sry Ueno tat the monarchy in France coud Fhe ewoanclses which allow conde these to aspect ANALYSIS (): HOW TRUE IS IF THAT THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY BORE NO RELATIONSHIP TO THE REAL NEEDS OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE? Thence fh Foch pole hc ts a not, oe sae inthe ie pmo cones winch cae fom ey vga, gd sd toon cnc exc ena epg ger documents Nona - boon done by edosed mem Ara te ene tho gilt at maker sone hb ocet worse on fd alte neo ol he stn, Thee rede were pocorn er tom: hig olf nation anda tigen mace re ore toute he polars of pesrent arin chon and intent Spores foreman pcassane wee reid yale of stray on by to pore of soqtng un euch Cnt Yrath ce conned athe top wth nary oa wes Seng sores ae support theses one pond wells t thw preprints Won hs Exes Geol el, however oie wa. on sin vote wed contra! change, wd oe jails an gn tyetans lie Suny. Tae we vate reso fr the. Soa of emenowr, eon ther Meat cad ta Kae erp dit dena win hal eve te og see th openly {o dove he Assembly cow. nin rary ofthe dopatioe ere Ines rat ea ted ad ogling snd we ore sonere cabled tates tha th tb eno cot pro Mary fhe oo, wer alo te cns oe Engherer 2rd rope Saputn Power ard he Socal Gotan a tng eran re eer han th sgl en Abo at Fence ‘then wing fr ene fh pring ee THETA at Te mcs fr agion ‘wore out i the August Deere the Alga Dore wan hte ye eet a eaves pene the ts the aboltan of feu! eins was mostly decred fo ‘Seton eb one we scart Exapirne ey ene es re tae inborn! ses fave ae ace ne te wats tao Se Sa should be iseuod forthe menufseture of the guillotine). Again, whie the Franch peasants may have been pleased at the idee of ‘of capital punishment, and beheading fo we tat they regarded it as a priority. ‘ pasos ad redo a 2 TRRCORTTORT AEE no drt oreo epi even shel a rly he 9 Tei toy of ovtang the ch Debates about entanchaing woren reper ones nthe now dpa idole come rar thea ofthe soe agen The te per ‘Seental conto cut he Terr saw the power nmany aes placed ‘ithe hod of the erent en mie, lok whom ware am he peecis and sub prelecs. The methods of angina might vary, bu slage wae pps government ay. On the oar and the fe une fo be comple pial ftir ensttencer and in an ‘gnc aconomy tise he mre Hy toe ms. ot excepto, ‘ing an conmtese an regsing sekockeg and see clesring, 22 wl apent Mchoel.Fasimmane suggest that he poi! wich wae {htblahed warn the nandeof hose most commited oan able fo cepeent an equitable and worabl sytem Flsrmns Cam ha hein esibened were bot er and ete Cartanly opparunies wee extn. wth the sbtson of ee sducationromead ah unspovan bara tho ey a ast was {om af amy whoeo wale and carer pronsons weve th eny Equa cl provcon alo improved the ponleyton: po one coud te tured, or arene’ wth undue lores deception athe only ‘shel of ep parison! onto long dbs to Sd an oco shout th probable red o replace ~ of tthe very east rg ae "harp the expensive rd sar vey bane? ay have aber ‘rasa hte ware hala Bicnederecutons wh he gute flys prt in thie eoneo, fcioncy and humenity war damonstated bythe Rasen egteton TECTURE 33 Too judicial syten to, becure move open and accessible, fr both swore an hi lan, wih ecu an cal cours ad mig and no persona tees, ncontast othe sigur cece nich thy replace “Tis Ibwalem fede lis, Howore: atmgte to ee chat sian in the Fen cols flad nace of esha of propery > cay epreane nt #7 ot he Baoan of tb eh Man; woes woe fobisen ton eating, by las whch me strenghaned by avecestie French egies ul he 880% Pars for ‘ston and wate renin at ne sean sg, topped cotectng th, and dred ha we peopl hs go fay the sob ech, hese were agit = hard anomie Legayers Te tart wie thay put lace wa ted, carpe fd renoreas Te esibion lone Spensed or ihe Eeeeiaton of fre rept hy the new loc sone, whens Imonbers war of ous, suo rena pop’ enough tobe ici 8 Moy 1782, ony one atone! Does of he egy toe tad registro, anolyte eommanon had tars compile” Daring 170, fe ft ix cote an 242 aging Fence tower ws th nation ed onto er suing ofthe astra. ony by Soper 178 th cash ae 100 es ease was cw fo 2 bens tha vr fit kd on get wore. an Ata sugges that eey poser a consequent on roneny inten, Wheto, Conatuom Ascenshy feu ob ote os termes stole ogress nt Sch an appa sy souan as png mow hte woud nt The Corsten! Asser then sind t oat an enigened and feral pte esing tmiy onthe good caene a he propery ong nding tenor em cle wor tens ‘he ancion rege, nd acces a a fi accom e pests oon ecg of ful pays snd aesire of onsen ue Fe at, were, dens aderutely the mejor Ean pebens Foe, ard many of asritave and used me proved. ts teterame to sare the aes ts ong ed i we no local gorerment charms, new nw cous new cme ec al 4 TRECONTURITAR scot he contin of 1781 within a yee of ncepin Fray emposng he Cit Cnstiston of tha Clergy, talented many fe questons 1 How far ware the decisions of tha Conant Assembly tatu to ther? 2. To whl extent does & study of the legislation of the Consituent Assomaly confirm the vew that these were ‘puocle-lae meeburs or mile case et? ANALYSIS a: WAS THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY OF ‘oor A VIABLE GOVERNMENT? Monochy was the fom of govromant chen by the Consaton fnalers of "789-91, not lat Boesvse was the model tha was reed ork 29 wel nn, Ser! fh chi hare “The Keng appered sso wo hare socoped the is of coetitionsl nrarcy Hs appeared Ison to Mraboas evista the exe SF lied power was the bet woyforvard fr the King and hs as Maabesu hope) chosen ministers. Arh ourney to Mona now reduced, pration sa Nox ofthe maton reflected thelr ot ‘olrming andwalrbeloved slo hehe she sta oi ign, hoped > adap bse would mich a yl ron the Churn have akon 2 ‘ah wih Be ineton of resking #2 ‘cepted tne cluon ete dine paw Thoea win sreunded he, {nd eepacinly his wo, saved hi Dt he could be resoe oh power He seured une deci athe otk heads ois ho may have hoped for a raturn to Ne prewaus stan: hie Erothere ete ram hel ete hat he shoul tan Em; he cher mosare Epo condeaed the ough handing they ey, snd aed ‘ng 90 cally lacks say hie sect de fr ing 1792 were, Sevag fo Arcen Freeman? 