Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Summer Training
Project Report
On
OF
SUBMITTED TO
RIMS, ROURKELA (B.P.U.T)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
Master of Business Administration.
(2008-2010)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Corporate Guide : Internal Guide :
Mr. Sarada Kanta Das Prof. Narayan Chandra Samal
Faculty of ACSTI, Lecture in Finance
Orissa State Cooperative Bank Ltd. RIMS, Rourkela.
Bhubaneswar.
SUBMITTED BY:
JYOTI PRAKASH BARIK
Regd. No.:0806260005
Session: 2008-2010
RIMS, Rourkela.
This is to certify that the project entitled “Financial Statement Analysis of Orissa
State Co-operative Bank Ltd.” is a bonafide record of interim report carried out by Mr.
Jyoti Prakash Barik a student of Rourkela Institute of Management Studies, Rourkela, bearing
University Registration Number 0806260005 (Session 2008-2010), has successfully completed
his Summer Project for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of the degree of
Master of Business Administration of Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Orissa, Rourkela.
To the best of my knowledge and belief, this project is the original effort and contribution
which he has worked sincerely under my guidance in this duration. The summer project report
has not been submitted earlier to this University or to any other University/Institutions.
Wishing him good luck for a successful career and all future endeavors.
I sincerely thank my corporate guide Mr. Sarada Kanta Das (Faculty of ACSTI, Orissa
State Cooperative Bank Ltd. Bhubaneswar) for giving me this opportunity to work in their
esteemed organization and helping me for completing the project in a successful manner.
Without their encouragement and help, this project would have been incomplete.
I also want to say my sincere thanks to my team members for their co-operation and co-
ordination during the training.
I extend my thanks and gratitude to my internal faculty guide Prof. Prof. Narayan
Chandra Samal who has provide me continuous and constant support in the way of the
accomplishment of my project .
Last but not the least I am thankful to almighty God, my family and my friends for their
love and moral support.
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 –Introduction of the Study 9
1.2- Purpose of Study 9
1.3 -Place of Study 10
1.4 -Scope of Study 10
1.5 -Objective of the study 11
1.6 –Methodology 11
1.7 -Data collection 12
1.8 –Tools 12
1.9 –Limitation 12
Chapter-6 CONCLUSION 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY 72
Introduction
1.1 –Introduction of the Study
1.2- Purpose of Study
1.3 -Place of Study
1.4 -Scope of Study
1.5 -Objective of the study
1.6 -Methodology
1.7 -Data collection
1.8 -Tools
1.9 -Limitation
• Performance of OSCB ltd. for granting credit, providing loan and making
investment.
All the activities are carried out in the Orissa State Co-operative Bank
Ltd. Bhubaneswar.
1.6- Methodology:
1.8- Tools:
There are some of the tools, which are relevant for the study of ratio
analysis and performance of OSCB Ltd. are
• Comparative statements;
• Trend Analysis;
• Common-size statements;
• Funds flow Analysis;
• Cash flow Analysis;
• Cost volume profit Analysis;
• Ratio analysis.
1.9- Limitation:
CHAPTER-2
Profile of bank
Introduction:
Modern banking in India is said to be developed during the British era. In the 1st half of
the 18th century, the British East India Company established three banks -the Bank of Bengal in
1809, the Bank of Bombay in 1840 and the Bank of Madras in 1843. But in the course of time
these three banks were amalgamated to a new bank called Imperial Bank and later it was taken
over by the State Bank of India in 1955. Allahabad Bank was the first fully Indian owned bank.
The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 followed by other banks like Punjab
National Bank, Bank of India, Canara Bank and Indian Bank.
In 1969, 14 major banks were nationalized and in 1980, 6 major private sector banks
were taken over by the government. Today, commercial banking system in India is divided into
following categories.
Types of Banking:
1. Central Bank
The Reserve Bank of India is the central Bank that is fully owned by the government. It
is governed by a central board (Headed by a Governor) appointed by the Central Government.
It issues guidelines for the functioning of all banks operating within the country.
2. Public Sector Banks
A. State Bank of India and its associate banks called the State Bank Group
B. 19 Nationalized Banks
C. Regional Rural Banks mainly sponsored by public sector banks
4. Co-operative Sector
The co-operative sector is very much useful for rural people. The co-operative banking
sector is divided into the following categories:
A. State co-operative Banks
B. Central co-operative banks
C. Primary Agriculture Credit Societies
A. IFCI
B. IDBI
C. ICICI
D. IIBI
E. SCICI Ltd.
F. NABARD
G. Export-Import Bank of India
H. National Housing Bank
I. Small Industries Development Bank of India
J. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation
Banking Services:
Banking in India is so convenient and hassle free that one (individual, groups or
whatever the case may be) can easily process transactions as and when required. The most
common services offered by banks in India are as follow:
" Bank Accounts: It is the most common service of the banking sector. An individual can
open a bank account which can be either savings, current or term deposits.
