fPOnOr Oy To BIBAlO GUS Efva! pia Eroayeyh otnv avdAUON tov NAEKTpIKdY KUKAUREtOV, Enws GUTH SiSécKeta! oto Tyra HAEKtpOAdyov tou EeviKOU MetodBiou NoAutexvelou. Exondg tng epyaglag efvai va nopousidce: ctov aveyvautn sUotNHOTIKES HEOSoUG yia tH ypUGr tov SiagopiKdy EEicdsewv ROU Nepiypswouv ta NAEKtpiKé Siktua Kar TOU NpoTS 1p 1GLOU XOpakTNDIOTIKdY TOUS 1S1DTrItIOV, onus tng EAeyEIpSTNTAG, AapatnpnoipOtntag, EUVUTASE!ac, NeentiKdtntac, euTioendiag K.c. f xopaktnpiotikdy ths anoKpiceav ge npdtunes Sieyépueic. flopk tic iSaitepétntes ti¢ OnOles EugavizouV ta NAEKTpIKG guotmaTa, Of TPdNO! ypayAg Tay eErodcewy tous Elva! KOIVO! HE EKEI VOUS TeV ENXAVIKOY, USpAUAIKOY, NVEUWEtIKOY fh EEPLIKOY CUCTNaTOV. Exe: KkataBAnee! npoonéeera auté va yfver Katavonté tooo Le &vtiotOlxnon TwY aveACYUV OTOIXEfWY doo KAI Tov BEHEACISaV vopev tng @UgIKAg MoU Si€nouv ta Baciké peyéen aviG Siégop|es Katnyopies tov cugtnudtav. Kat? auté tov tpdéno n eewpfa avéAuons tov nAEKtpIKOV KUKAGHATAY BNOPE! va GEWPNeE! E1SiKA NEpintwon tng avéAvang guotnpétiv. Ete WsyGAUTEpE HEpog TOU BIBAToU aUTOU n eGEtaON nepiopizeta! ce YEGHPIKd, xpovink opetaBAnte Ko! GUO!SpouG KUKAGUGTA. O GUOxXETICHOS TAG SsUpias TV GHYISPoHEV SiKtWeV HE tN BEWPIa Tov LOVeSpoHE SiKTdwV ROU xpNgiponoielta? otov dUTSWatO eAeyxo yivEta! pe TOUS ypswoUS poris orwatos Nou nepousiézovta! GTO EBSoo KepéAaio. Ero Séxato KepéAaio to npeBAnuc tng avéAueng eGetdzeta! yia Wie E:SiKy KAtMYOP!T ypORBIKoY Kal xpoviEG HETABANTGY KUKAGUETOV, ta KUKAdHaTA SiaKontopE vay nUKveTdy, Tev onofwy n onpagia elvai peyéAn eBaitiag tng Suverorntac OdASKAMPUETIG TOU HE thy TexvOAdy!a MOS. Zay unéBcepo o avayvautns npéne: va Exes BaoiKh yvaon tng yPauLIKts GAYERPaG, ths SewpPiaG TeV pIyaSiKov GUVAPTYGEOY KAI TOV MEtcoxnpaTiopey, KEI iSiaftepa tou petasxnyatiaued Laplace. Keads n UAn nou KeAUntETa! Sev efvar mpwréturn, BiBAloypagia Kat epepoypayia npoBA€meta! oto téAoG Kee KEgEAKIOU. Exe! KataBAnee! Npocnéecia n avapopé va yiveta! Ka! GtoUG cKaNavels tuv LeseSuv nou Ropousiézovra1. Enfong pla GUAADYH npoBAnpétay UndpxE: oto TEADS Kee Agfou. Mepikég amo autéc Efve! éuesEs EpappoYeS thG Beuplag nou EVO GAASG BHOPOUY ENeKtGON Twv HEEdSav nou NopouTIdzovta! f napoUTioon RGAG I GTEpWY PEedSav avéAuons. Mpiv vede dou, ea needa va euxepiotiow to cuvasedgo K. N. Mapéra Yi tng GUZNTMVEIG KEI TTY KPITIKM Tou xEIpoypswOU, trv K. E. KOAoBoN Yio th StaxtuAsypd@nen tou Keipnévou Kal thy OlKOYEVEId YOU yia thv OuOVH TOU €SeiGe Ketk th Siépxera tng npoeto:paciac tou.Bete-IlI- EP TEVONENG KEOANAIO 1: ELEArQrH 1.1 Bagikés évvores. 