AP PSYCHOLOGY FALL FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE MAY ALSO REVIEW: 'UDY GUIDE (BLUE BOOK) ¢ CHECKS FOR UNDERSTANDING/OBJECTIVE NOTES ¢ TEXTBOOK& spares cn ai ome ReTeeAeuaG ‘Working Your Way Through the Test “ MULTIPLE-CHOICE STRATEGIES ABC.D.ORE ven ityouhate stangarzed tats and you wou te dang youcanbest multlctice gestions you «Same qusstionewilraque baslecal of Fecopitin tact information wie thers wi Feqore yuo py your krowiedse 1 Thomsve you naw, theuicler and ease the ‘lanons wi br study tele can irarove Your ‘Hiceney ad useing aby, but imorovng onion! 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[cde nppeeanpic mga snGhyetsorts Irlade tortie (ereetv uncle iabe (vet semper aucon), ec be 8)@ a Psycolgy ram 175 ears gh een foe RAI IMAGING + Gerard te ecstacy ofrexrsin eben © ge uasrsmatefaeand roses rete Prue perc fiisuse sucess ts Exmpnrbloatiow sedan natty “whic sas mht prs are mast oeie + Thine odin ater xan the reload anlage eather snd euler ‘Teter comectenchormons sceneries + Corin ats ete niyane copy tegen be + Seeger etre hte + Cow sya eauseaty an ar 2 cromazor Schercaucrneiiratarston 1 Tuners ad Rates brea + evieal mannyc esha 00% al he etic Metal wie erally tre were rind 1 Canantocass taht andere autre + Rapin econ ta etre bch ht patertiaish 1 ose ackandwit isn edsbervion + Dita timate ee utorrent posal Senate rage of orate ss oced on + Troma thay ofcarvionth cyehat ecpre forearm eas ih er nae + Opoarateroces theory cob vio cs a Sbputed and ote by poachers copes {slsre redone yo and Be and iad Sse 1 Thule arava sates ei peri otets inthe snpatand mast rd wey seal bess agapedaconis py ni ry + Hata eet chy ire ecsingroe on por enseronce to ely abc 3 im Four Pa WEAN Saunt waver onarthe ma tough pen yee roupvtoine rapricmenbrare wc bres shetheb Scuoer tee natecest twee 1 Mtr thou tho windo tothe cain {pie suatzynane aa henea atop ie 1 Thafeaserey fsa corres ep 1 Frauen thor ate that wepteved anand cnbe ‘tolaredby te rtesthrclstvngi the cole + Pactheo svete tathan anon per se PoduesSeardingen where saunas Ermeatc warns cocen + Canton ets dy danagin tee ‘sac en; sreoatn danse renin cage {Sitesi aution ones Abt recotrin erci ofsion + listnotesbi citrancrnimam dtc twee arrexTion deci tos nes feng on on hing wile insrg olen + cota pms cae oars Imation evesnonoomrauewnas 1 Deg ateton ios tenon ofouson rulsteuine mainly "Seep oxen fie ages REM shape stge seeeatednth eons 1+ Dears ayaa wat happenin the boy Siegens cater srtess Pas proces ‘tenes rom te pnag y Colra rocsonattecy) + oom poser iticiy reo stingy + Actas wait ty anata 1 Aghterarceree fe die Sao tats raly + eprint soinantprhming tr suRSTANCE USE Abuse ires x ipsevetinntnng Depeche orca tance + Tolwancanansra areata sibtnce sci the + Witteman ocr rth isenoet gh AP een Can R76 a eran ology in Four Pads LASBIEAL CONDITIONING Ron SOLNG(CORTANUED) heures kpidwthaneia! Pele tr erate at cone ‘einen sss han he essonca capper fer fecondtlons emule meaty pescnae nc + Wine ait reiord a aes (Postcode Siig wim Irebiod rem nthe te Aber tty, on Won ote ayotesnptersoyanre ion wh res + abies dost tate verncanbs| ‘Sritena by pegs oodorcrnewhrauees ieayiobarepsat 1 aroun vegan head f oe Cran numbe capone ser oa Fee time (OTHER TES OF LEARNING + Uaetleminge rouge tnt aeons tint vecarcert pron Initia sn addon elastase ‘hoor ruor yr epeangsmin rouse ‘ewony ano FoRGeTTNG 1 Shuto my le ser Ramer about 50 + Gngermiemary cans anod ifarmston Dermanert + Woringmemy ate soegsnt arpa + Sereay rarer er ayo notin hae whe ‘Sremnosorsau raion 1+ eacielnineees cee hang formation ‘heres tthe ay oral al hate ‘Botcve Fretwren secu wtes a armatoe ‘rere it he sy ec eat + mn habit a revember tomato DW casey pchonpenenumaba y PROBLEM SOLVING Asiatic 9 fthurouzedtomakea cui iedgmers ae slgsiso lst eras 1 arena adr iethe tendency towsecetsoly Sebtcanndiony enter Gn ene) Prone scl ste marge rates noanegunt of sun newest Sinmpnas bond once Surtcestuctsne rangement words depsree APPR Ca 73 ees ees 20 FAMOUS FIGURES geben bet Sel oceans uw aod rated stings tst Costa Metre cating Mary Ftfevale pase fe APA ie Deaths evenly Now Resaad gue ccuistion Engh, Cicer tt, Deveepedoreosecl age tary HET ‘ffsctoe Guster Frese: teen Geom ses Plaha pene tbok Gry Aled Sveydnaman suse fake, Cesta tap hey cfm 4 Garcia ohn ment devetpnt Not, Roar Crete ery fs een aarercon brased ime stcorivedewopmest 6 tne ones ri owloatclecetered tear “gon AF reer treropeto sy rnoconent Hig Est Ser EecopedconeestaaartnligeresgcLotus beth cy fe Trnmaie, _Devspedblawofetect ee, Gest theo Pt aoe “ag Thc Evandro cent AES eci Ret ae ee raslceabonet Satire ES Cermtnpenaacnn Santee oto, Mamta cattn ae ee ee ine dwran gee osciiooisor moueeT ceitin topes |S aneyeaeey Sertersnrnetaieen i) Sond sregieeekecentrer ee copine —eonteoarernntomat Belpre eepefiesonenaeass ors) Se trttony Serotec asap ln DSSS Enon Sayin terion suniomlon fremntvecastrctnetsl Foy ics Saseawree me furan ec cain Wodeomrecesweverezeset= pec itseheriordt nas ide anes Sten unansic Seesaw od teeny semeefnkatopwrrseow Poca envio ie hoxuaie “Tetoubiasdiinde eons Fehaaest E Sree ee So mane Tonenemeaingisineteten MO esi sieper eeea dere Pa are hr) Pycomein Sect Solenetspcemmetoynimnine Soest ea sees macbooen aueing Dans Resch yes pring edo revwerae sab Developed