" Loans: You can approach all banks for different kinds of loans. It can be a home loan,
car loan, and personal loan, loan against shares and educational loans.
" Money Transfer: Banks can transfer money from one corner of the globe to the other by
issuing demand drafts, money orders or cheques.
" Credit and Debit cards: Most of the banks offer credit cards to their customer which can
be used to purchase goods and services on credit. On the other hand debit card also used to
draw cash easily.
" Lockers: Most banks have safe deposit lockers which can be used by the customers for
storing valuable, important documents or jewellery.
Banking industry in India has evolved lately under the impact of the stimulus packages
announced by the Government. According to the Annual Policy 2008-09 of the Reserve Bank
of India (RBI), the central bank, key monetary aggregates have witnessed some growth in 2008-
09. This is reflected in the changing liquidity positions arising from domestic and global
financial conditions and the policy initiatives taken by the government. Also, reserve money
variations during 2008-09 have largely reflected an increase in currency in circulation and
reduction in the cash reserve ratio (CRR) of banks.
According to a study by Dun & Bradstreet (an international research body)-"India's Top Banks
2008"-there has been a significant growth in the banking infrastructure. Taking into account all
banks in India, there are overall 56,640 branches or offices, 893,356 employees and 27,088
ATMs. Public sector banks made up a large chunk of the infrastructure, with 87.7 per cent of all
offices, 82 per cent of staff and 60.3 per cent of all automated teller machines (ATMs).
The Credit Scenario
The year-on-year (y-o-y) aggregate bank deposits stood at 21.2 per cent as on January 2, 2009.
Bank credit touched 24 per cent (y-o-y) on January 2, 2009 as against 21.4 per cent on January
4, 2008. The year-on-year (y-o-y) growth in non-food bank credit at 23.9 per cent as on January
2, 2009 was higher than that of 22.0 per cent as on January 4, 2008. Increase in total flow of
resources from the banking sector to the commercial sector was also higher at 23.4 per cent as
compared with 21.7 per cent a year ago. The incremental credit-deposit ratio rose to 81.4 per
cent as on January 2, 2009, as against 63.1 per cent as on January 4, 2008. Also, during 2008-09
so far, the total flow of resources to the commercial sector from banks stood at US$ 58.83
billion up to January 2, 2009. Scheduled commercial banks' credit to the commercial sector
expanded by 27.0 per cent (y-o-y) as on November 21, 2008, as compared with 23.1 per cent a
year ago.
There has been variation in credit expansion across bank groups. Credit expansion as on
January 2, 2009 for public sector banks stood at 28.6 per cent, scheduled commercial banks
(SCBs) including the regional rural banks (RRBs) at 24 per cent, foreign banks at 6.9 per cent
and private sector banks at 11.8 per cent, according to the Annual Policy for 2008-09 of
Reserve Bank of India.
Deposits as on January 2, 2009 for public sector banks stood at 24.2 per cent, scheduled
commercial banks (SCBs) including the regional rural banks (RRBs) at 21.2 per cent, foreign
banks at 12.1 per cent and private sector banks at 13.4 per cent, according to the Annual Policy
for 2008-09 of the Reserve Bank of India.
The prime lending rates of public sector banks stood at 12 to 12.5 per cent, private sector banks
at 14.75 to 16.75 per cent and foreign banks 14.25 to 15.50 per cent as on January 2009.
Bank loans rose 18.1 per cent on year-on-year basis as on March 13, the RBI has said in its
Weekly Statistical Supplement released on March 27, 2009. Outstanding loans rose to US$
541.82 billion in the two weeks to March 13. The non-food credit rose to US$ 530.19 billion in
the two weeks, while food credit stood at US$ 9.61 billion in the same period.
Since October 2008, the central bank has cut the cash reserve ratio, or the proportion of deposits
that banks set aside, and the repo rate, or the rate at which it lends to banks, by 400 basis points
each to inject liquidity into the system and activate a lower interest rate regime. Also, the
reverse repo rate has been lowered by 200 basis points to discourage banks from parking
surplus funds with RBI. Till April 7, 2009, the CRR had further been lowered by 50 basis
points, while the repo and reverse repo rates have been lowered by 150 basis points each. Public
sector banks have pruned their benchmark prime lending rates (BPLRs) by 150-200 basis
points. Also, in April 2009, private sector banks such as Axis and Bank of Rajasthan have
reduced their BPLRs by 50 basis points. Only few foreign banks such as Citibank have pared
home loan rates by 50 basis points to 13.75 per cent.