1 1.2 Movésupa npotuna otoixela. 2 1.3 NoAveupa npétuna otorxela. 8 1.4 Movtedonoinon guoikav otolxelav. 13 1.5 ZUvSeon otoixeiwv ka! nepropioyo! cuLBiBastétntag Ka! ouvéxe rag. 16 1.6 Exmuotighés Kai en{Auon eGiodcewv cugtnudtav. 17 KE@ANGIO 2: EYETHMATIKEE ME@OOOI FPAHE EZIEZQEEQN FIA EYETHMATA ME MONOBYPA ETOIXEIA yon 24 EtOIxe/a SEWPlag YPULWIKOY ypaguv. 24 2.3 MéeoSog tov KdpBav. 33 2.4 MéeoSoq tev Bpdxwv. 3 2-5 Mixtés péeodor. ' ay 2.6 Mésodag tev eSiodcewy Katéotaons. 42 2.7 AvgAoya Kat SuaSiKwds avéAoya ouothpare. 5 KEANAIO 3: [PACH EZIEQEEQN TENIKQN OIKTYON Zit Evoaywyn 57 3.2 MéscSog tou apoiow nivaxa pe xpngiponoinen evéc yptgou. 57 3.3. Tpononoinyeévn pée0Sos KOuBav We xpRoipoNo!non eves ypdgou. 62 3.4 MéseSog tou apoio nivaxa pe xpnoiponoinen Sue ypaguv. 65 3.5 Tpononoinpévn péeodog KOuBov pe xpnoipono/non SUo ypdguv. 69 3.6 MéecSoc tov efiabcewy Katéatoons. 75 KE@ANAIO 4: AMOKPIEH KAI XAPAKTHPIETIKA QIKTYON Eicaywyn. 87 MATES CUVEpTHCEUY HETOMOPAS, TOAD! Ka! UNSEviKd nEpiypayrc. 87 x anékpion guatfpatos. 94 eoSuvayes nepiypagec. 100 EAeySiustnta, Aapatnpnoipdtnta Kor Edexiatétrita nepiypagng. 102 Sud irés guxvérntes SiKtUOU. 109 Maent ikétrita. 110 Euotéecia. 142 KEOANAIO 5S: EVATZGHEIA 5.1 Eroaywyn. 130 £.2 MevaBAntotnte povdeupay oto ixeiuv. 130 5.3 MetaBAntétnta teAeotiKoV EVICXUTOV. 131 5.4 Opiopes kar iSrétrites oxetixig evaicenciag. 133 §.5 Evaicsngla ws npog nepéoita otoixela Kai TeAECTIKOUG evigxutés. AoAUpetaBAnth eua!vencia. Eusigengic WeyéAuv yetaBoAwv. won Monte-Carlo. no one~IV- 6: APMONIKH ANOKPIZH OIKTYRN 6.1 Ercoywyt. 156 6.2 Andxpicn cuxvetntag. Se 6.3 Koecpiouds onoxp{cewy ouxvétntag ano tig eéverg nOAU— BnSevixOv tng GUvéptnong petapopec. 161 6.4 Exéveig peta&s tov anoxp{cewy cuxvetntas pnts uvéptnens HETagopes. 163 6.5 Exégeig petaEU tov anoxpioewv cuxvdtntas Ka! Twy xpOVIKOY anokpigewy Sixtuou. 168 6.6 Oraypepucta apHOViKeV anoKpioewy SiKtWou. 171 KEOANAIO 7: [PASO] POHE SHMATOE KAI ANATPO®OOOTHEH Eroayeya. 183 Bac inés évvores. 183 KetaCkEUn ypégou pong omyatos. 