Bibliography

"Alaska Impacts & Adaptation." EPA. Accessed April 20, 2015.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/alaska.html.
"Arctic Climate Change." 3. How Will Arctic Warming Affect the Rest of the Planet?
Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/l3/3-sea-level-rise.htm.
"Arctic Climate Change." 9. How Can Future Assessments Be Improved? Accessed April
20, 2015. http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/l-3/9-arcticclimate-impact-assessment-acia.htm#0p0.
"Arctic Climate Change." Scientific Facts on. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/arctic-climate-change/index.htm#2.
"Arctic Ice Caps May Be More Prone to Melt." Scientific American Global RSS. Accessed
April 20, 2015. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/arctic-ice-caps-maybe-more-prone-melt/.
"THE ARCTIC IS MELTING." More Intelligent Life. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/johann-hari/last-days-arctic.
"Arctic Permafrost May Help Us Adapt to Climate Change." Nature World News RSS.
April 09, 2015. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/13951/20150409/arctic-permafrostmay-help-us-adapt-to-climate-change.htm.

"Arctic Sea Ice Decline." Climate Change Impact on Sea Ice Decline. Accessed April 20,
2015. http://www.wunderground.com/climate/SeaIce.asp.
"Arctic Sea Ice Decline." Climate Change Impact on Sea Ice Decline. Accessed April 20,
2015. http://www.wunderground.com/climate/SeaIce.asp.
"Arctic Sea Ice." EPA. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/snow-ice/sea-ice.html.
"Arctic Sea Ice: What, Why, And What Next." ThinkProgress Arctic Sea Ice What Why
And What Next Comments. September 24, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/24/894511/arctic-sea-ice-what-whyand-what-next/.
"AWEA - American Wind Energy Association." AWEA - American Wind Energy
Association. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.awea.org/index.aspx?navItemNumber=7077.
"The Best Way to Stop the Melting of Arctic Ice and Himalyan Glaciers: Reduce Soot."
Washingtons Blog. April 29, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2012/04/the-best-way-to-stop-the-melting-ofarctic-ice-and-himalyans-glaciers-reduce-soot.html.
Brain, Marshall. HowStuffWorks. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/question473.h
tm.

By Andy Isaacson, for National Geographic PUBLISHED February 24, 2015. "'This Is
Really Extreme Science': Adrift in the Arctic Ice With a Shipload of
Norwegians." National Geographic. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/02/150223-arctic-ice-ship-lancenorway-global-warming-environment/.
By Christine Dell'Amore, National Geographic PUBLISHED April 02, 2014. "7 Species
Hit Hard by Climate Change-Including One That's Already Extinct." National
Geographic. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140331-global-warmingclimate-change-ipcc-animals-science-environment/.
"Canada Struggles with Melting Permafrost as Climate Warms." Scientific American
Global RSS. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/canada-struggles-with-meltingpermafrost-as-climate-warms/.
"Canadas Arctic Ice Caps Melting Rapidly since 2005, According to Documents."
Www.canada.com. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.canada.com/technology/Canada+Arctic+caps+melting+rapidly+since
+2005+according+documents/9521470/story.html.
"Canada's Shrinking Ice Caps: Arctic Science Journeys Radio." Canada's Shrinking Ice
Caps: Arctic Science Journeys Radio. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://seagrant.uaf.edu/news/05ASJ/03.25.05canada-ice.html.

"Carbon Dioxide Emissions." EPA. Accessed April 20, 2015.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html.
Carlton, Jim. "Keeping It Frozen." WSJ. December 7, 2009. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487045762045745313730375602
40.
"Climate Change Report: The Good and Bad News for Canada - Quirks and Quarks."
CBCnews. June 13, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/technology/quirks-quarks-blog/2014/03/climatechange-report-the-good-and-bad-news-for-canada-1.html.
"Climate Change Will Be Felt Strongly in Countries like Canada: Researcher." The Globe
and Mail. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/climate-change-will-befelt-strongly-in-countries-such-as-canada-researcher-says/article14588012/.
"Climatic Changes in Greenland: Global Warming." Climatic Changes in Greenland:
Global Warming. Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.greenland.com/en/aboutgreenland/nature-climate/climate-changes/.
"Co2+emission+graphs - Google Search." Co2+emission+graphs - Google Search.
Accessed April 21, 2015.
https://www.google.com/search?q=co2%2Bemission%2Bgraphs.