1 be te sch of a erean of 2F plane for aquiabletvaon ae psc, end expresone of Lovie Centon! menechy sou lancton ony with te wholes cmmiant ofthe cantonal monarch, and ha! was lok. The taser ond aide Na aes, leo made people eu en [Lous on sown! sectuna damonaiiad that he might have succeeded in th role he had a0oepied on oath Te peop were ent accent Bays accounhe mah le heed th Tare CGurdns. os they Rod ehred the grounds of Vera, with xy trapers sd penchors. Ps babaorin Jone 1792, wen ha Palace hie roetinm ook had boon Laat no Lau, who ned {ho ugly mood of tho crowd an the night oF 5-6 October 1789; Uw fight 0 Vareon, whatever he chose to cal 8, had permanent Lous ine argued ht Me cold nat be a monarch nes he had ‘more powore than ose scaled by the Conttaion Caran of hi Tas hed been unalcad by ehangehe tad fl canal oe i ov fy, fr exipl, wher he King of Brain had allowed Paiament Con over the marrage of ha chldren” The Groom of France temined needy at sl ie Ad he King wast delve war Sndimake peace Bit ohare the King inal wrt RoMaot {ain soblance of power Ho ea ro contol oer money end ames “nna slowance, He cous not choose hs minster ey, ine thy “wore not olbemamber the Assembly bo had es th preropstie meres onder sy in juste. Hi nutnce om legation wae fo be 3 linet! ene: et lating two legiatre, of fur yous Louie powers of pavonage hea varished, wih he end of pucsod missons, wna appoltment nal branches o government and the oar ofthe rosy isthe prone o France, the now eaclra "stare enered tha eat the Gn, th power ay infhehende fhe tore tom Gooden io Schama hive pte ou te Sted of emoung ote supparing ad ircooncted ayers he ancien 6 régne ie raitring the monet sl Th Cat te mensely wre eaualy ieopaabe i France fel, fas ensuing for thenaaves ys popepinatsn vey do. {eve The Church tlie won by woot that he ong wes sree 5 Gack now, lected bishops had erly fo pa hate Kn was 2 soma of tha waite pion he ny eer zon, ‘Thetis ngrdint washonng the cantonal noaichy ese traranrchy nth aig power tl Thy recogni tae [Cantiuion 1791 was na Sis podct but a tpg sons. 11782, Sane-ust was to meant the va ths peup here tothe lactose at ths parts tng wes unnestwory, He had proved inne 1791; and tan 9 Fanos at wa leadership cold Fate eo ig whose ayia, at ot pty, nh the snare 1 Franco, The Republeans had mary opportunities to gon comet ther onions, and they canted some of te meat wisely nee newspaper. ined marcy must aways be amar of blans, and equies conmivnrt Yam al ids 1 to work, Whaler the meshenane Toca one King’s aly the year might hve eis but ne of the racons forthe war wat the hoy ofthe stasis monarchs of Europe a he system being atone in France. Equal, pose thal a grater comment en the art of Love ight fare made the ‘ange onthe ecle wae neve erie posal, Robeepero nas fence many wo ei, even bor the Coston was nage. hel it would not wore He was proved night, pthaps soon hen anyono would hve predicted Questions 1 Did the powers alloted to the King by the Consttuion of 1791 abow hi to play any srifcan pa i goverment 2. [eit posse io apporton lame 1o ane partir grou forthe {alae of the constutonal monarchy? THECORSTTERNTASTOACY 3 SOURCES “Te at group ol sues pris exes of he ailatin passed Dy Con say and oi es re |THE WORK OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ‘Sunes A: the ending of feudal dus, 4 August 785 {ml riesgo en ee nde pty here am dodaved tobe radeematla, and. canbrut i Tee to fe ase oe plc at wares tlh ech net se Heya cae be spe sey te hs om pop, ss of ane : IW Asuras ae epee eho a nny, bt, peer tee lh tw er ais Na svt pe! erat ape ue! se. Source 8: extracts fom the Dedaration ofthe Rights of Mam and ofthe citen, 26 August 1789, 4. Ey as hg bon gsm moet tl ete deca hy 1 rcs ot imal ty bo ws ees aU fis me dt oy prt by 7 We yb his pi. on eo, aps fest ras pl ae Ti eam Moa an opin oe mast ps then of man Tf, ery he an sok wedi el ‘ote moby re se ea iyo ce dead by TE pty tig sao an it, ea deta Fie tl cry aly tind. ty mer 2 ae at et expan sata Source €: Bil proposed by Dr Guilin, forthe reform of the penal system, January 1790. tha ind tae ns by he ae rds Al i ; | aes 2. fens an ies sna ein hd th a) fo th cia’ oxen ws is. Tae mea fon Sten fairs wera wi ray ae ae or an he gp dened Ale Tho nad fpr lt he ame rl ease won ra sal race ete of eh wee ce hi oy 2 py Tis ii lb pad. Oren aes 3 Source Ds ectracts fom the Civil Constitution ofthe Clergy 12 Inly 780. + nan eyo aig Bees sh pss Wea a + Tels bp be b..he etal oy 2... vty nash AS +s won Be py te mat, Source E psition frm Claude Lous Rousse, a dargyman who had boen 2 preacher a eur, 30 May 790, One ofthe documents fund in the nmr de er. yas uly ia nating oe gee Bas th geass at | a a a dane Wt Asay, al aati, sk a rst nl wae he Questions 1. Who formed th ‘lector boc (Source which was tobe Fesponsibe forthe lecton of biehops? [2 2. What abuses of the ancien régime aro bing spoctcally countered by the aces of D: Groin’ Bil (Source CY? I ‘Analyse which socal groupe might be expeced to bone ‘dec rom each ofthe pieces oegilton Sources A 3 and. 16} 4. What resonstons would historan havo in accepting 36 robe he evidence ord in Scuroe =? 8) 5, "The exdinacyFronchran and worn was seoponted by the work ofthe Constant Assembly’ Using hess sources and your own knowledge, dacuss whether this statement 1s accurate 8} Worked answer 5. important to demonstete bol your understanding of the ures en your ov knowlege hen anesthe 800 Snow there i» no evden, seep! a Source of actal de falp you seseas te tt he sistema the mating of the Assembly wae grested wth opiism by poplin ‘slice cou ord have od up taal he Rape pce in fan the peasots hope the pests were wel bia 10 serge nates or thaavas Fredom lmpecch ord cpnen were Doran {> nose soh! gape n Franca teat all Be Peotnt the feudal ocumertaion, wore toon mipprters of he No prope. Anyone wn hv ater hs deeedtons of Sato ry acolo and povempn wo ifaw ho 0 thee om FP farics te pa pla ha lng been mater of concen nthe Decsson ote Right o Man an the Cen and Dr Gutoun's i atenptstoaddee sone ates concene Whor Mebtan Sue snare re sy 170 of trepwgod cae: The fda peg wore lett, nos 1708 abut the Patents ad tenga paces Po cure iy ay fet nd os spr cart Tho ee of ona potions male propery was oo lara the maori rhe enh and co oy west mason Aa or ema a {he svacur cite Chuck wo rod once he pt wa tng beter tne Gal Corstauon ms camps Few lage cin eed on er rebpous hoses ny moray coven he rte By Crh stn er royal aie srry abet he spa argent of “Rene souces do ot cntonstanpse of the cnet tnd cioctatneraerm:bt hese spp Fae ben acpi ipnoa ae erch sop Atos aryoe cad spre owl ot ‘Some of tho tue seem ‘aber acd and mec a 40. TIECONTTTENT SENET “Comttuont Assembly complete te work, mich of France fel that 2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY soa F om the Diary of Bally, 17 July 786 Ast evo nul tan, tam ae & bust fa. Ad we ve ha on eal nha tne nc al bn rp im, aot eth ery ag, Fea che oa ie bs ee marae. Cary nl ht asin sh be emt ou Bees lp ar, af a ah an, ny, yuan sw NOs sues tw ne fe Bale Source G; Lou's Declaration of 20 jun 179 fa eae Hig