tld precehsee ‘Stoescoonave arte popestnores alan italigesn ‘Sng condone use van (ardor Howden ery of mises Chea pecan tke shy Dectndatenaentsa tines son usar nya deacon Sod santas monary and Drove capt of srt anon) ‘Ned omer ene af otal vedas cult pel nts Deserbed grr atanaionsntme Deve re any ol wince icone elu ote deen i2JossinPsycHoLoSY neseles asses, snes pope wih ‘rctelne sesaes Decanter amar, ard adenine res oy x poles el Uohurestarton snp oth everest Goon erat SeeSidtehananescose Pettesean Flea metas essa rosctats mat there Mineo etecve resnurere ‘Sudes peta cnet orcinee sade iyanisomion mene moc Coty frien Soe nb arenes ts Scenes en nats ois rand aoa tercons ee doar wets prelude ‘Suh meter Crna tds felsic asset Ireysted non ene grou ase Unusctontgeber4 poraygy am 12179 a ETHICAL PRINCIPLES PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH onscmesard Pehoagsts musty ton sethamthe Casesity —Detaledreearch focusnga eae Fenmotons pope whemtoy woe personersiuaton Cnensaty Pepe hveavhttokesginlomaton Carwaion _ Masaue athnw cay rate tos ot (enn tress oe ener (rater ar roartom-tie=1 USissineren eaten emmeNe® pcm Kopuledge es romans exes Sinwsneperore ‘Saree stout pores rout pieeg eneipenmeeialirie eectoat walkin dccerianhesa sectingetsc aie aa tttimtte ve uty ng tpn tepid Yet shanetin ese Rd Seed ae neineseent Informed consent Research atiinats must beintrmed of" _chservationsin onder ta validate, react, or Somanicesncksa, Sete lnutou! Aoshi gerne tlc ating ad ergot iow Board wheter they met eh sdlas eo Sane Br Mestsneerste mason, peau! ‘rutin rence ennai come Sars stemccns hsica ——Paceysomsonstpndeenl Sey” Clesgaeepresetorai sk Trae plasmid Sheets sake -comintions Theory ‘Strongly supported explanation that sega ers tan mt pe ono Fete serie Cte in Serra rarlng tt eee SoU Sagin acatnth stanisries 01 ‘ASSESSMENT AND TESTING celandig Vnniesbertreiniray__ Acker Osemeerzmorstnoes Seri RNIN ane fy Soom ovienstwntetccurgnin A fre Sees Reiter Sear tcindpetonytc tere mr es aerate eater onciene ss Pevcermnceoneien stats ml sere Ingeeet Spetretlaratethat manuel Mutha ane variable ‘rdertoprodyceammessurableetictonthe Personality esas venient ft fret OAK ney hee a iets raptors mS pga an Mew Inert nein sdmuon reve “Int Sy Rnisitncmirst| ase Parvorriemetce? Hf ioe eayreceteomraeten Sist — Saanyheuer ily enecn mms vedo usages nit rast at Retain eS oan Es seer Be comic tgs Smee ve felotty Stele whichtestreutsarcortint ype syacetercleeyes Geptieatenimtcotegcrszet ca vevwny | sieded —Menrannetdmvsbiy tern gg cs ae ee cen SSS ier tay” eee cheeses a See ico wd eae Sa! cad orem Srl Seale nnsgence (PPDNEUROANATOMY IN BRIEF mtn Conroe. ang a tees saoessor gin Marna sedprseranoneret en Laguage sores eatin lle ae Meme cba 27 ENN eine ite fanart “Nennn Cotabato oe reas Teme rg essa Telos conse recraerecnie econ ait oh Fat eg erne obna O esta beng dae eat te Ded SCS Weta stow Sonn iarduserinen tine rear Witenes aeons formato Fe ey intration ean 2nd arni's argu corre ans eres Wes ated mtorr abe “THE FIVE SENSES (AND BEYOND) coxmy Protect eyez Ser nes dooms conclihtenry TON Canetti ovaries Begun clr ese ames ep fr sre back wh 57 Be, oy to gauge sarees se02-2 preerien carats axon em he Teen totecoenes cochen “raps econ ermaontterne St ect Tene yard wna aie etna oh ond etude torreon nota aerie et ese saw sur, cin Prabrmaten a0 re a TE Tetsos teneeure er geht oh mesg Ae or Set ‘ier tag low grty m ae etherone aes ea Remeron te ere sve esr rb ofartaton an ee 18 je _Taeswhte spec ty oars net Tent Testa reed ean Gonendont seus atone ery ro 80 @ REVISITING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM cae ro Nectar rk center coulcontt Se NS_ ewaranng oak entices Seerie wana sora atomic is Conuedandandineraforean net cen cane pearance NE omaic ns tratescana sai mS Sam ye Carre neg tl ENS is Spisenetead cna eee WS ganas snd rns Ne, Se Sends inoratont the cS en es aa Sede eaten toc ES Comyn we CNS eon Sonityon ote ES Ae ge Reaesinomaton eno ls Ce eh Encased neait cee cap etwas nd ent Sa ene npestisaeed PN Ne ering ous me ‘morvane Scraper ie aas args Grevandasrenced PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING tenes Pssacatnn oem tine ated‘ ace estar SE acim alata ws One ag tree ewe me) corona _sentenea cfs ee Beas Sect epabe ses GeO wih oe one sien Ne) wiment Dosen inieadatabhwarah am ofa Moai repeat eaters wit Pat Mem sancstrasunlor oe onions rere ome SPT HB I Cari e pencton ae ao rere Gemma sanatorium Ieee pus etre end SS mere oer ances soroumst Ffderecbrair etanenion Conmnnnra nantes 8 cut) tevangey eno nnn o® Cree Ee ed car ens arin veang_ tein cen nen enon eee pesateritg epee TETMEMORY IN AFLASH moni —‘essnary or yo aut ceremony errs hier oe odin Soonterareny ery r psa ees Canney earch mage cf teatifematot Weare iary ara rl ber mars Proce eter tron ney Creamery tte arcu offerte LORS oSecensens nomosie —_Nemaryaésngiensge a eraiton aeae ini wotennnew inferno bess Fee Garp taimarmaeen Rocca fenestacssngitomaton Force ay taremerber seat Reweetee stot spine ne einato™ eee Menor formers meanings conc nd Sonos Teac ore it eel asin Spree Bie armen fr fete eter see Mecane even norman mene ‘lena mary zed or teorany tag nthe ap Pacalegy ram ees INTRO LINGUISTICS ung seo porees ery eS ee als rarer sina ature cone sot ptonenes bat ot resenbi