Masters Thesis

A Numerical Study for the Design and Analysis

of a Ballast System

( Kim, Hwan Ik)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Division of Mechanical Engineering

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

2005

A Numerical Study for the Design and

Analysis of a Ballast System

A Numerical Study for the Design and

Analysis of a Ballast System
Advisor : Professor Do Hyung Choi
By
Hwan Ik Kim
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Division of Mechanical Engineering
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering
in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of
Mechanical Engineering
Daejeon, Korea
2004.12. 23
Approved by

Professor Do Hyung Choi

2004 12 23

()
()
()

MME

. Kim, Hwan Ik. A Numerical Study for the Design and

20033194

Analysis of a Ballast System.

Department

of

Mechanical

Engineering/Division of Mechanical Engineering. 2005. 47p.

Advisor Prof. Choi, Do Hyung

ABSTRACT
The ballast system, which consists of the ballast tank, pumps, and piping,
is used in ships to maintain stability and control the draft and trim. A ship
must meet the stability and the draft requirements for safe navigation in the
full load condition. However, in a partial load condition, a ship may
experience low draft, improper trim, or deteriorating stability. Therefore, it
is essential to achieve suitable navigation condition by utilizing the ballast
tank.
The loading/unloading of the ballast tank, which takes several hours, is
frequently performed during navigation and the accurate prediction of the
loading/unloading time is very important. Using a simple one-dimensional
friction

loss

formula,

numerical

algorithm

that

predicts

the

loading/unloading time of the ballast tank has been developed and applied to
predict the loading/unloading time of the ballast tank with various piping
systems. The effects of local piping changes and the various bypass
configurations have been examined and discussed. This algorithm can be
useful in optimizing the ballast system in the early design stage.

-i-

Abstract ...

ii

iv

vii

1.1

1.2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

10

2.6

11

2.6.1

11

2.6.2

13

3
3.1

15

15

-ii-

3.1.1 (Type A)

15

3.1.2 (Type B)

16

17

18

3.1.3
3.1.4

3.2

20

3.3

21

3.4

25

3.5

28

3.5.1 5% /

28

3.5.2

31

3.6

35

3.6.1

35

3.6.2

37

3.6.3

40

43

46

-iii-

Table 1 Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the independently

operating pump system16
Table 2 Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the parallel operating
pump system..17
Table 3 Resistance coefficient of the each piping for the gravity
unloading..18
Table 4 Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the piping system19
Table 5 Dimension of the ballast tank..21
Table 6 Unloading time of the ballast tank.22
Table 7 Loading time of the ballast tank.25
Table 8 Unloading time according to the duct diameter.34
Table 9 Loading time according to the duct diameter.35
Table 10 State of the valve in various cases.36
Table 11 Resistance coefficient of the each bypass37
Table 12 Unloading time in various cases..........................37
Table 13 Loading time in various cases..........................40

-iv-

Fig.1 Piping system for the pump unloading........4

Fig.2 Piping system for the pump loading..6
Fig.3 Piping system for the gravity unloading..9
Fig.4 Parallel operating pump system for the unloading.12
Fig.5 Parallel operating pump system for the loading.13
Fig.6 Independently operating pump system..15
Fig.7 Parallel operating pump system..16
Fig.8 Gravity unloading system..17
Fig.9 Piping system18
Fig.10 Shape of the ballast tank.20
Fig.11 Total flow rate in the unloading23
Fig.12 Flow rate and head of the each tank in the unloading24
Fig.13 Total flow rate in the loading.26
Fig.14 Flow rate and head of the each tank in the loading27
Fig.15 Sensitivity analysis of the gravity unloading system..29
Fig.16 Sensitivity analysis of the piping system in the unloading29
Fig.17 Sensitivity analysis of the pump system in the loading.30
Fig.18 Sensitivity analysis of the piping system in the loading30
Fig.19 Sensitivity analysis of the gravity unloading system according to the
variation of the duct diameter.32
Fig.20 Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of
the duct diameter in the unloading.32
Fig.21 Sensitivity analysis of the pump system according to the variation of
the duct diameter in the loading.33

-v-

Fig.22 Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of

the duct diameter in the loading.33
Fig.23 Piping system installed the bypasses..36
Fig.24 Flow rate of the bypass in the unloading of the type 3.38
Fig.25 Flow rate of the bypasses in the unloading of the type 7.39
Fig.26 Flow rate of the bypass in the loading of the type 3..41
Fig.27 Flow rate of the bypasses in the loading of the type 7..42