ae th a in sane ey? The ties mk psi gar 2 Hrgion of ach get on Inge ak Fre toh te aa ase by Oo Mato sorb The mito heb etn ad gees ey. fw oA ase ae, ae pny of Be is bon ed eo pom th a wh bn atti. suing at Source Hs the Declaration of Pit, 27 August 1793 HR athe Epo ants Map hr of Pus, a ead ‘sed ris of Ms ad fe Cau of Ar. des hat ey veg te pt sunion th i of Roe anh ie wal he sro of Ean Te he tt sat wl at tee mcm’ by er woe Bip seed, Pa coy they see, any wah or stow monn Nope. ‘ow eerie mea, bas, gana Oi fy on 3 Fis oan. rs arom te bof oneal se fe ety api so sos oe bn fe Fret an ‘Source: tracts fom the Constitution, 14 September 1798 2 he pwr Fre mas wo ahr nace ba aw whch ae te King ra, nly ho mae ote at ena ec. 2 The Natal Aen bs foci an coped a Kor ros Fh Mary he Kis son Me 2 sao at or sisal hr ety a rat ‘ale oa of eat 13 Tr gms vt Pn Aen hea ate x to tt th aon been agp arucily We ees 19 Tho ja goer may case bo sy he i yh edt ay Source: memorandum, rato the royal coun by Narbonne 24 February 1792, presered in the ermoie de fr. Ao uses pry ean TT cl ‘a fos gest nae, ae wae at ann. TheReeans 2 oe Ye wk arn wth Hey at to day fe poe en aap ai Beets ating tha King's eo Th fra a. an pet seam cas th Tb a ony yh in sashes, he ae jt the wi hh He tas cael aa The cna ee aus see a an wa tags ibs nig elt ee one Kr ahi ea tps rt id op ad os neg pecs paces ho th ia nfl oh el st payor ski tthe ig hs gol ae esa Ke’ errs Sov of the Rees mt uy wear Kas ase wea ty Rs ea cla! by he ucts - ay ston te awe paste Mail agate dla. du Questions 1. Iontiy Monsiou and the ‘Count of Artois (Soures H). What & the signfcance of their amos being mentored i the Declaration? (51 With reference to Bails postin and views, eosider the veehuness 10 a histoian of his account of tho King’s visit t Pans andhis ecepio (Source F) [a 42 THECORTTUNTRST 4. Compare tho Kings vow ofhis powers (Source G) wih hose powers 8 leted in SouroaLDo you Hn fis dasorion Ss Scour? (4) 44. Assees the vay of Nesbonne's ana ofthe problem Conon the money. Hom ar dons Source H evpport the port hse making about fregn powers? (Source i 5) Using your own kowledga and theoe scurces, cicucs whathor the obelacies Yo the svccaus of the canltuioal trons were nsuperabe, 6) Worked answer 1. These are the King's bots, the Coun of Provence noma tha veered to as Monsicr They a mportart boca, awng ‘irs nel 1789, thy ecu abby heres of are fr schon id he Daupa twae be who became Lous XVI 1814) THCSRETTRNTARSENRLY 43 4 THE WAR IN EUROPE BACKGROUND NARRATIVE buneed wars of canguest 2 symptom of ram and tt fee mations dd ot goto wat This atte change, however 1s the foe ofthe drat ofthe emi, ad ofthe forcgn pom and dered tht war, lik poverty, wa ‘who appeared o give them support ar instance in the Deceaton of Pill, August 1791. On 20 October Br Leglelaive Asset for military ei to pee the irri the Rhineland, and, from then on, speches demanding fate action aginst the enemies of France be roups in France thought Ut war would serve thie needs the Republicans hoped tht i wou estat al the Kings reson, and the Monarchist that it would restore him to his place the Bead ine people, Tension in Parc increased wth the King eof the ‘eto in November, and the change of minty on 10 March 179, taking room for the Britis, notably the an Autian erg Daamoarez Attempts to make allances withthe bers powers of the world, Heian and the USA, were usuccessland s, to, fueled the tet in France, Ar theme time, events abroad appeared €©rske war more likely in December 1791, Austr tod assembled to belp lend Coblenr against any French attempt to lodge the és ed Leopold death on 9M Fanci I, ener to defend the rights ofthe Pope ad of sano Marie Antoinette. The diplomati correspondence between Fenes March 1792 brouph tothe tone the yusger 4 RRTTEOROR sad the Austro-Hungarian Empie became more bos, Apnlwar was dele by Franc o The break war encouraged the Ase to intodce emuency measures, deporting nan jrig priests, dsbanding the ngs gaard and sermon the fats to Paris The Kings nto of ther sores led tod ivason of he Tlie (20 Jans) ed, ho ending ofthe moray (20 Angst) The Deke July, bled on the 28th, cone a ‘Branmwick’s rant, alebeworst fears of Para the lore ofthe tempt to npeach Lefsete increased th hysteria on the streets, Defeats a the nt These ea defy, cogether withthe dfecon of Lal Austan and Prussian amis on 24 Angst anda mere ten de however, he tide had turned the fret Freac victory was chive stVolmy a the 208, and, daring October, both Verdana Langu ‘were berated. The ood to Beisel wes opened withthe vitory st Jemappes, and Brwsls self was taken 16 November, French succes, and their aggressive declarations concerning shipping to ve pled ar mich pare rights nthe Schl enti, pe Fringlg Briain iat the ara horror att September Mtsacret andthe execution af the King After | shrunry 1793, the French were electirely at war against all of Europe, andthe fist utes agun ther enhanced enemicr were daners foe France, with stantial domestic emplictions The defeat at Neerwiden on 18 Narch 1793 was to lea tothe defect Folowe bya string of defeats, which the French pushed bck to within their own borders bythe sumer. The ill of the Giro ‘of Damourier, and 5 ‘lide to improve the news rom the varios Hons, The fll of Maine and Valenciennes i= Joy, together with the counter revoltonarycapre af Sau rade it ievtable that there would be changes in the structure, td the Beth tig of Toulon, Wit hindsight, spears that France was wrong to go #0 skhough vo many people bebeved it was the righ if not thecal, ours for France to take, It hs ben song argued, for example byT-C.W Blaming, thi twas the war which sued Frosee ‘would nat achieve the liberal forme of goernment fer which i UTOROR 45 ne ee stor! Fra Aion, to, pins out thi the alton worsened tnd costly war? The two analyses fn this chapter consider the notes which propelled France nto war, sod he extent to which by year, ce France dl not have dhe ax strate Aomesti airs were affected by developments inthe onl ANALYSIS (i): TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE OUTBREAK OF WAR IW 1792 A CONTINUATION OF TRADITIONAL FRENCH FOREIGN POLICIES? "Years War, andthe les of mich France's cole emit. Now of Fits seemed 16 be a Brea a he secon of Franc, aid Supoat ofthe Inporal Det fru pretension of he Paces ‘Altes was ogtded ot an unwanted ntuson on inten ee ‘When Fron dengated Reef poco of Te Pape agent the aus and dopedstone of Panga, ait Aasian folng, wes ratwaly segthened. The fat tht anes ener. Prey was ow sing witht form” aby was made parity angers by ‘he appintnet