The rupee depreciated during 2008-09, reflecting varied developments in international financial
markets and portfolio outflows by foreign institutional investors (FIIs). The rupee exchange rate
was between 48.37 to 49.19 against the US dollar and 63.60-68.09 against the Euro in January
2009.
Government Initiatives
Apart from the bank rate cuts announced in the stimulus packages, cash withdrawals from bank
will not attract tax from April 1, 2009 following abolition of the banking cash transaction tax
(BCTT) in the Union Budget 2008-09. The total collection of BCTT stood at US$ 120.36
million in 2008-09. Also, inter-ATM usage transaction became free of charges effective April
1, 2009.
Exchange rate used: 1 USD = 49.8417 INR
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2.2-GROWTH OF INDIAN FINANCIAL SECTOR
The Indian economy continued to record strong growth during 2007-08, albeit with some
moderation. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate at 9.0 per cent during 2007-08
moderated from 9.6 per cent during 2006-07, reflecting some slow down in industry and
services. A positive feature during the year was a recovery in the growth of real GDP
originating in the agricultural sector, after the slowdown experienced in the previous year.
Despite this moderation, the overall growth rate of the Indian economy during 2007-08 was
noteworthy in the global context.
During 2007-08, the growth of real GDP originating from the industrial sector decelerated to
8.2 per cent as against 10.6 per cent in 2006-07. In terms of Index of Industrial Production
(IIP), industrial growth was at 8.5 per cent as against 11.5 per cent in 2006-07. Manufacturing
sector growth at 9.0 per cent during 2007-08 (12.5 per cent during 2006-07) was the lowest in
the last four years. The mining and electricity sectors also grew at a slower pace during 2007-
08. In terms of use-based classification, the performance of the capital goods sector was
particularly impressive with 18.0 per cent growth.
However, the basic goods, intermediate goods and consumer goods sectors recorded
decelerated growth of 7.0 per cent, 8.9 per cent and 6.1 per cent, respectively, during 2007-08.
The performance of the industrial sector was also affected by the subdued performance of the
infrastructure sector, registering 5.6 per cent growth during 2007-08. The services sector
recorded double digit growth consistently in the last three years. It grew by 10.7 per cent during
2007-08, on top of 11.2 per cent growth in 2006-07
In the foreign exchange market, the Indian rupee exhibited two-way movements in the range of
Rs.39.26-43.15 per US dollar during 2007-08. The Indian rupee depreciated to Rs.41.58 per
US dollar on August 17, 2007 from Rs.40.43 per US dollar on July 31, 2007. The exchange rate
of the rupee appreciated thereafter up to January 2008. The rupee moved in a range of
Rs.39.26-39.84 per US dollar during October 2007- January 2008. However, the rupee started
depreciating against the US dollar from the beginning of February 2008 on account of FII
outflows, rising crude oil prices and heavy dollar demand by oil companies. The exchange rate
of the rupee was Rs.39.99 per US dollar at end-March 2008.
The Co operative banks in India started functioning almost 100 years ago. The Cooperative
bank is an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to
co operative, the expectations the co operative is supposed to fulfil, their number, and the
number of offices the cooperative bank operate. Though the co operative movement originated
in the West, but the importance of such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled
anywhere else in the world. The cooperative bank in India plays an important role even today in
rural financing. The businesses of cooperative bank in the urban areas also have increased
phenomenally in recent years due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative
banks.
Co operative Banks in India are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The
cooperative bank is also regulated by the RBI. They are governed by the Banking Regulations
Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965.
The Orissa State Co-operative Bank, a Scheduled Bank under RBI Act was registered in
the year 1948 as the Apex Bank of the short term Coop. Credit structure of Orissa with an
objective of Development of the agrarian economy of Orissa by catching the credit equipment
of the terms of the state.
The OSCB had made a humble beginning with a Share Capital of Rs. 1.76 lakhs and a
borrowing of Rs.25.50 lakhs to address the problem of farm credit dispensation. The OSCB, in
its own way has contributed in providing farm credit and inputs to bring the desired change
over the years. The Bank has been trying to develop the primary societies viz. PACS (Primary
Agricultural Co-operative Society) which constitutes of schemes as LAMPS (Large Scale
Agriculture Multipurpose Co-operative Society) / FSS (Farmers Service Co-operative Society).