-vi-


hL

: (head loss)

: (pressure)

( p + rz )

: (pressure drop)

: (specific weight)

: (perpendicular coordinates)

KL

: (loss coefficient)

: (friction factor)

: (length)

: (diameter)

: (gravity acceleration)

: (mean velocity)

Qn , q n

: (flow rate)

k n , rn , K n

: (duct resistance)

NPSH av

: (Net Positive Suction Head available)

NPSH req

: (Net Positive Suction Head required)

: (inner loss head of tube)

Ha

: (head of the atmosphere pressure)

Hv

: (head of the vapor pressure)

hs

: (actual head in the suction)

sn

: (node Net Positive Suction Head available)

a1 , a 2 , b1 , b2 : (performance characteristic coefficient)

-vii-

HT

: (total head)

Ht

: (actual head)

vd

: (discharge velocity)

vs

: (suction velocity)

Pd

: (pressure in the discharge water level)

Ps

: (pressure in the suction water level)

Hn

: (head in the node n)

hp

: (foundation height of the pump)

hdraft

: (draft)

hn

: (water level of the tank)

hnfinal

: (final water level of the tank)

An

: (cross sectional area)

: (time)

: (time interval)

B1 , B2

: (effective performance characteristic coefficient)

: (circular constant)

: (node)

s, S

: (suction)

-viii-

d, D

max

: (discharge)
: (maximum)

P1

: 1 (first pump)

P2

: 2 (second pump)

-ix-

1.1
(ballast)

(draft)

(trim) ,
,
.

.

, ,
.

(,
/ , (heeling)
) .

.
/(loading/unloading)

ballasting/deballasting .

-1-

1.2
,
, , , ,
.
1(
) 2(
) ,
.

/
, /
. , /

(Bypass)

,
(, ) .

/
,

.

-2-

2.1

Darcy-Weisbach

, .

hL =

( p + rz )
l V 2
= KL + f
r
d 2g

(1)

Q = VA Eq. (1) .

hL =

1 4
l 2
2 K L + f Q
2 g d
d

()

(2)

1 4
l
k=
2 KL + f
2 g d
d

(3)

2.2
Fig. (1) .

-3-

Fig. 1

Piping system for the pump unloading

Fig. (1) Mainline, Mainline

Branchline , Mainline Branchline
(node).

(Net Positive Suction Head available)

NPSH av .

NPSH av (= s 0 ) = H a H v hs H

(4)

s n .

s n = H a H v h p + hn k n q n2 (n = 1,2,L, N )
.

-4-

(5)

s n 1 = s n rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )

(6)

Qn = q n + Qn +1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,

(7)

Q N = q N .

2 .

(8)
(9)

NPSH av NPSH req Qmax

Q Eq. (8)

Q = Qmax Eq. (9) Q Eq. (8)

NPSH av = NPSH req .

( )
.

Eq. (5) ~ (9) .

.

1.

N s N q N , Q N

s N 1 , L, s 0 (= NPSH av ) .

-5-

2.

s0 = NPSH req (= a 2 + b2 Q12 )

3.

sN

s N .

Q1 Qmax .

Q1 = Qmax s N

2.3
Fig. (2) .

Fig. 2

(total head)

Piping system for the pump loading

H T .

H T = H t + H +

1 2
1
(v d v s2 ) + ( Pd Ps )
2g
r

-6-

(10)

Eq. (10)

1 2
(vd vs2 ) , Pd Ps
2g

1
(Pd Ps ) 0.
r

n H n .

H n = hn + k n q n2 (n = 1,2, L , N )

(11)

n H n .

H n = H n 1 rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )

(12)

Qn = Qn 1 q n 1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,

(13)

Q N = q N .

NPSH av = NPSH req

H T = a1 b1Q 2 . ,

Q Qmax .

NPSH av = H a H v (hP hdraft ) K s Q12

-7-

(14)

 Eq. (14)

Q1 . Eq. (14) Q1 Q1 Qmax

Q1 Eq. (14)

Qmax .
H T = a1 b1Q12 Q1 Qmax
.

Eq. (11) ~ (14) .

.

1.

2.

N H N q N , Q N

H N 1 ,L, H 0 .

Q1 H T = a1 b1Q12 Eq. (14)

HN

H T = a1 b1Q12 Eq. (14) H N .

.

3.