of he Duke of Banach commande eit Traditional French potoy had fequenty taken the form of helping lesions bread, French itsets coud thereby be sere, ‘tans to retro the Start dyna in Bsn ha! bon 9 pat ‘war ofthe American colonists against Brian had aleo been cxucal, ow, the Declaration of War ad he Grecotnslogene ivi wat tebelionsracted ot prcines uch she Aston Natheree ao conan advantage haley buen sought by Francia its wae tho ohana of becoming the main tng garner lth rem Und Slates had deen a lar enporave inthe tancel and itary sd eet to the coonat; ear wars had aes had a commer ctl end 46 ERNE cena dmensizn, Now. 1782, power rep wor arguing that {youP 2! te Jacobs, who ha enor natal poi fo the ist frre he Lopeltie Asser, wes dominated by men em to Border seo! Fance, he Grande am ne Vor snd Goad Tanuted 9 Farce Rossing Balj and roach the tconome rong of Auta, Brsoot, nea oun had sted Aner, fds background war m busiest is lator wes 9 Duty Con) Those men eovsaged guns eto much in trry bul n bang pares, snd on themeclse eg the cpporuios fered by ong nevy wat ences! and only Brinn had the lnd of nev ‘Seng which wold deliver ecoromie domain Cn he earn the eengeet aon of lin France bad boon srt-Bizh fain, and ol fret at na, tan was hop oy, thes tha thea enor. Adrian fo Bina grown cng tne Enhenment anc tho ently anthe of tho Reveaton and Taya aceon cnt thet Beco ure Pit tthe Pench se atough ter eoserers ante thal teste of he Bsn ovormants Frances wauki be rare aly 0 keep thin on tho idcnes, The action of Frans atl 1789 demnctta lle to rocognoe Btn’ main procccaptons The open Sel estny was impor ‘ent not mary To Besish vad but se foe sense of tec. Two ter of hop fo rteloue subjects would nal be aceoptabl to he ‘oso lend: an, above lh th ight of tho common peal oer only econly cuthed the danger Gerden Rts an © MP who ‘eared the growing uneniaton and detsmiaton o thor etal workers, The overseacton of the Bash goverment To ileus Support forthe Pronch Rovlaton annie tc sam however, naw pail developments wer equal pata 3 sping 1709, almost l groupe in Fron sare deo or wa exe fy fit oot agree onthe exert or probabioouteome, The cour py, Paicsry afer Varenes, beled tel the ony way thet France Would roti 1a ‘noma és thug tho song of am nwnng Austin force, which weuls punish the nubordiat and estar he {ancien régine. The amis Ine Rhscand end Bath hy were iobbyng he eucat host fo his ec, and the rng despots ot Ausra and Passa wore inlnad to lstn, fei that the Fonch ” inet of Revlon might indeed prea to thet ow poplin, Aer al a8 Jecquee Godechot pone out? popu Woe Ned cured in vtous pats of taly ana nate Europe he Yous Boor 1789 1, wth nigh, some ine hat Lous could ever i he fad elo, er have arsed the ave les France again 82 neha trate Royals od to war 2 & con tthe ps 1781, baled that a shor war would pace the King in fot i ihe crush he émia, showing precy whore hoops land war cul bs hundd tough he srg andthe setae wich wud mae thancovath cot Tce soa ing woud ena it reward thse who had Plbed hin make the tanstion om hed proved hinge unustworthy in June 1784, and yet ered that slit vt fe wih is poole bt wih hs eegn coeegurs. Tre Pench wou of couse wn sce the eo peop of France, ighing for iby, woul easy cet the downtndden cocci {yan i the Svespng veloie of Porto movrcty wed te removed sont mctetaly ard then the people would Wy be toe. Te patna erat of Deion and Desmodina ered et the locating ara he Coders were for wats wae the Lopate The oe wire alto pinto gone at ary oad ad ‘ton eh fed the fe fhe rsch,Detacone od i ocionsafecing Peach domestic mates did nahng fo cool te tenporstue The mae eelectons by army oars td the rity made the émigré encaomens epee very rch more tester than ey wore The French masses oun be expected to fran number orn sider, wich he dmg “my iche 2 TWAIN the te Consitvin of Francs could mat sone eh ene Questions 1. Gould tess hostile atiude tom ho powers of Europe have Isained peaco withthe Revolitonery overner 2 To what entont dd the prewar groups France miscalcate the eiength of France as compared lo that of is enemice bond?” ANALYSIS (2 HOW TRUE IS ITT0 SAY THAT THE WAR ABROAD WAS THE PRIME CAUSE OF VIOLENCE WITHIN FRANCE IN 1793 AND p93? ‘though France hid experienced reoltioney vent, thee had ben les vlkence than might have ben mpocies. tor the Fao thw Basile, the March ofthe Women or oven th "manasa ct tp iy 1791 led more than 5 sna number of peopl Eetrete, ha 17 hay range to 18 to 80 Once the war had begun oven te sod n Frac became less mode The tvesion a he Talones oe 20 un waa probaly tggete ty eso the emp oe ach fy the King's ue othe vio. The King's aenaie behaous gh wet ‘ave stbised atts for some moths, hadi net ban or Sone ing ba news tom the rants an the publeson it Pas st Vc Dae Gf Brunwck’s mantest, wits ts vey aggestive tne, whoh nop be oad o have been a dracteauee of the journcer of 9 snd 18 ‘August. The overthrow otha King would not have ecsued mito the rons ofthe was. Een tho dct ineturens of He overtvon, ‘ho fc, were in Pans n pert at esto release taba Nistor Curd 2 thera Sly the defection of aay, ith Sine nity enperce and repairs a mah ee aren Sas on csi Pasa ane paris of cn wl ha nme li ing arog by Autian ard Pein sora ans powcr wh was sd to 900 et by he ‘Winer of he peop Toe sas fhe els wo ecu ged pit os or igh nay el see or erat the Sek nese and nad Dave's chow The war mae han & tonal era th enor ot anc, becuse wa One at en Gf mets On tho of hand, the wer tuned Datos repuatn, Sedan na anooon ponte cy? Darton was uable 1 ei the fancal appara sored by wat abou Mane ose, ho Cra eprcing monoy om spn end on te War efor, ad simost Tealy pron be cue Sate st Ns nest races, sme oto Kirse were deed this house! eens. ie cary encore nb in Pao alee whan med wo had agesoed tne September Masaaces, fe ted, 6: end “Teta or tr tat nce encourepe he ee eres a Meee kde geo nh swale enema sion Bu thor os pasted fe aprons Meare, ot ent eof Longe SS aie gem fovea of Von worse Sane than ror Rd Sipororend a war or many jeer Goren the universal coniion a Polen of tow men woo tee the ony expnton rest be on, au te chat ores wh, eed eerie a civame by ther secon, couldnt proceed ao orderd fo he Honor for kya. Accrng to Lent‘ he rot one heed se {fy safe sled te he task the genet! population conned oolong on Ac eecordng a Dain. fe Rober he wetted ming the ne of wa for ramen of pao SSIES The lane or mese 1.200 poner may hve Been pat ‘Sound by etwng sncobe bak war seo te tome of wat “The mob n Paris were lays moro voatio when they wes facing cons primes on he Gretel Fh wn had bees agar 100 res