el onan of ards dance inte nord tateaney vossmannines teers ey a nese th LaraeFseice bieanteeae angio Fae lay Tay ta regents cont Aopen smaestmearin dw erase Siowinves sata stdin stn oneeretetnhlappation ot gamer dee focene Svalstuntofsen cere Sy ewok and urtrcemensngt elacsrueare. Arangemerf mds sy ear adning wert ees Clarence argge tt mts ova wedt sock rere! Syiamol eprint sear Tepglgmates! ilar are een ttresP Ps Fall m Stu 4: History and Research Methodology The Scientific Attitude + Sclentiie approach that is skeptical and open-minded 1 Toshft away from ilusion to realty, one ust use Smart thinking or eritial thinking: thinking that does net Snel seoepe things, but approaches wih skepticism ang oxamings we evidence Carefully; Ask how eid they know, on guts and instinct? Ave the evidence biased? + However, must remember to have humility as too extreme would be stubbornness ‘The Limits of Intuition and Common Sens ‘+ Intuition often ends up nowhere {1 Tendo use alot hindsight bias: tendency to believe that one would have known after the Tesults ore shown; Seems like common sense. The answer Was right there and look how obvious It + Experience it usually when looking back on history; eg. Glen Clark and the fast ferries {Humans tend to be Svercenfdent, think we knew more than we actualy do (probably result of se serving bias) + Hindsght causes us to be overconfident os ve balieve we would have picked the answer when the ragults are In Front of us ‘The Scientific Method “+ Sciontite theory: explanation using set of principles to organise/predict observations {fo matter how good theory sounds, must put I to test {Must imply testable prediction = hypothesis Beware of bias when testing 1 Good experiment can be replicated: the experiment canbe repeated snd would yield constant Feaults; done wih a different group of people or by a different person ending with constant results 1+ Theory useful if (Gh effectively organises range of observations {@) implies cear predictions + case study: research method where one person is studied in depth to find universal principles (Chings that apaly to al) «+ Dranbock thet the individual being studied could be atypeal results not universally contained Survey: research method to get the self-reported atitudes/behavieurs of people 1 CARON CSCS ices depth and wording of question affects the raspancs given (Waming)Tand to ang eround group similar fo us so using them as study is wrong 1+ False consensus effect: tendency to overestimate other's agreement with us; eg, Vegetarians believe larger amount of gop. Is vegetarin than Meat-eaters + Population: all the cases in tne group being studied 1 Tokhate a good sample, use random sampling: sample that gives each case 2 good chance of being studied to ensure results within range + Naturalistic observation: observing and recording behaviour in natural settings with eny control on situation + Uke ease study & survey, doesn’t explain behaviour 1 nen finding a trait that sccompanies enother, not resulting effect, but correlation: the way 2 factors vary together and Now Well one predic the other + Positive correlation: direct relationship where foctors increase or decrease together 1 Negative correlation: inverse relationship where one factor goes up while one goes down+ Does not explain cause, simply show relationship between Factors 1 lusory correlation: perceiving corelaton wen none exis; Notice random coincidences 8s not random, rather as correlated Exosrintent 1+ To Isolate cause & eect, conduct experiments 2 Experimental condition: concition that exposes subjects to treatment 2 Control condition: condition that serves as 2 comparison lo see effects of treatment on ‘experimental coraition subjects + Use-random assignment: assigning subjects to experimental/eontrol groups randomly to ensure bo bias + Independent variable: experimental factor being manipulated end studieg (by tsa, alone, no ‘need to depand on something) * x-axis 1+ Dependent variable! experimental factor that depencss on Independent veriable and changes in response to t= y-aus 1+ Placebo: an inert substance/condition that meybe administered instead of a presumed active agent Double-blind procedure: procedure in which the experimenter and the subject both don't know which treatment ls given “+ Percentile Rank: A percentage that describes your rank among those also being evaluated. Le. If {your percentile rank on a testi 90, then your score is higher than 80% ofthe class, Itis Impossible to get 100% percentile rank because you cannot get higher than everyone Inthe cass, Tncluding yourset. + Mean: The average score. Add al the numbers up and divide by number ef terms. The mean of 42,2,3,10,98) 18 23, + Median: The ricdle point of all the terns such that half s above the number and half s below the rnamber (50 percentile). Arrange the number from highest to lowest or vie versa and find the umber in the middle. The median of {2,2,3,10,98} Is 2 + Mode: The number that occurs the most. Count fo See which number appears the most. The mode of {2,2,3,10,98) Is 2 + Range: The ronge ofthe scores is the dfarence batwoen the highest number and the lowest umber. The range of GPA score is from 0.0 to 4.0. + Standard Deviation: A measurement ef how far scores differ/deviate from the mean. The standard