The activities of the OSCB are not confined to dispensation of farm credit alone. As a
schedule bank, it has responded to the sweeping change in banking service in view of
advancement in Information Techchnology.
The Bank has assumed the role of leader of the Coop - Credit Structure to develop the
lower tiers to cope with the emerging challenges of banking activities. The activities of OSCB
are
General Banking Business
Re-finance to the DCCB
The Bank has been accepting deposits from the public and offering all banking facilities to
its customers through its fully computerized branches and extension counts at Bhubaneswar,
Cuttack, Paradeep, Sambalpur. The Banking services offered by the banks include acceptance of all
types of deposits, bills, and exchange, issues of letter of credit, advancing loans to farm and non-
farm sector.
Provision of locker facilities. The bank has made a humble beginning in providing ATM
facility in its Main Branch at Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru Marg.Bhubaneswar for providing Any Time
Banking. This facility shall be provided in all the served cities soon. Integration of all the branches
and extension counters are on the anvil to provide Anywhere Banking Services.
Refinance to DCCBs:
The OSCB came into existence to support the lending activities of its affiliated DCCBs.
The Bank provides refinance to them to pursue the following activities.
Product Credit:
Societies (PACS)/Large Sized Agriculture
And Multi Purpose Co-operative Societies (LAMPS)/Farmers Services Societies (FSS).The Farm
credit requirement of the farmer is met by these societies by availing loans from the DCCBs. The
OSCB extends
The Indian
Refinance Banking
facilities to Scenario:
the DCCBs for financing the PACS. During 1999-2000, Rs. 426.23 Crores
were disbursed to 6.76 lakhs farmers in the state.
SCB (State Co-operative Bank)
The OSCB has facilitated the DCCBs diversifying into financing of non-farm sectors. The DCCBs
have been dispensing non-farm credit to small-scale industries in shape of block capital and
working capitals. Loans are also advanced for trading activities, purchase of commercial vehicles,
housing etc. With refinance support from the OSCB. The branches of the banks are also proving
these loans directly.
f. Mass Media
As The Apex Bank of the Coop Credit Structure, the bank has assumed the role of
leadership to develop the structure to face the emerging challenge in banking business.
The Following activities have been taken by the bank in these regards.
i. Introduction of Kisan Credit Card: - The OSCB has been facilitated dispensation of
entire farm credit through Kisan Credit Card only to enable the farmer members to
get instant credit. The DCCBs with the help of the Bank have transformed 813
primary societies as Mini Banks who have mobilized Rs. 250 crores from the rural
areas.
ii. Information Technology in DCCBs :- The OSCB has taken the responsibility to
computerize the operation of the DCCBs to face the challenge from their commercial
counterparts. The software package is finalized for the purpose.
iii. Face lift of the branches of DCCBs and the Mini Bank: - The Bank has been
providing regular assistance for the face-lift of the DCCB Branches and PACS. The
NABARD has also help 200 PACS with financial assistance for improvement of
infrastructure facilities.
iv. Organization and linkage of self-help Groups:-The Banks has been patronizing and
close monitoring organization of self help groups at primary level and monitoring the
progress.
vi. Conduct of Study:- To find out the reasons for low off- take of farm
Credit, the bank had appointed all four Universities of the states. They have given
their reports basing on which corrective actions have been taken. The bank has also
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undertaken a study on functioning of SHGs in West Bengal to emulate their
experience in the state.
viii. Image Building: The Bank has been undertaking advertisement through hoarding
and electronics media to boost up the images of the entire credit structure.
ix. NABARD as partner of the Bank: - The NABARD has been extending required
support to the Bank to accomplish its objectives.
The assistance include liberal and confessional refinance, assistance from Coop
Development Fund, Support to the women Development cell, Technical, monitoring
and Evaluation Cell, Faculty support to the Training Institute Etc.
xi. Profits since Inception: - The Bank has been earning profit since its inception and
paying divided to its shareholders uninterruptedly.
xii. Corporate Vision:- The Bank aims at a vibrant Coop. Credit Structure by
strengthening PACS and DCCBs , best customer services through computerization
and anytime-anywhere Banking and above all a satisfied clientele.
The short term cooperative credit in Orissa comprising 2714 PACS (including 218 LAMPS
and 6 FSS) at the grass roots level, 17 District Central Cooperative Banks at the middle rung and
Orissa State Cooperative Bank at the apex level have been rendering yeomen’s service to the
farming community. From out of around 50 lakh agricultural families, 44.98 lakh families have
become members of the PACS taking the coverage to 90%.