asiga! wore worth 82 Ives gold Septerb TrurrbyJune 1702 thee wae 87 bres gl ad by re 1768 ‘ote, gels? Rang pos erowed at ny domagogue wou be ren 50 TERT Boowhare in France, he met dering and unpopular fect ot the war was the Joy of 300,000. The Soclon a he [Asin 1 absieh coneerpfon had boon much wee ‘revere! er declsston was urpepua allover Farce, pecs the weet where it Bogen he ong wan he Von tte taro tina, be Cathatic and Ray Army hed eter greene, nt rey rete to tho wax They dl only pstivey ites the Charen tor but the ath of he King. ley 17 ‘a Srance permanant om goverment Paris Wa he nbcon wa: 'A King detzoned by urecton evry nel eae a apo Keep hm pscneheiea secret cater the Dsafloced bench hi he ifn open cent fr hem" Ie i ran pscetne, election of thet own hero, Dumoures, Apt 4798, brought into {uesion thr foyaty, and the tubeequent fer! retina er France. demonsatod Weir iabily 10 conte! evon Wek oom of men ane mati - wouninn, coud revoltanay at wer, One they wre ovtvown te Incotine osnd cru thal ance suviesthewat, Questions 1, Doyou agree that Lois XVI wae extent for whathe had ons, bt or wat he wes"? 2 How ar was the fall of the Grondine tho result of the THCRITORE 51 SOURCES. \.ATTITUDES TO WAR Source A: anonymous snd undated memerandum fro the ‘more de or Rand: “Observations onthe speach proposed to the King’ fy which he was to accep he constitution, Le September 1751) he Fa gat adn yh stats wo sumed es Ne aes a ev ein nich They ted tes: an hy by he ean powers Hen Rw aly ts of th ge nd ng of Pass’ oy ear? sme tna cnienea Sng wee I oe ak ens We th adnan ou ig the dy alr ty me Pas nuh ont vying ort mist en We cass ow. What wl the Kg doit 2 iy eng rove, fh Gg essary as eth aS th nr et may tw elon es sre of ad mt criteria ap guna. 201 eran nie? Source 8; speech nthe Assembly by ere Vergsiaud, 27 December 19 he aco sls of eaten, care Mom cma ofp ‘ar nthe fell us oe oman sy a am fy at Be 94s lee 1 con Ob soxpe fF. Ys fav vernon ye ae a oe se act pct Tu ee shan af a yoke of you debt his fis ly otek te ge 2 Hpaminus tte sone os ‘Souce €: speech by Rebespia atthe Jacobin Clb, fy faneary 92 Tho on Rene a end lack wh ets ho manos of te ec pe ah est ot emg tee ere of a btge a Oe pt hasten wi fave st ect cot eons Pleven esr te oe ple sre. thas post, fk fhe mn ppt wt ad she oe a opt SACRO Source D: declaration of war on Ausia,29 Ap 175 Tie Halal Aso deme tte Fn rato, abd he rs eid Onan ‘a uel yw wh he an cores at me arpley s otes pan b Iaryay jo kas any ata Wty saree 3 ate ion era t,he tcc tego span inst nei a a ig. Th Fan af at oe whe lem at in il net tig aa ss of, spe eee Tal Fetch tao se in abe Kis wi aut ff tae age no ef hci a hy sa dete ‘Source E: later from Chauwetin to Lebrun, 28 August 1792, In gent tw eto te cont Eg tos Face i i ‘aging aout. mr ea esl mete he Caneian one dato wh flee Ham cn te main aman Dt wh be isin on yess rte tho thea wih Eg aa pine a Manat wet wa ep ne eg De Means tad te lw saeco nash, na first, ec suas a oH ey Foal Fne ‘AV Bat jd wat be met ab ea ety, ob et tno pute fu her nsey adem an eons ‘Stas amet tase et rata of eb te tla a, ik amet ee ew ~ Me mat a ha ens nt ons MD Eile Se Questions 1. Inthe context of theses sowose, xan the eforenoes to the Convention of Pita’ and "he queston of the heredity princes’ (Sour & 2) 0 which groupe abrosd was the Declton of War Sotco ) making a specsc appee? How elect would you expect this appea tobe, and why? [4 3. Compare the oriorcal lye and the contant of Sources and C, How efoctvely does each put soroas ite message ard icons the pereoned enon of Francs? [6 44. What reseratins would histor have about the reliably (of Sources & end €? [6 5. Byimaking use of your own knowledge, iscuss whether these fsourese provide 9 sompiote piston ofthe reseen® for wich France went to arin 1702 and 1798. (71 Worked answer 2. he feet pao ti ueson asp corprehenson: Ie second et equces at nai The dct appl was to anyone propre to come aly France, 98 to many Frenchmen a Red the Aros, But at he ssn ne they were sppealng othe common sere of unt rd Pani, by ‘ning ta thara was naroaron oe boas ofghesch theron want fo ake sr acon aia heir on Sri. sere Moh ‘they thal the appl would have bal any afc, The ew loons be partly het er, Solar of he amis n Europe ware nt ‘0% On the other hand, the declaration ensured that France occupied the hgh mor grond, ao a8 propaga for home consurpion righ wel be flectve 2. THE LINKS BETWEEN WAR AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Source F part ofthe Brunswick Manifesto, 5 July 1792. The ay of Pats anal ts its. shal be cle er ou asaya wt her, a at Pres Heya lpr ané Rl Mates ake posonaly sna ral ats, at tain he meni ta! ser nd Wer Inpetd ut Roy Mees ft dieu Ba et sie be fl he ht ray ee tee Maps te Kim a he ei. WR 0 ee sha ine he mol early end sr mera sear anna, by yup he eto Pa omy noe dex tl sa THEW EDRORE source G: prodamation, probably defed by Danton, 25 August. 8 3 re! Fe eve anal he teed es Bet yor reps ts. he Fh pot a aay cary bo Rg Et ea ho Bee ay eh em no aon 2 ir mas eda ea 9 a ae Ya yo mE th ther spe wa nn Bot Keg aaa en, Pn you mee tiene wee an ete tem wih cone avy 8 asm Source Hs extract from a speech by Danton, 28 August 1752, tenes hat hen ee, Lg 1 Fs. Or sme al. in hes ee a he pte at hy mus te rss thir nies ote Whe a shetty n al een at edge &. thy ame wy, tng at mgt verge the Men mut esp The wen at ly 18 shui ssi he ae aan he mes wi, Pa es Messrs Ws ao Fate so Fase 0 Source The Times, 8 September 792, but lating to savers, days eal. To pple so ser ey gat rusia Chap Ys To ya Uke. pnd sey qth nt ht esa i ng andar bane 0 es WY le Ts I ret atone Be Ml Oe, ty he ean tne Kos tts alg ony, an ey wo ete St Totty wal pe mn a snl eae Source two extracts fom the debate onthe sentence ofthe King, anusry 1793. Dts 2am 2c ot estates hc ot ner of Lus te Lash ag wr a tas va fr he pes of da et ho mpi ote yan Gung re mg we ar 6 pe whe he vn At np gas ne ‘aan wen teal ed Questions 1. Both Source F and Sou I er to events Pare. What wre eve oer to?) frets ade in Souce FP Dicuss 2. Agana win were tate mado teseons why ese teas had no eft Pais and farculr why hy hd ot preven te veto of he Kg 90 hogust 1792) “3 Sw fw Soe J dort brent y rogee of the war ial ote reason te King aed the progenso ight amber cf he Convertion hv ho von fo oF past is eat 1) 4 Ganpare he foe and contr of Soeeas G aad. Dicuse fearon why Covert appronch in Source H seo deren fom hat o Sure & (3) Ug tse sures and your on knowledge, dacies the iw ta wth France hose power made we of he war iors to achieve th om nd Worked anewer Uis quanion gies