deviation of (5,6.56,5,7,54} is very low hocause tems hurl devite from the mean of 5.5. ‘Whereas, the standard deviation of {5,10,8,186,5,-7.22) is high TIND THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF 233.4) (0) Find the mean, [avseseaya=3 [@) Subiact the mean from oach tenn andequace [O3)°=1, OS (6) Find he average ofthe deviations from te |s0-0-1y4=0.5 0,85 [(#) Square root the average and that's the [(ospara— 7071 standard deviation [Normally this number should be rounded to the same decimal place asthe data. But 0.7071 is shown for hetter understa 07071 => 1[Normal eurve or nore commonly known asthe Bell Curse is a diseibuion graph hat dettes 68% of the Scores should circa the mean. More specially, 68% of the sees soc fall within 1 standard deviation and 95% should fll within standard deviations ftom the meao, ‘Seatterplot:A graphical representation of data by usage of dots. The degree ofchustr or formation of a ‘slope eta dicate the corrlarion between the two variables, ‘Correlation: The relationship hetween 2 events. Le. Traffic acideatsinease with increasing ‘temperatures; businesses drop as Christinas ends, Correlation Coefficient: A proportional number thal meesures corelation- how strongly 180 events vaey together + Postive Carelaion: The two events incresse andlor deevease together. For example, increasing ty time positively corelate wits increasing grades or decreased food ‘consarmpion positively correlates with decreased excitability, Positive correlation ‘coctficients are positive numbers ranging from 0.00 {no comelation to 1.00 (perfect ‘conelation). Ina seaterpot graph, a positive correlation exist fa positive slope is seem + Negative Correlation: One event increases and the other decreases or vice versa For example, decreasing number of hours of sleep negatively correlates with increases Wale vcidens or increasing alcohol consumption decreases alertness. Negative corltion coelicionts are negative numbers ranging from:1,00 (perfect correlation) to 0.00 (no comelation) Ina seatterplot,negaive a correlation exissifa negative slope is scen * Be sure 10 remember that CORRELATIONS DO NOT NECESSARILY MEAN CAUSATION Ifcar ‘accidents increase with increasing temperatures, it does not necessarily mean that hot temperanares ‘cause more irafficaecidens!! * pe aware of ILLUSORY CORRELATION; seeing relationships between something when thre is none. ‘Ifyou believe that black colored dogs are more aggressive than white-colored dogs, then you will be more iely to notice and recall evens where blacl-colored dogs show aggressiveness to confirm pow beligf also know as "sef'serving bias") ‘Regression toward the mean: Tendency for exteane values to go back ("egress") tothe average value (qnena).Le. {you normally get 80% on your tests and suddenly you pot an extreme (unasual} sore of 50%, then on Your next test you are likely to get sound 80% again, ‘Statistical Significance: A measure of how likely an event is due to chance alone. Le. IFaverage marks concerning two classes are statistically significant, then the marks are actually different, not due to random chance or sampling evors, Statistical significance is usualy determined by matherpatical analysis ofthe samples Weselsiouip (Qos) PerfeteprtveCoveloon 200)malate SO nae He Srnec situa Negutie vedere Padi Seed abea Porte AN 5 [ATALEOF TWO STUDIES a . wear a aychotgy isthe sy of mental processes and Tavs tev fam he nore of puescohers arc acieits to understand Row pple Shincand why they do the ngs ey 3, ‘ ABMCHAIR REASONING be ‘Believed that the mind and body are separate bal ‘SThemindconinueonsteretedyaer | OW eeccrnmnrnetmen | ee J eval ou ang bay erat cease “Beker endo ody spat) ure east nenasy ands tagy | as be ninth etary ere Trout he herind boy rotor ok seins prsclgan | “Gonder rennin | stotovet ht papers ton ws bianksaes {aruda Ene reas “Geet cone clint ads] Cpa bat te bran creates consumes y ae i tna dvolisn Ever Net tes Tid overeat? Camels RESEARCH Origins, WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920) Auapornisown 1 Thefendec felt psychology “rin nmotcb ond pbysology ‘opined a pychinb in ea, Germany, 1873 0 Used reseach ecgue cls inronpecton in which stbnts dererbnd ter eascons 0st Famous radiate students inclu Eavard Titer, Stanly Hal Joes Cttel and Urtner mer 'STRUCTURALISM VS-FUNCTIONALISM. STAUCTURALSM # Focuseden beara omnia thie fines comporantsn ore foundertanate mmadaraweole + Festpsictoloses| hos’ a thavee Geveloped by Wand ra Tena Thana rh psychology Cand is Erucurtat ewido Zines whan be at ‘ana abto wore 22ers FUNCTIONAUSM Focused oth adaptive alte of ‘ental processes ond Unfair in odert Ainuestane what fran these regs ia ees, syenolgyteook, evlope ne school oF tue Jamas war iniorend boy Dananstaoy ot orl con WOMENIN CHARGE [Willa amesisitea ry Calkins this anced | aycoly great seminar Thou she ‘outzrtormed Ret ale coseagues, Horvorefused TGgantara degen, Cokes ter becametnetrat "ele pede ft Ararcan Pyrola | ‘eeowation APA) 9 BOS. Target Foy Wasibn was tha rst woman tobe igonted a doctorate in pyehcogy (896) She was sbiaed by Thebeer Washoum come theseand | ‘analsprasident of the APA 192, |rooted ary fs pyaar te hes For ears, wv pons et ren eno seo ae eT doayin the trae appre ee yeas tonal es/habogts and oer eulogy eats cate pcre