Q1 = Qmax H N

2.4
(Gravity Unloading) Fig. (3) .

-8-

Fig. 3

Piping system for the gravity unloading

n Hn .

H n = hn k n q n2 (n = 1,2, L , N )

(15)

n Hn .

H n1 = H n rn Qn2 (n = 1,2, L , N )

(16)

Qn = q n + Qn +1 (n = 1,2,L , N 1)
,

Q N = q N .

-9-

(17)

H 0 = hdraft

(18)

Eq. (15) ~ (18) .

.

1.

2.

N H N q N , Q N

H N 1 ,L, H 0 .

H 0 = hdraft .

H 0 = hdraft H N

2.5

An (hn )

dhn
= qn
dt

(n = 1,2, L N )

Eq. (19)

-10-

(19)

 An

hn (t + t ) hn (t )
= qn
t

t = t + t hn (t + t )

hn (t + t ) = hn (t )

(20)

qn
t
An

(21)

hn hnfinal ,

hn hnfinal h1 ,L , hN

q1 ,L , q N .

2.6
,
.

2.6.1
Fig. (4)
.

-11-

Fig. 4

Parallel operating pump system for the unloading

NPSH req .

NPSH req = a 2 + b2 Q 2

(22)

a 2 + b2 QP21 + K 1QP21 = a 2 + b2 QP2 2 + K 2 QP2 2

(23)

Q = QP1 + QP 2

(24)

Effective NPSH req = a 2 + B2 Q 2

(25)

-12-

, B2 =
1
1
+

b +K
b2 + K 2
1
2

2.6.2
Fig. (5)
.

Fig. 5

Parallel operating pump system for the loading

H Q .

H = a1 b1Q 2

(26)

-13-

a1 b1QP21 K 1QP21 = a1 b1QP2 2 K 2 QP2 2

(27)

(28)

H D Q

H D = a1 B1Q 2

, B1 =
1
1
+

b +K
b1 + K 2
1
1

(29)

H Q .

Effective NPSH req = a 2 + B2 Q 2

, B2 =
1
1
+

b +K
b2 + K 4
3
2

(30)

-14-

 3
C++ .

10 3 hr (Regula Falsi Method)

3.1

(Type A) (Type B),
.

3.1.1 (Type A)
Fig. (6)
.

Fig. 6

Independently operating pump system

-15-

Fig. (6) Table 1 .

Pipe

Length

90

45

[ mm ]

[ mm ]

Elbow

Elbow

K5

550

10500

K3

400

5000

K4

400

3100

r1

450

rr1

450

Table 1

Tee

Tee

Run

Turn

[ hr 2 / m 5 ]

1.48e-7

1.79e-7

1.49e-7

12410

3.37e-7

9534

2.68e-7

V/V

Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the independently operating

pump system

3.1.2 (Type B)

Fig. 7

Parallel operating pump system

-16-

Fig.

(7)

Fig. (7) Table 2 .

Pipe

Length

90

45

V/V

Tee

Tee

Red-

Run

Turn

ucer

[ mm ]

[ mm ]

ELB

ELB

K5

550

1100

/ m5 ]
5.05e-8

K3

450

4350

3.09e-7

K4

450

2908

3.88e-7

K1

400

5000

1.79e-7

K2

400

3100

1.49e-7

r0

550

950

5.95e-8

r1

450

12710

6.29e-7

rr1

450

8588

6.38e-7

Table 2

[ hr

Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the parallel operating pump

system

3.1.3

Fig. (8) .

Fig. 8 Gravity unloading system

-17-

Fig. (8) Table 3 .

Pipe

Length

90

45

[ mm ]

[ mm ]

Elbow

Elbow

r1

450

12710

rr1

450

8588

K5

550

9550

Table 3

Tee

Tee

Run

Turn

[ hr 2 / m 5 ]

6.29e-7

6.38e-7

8.81e-8

V/V

Resistance coefficient of the each piping for the gravity unloading

3.1.4
Mainline (Port) 6,
(Starboard) 6 , Fig. (9) .

Fig. 9

Piping system

Fig. (9) Table 4 .