"The Consequences of Global Warming On Glaciers and Sea Levels." Consequences of

Global Warming. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons4.asp.
David Rose for The Mail on Sunday. "And Now It's Global COOLING! Return of Arctic
Ice Cap as It Grows by 29% in a Year." Mail Online. October 11, 2014.
Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article2415191/And-global-COOLING-Return-Arctic-ice-cap-grows-29-year.html.
"Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change?" Scientific American Global RSS.
Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/populationgrowth-climate-change/.
Dunbar, Brian. "Black and White: Soot on Ice." NASA. March 23, 2005. Accessed April
21, 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/arctic_soot.html.
"Forum for Science, Industry and Business." Earth Sciences. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/earth-sciences/methane-isleaking-from-permafrost-offshore-siberia.html.
"Future Climate Change." EPA. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html.
"Gallery For Arctic Ice Melt Graph." Gallery For Arctic Ice Melt Graph. Accessed April
20, 2015. http://imgarcade.com/1/arctic-ice-melt-graph/.
Gayle, Damien. "Could We Refreeze the Arctic? Scientists Suggest Radical Solution to
Global Warming." Mail Online. December 11, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2015.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2246556/Could-refreeze-ArcticScientists-suggest-radical-solution-global-warming.html.
Gillis, Justin, and Kenneth Chang. "Scientists Warn of Rising Oceans From Polar Melt."
The New York Times. May 12, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/science/earth/collapse-of-parts-of-westantarctica-ice-sheet-has-begun-scientists-say.html?_r=0.
"Global Warming Effects on Ocean Temperature." Global Warming Effects on Ocean
Temperature. Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.climatehotmap.org/globalwarming-effects/ocean-temperature.html.
"Global Warming Effects on Sea Ice." Global Warming Effects on Sea Ice. Accessed April
20, 2015. http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-effects/sea-ice.html.
"Global Warming from Soot." Climate 411. July 19, 2007. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2007/07/19/soot_and_gw/.
"Global Warming Puts the Arctic on Thin Ice." Arctic Sea Ice. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/qthinice.asp.
"Global Warming Puts the Arctic on Thin Ice." Arctic Sea Ice. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/qthinice.asp.
"Global Warming Solutions: Reduce Emissions." Union of Concerned Scientists. Accessed
April 20, 2015. http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/globalwarming/solutions/global-warming-solutions-reduce-emissions#.VSfUuWTF-20.

"Greenland Ice Sheet More Vulnerable to Climate Change than Previously Thought."
University of Cambridge. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/greenland-ice-sheet-more-vulnerable-toclimate-change-than-previously-thought.
"History of Sea Ice in the Arctic." History of Sea Ice in the Arctic. Accessed April 20,
2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379110000429.
Holthaus, Eric. "These Stunning Photos of Greenland's "dark Snow" Should Worry You."
Mother Jones. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2014/09/why-greenland-dark-snowshould-worry-you.
"HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH AND CLIMATE CHANGE." Human Population
Growth and Climate Change. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/population_and_sustainability/clim
ate/.
"Impacts of Climate Change." Government of Canada, Environment Canada. Accessed
April 20, 2015.
http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=036D9756-1.
Infoplease. Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762181.html.
"Keeping It Frozen." WSJ. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487045762045745313730375602
40.

Mantell, Katie. "Asian Soot Fuels Global Warming." SciDev.Net. September 27, 2002.
Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.scidev.net/global/climatechange/news/asian-soot-fuels-global-warming.html.
McDonald, Bob. "Climate Change Report: The Good and Bad News for Canada - Quirks
and Quarks." CBCnews. June 13, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/technology/quirks-quarks-blog/2014/03/climatechange-report-the-good-and-bad-news-for-canada-1.html.
"Melting Ice Opens Fight Over Sea Routes for Arctic Debate." Bloomberg.com. Accessed
April 20, 2015. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-13/meltingice-opens-fight-over-sea-routes-for-arctic-debate.
"The Melting North." The Economist. June 16, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.economist.com/node/21556798.
"Methane Causes Vicious Cycle In Global Warming." NPR. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122638800.
"Mitigation of Global Warming." Climap. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://climap.net/mitigation-of-global-warming.
Naam, Ramez. "Arctic Sea Ice: What, Why and What Next | Guest Blog, Scientific
American Blog Network." Scientific American Global RSS. Accessed April 20,
2015. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/09/21/arctic-sea-icewhat-why-and-what-next/.

"National Snow and Ice Data Center." Antarctic Megadunes: Research at the Edge of the
Earth. Accessed April 20, 2015.
https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/antarctica/megadunes/.
"National Snow and Ice Data Center." Methane and Frozen Ground. Accessed April 20,
2015. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/frozenground/methane.html.
"National Snow and Ice Data Center." Quick Facts on Arctic Sea Ice. Accessed April 20,
2015. http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/seaice.html.
"National Snow and Ice Data Center." SOTC: Contribution of the Cryosphere to Changes
in Sea Level. Accessed April 20, 2015.
https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_level.html.
"Northern Solutions." Northern Solutions. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/oceans-north-canada/northern-solutions.
"Northwest Passage | Trade Route, North America." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. June
11, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420084/Northwest-Passage.
Ocko, Ilissa. "Mountains of Ice Are Melting, But Don't Panic (Op-Ed)." LiveScience.
December 13, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.livescience.com/49124-earth-ice-is-melting-but-not-too-late-tochange.html.
"Oil and Gas in the Arctic." WWF -. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/what_we_do/oil_gas/.