uorsveniooy Ore pe roatonan betwen sng ane hover “tens Tone 1800878 for erie ceo wh a Soe erties esha aa assent ate onset 4 Focus: Observable tayo rather tha Crete ete Seacrest ooermesrancalensoreatt processes, such ss meron. eS shing soo ego onset hove tures: tbingraus, Paget and Fe sap gai of ahr itary fatal election es oa neato mind of Scent eter elemento ac personality _1yPs OF THERAPISTS sais peor with raie ste roe seheob and vnarcage asec Reece poyersloees! Borie ganizations! (1/0) peychotopstene comanias sae 2) Foe aincease worse mere re cere. ‘human factors psychoogistsrs ra uae Mi eeesex ere casera ‘reucational psychologists rove ing cate ray fF sco poychometriians desexsesassens ot Yoho ier 3 persone Industiai/ee Ar ees ram 8 q ‘METHODS SAMBLING AND ASSIGNMENT Dest sTaR PORRATIONCONTROL inch Steg and mol te proces of los rcerch Tyee Pemeieces___—_parlant tetante ccon partcpants = ‘is onoe Sonoing oc: bear * Leesa es Sika | Rearasentatv samo Th ain foatiants emer Gee Samaktcomltr | maseupa sproamoy tsar denarees ot Gmoningates | Belemepondaon Acuna gs | Random somple rey rab othe popiton hs i SEITE Setqlchtweelecngchosmsse cose | Seer | andom assieamant onc putt has a ea | Snr “Vint? eee | denature poe inate superman ard ose “emigrants | Sonelarae | inpra| soge-nd dese Paints dove aw bch | bs |, Seiptiey sepa hepdennte apoctis i aoe |, Bauer Nee oeat | tmessee Grumman | eho rw groups prlcpetshve ban | swesne) stoecicin (ESTES | Sohne thls emus apermen Bs | Sted pense | cones | VAUDITY AND RELIABILITY | “Reriowzeter | say yma YOU MEAN, MEAN AT YOU sa cuee Seceea | rites ain Eire | SRR Omens “Ours” -tokatcetal | ] cnimets nie |_| sn meme ve ota ‘eens Ca “feuach cab ails gat bese Thecxpeiman opuation bung sue is vied int two grou. he expr group eaves he Indepencen varie ond ve conval grou dons ra. ‘Yrabes must bs eperatonaized marin at PLACEBO EFFECT ‘wateveris behemessiroais dear dared atablerultedy the JUST ASPOONTULOF SUGAR ‘osreb 1 Aplacehoisan inert bie or arocedureusedto ‘ate mevbars te conta group aleve they Gi “Messuedrerronets Sreesanth same west sone Ba wctiewd ote Sipe group ea see 1 The placebo eet accurs when a subject's madcl withthe dependant snd andtion mores wher she casa lace in “nperdetarsee the bse of oer rca! taverns orcs hing you sre gong to pear ie rough mate you tel tater & 1 Placebos reused clncal tals of medications to (Istrmn rw mocn feats cangerasuts fom he labo offer eave tha weet fhe medicationoma ae Paylogy ran 10 g pean sti Y ys Bae Sie oe ESCRIPTVESTATSNS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS TUNG re STATISTICAL GAMBLING Desc staisesdecibes sata wihout rn stasis ae ed detain het he intngsny ewes onctone Teese fats al earlecan eevee tothe lege pul, 1 Nullnypatheis: Treatment didnt have a eet in 1 Abematve hypothesis: Treatment didhavean ‘lect nan experts aed lente hypatess States the drecion fa eect 1 Stati signicance: Research eeu was uialy {have steuredy chance alone 1 pale Prbatity of aking 2 Type enor nmmoniy se st 2-08, meaning tat He rastits ‘rows any ses hance 5 othe tne ae a Wen aclstrbution represented on 2 90mal eure ee ee sere TorHHoRs HUMAN Sacer ar at ag te a a Cee smosteroet oes eer aerate fae | (Note that the skew is based on the direction the curve Nall mepOReSIS'S | pothesis is tip points.) In skewed distributions, the median is more | fue fale Ce ea ae | : | ‘AMPiEsOFDEScROTIVESTATITS na | ‘When you get your scores back tora standadzed ee) cemect est, you may see a percentile rank A percentile theds | iyeung mouse hater potency | cane correlation does NOT suggest causation. In the vr estatstcs Correct | tanita warm ser season net 3 afin Blake} cence wher ‘Correlations range between “I and +1. Positive 4 Sone en nea associated with an increase in the other. Negative ETHICAL GUIDELINES. See ere | | hamtewtmertoes encanta eerie rela en aera Sn tr pss eer waniaau ‘consent to ensure that they understand the risks, veshiyascteteeuninrinsine — Slomegratanannen ets ci ene Sea iincnscetewstiynatntesweee yoy esate eaymayo ene igretecmaesistterre Debate ahs sfancand cet sow, ne dosti tered sound themean Its hgh theca loose spre overs ang of vas [iter estarchis competed, pacipantsmrtbe eifed—the researchers aula the purpose fe say ord vel ny deception utedUnit 2: Neuroscience, Genetics, and Behaviors Franz Gall developed the false theory called Phrenology — witere bumps on the head dictate personality snd intellgence. But the theory cid direct aur attention to brain region and function. Payehologits that study those connections between biclagy and behavior are called Biological Peychologists. ‘Mewral Communication Our Neural System Is basicaly mace up of nerve cells or neurons. Each neuron is composed of Dendrites ~ message receiving fibers and Axons ~ message sending fibers which are ineulated by the Myelin Sheath ~ fatty cols thet help \speed up impulses. pulses or Action Potentials 2 bret electrical charge that travels down the axon as it becomes Depolarized due to the movement of positively charged lons entering the axon. after the transmission, the axon becomes Polarized as positive ions are purnped out during the Refractory Period. ‘The intensity of a stimulus scaled the Threshold. A stimulus must exceed the threshold In odor fora transmission to accur. The neuron