186 Mefacn ypégou pois onpatos. 189 0 kovoveg tou Mason. 191 Eicaywyn otn eewpia avatpogosétnons. 193 eOprue eugtaeeiag tou Nyquist. 195; IS:dtnteg tng avatpopoSdtnang. 202 KEOANAIO GB: ANANYEH MONYBYPQN OIKTYON Ercaywyn. 209 Oletua n oxpoSextov. 210 8.3 Oixtua n eupav. 212 8.4 Oleupa Sixtua. 214 8.5 Netatponn nepiypagay Sieupav Sixtuwv. + 219 8.6 OindAé teppaticuéva Sleupa Sixtua. 220 8.7 EiSixég Katnyopies Sievpav Sixtoav. 226 8.8 EuvSeon Siepav Sixtuwv. 230 8.7 SyoiBala Kor FuypetpiKé Sleupa S!xtuc. 237 8.10 Euotéseia Sievpav Sixtuwv. 241 8.11 Naentixétnta Sieupav Sixtuwv. 245 KECANAIO 9: KYMATIKH MEPIFPAGH OIKTYON Eicayayns 254 Kuuetinés nopéyetpo! StU n-eupov. 254 S uftpag Sidxuong Ka! nepiypagav Z Kar Y. 259 Tetegopé oxUes Ka! Uritpa Sidxuonc. 261 Kuuatikés napdpetpo: povdeupwy Sixtoav. 262 Kupotinés nepépetpo: Siedpav Siktuwv. 264 eugtésela ka! Noentixétnta Sievpov Sixtdav. 269 KECAMAIO 16: KYKAQMATA GIAKONTOMENRN AYKNATRN Evocyoyn. 277 Booixes évvores. 278 EBlogoe 1s Katectdveus yra KUKAGHOTE SiaKontonévev FuKvetov. 280 5 TeV KOuBev. 296 Sinpévn HéeoSog tov KéuBev. Sog tay 1e08Uveuuv SiaKpi tov nOAWEUpaV KUXADLdTOV. 312 AAAES HESOSO! aVEAUENG KUKAWHETOV SiakONTOKEWWY NUKvurov. 325 Xpovikn andxpion KUKAgHétToV SickoNTOWEveV RUKVwtov. 326Apuovinn andxpran KUKAWHoteV SiaKantouévav nuKvurov. 329 ApuoviKn avéAUaN KUkAWHéTWY SIOKONTOHEVWY NUKVWTOY HE APNG ponOinon GUVEXdY IG0SUvaHwY Sieupay SiKtuwv. 3351.1 Baoikéc évvorec Bogixh évvoia at eewpia tv Sixttwy efvar n évvore tou ofwates n onoia unope! va opictel wc Eric. Opiapes 1-1 Enya KeAeital Pia Guvéptnon ids A Meplovetepwy pETABAntdv ano tig enofes ule Elva! unoxpeatiKé © xpévog. Ta ofwcta ymopotv va esewpneoby cav guvaptrige:s o1 cnoieg Retagépouy nAnpopopies yia thy KatéotTaoN fh tN GULMEpIgOpE eEveG QUT KOW CUGTRYatOG. Ta cfpata, cay cuvaptrice!g tou xpévou, pTopouy ve epizovear a. yia K@ee xpoviknh otiyyh t, onéte KaAoWvta! orwata GUvExoG xpoveu n 8. yia éva cUVOAO onHelwy t=kT, Onou k Eival aképaioc, ondte KGAoUVta! Ghuata Siaxpitow xpdvou Qc npag to neSio Tipey tous ta oMpata BOpOWY va Siakpreoly ce G. VrEtEpEIVICTIKeé, OtGV GE KéeE TILT TOU xpdvou av Hovad kA Tinh TOU Gfwatog Ka! B. gtoxaotiké, Otavn Tip tou oYMetoG ce KéeE TIBM TOU xpévou ive: ple tuxaia petaBaAnch otorxe! pic