-18-

Pipe

Length

90

45

V/V

Tee

Tee

Bell

Run

Turn

Mouth

[ mm ]

[ mm ]

ELB

ELB

r2

450

2150

/ m5 ]
6.23e-8

r3

450

58050

5.37e-7

450

2150

6.23e-8

r5

450

22350

4.96e-7

r6

450

27850

6.23e-8

rr2

450

0.00e+0

rr3

450

66670

6.11e-7

rr4

450

2150

6.23e-8

rr5

450

58050

5.37e-7

rr6

450

2150

6.23e-7

k1

350

5200

1.11e-6

k2

350

4500

1.31e-6

k3

350

5200

1.11e-6

k4

350

4500

1.31e-6

k5

350

5200

1.11e-6

k6

350

4500

1.31e-6

kk1

350

7890

1.56e-6

kk 2

350

3400

1.19e-6

kk 3

350

5690

1.21e-6

kk 4

350

3400

1.19e-6

kk 5

350

5690

1.21e-6

kk 6

350

3400

1.19e-6

Table 4

[ hr

Resistance coefficient of the each piping in the piping system

-19-

3.2
L Type, I Type, U Type .
L Type . L
Type (Double Hull Structure)
.
L Type Fig. (10) .

Fig.10

Shape of the ballast tank

Table 5 .

-20-

Ballast

H1

H2

B1

B2

Volume

Tank

[m ]

[m ]

[m ]

[m ]

[m ]

[m ]

[ m3 ]

No. 1

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

3200

No. 2

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

2847

No. 3

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

2916

No. 4

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

2916

No. 5

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

2874

No. 6

21.3

21.0

2.46

2.64

2.45

2.97

3605

Table 5

1200

Dimension of the ballast tank

rpm 2000 m 3 / hr ,

1500

m 3 / hr , .

NPSH req = 0.87 + 1.13 10 6 Q 2 [m]

(31)

H Q Curve : H = 34.2 4.2 10 6 Q 2 [m]

(baseline)

(32)

3.2

m ,

( 100% ) 2.7 m , (
100% )

12 m .

3.3
.
110% , .

-21-


,
Type A, Type B
Table 6 .

Ballast

Main
Line
1

Type A(

Type B(

Tank

No. 5(P)

1.61

7.33

1.33

8.29

No. 5(S)

1.66

7.55

1.41

8.50

No. 3(P)

1.75

8.71

1.53

9.56

No. 3(S)

1.80

8.83

1.60

9.67

No. 1(P)

2.04

9.14

1.85

9.93

No. 1(S)

2.09

9.18

1.92

9.96

No. 6(P)

2.11

8.20

1.84

8.86

No. 6(S)

2.02

8.12

1.71

8.79

No. 4(P)

1.76

9.07

1.57

9.70

No. 4(S)

1.77

9.14

1.58

9.76

No. 2(P)

1.83

9.38

1.68

9.97

No. 2(S)

1.84

9.39

1.69

9.97

Total

22.28

9.39

19.71

9.97

Main
Line
2

Table 6

Unloading time of the ballast tank

Type A Type B 0.6 hr

Type A
. , Type B Type A 2.5

hr

. Type A

-22-

 Type B
.

Fig. (11)
.

6000

5000

Q(m /hr)

4000

3000

Type A
Type B

2000

1000

10

Time(hr)

Fig. 11

1.5

Total flow rate in the unloading

hr ,

.
1.5 ,
.

Type A
Fig. (12) .
(a) No. 1(P)

(b) No. 2(P)

1000

1000
Flow rate
Head

20

Flow
Flowrate
rate
Head
Head

-23-

800

800

200

Time(hr)

0
10

600
10
400

200

Time(hr)

0
10

h(m)

10
400

Q(m3/hr)

15

600

h(m)

Q(m3/hr)

15

20

(c) No. 3(P)

(d) No. 4(P)

(e)

No.

5(P)

Fig. 12

Flow rate and

(f) No. 6(P)

head of the each tank in the unloading

3.4

1000

Flow rate
Head

800

600

Type A, Type B

10
400

200

0
10

Time(hr)

Table

Ballast

Main
Line
1

Type A(

Type B(

Tank

No. 5(P)

1.45

8.78

0.82

8.97

No. 5(S)

1.45

8.81

0.87

9.00

No. 3(P)

1.47

8.94

0.95

9.13

No. 3(S)

1.47

8.96

1.00

9.15

No. 1(P)

1.61

8.99

1.18

9.18

No. 1(S)

1.61

8.99

1.23

9.18

-24-

h(m)

15

Q(m3/hr)

20

Main
Line
2

No. 6(P)

1.85

9.24

1.08

9.04

No. 6(S)

1.83

9.23

1.04

9.03

No. 4(P)

1.48

9.34

0.95

9.15

No. 4(S)

1.47

9.34

0.97

9.16

No. 2(P)

1.44

9.37

1.04

9.19

No. 2(S)

1.44

9.37

1.06

9.19

Total

18.57

9.37

12.19

9.19

Table 7

Loading time of the ballast tank

Type B Type A 0.2 hr

,
Type B Type A 6.5 hr
. Type A .