wil ether fre or e won’. Much like a gun, the neuron. tither fires or tdoesn', there are no haf-Tres. This called the allor-none:rasponse; Ha ‘Stimulus i really strang, ony the number of neurons fring will increase, not thelr specd Fhe axon terminal of the sending neuron is Separated from the recelving neuron by a tiny 30D {led the Synapse (or Synaptic Cleft). Once the setion potential reaches the synapse, nneurotransmitters, or chemical messengers, are released into the gap where i wil bi onto ‘Specfe receptor sites on the eceiving neuron. “The most wall know neurotransmitter i= Acetylcholine (ACH), It causes muscles to contract in Endorphins are natural opiates produced in the body to contl pain and induce pleasure, (Morphine within") ‘Agonists are molecules which mimics the shape of natural neurstransmiters (Morphine) ‘ntagenists are molecules which block neuratrarsmitars from binding on receptor sites “The brain has a Blood: brain borrer which Miters out urwanted enemicals in Blood stream. ‘Neural and Hormonal Systems “The Nervous System is composed ofthe Central Nervous System (CRS) ~ brain and spinal cord, and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ~ inks CNS to body's muscles and glands by means oF nerves which are bundles of sensory and Motor Neurons (they carry incoming and outgoing Information respectively) ‘The Autonomie Nervous System (under PNS) has Sympathetic Nervous System - arouses {ho boey for defense (Inerease heartbeat, dilating pupil, inhibit digestion et.) and Parasympathetic Nervous System ~ calms the body after stress. [simple Reflex is an automatic reponse to stil (ike knee-jerk) involving messages from Sensory to Interneuron (spinal Crd) to Motor Neuron ‘The Endocrine System (slow hormone secreting system) communicates by releasing Hormones (chemieal messengers) Into the Bloedstream, In times of sires the ANS wil signal Adrenal Glands (above kidney) to release epinephrine and ‘norepinephrine hormones (ako called adrenaline and noradrenaline.) Pituitary gland js the most powerful endocrine gland, and under the influence of hypothalamus In brain, putty releasas hormones that regulate glands anc growth, ‘The BrainLesions ~ remove brain tissue 2 Electroencephalogram (EEG) ~ measures brain electric activity Computed Fomograph (CT of CAT Sega) ~ taking x-ray plotographs of brein 2 Positron emission tomograph (PET Sean) ~ detects radioactive glucose consumption t brain Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) ~ generates brain images from magnetic acbvity ‘The Brainstem ~ oldest portion fn brain forts into the Medulla Oblongata ~ regulates Involuntary processes IIke heartbeat and breathing ‘+ Within the brainstem les the reticular formation (looks like a finger-shaped net) which controls arousal, when you wake or sleep. + The Thalamus les above brainstem and i shaped like two eggs. Its function isto act as a sensory Sutchboard relaying incoming signals to appropriate bran regions. But does not relay sensory signals dealing with smell «The cerebellum stares parll nrnony ai feorwing capacities. But it mainly controls botonce 2 Liimbie System includes Amygdala ~infiuence emotions (fear, anger), and the Hippocampus ~ process memory - Removal of amygdala rests in emotionless organisis upon arousal. «The Hypothalamus maintains body Homeostasis (temperature, hunger, growth) and governs pituitary. + Gliat celle guide and support nerve cells in the brain 2 The brain is eivied into 4 regions. 1 Frontal Lobe - behind forehead ~ has Meter Cortex (located at the beck of frontal lobe, the ‘cortex controls voluntary movement) 1+ Parietal Lobe ~ top to back of head ~ has Sensory Cortex (locete in the beginning of parietal lobe, the cortex processes \bodily senses) + Occipital Lobe ~ back of head ~ regulates vision. 1 Temporal Lobe — above ears ~ rogulates hearing 1 Rofthe brain is uncommitted to motor oF sensory functions. Theses brain regions are called Assoctation Areas - areas involved in thinking, remembering, and speaking. The larger the ‘ssocition area, the more intelligent the species for they are able to anticipate future events + ‘The eave with Phineas Gage showed researchers that damages in the frontal labe could result in personality elteretons because thelr normal 'estraits” or inhibitions are erased. This was due to 2 {amping red that shot from his lft cheek and out his head, separating his internal motves and ‘external judgement. + Stages of Language : {L. Visual Cortex ~ occipital lobe (back of head) ~ sees the visual stimulation (words) 2. Angular Gyrus ~ mid-siée of parietal lobe ~ converts words into auditory code 5. Wermicke's Area ~ between terpora and parietal obo (side of head) - drives meaning fom aciory code 4, Throca's Area ~ mid-bettom of frost lobe —conros motor corte 5. Motor Cortex back of fon Inbe~ activates speech muscles to propoance word + Damage to (1) cannot see, (2) cannot rend (3) eanct understand, (2) and (5) eanot speak. {Corpus Calor join the two hemispheres andi separated to ee epileptic sears, {People with sepernted corps ellos are refered to a8 Spl brain patients. They are unable to say what they fe nthe eft visa eld bessnse speech inlet hemisphere ad th bemispheres regulate opposite sides of boay. «+ When split-brainers are asked to sy what they xs, the