Te cuctmata pnopety va eseupneotv cay thats tou xdpou mou EnikcivavoUV HE TOV MepiBtAAovea xdpo pe OnHata SnAGSh Séxovea: acc cov aitig Kol Mupéyouv cfpata cay anoteAgcHata. AKposéxtns eves cugtnvetes efvai éva onwelo tou cuCtHHaToG énoU pmopOUY ve yivouy eButepikés guySéceic. Kéee zelyog aKpoSextav, mou xKaAeitas Hic eUpa tou cugTAHatOS, GnoteAE! Hla guTIKN OS@ and thy cnofa yiveta! R EMikOlvwvic TOU BE tov nepiBéAAovta xopo. Ftn cuvéxeia ec GoxoAneotpe HE CUTTMPGaTa Nou éxauV nenepaoHEvo apIeHo BUPOV. To ovata nou Séxeta: éva ouoTNG KaAGUVTG! Sieyépoeic A elgcée: (inputs) ev ta onpata nou napéye! Kadovvta! anoKpicerg €508c) (outputs). Mnopotue ve opicoupe Opropes 1.2 Zuocnpa = k@Aeita! 0 petagxNpoTIOHds — (fh © teAcCTriG) MoU aneikovize! éve Siévucua Sieyepoewv ult) ce eve Sidvuopa anoxpiceav yt). Zuviiews to cWotnE Maplotata! énws oto Exmpa 1.1 Ke! GUPBOAI zeta! yt) = Thue) au AvéAoya HE Tig gUTIKES noéENtES 1 Ae mou eynAgkovta! ato auotnua, auté wnopel va Siaxpise! ce pnxavixd, USpaudrKd, nveunatiKe, GEpLIKe, MAEKTpIKO A piKto. Sefye 1.1 Mapdetaon cuetraros @a Hirave eUKoAlc edv pnopovoaye va nepiypdyoupe ta guaiKé cuetiera xupig va Kaeopizoune ta guOIKG Heyeen NOU UNE lcepxoveat. H nefpa ucco oSnye! va miotéyouue 6t: auté efva! Suvaté Kaseo n iStc katnyopic Siagopikay eSiodgewy egappdzeta! ce pic peyddn moixiAia cuotnydtwv., Eva zevyog petaBAntev v(t), i(t) efvar n Boon autnhg tng yevixevonsg. O1 tipéc twv vit), i(t) Kdee xpoviKN otiyyN otn viocth etpa evdg cugtiatos Kasopize! tnv evepyeraKy aAAnAen{Spacn Tou cucthpates He to nepiBdAAOV Siayeou authe tng eupac. a ef vai Toxtg = Pet) = v (trict) (1.2) Kadoupe to v(t) Tevixeupévn MetaBAnth Téong (FMT) Kar to i(t) Pevixeupéevn MetoBAnth Evtaong (ME). H Siéepion ce perasancéc tong ka! évtgong yiveta! ané tn cuvSeqOAoyfa wetpnoAs touG. Oto epyave anciteuvta:. To épyavo pétpnong tng HEteBAnthc téons Gneitel €va crusio avagopécs oto onofo avagepovta! o1 HetpHce!G Tuy GAAQV OnHEfwv. Kat’ autH thy évvolg o: axpoSextes tou opydvou cuvSgovta: perc Sue onvelwv gto xdpo Kal PETPOUV Bla xupIKA ketaBAnth. Eva épyave Hétpnong tng vetaBAntng évtaeng Sev xpeidzeras enyelo avagcnas. H cuunspigopé eves guoiKot cucthetog pMopsi va npogeyy tote! ano th CUNNEpIgopa EOS GUVeAGU ISeatav GtOIxEfwy. AUTH n npocéyyicn