"One Solution to the Melting Ice Cap: Refreeze It. It Wouldn't Even Cost That Much."
National Post One Solution to the Melting Ice Cap Refreeze It It Wouldnt Even
Cost Thatmuch Comments. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/12/10/one-solution-to-the-melting-ice-capsrefreeze-them-it-wouldnt-even-cost-that-much/.
"Our Solutions: WWF in the Arctic." WWF -. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/what_we_do/.
Page, Lewis. "New Science Upsets Calculations on Sea Level Rise, Climate Change." The
Register. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/28/sea_levels_new_science_climate_chang
e/.
"PhysForum Science, Physics and Technology Discussion Forums - How Can We Stop the
Arctic Ice Cap from Melting?" PhysForum Science, Physics and Technology
Discussion Forums - How Can We Stop the Arctic Ice Cap from Melting?
Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.physforum.com/index.php?showtopic=4255.
Pidcock, Roz, and Freya Roberts. "The Climate Brief Accurate Reporting of Climate
Science." Five Reasons Why the Speed of Arctic Sea Ice Loss Matters. March
22, 2013. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/03/climate-impacts-of-nearly-ice-freearctic-summers/.

"Polar Ice Fact Sheet : Feature Articles." Polar Ice Fact Sheet : Feature Articles. Accessed
April 20, 2015.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/PolarIce/polar_ice2.php.
"Polar Ice Sheets Melting Faster than Ever | Environment | DW.DE | 04.02.2013." DW.DE.
Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.dw.de/polar-ice-sheets-melting-faster-thanever/a-16432199.
Quick Facts On Ice Sheets. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Fcryosphere%2Fquickfacts%2Ficesheets.html.
Radford, Tim. "New Satellite Maps Show Polar Ice Caps Melting at 'unprecedented Rate'"
The Guardian. September 1, 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2014%2Fsep%2F
01%2Fnew-satellite-maps-show-polar-ice-caps-melting-at-unprecedented-rate.
"Regents Earth Science." REGENTSEARTHSCIENCE.COM. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.regentsearthscience.com/.
Sabloff, Nicholas. "Gore: Polar Ice May Vanish In 5 Years." The Huffington Post. March
18, 2010. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/14/gore-polar-ice-mayvanish_n_391632.html.
"Serendipity." Serendipity. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2009/06/population-growth-vs-emissionsgrowth/.

"Simple Science Keeps Alaska's Permafrost Frozen." KTUU.com. Accessed April 21,
2015. http://www.ktuu.com/news/news/simple-science-keeps-alaskaspermafrost-frozen/24445196.
"Smart Energy Solutions: Increase Renewable Energy." Union of Concerned Scientists.
Accessed April 21, 2015. http://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/energy/smart-energysolutions/smart-energy-solutions-increase-renewable-energy#.VSdQh4BHCRM.
"State of the Environment Norway." : Impacts of Climate Change in Norway. Accessed
April 20, 2015. http://www.environment.no/Topics/Climate/Norwaysclimate/Impacts-in-Norway/.
Stevens, Sarah. "Is a Giant Polar Umbrella the Solution to the Melting Polar Caps?" Great
Ecology. March 21, 2013. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://greatecology.com/giant-polar-umbrella-solution-melting-polar-caps/.
"Taking Action to Stop the Melting Polar Ice." Taking Action to Stop the Melting Polar
Ice. Accessed April 21, 2015.
http://magazine.godsdirectcontact.net/english/194/ht_30.htm.
"U.S. Increases Arctic Operations as Melting Ice Caps Give Way to New Sea Lanes." PBS.
Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/us-increasesarctic-operations-as-melting-ice-caps-give-way-to-new-sea-lanes/.
Warrick, Joby. "An Arctic Ice Caps Shockingly Rapid Slide into the Sea." Washington
Post. Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-

environment/wp/2015/01/23/an-arctic-ice-caps-shockingly-rapid-slide-into-thesea/.
Watts, Susan. "Arctic Ice Melt 'like Adding 20 Years of CO2 Emissions'" BBC News.
September 6, 2012. Accessed April 20, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/scienceenvironment-19496674.
"What the Ice Is Telling Us." TakePart. Accessed April 20, 2015.
http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/06/13/climate-change-melting-polar-ice.
"When Did Global Warming Begin?" Accessed April 20, 2015.
http%3A%2F%2Fwattsupwiththat.com%2F2014%2F01%2F25%2Fwhen-didglobal-warming-begin%2F%5C.