Fig. (13)
.

-25-

5000
Type A
Type B

Q(m /hr)

4000

3000

2000

1000

10

Time(hr)

Fig. 13

Total flow rate in the loading

.
Type B
Fig. (14) .
(a) No. 1(P)

(b) No. 2(P)

(c) No. 3(P)

(d) No. 4(P)

(e) No. 5(P)

(f) No. 6(P)

Fig. 14

Flow rate and head of the each tank in the loading

3.5

1000

1000
20
20

Flowrate
rate
Flow
Head
Head

20
20

Flow rate
Head

-26-

800

800

55

200

Time(hr)

88

00
10
10

10
10
400

200

Time(hr)

0
10
10

h(m)

600

h(m)

10
10
400

Q(m /hr)

15
15

600

Q(m 3/hr)

15
15

(sensitivity analysis)
.
.
.
/
.

5% / ,
.
, Type A, Type B
.

3.5.1 5% /
5% /
.

Fig. (15) .

-27-

Fig. 15

Sensitivity analysis of the gravity unloading system

Fig. (16) .

Fig. 16

Sensitivity analysis of the piping system in the unloading

-28-

 Fig. (17) .

Fig. 17

Sensitivity analysis of the pump system in the loading

Fig. (18) .

Fig. 18

Sensitivity analysis of the piping system in the loading

-29-

 (, ),
/ .
Mainline 1
Mainline . , Mainline
1 Mainline 1
Mainline 2 .

K 5

3.5.2
, , Fitting
. Fitting
. 300mm
600mm 50mm .
Fitting
.

Fig. (19) .

-30-

Fig. 19

Sensitivity analysis of the gravity unloading system according to the

variation of the duct diameter

Fig. (20) .

Fig. 20

Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the unloading

-31-

 Fig. (21) .

Fig. 21

Sensitivity analysis of the pump system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the loading

Fig. (22) .

Fig. 22

Sensitivity analysis of the piping system according to the variation of the duct
diameter in the loading

-32-

 / ,
300mm /
. ( 500mm)
/
.

Mainline Branchline
. Mainline Branchliine
/ Table 8 9 .

Branch

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

300

14.01

13.69

13.58

13.55

13.53

13.52

13.51

350

11.98

11.65

11.53

11.49

11.47

11.45

11.45

400

10.55

10.14

10.07

10.06

10.05

10.05

10.05

450

9.76

9.45

9.40

9.39

9.38

9.38

9.37

500

9.64

9.13

9.07

9.05

9.04

9.03

9.02

550

9.56

8.97

8.88

8.86

8.83

8.82

8.82

600

9.51

8.92

8.76

8.73

8.71

8.70

8.69

Main

Table 8

Unloading time according to the duct diameter

-33-

Branch

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

300

10.27

10.16

10.17

10.17

10.17

10.18

10.17

350

9.50

9.44

9.41

9.41

9.40

9.40

9.40

400

9.26

9.23

9.22

9.22

9.21

9.21

9.21

450

9.20

9.19

9.19

9.19

9.19

9.19

9.19

500

9.22

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

550

9.23

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

600

9.24

9.19

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

9.18

Main

Table 9

Loading time according to the duct diameter

.
.

3.6
/
.
.

3.6.1
3 , Fig. (23)
.

-34-

Fig. 23

Piping system installed the bypasses

Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, 3

Type 4, Type 5, Type 6 3 ,
Type 7, 7 ,
Table 10 .

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Type 5

Type 6

Type 7

Valve

Open

Closed

Closed

Open

Open

Closed

Open

Valve

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Open

Valve

Closed

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Open

Open

Table 10

State of the valve in various cases

Fig. (23) Table 11 .