kaAgita! povteAcnoinen. Kaeéva and ta iSeaté auté otoixela pnopei va Seupnesi cav 1éeatd cUotMHa NOU GAANAEnIépé pe GAAG THYGTa tou Guotfipetog A HE TO NEPIBGAAGY Ka! pmopel va éxe! pla Mh nepiogdtepes spss. Ag napaoticoUe He Vis), I(s) tig HeTaoxnat ioHéves Kate Laplace tev Siavucpatuy tuv yevixeupévev técewv Ka! evrdcewy Gvtiotoixe tev eupdy tou npétunou otoixeiou. Edv ta Vis), Tis) tkavoro 10% ENTP IK oxEon thS Lopes Wt YRY(S) + ZKL(S) (2.3) Tete GUTH ea KGASita! MEpiypagiKh oxéon tou otolxe/ou. ABlze1 va onpeiase! et: dda ta ctolxela Sev Exouv neplypagiKes cxegeic. Movésupa npétune oto ixele Ta Bcc1xé povéeupe onpétuna otorxeia efvar n yevikeupevn Gytiotacn, © anosnkeutrig tng yevikeupévng petaBAntig evesonc (ora MAEKTPIKE CUCTHHGTa Oo TUKWOTIIG), © anoenkeUtThG tg YEVIKEUpEvns HetaBAnttig téong (ota MAEKktpIKe GuOtHWETA O ENaywydac), Nn aveseptntn my Yevikeunevng téens Kat n aveBdptntn nny yevikeulevng evtagnc. Te otoixefa auté avantUcgovta: pe cuvtoia oth GuvExeia Pevix wévn avtictaon 01 gopés avagopés tov yeviKeuévwv petaBAntev thong Ka! Evtaons gel vovta: oto Exfpa 1.2(a), eva n xapaktnpiotikh yevineuyevns téong — Yevixeupévns évtgons eaiveta: oto Exe 1.2(8). Edv yia Kéee TIA tng-3- i(t) avtiotoimel pla tipA tng v(t) Kar avtfotpoga, nN ioxtg nou KeTavGAfoxeta! OtHY YEVIKEUHEvN avtlotaon ea ei va! vit) v i ° ° itt) —R =Je+Ge aa co) onou v ° opizeta: ag to nspiexdyevo i (content) tng avtictagns Ka! ey nee Je = J ia ae) ZupBodo Kat gopés ° + evagopes (8) XepaxtnprotiKr v-i opizeta! ag to cuunepiexduevo (co-content) tng yeviKeupevns avtiotacns. Eav 01 cuvepthgers Ge,Je ef var ywuotés, ec 1oxve! v= WGe/di a7 i = We/av a.) Eév on xepaktnpictikh yevixeupévng évtaong - yeviKeupevng téong Elva! ypCHUIKH, ea Elva! vt) = Rite) = i(t)/G a9 nou R efve: _n aveiocaon tng yevixeuuévns avefotagns Ka: Gn ayoyinétnté tng. H 1oxdc nou KataveAloKeta! ec ef va! Pevi= = v2/R (1.10) Egappozovtag = petaoxnuaticué Laplace otn xeon (1.9), Mpokinte! n nepiypa@ixt oxéon tou oroixe!ou 1xV(s) = REI(s) = 0 aa Anoenkeuthig Yevikeuyevng petaBAntig evtaeng (yeviKeuyevn xWpNT 1KOTNTE) « O: wopég avagopés tay yevikeupévev petaBAntay téang Ke! éveaons tng Yevikeuuevns xwpNTIKetNtas gal vovta! gto Exnpa 1.3a) eve n XGPUXTNPICTIKT YEVIKELHEVOU gOPT{OU-yeVIKEULEVNG téons gaiveta! oto swe 