you an oppartinty to demonstrate your raring fn ret nc poo hep = he source an ten move ono oho pot ‘wht yu os am tom the sare, Inter of cuan on ear han oe Saga ht dah wold To eet econ to ate patna, penny tone whe Sr urmar guns Fece Mana onthe er har avougae ‘would not be possible: prosumbiy because the King abroad would Sone ans aed ene ode Crews Th debate ise este ne ueson ath ies fe ceth ‘Setenca vn for sage Oxon. Members the Gronina Suvae toyed at Bia ered wa th he bond Sui be gud hove srry ops rf eon, Te letwege, ante other hr a agund fr Sates sch a2 56 THEWANHITURGRE THE TERROR [BACKGROUND NARRATIVE oder of he dey on § September 1793, ellowing presse from the sections of Pari to “give fre tothe law” Rol news from the wat, Feral revolts throughout France, orice revohtonary atts nt ony nth Ve and ety bet lay 'n Lyon and Toon, reason eve in Fai, where Mart had been smrdered 13 July: all thee fad conned Paristana tat» fm gonernment was essential to the rvval ofthe Revelten, twas ster thatthe new Constation ages by the Cenvenion ould nt fo foe a county at war, and had been accepted on 10 Auguoe ‘only to be suspend. The governement wast Sail he ence Ang the sce ne els ct Sy ct cece contol ona ae it Fn Se fh haces al cde ae sch helen me, tet ae Supec ono get, snd the Reva al a bes eed ten Each af he twelve men of he Committe made his mark on the government of France. Lamare Carmo, the ‘architect of vitery sured that shre were scien troup, adequate supe od ‘ound ofcers Wiha few wecks the war begat to go wall RR Palmer dese the lies of Franc a “anrly bat ptt, undisciplined but entushste" The victory at Hotshot on 6-8 Seyrambes; which cabled Genel Howard tose the spe of felony Tun wat refried bythe Law of 9 Pra Dank, sto aly tobe the werk the ns ste bat ‘lich dclredwitemee betes. ‘lsat sch el when yong Gener Jordan forced the ‘An natin of Rokr’ neg suhrty nat by ‘arian back Wattles in October, emoving the tsa 18 Flrtal be wa beet mak on to pe Fir tan char tat he Terror wo inn the eed ce impulse ofthe caly Tere of the Tevor hal beer coer Pebegr’s victory agate Calon foes at Torin the skint, eaprned inthe now Cr of § Coes felling May epee ey to Fru wher, June 1794 179, witht empha on mature acc rd sal ee a Jean ws achive fl french eons fog Catt of Reson lnaguntel an 20: Bramare 9, Noose Bitar sacri nt, hone, extend Yo he oy the ech Shere ng in th Wor ape ag eet we agin ceftatd a the Bale of Unt, Laon tote withthe eremonsetaking plein Pal Hi plosng pee Ie the Clerics It of Jane, The Beech vicry as nt ‘as howe bexinirg oan members ofthe Cone oe plete, bower ince US iin ship wee a to get tog verte hin on hemo (27 ja ok Spent sc prensa rs Ricornesching the Terr hme fel purty on Witin France Commitee menbers uc as Couon, Cll wather i wat efit im dealing with tate ac and Sut eat lt the paren to uh feral eos confentng Fane and on how tebe" wa forte ston {ol comer scotia. On 9 Ose. Lyon fl, wal nf nh bed ah hes pane ae December Tolon ws etn Tee aves in Nata dng | pewurest del wth dsp ae eae ee November and Deceaber flowed the dfs ofthe Yo «cher by whch olga they ape te topo dcend Zr ad bythe od of 1798 Pace wes eel ack ter inthe ales wat to Srl con ‘Meany ccoemic robles wer bing des wth by wins mene which te mot adel was he 29 September Law a ANALYSIS (0 HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE TERROR IN {he Min which wtb evi on 29 Rb FULFILLING THE PuRvoses Fon Whit wae 1756) Thess con, ogee ht teal pohbon ot ESTABLSHEDP Geet ofmealtnony trougtatenporsy sanity fo teen, Sed were forced tier the coin Law of Supe ef Th prses the Teor were ing tryin th wa ost te 17 Soper ifthe pny for ecomm beence as to connie posts corning Pance an eae eto se Se delet supe’ mow len weal obey els. The Cosrtereseneten Robern poner hadahutenageats ‘Comittee of Subsistence, formed on 26 October, ensured both the make the citizens virtuous $0 that France as a whole could become food raplieof Pri and ether big towns, and the of ‘weoty ofthe high stats chen fort by ponidonc, The leet ef fon it Provisioning steady merece th numba of way mc ion might Beco ‘Dealing withthe sternal enemies of France was epecily the igbect was to ensure hat the sub of namie at home row work ofthe Revolutionary Tribunal ts courts deat suecstsly aomes bt war the achevemons ol he Tenor ware considerable. From ith supporters of the ance gine, ch t Marie Antoine, wha tha pane and cet lon had ese ee ok go ao va gallon on 16 October withthe Grodin, who went othe 'neopen of Tenor, France moved to confsncs, end vir, Eorh seallold on 31 October; and with opponents both from the left Weloy)stongihened the merle ofthe trope. The ocers who aa the right The removal of the Hebert, in March 1734, renaitad oer he mass exodus o 1791 were comparsiy young twos followed by that of the Danton the fllowing month tid lot ideas The mon hey led fot Mengenes to be aces rom Polloe pers were increased by te law of 26 Germinal, and the J the conscript ofthe Austin ane Prnsian sobs na tear woe 3 ’ TATE 59 forced h Fes yt eae 1 corsorten was ena Seat Sat atu Pew Srchine heb poi ro Srol non eet torah etna er bt Sicha tench nes ce be Metpinueste tpt usenet! a teat ees ann eb i asa ey vale noter Weer e ee eating ort ner Sherine wanted hs ter me cme A "aun bt cow smeoes mae eet {Sones meses wee llen ope! wouse dftdedpas red Tet ta oy sy meen ein ean an deen cre ody 2 oor bra Jed nat just food but ee pnPtr {i anal od, eens ad cating, The Manor ade Os ese Arh coe ot Seeny te sey ano ‘recutyedreseus protien, Pen Mla” Geto 80 aia eco ton indo citer esr ens SSacheounto dot rare rs epost Sicindntbsivel a teen ‘cron’ wsg Voamrccomtet ors ning ten west Trea oer, sce ais, nota one npeay plo, when Vee tne ovine Teed iy patig nn flour sain Neves cians re vie sear et ny wee eaten oy reagan eee! oe ais Sentny te sore, Rin fone er Peep, ore te Tero ris ie oa oe rc eos ss boa 15 tte wed ret wea tuts nvm ey sent meng Pe ‘Shen! et tense ow wn. eer TAEDA, Teayeee Doecrgewbes heart ieet ra ict aoc eva staan an ht eae "Portland coulrovohtonay rss ware del ith tnt ninco Naw tan hatte ouster ocd Supt etn n on ee ime else Pa Rodhibae wows ny sua ator sage aero, eee lece Gwontansre 708 eae ens Sine ctsen wet para ctedyToaneAsotsn Sec popes oa er ea cow 60 THER cot Cuts devrait he bad f hit evade ‘st ilar wat me cours tepoira ens Goat eos patios yo cen es sold rons sage we ete, 4H lyon od te parade guloie ake ty Roper Mason ia The sno enon hth Teeoes easy i etong rr tthe epost Fencing he ween ‘et cn! conn gg ar ‘asia with tnonoe of ane’ itn Pars nd aronget he itu gop a to coro was a gti