The Statutory investment requirement under RBI Act and BR Act are met by investment in
Central/State Governance Securities and others approved trustee securities, seasonal investible
surpluses are deployed in call and short term deposits with commercial banks, to maximize as
yield on assets.
Besides remaining vigilant over judicious deployment of funds, the banks is also making
concerted efforts to bring down the level of non earning assets of the banks and increase the
financial margin.
Composition of Reserves and Funds of the Bank from 1996-97 along with year-wise growth
rate are indicated below.
Rs in Lakh
Types of Reservers
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99
Statutory Reserve Fund 404.07 439.18 484.68
Agril,Credit
1803.83 1966.45 2050.64
Stabilisation
Other Reservers 2503.10 3346.89 4556.90
Total : 4711.00 5752.52 7092.22
The short term cooperative credit structure is not lagging behind in financing investment credit
for acquisition of capital assets by the farmer members to increase agriculture production and
productivity by adopting modern technology. The DCCBs and PACS with the assistance of
OSCB have been financing activities like plantation and horticulture, sericulture, pisciculture,
farm mechanisation, small road transport operators, small business, small scale industries, etc.
both under farm and non farm sector. The financing for the purpose during last 8 years is given
as follows:
Housing loans : The bank is financing Housing Loan under its "APNA GHAR " scheme.
Maximum amount under this head is Rs.500000.00 for purchase of readymade house or
construction. For repair, renovation or addition/ alteration the limit is Rs.50000.00. The rate of
interest is 13% on reducing balance. Maximum repayment period is 15 years with 18 months
moritorium period.
Consumer Durable Requirement / Formalities
1. Maximum limit Rs. 50000.00 or 75% of the cost of the item.
2. Subject to five times monthly gross income.
3. Repayable in maximum 40 monthly installments in reducing balance.
Business Enterprise
Requirement / Formalities
1. Retail Business
2. Trader
Requirement / Formalities
Orissa State Cooperative Bank is the first bank in the cooperative sector in the country to
introduce sound practices of corporate governance to ensure transparency in its functioning.
During the last three years, the following initiatives have been taken to follow good corporate
practices by addressing a range of issues such as, protection of shareholders rights, enhancing
shareholders value, disclosure requirements, integrity of accounting practices and strengthening
the control system.
The employees of the bank can now expose any wrongdoing of the top management of the bank
without any fear of reprisal. The Board of Management of the bank in its meeting held on
30.06.2003 has accepted the system for protection of whistleblowers adopted in USA and in
Indian Companies like Wipro and Infosys. This facility would give protection to the staff, who
expose irregularities, corruption, mal-practices etc. by the top management of the bank. Under
this system, where any staff of the bank discovers information, which he believes shows serious
mal-practice, impropriety, abuse or wrongdoing, then the information should be disclosed
without fear of reprisal. Following the spirit of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of the USA, which
envisages protection for whistleblowers (staff who expose corruption), a similar policy has been
adopted to enable the employees to raise concern about any irregularity and impropriety at an
early stage and in the right way without fear of victimisation, subsequent discrimination or
disadvantage. OSCB has become the first bank in the country to have adopted such a policy.
Employees are normally the first to realise that there are irregular or illegal practices being
followed by any colleague/ management. Hence a policy which affords protection to the
employees who expose irregularities, corruption, malpractice etc. will go a long way in
ensuring transparent management, setting standards, which the DCCBs shall be encouraged to
emulate.
Besides, the Orissa State Cooperative Bank has adopted the following sound practices of
corporate governance.
1. Timely audit of accounts has been ensured. The audit for the year 2005-06 was
completed by 30.06.06.
2. The bank has been paying uninterrupted dividend to the shareholders.
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3. Common coding of accounting heads has been introduced in the State to integrate the
accounting practices of the OSCB and all affiliated DCCBs. This has facilitated the
computerisation process in the Central Cooperative Banks.
4. Organisation of annual customer meets to understand their changed perception and to
reorient the policies and procedures of the bank. Such meets are also being organised at
the level of the DCCBs as well as the PACS.
5. A transparent transfer policy have been formulated and adopted in the bank. Transfers
are now being effected on the basis of the policy without any other consideration.
6. A bi-monthly house journal entitled “Sampark” is published with effect from January,
2001, which not only provides a forum to the employees to express their views, but also
the management is also able to explain the justification for taking important decisions.