-35-

Pipe

[ mm ]

Length

Tee

Turn

[ hr 2 / m 5 ]

2.08e-7

2.08e-7

2.58e-8

90

45

[ mm ]

Elbow

Elbow

450

2500

450

2500

450

3100

Table 11

V/V

Resistance coefficient of the each bypass

3.6.2
Type 0
Table 12 .

Pump system
Bypass

Type A(

Type B( hr )

Type 0

22.28

9.39

19.71

9.97

Type 1

17.35

9.47

18.13

10.14

Type 2

16.42

9.38

17.10

10.04

Type 3

16.14

9.32

16.76

10.00

Type 4

16.26

9.38

16.99

10.00

Type 5

15.85

9.31

16.61

9.95

Type 6

15.91

9.32

16.61

9.99

Type 7

15.76

9.31

16.52

9.94

Table 12

Unloading time in various cases

Type A 6
0.1

, Type

-36-

, 0.05 hr

B 3

. (Type 7)
, Valve (Type 1) 0.1

. Valve
(Type 3) Type 7
. Type A
, .
Type A Type 3 Type 7
Fig. (24) Fig. (25) . Mainline 1
2 , .

1500

1000

Q(m3/hr)

500

-500

-1000

-1500

10

time(hr)

Fig 24

Flow rate of the bypass in the unloading of the type 3

-37-


. Mainline 2
. Mainline 2
Mainline 1 Mainline 2
.

1500
Bypass 1
Bypass 2
Bypass 3

1000

Q(m3/hr)

500

-500

-1000

-1500

10

time(hr)

Fig. 25

Flow rate of the bypasses in the unloading of the type 7

,
.
.

-38-

3.6.3

Table 13 .

Pump system
Bypass

Type A(

Type B( hr )

Type 0

18.57

9.37

12.19

9.19

Type 1

10.97

9.20

11.49

9.21

Type 2

10.58

9.19

10.99

9.19

Type 3

10.48

9.18

10.84

9.19

Type 4

10.48

9.19

10.96

9.19

Type 5

10.30

9.18

10.76

9.19

Type 6

10.34

9.18

10.77

9.19

Type 7

10.26

9.18

10.74

9.19

Table 13

Loading time in various cases

Type A 8
0.2

, Type

B 1.5

.
(Type 7) .
Valve (Type 3) Type 7
.
Type B ,
.

-39-

 Type B Type 3 Type 7

Fig. (26) Fig. (27) .
Mainline 1 2 , .

2000

1500

Q(m3/hr)

1000

500

-500

-1000

10

time(hr)

Fig. 26

Flow rate of the bypass in the loading of the type3

-40-

2000

Bypass 1
Bypass 2
Bypass 3

1500

Q(m3/hr)

1000

500

-500

-1000

10

time(hr)

Fig. 27

500 m

Flow rate of the bypass in the loading of the type 7

/ hr Mainline 1 Mainline

2 ,
.
.

-41-

C++
.

.
.
,
.

,
/ ,
/
.

.

/
.
/ ,
.

-42-

36716 m

9.18 hr .
Type B 9.19

/
. , Type A, Type B
.

1.

r1 , rr1 450mm 550mm ,

, 3.2% .
,
.

2.

r3 , rr3 450mm 550mm ,

, 2.9% . ,

3. Branchline 350mm 300mm ,

0.13%, 0.01% . Branchline
58570mm /

-43-

4.

K 5 550mm 450mm

0.03% 450mm .
450mm 350mm
8.83%, 300mm 20.64% .
(Sea Chest)
.

-44-


[1] JSDS-10() Ballast , 1981.

[2] , , , , 2002.

[3] , , , , , 2003.

[4] , , , 2001.

[5] Stephen Prata, C++ , 3, , 2000.

[6] , C++ 6.0, , 2003.

[7] , , , / ,
, pp.33-36, 2004.

[8] , , , ,
, , 5 1, pp. 57-63, 2001.

[9] , , , ,
2001 , pp. 1761-1765, 2001.

[10] , , , 6 2, pp. 90-98,

2003.

-45-

[11] , , , ,
, Volume 29, pp. 186-190, 1992.

[12] S. V. Partankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere Publishing
Corporation, 1980.

[13] Giorgio Rizzoni, Principle and Application of Electrical Engineering, 3rd Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000.

[14] S. Gh. Etemad, Turbulent Flow Friction Loss Coefficients of Fittings for purely
Viscous Non-Newtonian Fluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer, Volume 31, Issue 5, pp.763-771, 2004.

[15] Antonio C. Caputo, Pacifico M. Pelagagge, An inverse approach for piping networks
monitoring, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 15, Issue 6,
pp. 497-505, 2002.

-46-