aoctee oe crt latent angng mule essorahie sages Lotte Terriers ance bo kort henge ee oe ee th hands dans Te omal oe See France nas pursad dig. Thouphet he posed che rss te epatons eecsed un nnn te eson Wl he oe ‘ten Taba tee prt cone nears a ene 1c ple sade ol Gana error pur some ne 46 te Law of 22 Pra Al ae ene oe ee veri Frc, sch as Oar or ha Goorin nay hone sce seen nicely ene aaa oe nde sok ou nd Eagan wo hd spouted sce oe Grondm woe soon re, inde Reboaee lanes Thor eniome vowe wee ot sama he Ptpo oe ‘he Contin andl enone net ppc dae Be ae tat Colo, Carer and ote aang sts oe tas ‘onsidrtie ny wi erent role The atack on hence was sogeher or conor het vine wer shred by many, hn they age talk ee sovig lo von, anc tae ta Cone of Bara ode cpa sublet ea kenge ary rd fo: Tar Te ate Dann and aroun was Reel mance oe Pa Daron hd ava Panchen he Psa sppened ina 0s Pate Cesc bron he cs eos ‘nce 1706 was bcnse they we so wel known seb ee ‘crcltonies. tt the nr Bey angry aoe See tenoved. Rabeaia's Mid ort he Comerton Cee fr $e ery mbes eed eu i ieee es at Th dah of te Danni eoad he stro ge of opponents of he Tray Hod be ana ha sea suze hr dash would et re bon nessa nae ey oldtnn ede siceaorgerey nuns we oa saad 81 the Coreen na sare mvenay gorcneee anne HETERO 6 anc the French wuld not end a ws in ich they were avaneng ‘nal nfs Thus the Terr was contaced by flocs nd fr ote Purposes than tees for whch the boon etablied, ul er end Fbespere's are to 8d the mood of tho Conontion acura, reauted inf fal anc th on of aay govenment. is suscones had been enniral, though soe of Yen ware mealy chert, When Daca Towion® cla that the Hees to the enstnce ofthe revlon the Spring of 1789... sd been ‘emoved ot brougit undo cone = wetng of tho hot em ery. ‘ihout be cantassng ples of ha Tarr, Farce woud ol have steed te aang need Et the Evrepean war the Mime Feder upp the ary And wou Sate meeaes, the wacom patel France woud have contrued to baa source of weakness and ‘Rinoraby. But whan the cena cont wae eusenly removed Sharmin many o thes problema reemerged wore fms Questions 1, What cites other than te own stated aims might be use to fudge the suocess ofthe work ofthe Commitee of Pubic ‘Sey? 2. Ded the Tenor come to an end because it had fuliled purposes? ANALYSIS 2}: HOW TERRIBLE WAS THE TERROR? ‘The death oof the Ter, wich appeared apaling to cbseres st the tine, score arp las 2a to eberire fom tho period aor ‘il, Sin and Pol Pend the Terorhae x loedtaind reputation trv dos nt site ah he fc, On he othr tard in may roy the sesa whch ft efocad was "el fee many of the ‘ane of France Thatta nur was not. otha, the ost tebe aspect of he death inthe Toor Aor af, the asa nabon at war, and people ‘aught in armedivoh would be puto death nny bn oF county. Te trary thoveace who ded in tho are of he Yond ae acurd yon would have been arecued i any county in tine of war was he Ulsbeatoy hore eth of Seat teh rae he Tero ete She auction of Toronu thie ocers wo apa nether wore, a tor ehlfon who ware fund wh sera he hand ae eual fn vroty y the methoge uae by Carer to oso ofthe courier ‘evohitonees hel by fan Nanos The mae of people drowning 8 fo TETEROR ta bons wr sk th ar coping cin a 3 snd Yere ore The Soars aed by ok SsoaranintheLongrascolecion- prude a cirgmaghttoae, Stampa hid ofa gon harp ‘sora he laden wee ead su hometadoheee in {the quilting coud not have coped with the largo number. Tho ste howe wa designed be malay one What coven ne fevlton’ gosted horns letor'a Pane ‘Aims ickionny forth cbse wae the cena he Jaws hanged sore nee me cme: econ Be enonmons decors wes patty cates he Rea Tatura n Pi ater £2 Pal a ot nnd wines ee fete tt gabe prorr nigh bo ae ag does conten The pens pice spas he ees cst hte al he bg sos eign nce ses Ishi, an noghur lcd atzanee at ru too Me we tech na fone a et or Orica tn as sland east deaf ih aed ot ae eo root. The gine taal ev en er moa ane ie shaman ts trperaalelcany eoahow tale dene an ‘epatg rub rome ower et pal ee ‘2k edn risrpaton and ba compass sone Sts orton ‘eos ne ance pine, he galt was eset ae ‘tenga ramon slay cote! Crinum te ice stn arog tent cto ae £1990 waht it Caster eth Oey Ta ne ey fread ete sae ca ron ont corer ey food heme tented an umpc: The wort. toler then blo oft Surome Bang ws sno cen coemee _Egectian of the population took to theism with enthusissm: in Paria, n Bruraie men gave up ther baptismal names in favour of ‘Brut “Maat and ren as de bon Des" Omani wes sea omens, ara weapon of Ste canfol tnd Weert te ‘oral Gta cons of anca mt hv apes te ose rope The eeryay ned To change th way eres ‘els tnd onan nec fost i ter, he reqament 19 nok oma cen oe 6 Nee fe December) all these must have been dilocating, Mon The input of he cane cond i enol dd consideabe ham tthe asa conmrie of Franca Podichan achaly fel samy ane ‘ets azese pleted sping of he onrt han nr Year. Te revaen fe Maimeri Venn ose seo THEEROR 65 ving see pices wae dled onde ensporaten cots wratoses moter and ecb’ merge, whe nego erated Spay tat they adie) acted wisn Metal and oe ‘Tokar By the edt te Yo! Bomay D'Angis was oder ‘Waters conta were much get han hose of pray Rn csp wae anppuer ha S rts of the comple leroy ea re ny en, on Sth ware ote ndoes Once again however the epeenes Cote, A cout say Sot ound antes to alow vice Setatn boo sara a eee he oral conse Slane espace bt so pate comer? arse ha Toes wat copied opp Under he Teo tration dl bear ohh save pfeson™ But evn thoy ore mcce, Tope! lief ceca, ave Ean, and WS Spain m Eat a Comoary shares sata a 8 tientap win Darton. Even the ment commies tsar of Tororwaccisonznte wih wt hy he aches Phyo e Tobespor, 1 Cunt would hve pore ot ork an net the Memo ran ecoromy bat he pola nk of the rota seca poss wee ho rt. The exent o whey Robespene ‘feo he attr ho sores doled Tobe sco ey ‘See by Buneon Townson ‘Avough in sone rot pts of France he Tenor pases soe uotaod ver ost oh cay every Ho was alte 1 4 ‘Shstaal ouert t nor re howewet_m comple and sash SCctocnp. Tee Connon ented to spat and coud he fepace he Commies» use Sas soy tne ao Tove \Tontinaly stopped by naory vt. Compared 1 the wore cee rte ancen apna oy sad wth the aot ofthe were hoy t cou bso tobe silts On ther nad Son the cont ol he hgh spo of 179, he Teer was a feroc ode act colecbe cetorsip and a eheremens 09 Feed ty he tng 64 TETERICR unstione 1. To what extent has the Terr’ obscured the real achive men's ofthe Commit of bic Set? 2. ‘Rpani-sricken aterm o conta a died nati’ how ap i this descrpon ofthe Tenor? SOURCES, +. MECHANISMS OF COVERNMENT Source A: extracts fom the decree ofthe General Maxima, 29 