7. Each branch of the OSCB, DCCBs as well as the PACS is being visited by a
supervisory officer every month to inspect the functioning and also impart guidance.
8. Loans Manual for the Bank has been prepared by NABCON- the consultancy arm of
NABARD.
9. Systems Audit of the Bank has been conducted by M/s Haribhakti & Co., Mumbai.
10. A comprehensive HRD policy is being evolved for the Bank by the National Institute of
Bank Management, Pune.
PROJECT OVERVIEW
3. To assess the short term as well as long term solvency of the firm.
4. To identify the reasons for change in profitability and financial position of the firm.
1. On the basis of Material Used: According to material used, financial analysis can be two
types
a. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS
b. INTERNAL ANALYSIS
a. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS: This analysis is done by outsiders who do not have access to the
detailed internal accounting records of the business firm. These outsiders include investors,
potential investors, creditors, potential creditors, credit agencies, government agencies and
general public. For financial analysis, thus serves only a limited purpose. However, the
recent changes in the government regulations requiring business firms to make available
more detailed information to the public through audited published accounts have
considerably improved the position of the external analysis.
b. INTERNAL ANALYSIS: This analysis is done by persons who have access who have
access to the detailed internal accounting records of the business firm is known as internal
analysis. Such an analysis can, therefore, be performed by executives and employees of the
employees of the organization as well as government agencies which have statutory powers
(ii) Classification
(iii) Interpretation
The first step involves selection of information (data) relevant to the purpose of analysis of
financial statements. The second step involved is the methodical classification of the data and
the third step includes drawing of inferences and conclusions.
The following procedure is adopted for the analysis and interpretation of financial statements.
1. The analyst should acquaint himself with principles and postulates of accounting. He
should know the plans and policies of the management so that he may be able to find
out whether these plans are properly executed or not.
2. The extent of analysis should be determined so that the sphere of work may be decided.
If the aim is to find out the earning capacity of the enterprise then analysis of income
statement will be undertaken. On the other hand, if the financial position is to be studied
then balance sheet analysis will be necessary.
3. The financial data given in the statements should be re-organised and re-arranged. It will
involve the grouping of similar data under same heads, breaking down of individual
components of statements according to nature. The data is reduced to a standard form.
4. A relationship is established among financial statements with the help of tools and
techniques of analysis such as ratios, trends, common size, funds flow etc.
5. The information is interpreted in a simple and understandable way. The significance and
utility of financial data is explained for helping decision-taking.
In this project the Comparative Statement and Ratio Analysis is used to study the
financial statement of Orissa State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
Comparative statements:
The comparative financial statements are statements of the financial position at different
periods of time. The elements of financial position are shown in a comparative form so as to
give an idea of financial position at two or more periods. Any statement prepared in a
comparative form will be covered in comparative statements. From practical point of view
generally, two financial statements
1. Balance Sheet
2. Income Statement
1. For studying the Financial Position and short term Financial Position of a concern, one
sees the working capital in both the years. The excess of current assets over current
liabilities will give the figure of working capital. The increase in working capital means
improvement in the current financial position of the business. An increase in current
assets accompanied by the increase in current liabilities of the same amount will not
show any improvement in short term financial position. One should study the increase
or decrease in current assets and current liabilities and this will enable him to analyse
the current financial position.
The second aspect which should be studied in current financial position is the
liquidity position of the concern. If liquid assets like cash in hand, cash at bank, bills
receivable, debtors, etc. show an increase in the second year over the first year, this will
improve the liquidity position of the concern. The increase in inventory can be on
account of accumulation of stocks for want of customers, decrease in demand or
inadequate sales promotion efforts. An increase in inventory may increase working
capital of the business but it will not be good for business.
2. The long term financial position of the concern can be analysed by studying the changes
in fixed assets, long term liabilities and capital. The proper financial policy of concern
will be to finance fixed assets by the issue of either long-term securities such as
debentures, bonds, loans from financial institutions or issue of fresh share capital. An
increase in fixed assets should be compared to the increase in long term loans and
capital. If the increase in fixed assets is more than the long term securities then parts of
fixed assets have not only been financed from long term sources. A wise policy will be
to finance fixed assets by raising long term funds.
3. The new aspects to be studied in a comparative balance sheet questions is the
profitability of the concern. The study of increase or decrease in retained earnings,
various resources and surpluses, etc. will enable the interpreter to see whether the
profitability has improved or not. An increase in the balance of profit and loss account
and the other resources created from profits will mean an increase in profitability to the
concern. The decrease in such accounts may mean issue dividend, issue of bonus share
or deterioration in profitability of the concern.