ft hemisphere wil say whats seein ig visual eld, “wea nak fo ping un sie a ey sa, the ight hemvphor ditto wht ison in the eft vival eld, «+ Sign language is nevertheless language and is coal by left honisphere, if deaf people get a stoke in et emisphere signing willbe dsrpted. + Left Hemisphere : Matematies, langusge, logical, reasoning. mesning {Right Hemisphere: Perceptual asks musical arts, emton, face recognition, copying infomation, Genetics and Behavior + Chromosomes contin Gents which are ede wp of DNA. There are 23 ehromosomes inhuman eg and sperm; they are combined (ferized) to make a6 ebromosome clEvolationary Psychologists snd the efforts of evolution of behavior of organisns Bebavior Geneticist stdy geustc end envicomentl effets on bebe, ising Linkage Analysis. ayehologs study dential Twins (wo babies within oe ep) and Fraterual Twins (to bios in 2 soparate gg) © const adoption suis [ental twins have more sinlarites than Sterna wins. ‘rsitabiy tell us what percentage of tris are because of genetic Factors. Tris (ight, intligence eye colores.) are ‘ther duc to genetic er environment re ove no haha. I hes of inteligence is 70%, tat means 70% ofthe ‘people wil have inberited intelligencepence ar ras amie q ‘NEURON ‘RANCHING OUT Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) CCataineverndasialnenss | connotes aengen WOCNS “he nervous system iscomposed of nana, which are binder ofrowrons The cal boy othe reir the ‘Zane conta the mcleus. Denes branch trom ‘he som and recsve put om other neurons. The [vonrespnds tomeasages tom the canis 3nd Sonos barat informatin to ater cals Svough 9 long ubwarsrucre Axons are ote coated with 2 ‘elnshanhe of Swaa cals isinsulion ‘Speed opneurl pues. Th nodes of Rar athe fnbsin te sheath Ase ofthe su, frm Eton: ranch to ther cls The gup between ho {ermal ltrs ad he ethereal does he ssmopse. [NEURAL TRANSMISSION aD THE GAP Action ptantia: Nevelouse caring message ‘hina sateen els ggerebyacertan Threshold ofstmalton ety tov atin cal Shdchaels(necroranmiters) taal between thm {Al or pone pte ne tireshsidtexctations pasted the nes elfen end stent Refractory phase: med fter the reuron fas, Fe amount of imation wl cuse tore agar, ten, fe sth pend anew wi eure mere [Newotransmiters Charice messngesthat can be trots eaung ncuron to fee ono ‘Scoping sco fom fing sewotanantars that have fined posang long thes messages can be ban {en by enaynes or sbuorbed back tothe eta cell ‘feough uptake examples of earatarsmtters elo each, serotonin, dopamine, Torpinaptn, GAPA ar enderpurnne nLFORY ‘Siento staat he sic “Conte sige tars “Caealen mune mover “eta rns eine eto tte “Ros nso iermatonbetcerogarelthe a ‘Thane comeye nna teen ilar ‘Stsuresbanen spl orders “negate mse ovens Sensi efomstion ‘Hippoaersss erry fomason “Aryanange sn strat etnias ey ‘uals wibenpuscensm serosa coroueed ise patons -itrenipergcoprallgsage racing roca's ‘Sr Srnec apelin ty Wrest tment Aare cami a NEUROIMAGING TIER TH fain inagingtoctriuas slowresenchers tose he ractrosandlnctina el vayng efense! theo the seain amity ane ecard the eleticl scl a nero inthe ‘vain Tey ca erty Thelecrcal waves roduced by spec ‘has AN wl, aul is use magnates andra west clstepctures te ‘hain ts show sctuiyin tne ban by taking sansia ieenson a corning the amount of blod lw tose hat sans ofthe bran ae reoec AT scan build apitureoftiaban | wieaaies ch Xeays epsttogther to ‘gestea 3-0 sspresertaton PET scans dele he meverant of lvcosoin ‘he bran ang he performance of tsk ‘hey can cate where ‘comune ‘ett part of the ran eimolvesinspeoemide gh ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SKeK oF HORMONES Maperadecrine ciznte Pr gid Ar ole Com 8 q s ‘BIOLOGICAL PsycHOLOGY Sn enenes ‘SUMMUING INTHE GENE Humans have 4.crorosomes alo ese com trom each purl. Chormsomes tre rade up of DNAS ‘Segmenisof DNA, called genes determines “Reining ah “pager & sat — Fe Teineric DBoRDERS 7o— om ttn ——f “The endocina stem sndsnformation around te bud trough grups of eas ealed ands. lands ne orton | Stewctore | Function | “otantons Taner gunte I [ Readates stress causes | |temied | ekcantghrspne i Cenivala/seeo | Piso Spleen | Reeastethe bays} | Toyo ane ena | abot _f Ponce | Prosucesiauin | [ovis [Protuceastogen | [ Preticeetouterene Genetic orders mey resi for everosara shoomaliesin the bod cesardsexcrs Down syndromeis caused bya ava ‘drornoome nthe 2 par iets resis in ‘hunt eee Huntington's disease eats ro degeneration th basal gangland cous muscle inal. Turner's syndrome ests whan» baby isbote sina sngle Xcteomoroma, nse othe us ker” combinations Klinelelter’s syndrome fesutstrom onestrs Keeemosame GX. These (dso con mpl sexual deveopmet. wins sr TaKesTwo Identical (manag wins develop rom see ‘writs ep and sare 100% of ter grt mater eral cnygt) tans develop tom te Independent feriized esas tt war iplnted simutaneosty Thay arr denial and do notnete ‘hesomegmetc alec. Scots researching the nature cure debateoan ‘Study twine wo hive been ase opthery ter “ogc ones os wel 2s ese rased apart by ‘opie fain to deterne eta a genet Infuanceon sv inddoa's bev.Unit 3: Sensation&Perception + Sensation is referred to as heing bottom-up processing, detecting environmental ‘stimull from senses up to the brain. + An Absolute Threshold is the lowost amount of stimulus