Seplember 1793, ae th he Wenz pee fa ule ech ro Sta, ng he rue ale, y= es, th el jst a and pax me gen dong tan ese an ‘Sal bo wit eA of sued poss, al chal bee ich ‘We pas sh rt ote en pray ie ator. ot he nmcs tn earth, ad wey wale oe W tea ee parame leh ean Source B: extracts fom a spech by Ssintust inthe Convention, 19 Vendémiaive (0 October 1793). Sis sion by th i te Mey I 2 wa Si, bed bag yh te sol Bt tad pigs eats, td of pay rth wa yo rake us of rats i wey ai me, yu aig oe an ‘sons hr th ih eas ne hrf eps, mh 89 ae te Re a Re so th tbe gran as caesar gaat Fatt hs th Yoni wow te oes bg are yon Bree ae, acai a, al 2 ore wt na dg Me Ds or Sr Anne 1 The gnc een of Fe relay lege ki 2 The power vee cnc rns, paso ae THETERROR 65 betel nt pen te Canter f Pb ay, hh sl et yak a aes Source: report for The Times, oth November 1753. ‘pas lesa dex to Ran at Yu myer bra i th 4 fea a cl as Ete he ue wa ERG 8 maa ond ‘ny pinot ate fw be flea sor T Phin rie te goof he ele wae ped he Dt of ta mat hed hapa: Te ok ah wan santo te mt won ihe tr of no, pad ih Te Caen a be cosa Abeta sed ae ney “hota yg Sse wl eh wesig 3 cn of ck | inv, cos wie 2M of tn a he df Rgesn mu tie hn ee uo eng of Pappy ut 2 heme ms of (pas 1 ete Rage he apts beh es Source Bs fom a pot by the American Ambessador, Gouverneur Monts 18 ApS 794 ot tei andthe Hert te ras Th fOr eso altho sara Tec sho wodd in sch atv ben fo i aes bs Wey pt lh way a ergs cone Hc wi aa hat ba gh 0 rust B ad rete Cai Sa ible, ais, ne, ay sal et Ba te am. hr ss yt oe speed ay prc ewes 2 ‘our nn. Sk, ture eron xr ou ard wey ils ftw sag ert ma, eth oc or ra i, ws st el be ap wih re hs wove, spi as bss i es avin nt heel ea ‘Source €; extracts fom the Decree of 18 Fords ‘Supreme Being (7 May 1794). recognising the Ar The peal of Fee angi We asc Sure Biya he ara 1h ht es spi the time ln Das tn Toy nea Be Wahi lamang se tie thf fb tat ‘an yay, epost of yan ed raters, te waa. ese ih oa grtector tne pee, eal te got pos ats an be a mc 4 he anh Rei wh ete ee yar to 14 ly TR an ory fe Sarre eg 66 THRE Ait 2 21 Jay Wad 31 Moy ey of lun sma etc he to 1 mae XI-AV age whch a ats i" wih aes an ey ic Sab revit questions 1. Expl the sigicance of aach of tho designated festival ts in Aree Vin Source. [2] Study Source A. How ofciot and how equitable, were the methods planed for tho enforcement ete Hsia 3, Compare Soures © andl E How clewa picture can be biained of the change . “4. Esplin and dlecust the validly of Mori's views on the postion of Robespiore (Source). Ie} o 15. Usng these sources and your oun knowledge, show tho ‘nt tw be rch ote Ter eda ‘of goveremont and contol whi were racial mew tthe French peopl in reigion described in nese Worked anower “4. st because te passage i toa samples me you ae ashe 'odmontat that you Fave fly undescod the pat th erate ‘in be quite bi; then you need lo consider Ho vay, bother & source of eveancs adn he ight your know te pion) ote reporing the hame goverment oncoming the ff of bth the Heborste and the Dato and goo t Caton sas removed because ho wanted to sare pawer with Rebeesans. He oes nt mate clear who would hae boo thet ofthe Them ‘Gough twas prsumabiy not Hebo. Few tixorane woud gree a his sago of hte Daston red power: he tee ohare beer senuine matnatad by revlon at tha excess eth Teor an to have ware to pole tment a hi comp nen ern ate ‘eh woul ane Tr cnnon Tre hem wou otek tak th elation unt he Mrs ess than entacatcandorsarent of Rbespion a the one man able te hoep the Tenor i op ETERS 6 “tecnico, wh the fa of Roboept, Sanit ard Coton wa Tres wich muted tan of rcitonan goverment: ere ce iene Ue the Fron seo, ard 5 wie ha met eee cock, Hoy ma ba of erst 1 he 2 THE IMPACT OF THETERROR ON THE PUBLIC source Fe envaets fom speach by Rbespare tthe aobin habs rae I fs Novembor 73) guns ta ams) Bt Sr dt ayers plop, it «mp ape Miss ra: thea ofa ga beng who wachas ere ume tps 4 Ox 1. 1 oi osc oat ee 8 ee oe nt ee omy wi oe chew ie te 21H source ¢: rcs fom ple po, Pa 8 Nose tun 788 ; >. aa 6 re Oe pn ny em moi a ie ct iy ane Paris to vans eins; suds fan ec. OU eu De hr at hea, ht ws pt ue et ee ETT Fen cons a ples wa Ko ro eb Source H: part of speech by allot Harbos at the lacbin hi, Vento (atte oun say ut conto you tre ho tee els ch une yo, 7 Dr yous hy asa alae fo ho ata Cnee? Wit Te Cane eto hav ste odo Pais Thy a tod hvg ee th ets ty aly atl he ahs a ws he tn gd a? Blea ens wo it at hates fa go, wo ck ie nes yer sow ya pe eid ch ln, pets By n-ne hatte ain Pap vat 2 moda Pelt onnen al? Cn oes tng? Wel se Roun lant, Bo ean 0 shou stp Es oid wah Cz gto st ap he Sn ait we 5 fran sat ge Friis, ete ones a con al wt of aden, Late mae Ae, real Mortars a et us it hn Source: om Rabesplae's speech tothe Convention, 12 Germinal (3 March 794) he ino an as etme ry pe a i ea has an wat ay aon iti aly, Cove, oH? Wt sa ha mya ‘af an? aa ahve au cal om. again an ty a alsa rs tw fal casa, iy ge at fake ha, hay a tee ete io th Bu hes et usp, ie en bo spe oA ad te vl ie tow to ae a a es Beis. arbre a Cme as nad a es ag. yi ew jas. tect wl bed wPoatea s mem s TTR 69 Source sme statistics about the umber of death seturcss (2) by sril dass St er w | Ate mm mo f Upon iis e198 tine mie ise 1488 Cieny 8 Woon es si Prinsy a1 ison 6 (0) by date tune % Se 05 1 as fr 12 78 13 s a Yi 888 fe ot w ee WSS ANB 8 B 2 wT 3808 1 6 fh aD 5E 2 2 Me ata 0 1% 6 fas 180 a 2 ai My 4 55 i 25 wT 5T 8 BS MS ay 14 ssa a8 Ine toto a a Questions 1, Explain the fk betwen the reference to Deemeuline (Source Gand The people who tanslate ancient hislerians for you! (Source Ha) 2 Sudy the statistics Source J (b). How do you expan the icresee nthe numberof dea in each of Oocember Jena ‘Ape and? (4 9. How use! to a istovian are reports “kom the grass rote! suchas those Soutee G? Ia) 4 By consideng the vassbusy, tone and content of Source LGacuse ts efootvoness aa apical epeech,f) Using those seurces anc your own Krome, siocuss the seth as th rare who sed mos dan Worked ancwer “5. (Por 8a, itisimpovtnt to maha uve of evr source, xing your Rosse spas srt aligon dows hath wa roped o rh story is Cate tabu moj he Saco Sihovgh ct wba e's more connie se td ‘ere socal the wh ho nen a etapa oe fate report show th prope nore une oe soem Dot were nt rah top easter Carte Theta et thom wot ple perig'h sch dtl ao rerio ‘ssstos of the ore. ine te rere of Bast somone acine.te spe oP a per Noe ‘ech hy te cure wih re post aoe ee pet wa tea On arn ee gp ase ‘cable pneo etn nt pocerapane Sth Souras ash a he nobus of Connie of bic Sly werconctm sap pan an ya

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