4. After studying various assets and liabilities an opinion should be formed about the
financial position of the concern. One cannot say if short term financial position is good
then long term financial position will also be good or vice versa. A concluding word
about the overall financial position must be given at the end.
The analysis and interpretation of income statement will involve the following steps:
1. The increase or decrease in sales should be compared with the increase or decrease in
costs of goods sold. An increase in sales will not always mean an increase in profit. The
profitability will improve if increase in sales is more than increase in costs of goods
sold. The amount of gross profit should be studied in the first step.
2. The second step of analysis should be the operational profits. The operating expenses
such as office and administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses should be
deducted from gross profit to find out operating profits. An increase in operating profit
will result from the increase in sales position and control of operating expenses. A
decrease in operating profit may be due to an increase in operating expenses or decrease
in sales. The change in individual expenses should also be studied. Some expenses may
increase due to the expansion of business activities while others may go up due to
managerial inefficiency.
3. The increase or decrease in net profit will give an idea about the overall profitability of
the concern. Non operating expenses such as interest paid, losses from sales of assets,
writing off deferred expenses, payment of tax, etc. decrease the figure of operating
profit. When all non-operating expenses are deducted from operational profit, we get a
figure of net profit. Some non operating incomes may also be there which will increase
net profit. An increase in net profit will gave us an idea about the progress of the
concern.
4. An opinion should be formed about profitability of the concern and it should be given at
the end. It should be mentioned whether the overall profitability of the concern is good
or not.
iii. Comparison of the calculated ratios with the ratios of the same firm in the past, or the
ratios developed from projected financial statements or the ratio of some other firms or
the comparison with ratios of the industry to which the firm belongs.
Helpful in communication.
Helpful in co-ordination.
Helpful in Control.
2. Lack of Adequate Standards. There are no well adapted standards or rules of thumb for
all ratios which can be accepted as norms. It renders interpretation of the ratios difficult.
3. Inherent Limitations of Accounting. Like financial statements, ratios also suffer from
the inherent weakness of accounting records such as their historical nature. Ratios of the
past are not necessarily true indicators of the future.
5. Window Dressing. Financial statements can easily be window dressed to present a better
picture of its financial and profitability position to outsiders. Hence, one has to be very
careful in making a decision from ratios calculated from such financial statements. But it
may be very difficult for an outsider to know about the window dressing made by a firm.
6. Personal Bias. Ratio are only means of financial analysis and not an end in itself. Ratios
have to be interpreted and different people may interpret the same ratio in different ways.
7. Incomparable. Not only industries differ in their nature but also the firms of the similar
business widely differ in their size and accounting procedures, etc. It makes comparison
of difficult and misleading. Moreover comparisons are made difficult due to differences
in definitions of various financial terms used in the ratio analysis.
9. Price Level Changes. While making ratio analysis, no consideration is made to the
changes in price levels and this makes the interpretation of ratio invalid.
10. Ratios no Substitutes. Ratio analysis is merely a tool of financial statements. Hence,
ratios become useless if separated from the statements from which they are computed.
11. Clues not Conclusions. Ratios provide only clues to analysts and not final conclusions.
These ratios have to be interpreted by these experts and there are no standard rules for
interpretation.
Classification of Ratios:
The use of ratio analysis is not confined to financial manager only. There are different
parties interested in the ratio analysis for knowing the financial position of a firm for different
purposes. In view of various users of ratios, there are many types of ratios which can be
calculated from the information given in the financial statements. The particular purpose of the
user determines the ratios that might be used for financial analysis.
Liquidity Ratios:
(A) .
1. Current Ratio
3. Cash Ratio
4. Interval Measure
(B) .
3. Invest Coverage
4. Cash Flow/Debt
5. Capital Gearing
2. Debtors Turnover
Profitability Ratio:
(A) In relation to Sales
2. Operating Ratio
1. Return on investments
2. Return on capital
6. Price-Earning Ratio
I have studied the financial statements of Orissa State Co-operative Bank Ltd. by
using comparative statements device. It shows as under:
Current Assets:
Cash in hand
with RBI/SBI/Other 1095019529.56 1389999078.42 294979548.86 26.94
Banks
Fixed Assets:
Other Assets:
Liabilities and 31st March 2007 31st March 2008 Increase/Decrease Increase/Decrease
Capital Rs. Percentage
Current Liabilities:
Short-term Loan
From 5658399000.00 8878069000.00 3219670000.00 56.90
RBI/NABARD
1. The Comparative Balance Sheet reveals that during 2008 there has been an increase
in current assets of Rs.84505532873.26 i.e. 45.22% in the current liabilities have
increased by Rs.3772755697.00 i.e. 47.12%. So the current financial position has
increased.