needed to notice it 50% of the time. For example, you turn down the radio to a point where you only hear the faint sound half the time. Then that loucness (decibel) is your absolute threshold for sound. + But your detection of a stimulus also depends on your state of arousal, expectations, experiences, and motivation. This is described by the Signal Detection Theory ~ predicting when we will notice a weak stimulus (signal). + Rstimulus is Subliminal if cs below your absolute threshold, you detect it less than ‘50% of the time, For instance, a microscopic cell is subliminal to you because you cannot see it with your naked eye. + Subliminal advertisements (Drink Coke, eat popcorn etc:), does have an affect an you but do not persuade you. +The Difference Threshold (just noticeable dlference or jnd) is the lowest difference you ‘ean detect between 2 stimuli 50% of the time. For example, you are just able to notice the difference between 1kg and 1.02kg half the time. + Weber's Law states that two stimull must differ in percentages or ratios, not amount, for ‘a person to detect It (ind). + Sensory Adaptation ~ lowered sensitivity due to constant exposure from a stimulus. For example, when you go Into someone's house you notice an odor..but this only lasts for @ little while because sensory adaptation allows you to focus your attention on changing environment; itis irtating to be constantly reminded that your foot Is in contact with the floor. Vision + Transduction refers to Sensory energy being convert (transformed) into Neural cenergy/impulses. + Light is composed of electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths (distance from one peak ‘to anather peak on a wave) and Amplitudes (height of the wave) + WAVELENGTH determines HUE (Color, .e. Red, Blue, Green) and PITCH/FREQUENCY In soune. + AMPLITUDE determines INTENSITY (Brightness, ie, Bright red, dark red) and LOUDNESS in sound. ‘+ External Light entering the eye first travels through the Cornea (protective layer) ~ Pupil {an adjustable opening) control by Tris (muscle eround the pupil) ~ Lens (an oval transparency) that changes shape to focus light by a process called Accommodation; light is then focused onta the back of the eye called Retina (multi-neuron surface). + There are 3 basic types of Acuity (how sharp/clear vision is) : normal, nearsightedness (only see near things clearly), and farsightedness (only see far things clearly) +The Retina has 2 types of receptor cells + Rods (cetect brightness of light, sensitive in dark), Cones (detect color and detal, sensitive in daylight). Cells connecting these detectors form the Optic Nerve that sends the Impulses to brain.Everyone has @ Blind Spot, a small region in the visuai field where nothing could be seen. This Is because there are no receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the eye in the retina. Normally, we don’t witness this effect because we have two eyes that compensate for each other’ blind spot, and the fact that our eyes are constantly moving. Fovea is the region in the retina where light is centrally focused. The fovea has no rods, only cones. Nobel prize winners Hubel and Wiesel discovered Feature Detectors in the brain cortex that are sensitive to specific features in what we see (i.e. shape, color, depth, movernent, orm, and even postures, arm angle, gaze) Parallel Processing - Our brain Processes lots of Information simultaneously. For ‘example, looking at an orange, the brain processes the orange color, the round shape, ‘and the bumpy texture all at the same time. People who cannot consciously perceive can stil remarkably locate objects but are consciously unaware of how they knew. Such a phenomenon Is called Blind Sight. Color processing is described in 2 stages : 1) Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three- color) theory = Light Is detected by 3 types of cones each specifically sensitive to Red, Blue, or Green, Combinations of them produce intermadiate colors (yellow, cyan, purple) 2) Opponent-Process theory ~ Color is then processed by thelr opponent colors (red- ‘aren, blue-yellow, black-white), Some cells are excited by blue and inhibited by yellow, Vice versa. Thus, You cannot see a bluish-yellow, Color constancy refers to the importance of surrounding background effects on percelved color. Color constancy states that colors don't look different even in cifferent fumination (ie. sunlignt or dark room).Green leaves will still be green whether on a clear or cloudy day. Hearing Frequency (Pitch) Is the number of waves travelling through a point in one second, relates to how fast a wave travels. ‘Audition, or hearing, requires sounds waves converted into neural impulses, and this is done in the ear. ‘Sound travels through the 3 sections of the ear to the brain : ‘© OUTER EAR : Auditory Canal © MIDDLE EAR: Ear drum (tight membrane) ~ Hanmer, Anvil, Stirup (3 small bones connected to ear drum that vibrates when sound waves hit ear drum) © INNER EAR : Cochlea (coiled, fluid-filled tube) that contains the Basilar ‘Membrane, which is lined with hale cells that vibrates to excite nerve fibers, The fibers form the Auditary Canal connecting to the brain. Place theory says that we hear different pitches because specific ‘places" in the cochlea are stimulated Frequency theary