2. The liquid assets that is cash in hand, cash in bank shows an increase in 2008 over
2007. This will improve the liquidity position of the concern.
3. The other assets have decreased by Rs.1140272554.52 and the long term liabilities
to outsiders have decreased but the share capital has increased. It shows that the
Bank depends on fresh share capital.
4. Reserve and Surplus have increased from Rs.2017387326.74 to Rs.2153015911.18
and the profit has increased from Rs.91603261.57 to Rs.97231865.85 i.e. 6.14%. It
shows that the profitability of the bank has improved.
5. The overall financial position of the Bank is satisfactory.
4.2-COMPARATIVE INCOME STATEMENT:
For the year ending 31st March 2007 and 2008
Commission,
Exchange & 8295349.24 10936979.41 2641630.17 32.00
Brokerage
1. The comparative income statement reveals that there has been increase in interest
paid on deposit and borrowings by 24.80%, salary and allowances by 52.14%, rent,
tax and insurance expense by 27.14%. Postage and telegram expenses increases by
26.45%, but the other expenditure are relatively decreased. So the total expenditure
is increased by Rs.21.88%.
2. The total income of the bank has increased by 21.85% and the bank earn the profit
of Rs.97231865.85 which is 6.14% more than the previous year.
3. There is a sufficient progress in the bank and the overall profitability of the bank is
good.
4.3 -Ratio Analysis
Profitability Ratio:
The primary objective of business undertaking is to earn profit in the words of Lord
Keynes “Profit is the engine that drives the Business enterprise”. Profit is not only needed
for its existence but also for its expansion and diversification. The investors want an
adequate return on their investment; workers want higher wages, creditor want high
security for their interest and loan soon.
Following are the important overall profitability ratios, which relevant to the Business
Concerns are:
1. Return on Assets
2. Return on Capital Employed
3. Return on Equity Capital
4. Earning per Share(EPS)
1. Return on Assets:
It states the relationship between net profit and total assets.
0.90%
0.80%
0.70%
0.60%
0.50%
0.40%
0.30%
0.20%
0.10%
0.00%
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Interpretation:
The return on assets of OSCB is not satisfactory. The assets are not utilized
properly.
It is widely used to measure the overall profitability and the efficiency of the
business.
Capital Employed:
• Share Capital
• Reserve fund & other reserves
Interpretation:
The return on capital employed of OSCB is in good trend.
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Interpretation:
The return on equity share capital of OSCB provides a higher rate of dividend to its
equity share holders.
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
Interpretation:
5.1 -Findings
5.2 -Suggestions
5.1-FINDINGS:
I. The current assets have increased in 2008 by Rs.8450552873.26 i.e.
45.22%.
II. The cash in hand ha increased by 26394%.
III. The DD Ex-advice, Audit & other recoveries and house rent
IV. The premises and furniture and fittings are decreased by 2.68% and
8.13% respectively.
XI. The NPA position has been come down compared to previous year.
It should ready for the coming competitive as all banks are going to be
privatized.
It should diversify its business and should give loans to non agricultural
sectors.
Conclusion
Conclusion:
If properly analyzed and interpreted, financial statements can provide
valuable insight into a firm’s performance. Analysis of financial statements is
of interest to lenders (short term as well as long term) investors, security
analysts, managers and others. Financial statement analysis may be done for a
variety of purpose, which may range from a simple analysis of the short term
liquidity position of the firm to a comprehensive assessment of the strength
and weakness of the firm in various areas. It is helpful in assessing corporate
excellence, judging credit worthiness, forecasting bond ratings, predicting
bankruptcy and assessing market risk.
I have studied the attached Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account of
Orissa State Co-operative Bank Ltd. as at 31st March 2008.
The financial Statements are the responsibility of the banks management.
The analysis and interpretation of financial statements is essential to bring out
the mystery behind the figure in financial statement.
The transactions of Bank, which have come to my notice, have been
within the powers of Bank.
Proper books of account as require by law have been kept by the Bank
in so far as it appears from my observation of those books.
The balance sheet and profit and loss account are in agreement with the
books of account.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
Reference Books:
1. Gupta Shashi K. & Sharma R. K.: Management Accounting ;
4. Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: Banking Theory Law & Practice; Himalaya
Publishing House.
WEBSITE
www.oscb.coop/
www.rbi.com
www.managementparadise.com