1.3(8). Edv yia Kéee tiph tou goptiou Bic Tipm tng yevixeusévng téang Ka! avciatpoyc, onus ota nevépyeia Mou efval anoenxeuyévn oth yeviKecuevn ec eivalc (ay Exfpa 1.3 (a) EUpBoro Kar eopéc avagops (8) Xgpaxtnpiatikn v-g q (p) t ic q Uc = | vinriterde = | vierteg' (ey/deade = | veg" (1.13) 2 co ° Eév on xapaxtnpiotikh = yevikeuévou = goptiou — yevrKeupevas tdong Elva! ypouIKH, ea 1oxde! g=cv aera) kein ancenkeuyévn evépyera ex ef val Ue = J {qt /Cldg" = q2/(20) = Cv2/2 (is) ° Te CuBMAnpUnOT Kd OADKAMPULE Ue* -| aev' (te) ° opizeta: og n cuvevépyera tng yevixeuuévng xupntixétntas. Ev oF cuvaptiice:g Uc, Ue efve: ywuores, oc ef var q = We*/av 17) v = dUc/3q (18) Edv n xcpextnpiotixmh goptiou ~ téeng Elva: ypoupikh, oF YEVIKEUHEVES LETaBANtés téong Ka! Evtaong ec IKavenoIOUY th cxeon A(t) = d(QUe"/Bv) /dt = d(9(Cv2/2)/av2/dt = Cev/ct. (1.19) Egapuszovtag = wetaoxnuaticué Laplace otn Exdon (1.19), Apo! ton nspiypagixh axégn tou otolxefou 14I(s) - CsV(s) + CHV(O) = 0 (1.20)1.2.5 Anoenkeutiig YeviKeuuévng petaBAnthig téeNS (yevixeupévos enaywyéas). von + D1 popés avayopéc twv yevi- oY. KeULéveV petaBAntdv téong Ka! ‘ L évtagng tou yevikeuevou enc- (a) yoyée gelvera: oto Exnye i 14a). Edy ya néee tiph tng nemAeypévng pons ate) = | vinvde a.2 d tp) avtioteixe! ula tiph tou pedya- tog Ke! avtiarpoge, énug oto Exfpa 1.4 (G) EGuSoro Ka: opég — Exmpa 1.4(2) on evépyera nou evegopes Eiva1 anoenkeuuévn otov encye- (8) Xepaxtnpietikh i-A yea ea efvai t ‘ » Urtty = | vieriterde = | itera acide = | atatoaat (1.22 wo -« ° Edy n xapaxtnpiotikt nenAeyuevns pong - évtaenc ef val ypauniKn, ex toxuer Asli 1.23) kel n anoenkeuuévn evépyera ea ef var n Ur = | ait en = 14472 = AF 7(2L) (1.24) ° To CUUMANpUBET Ke OADKANpORE ° opizeta! wo n cuvevépyeia tou enaywyéa. Edv a: cuvaptice:s Ur, Ur* Elva! yvwotes, ea ioxve: > 0 aut /3i (1.26) OU+/ 3 (1.27) Edy on xapextnpiotikn nemAcyuévng pong ~ évtaens eiva: YEGWUIKA » ©) YEVIKEULEVES HetaBAntés téong Ka! Evtaong ea MAnpouY th oxéon vos dA/dt = dCaUr*/9id/at = dCACLiz/2I/4i)/dt = Ledi/edt (1.28) OXMHGTICHG Laplace otn Exéon TOU YeviKeuévou enaywyer1kV(5) - Le€I(s) + LHi(O) = 0 1.29) 1.2.4 AveSéptntn mnyt yevikeupévng petaBAnthg téons To cUuBoAc Ke n xapakenpietiKH + Peetetlacne een yevikeuévne évtaeng tng aveBgptntng nnyis yeviKeuevnc + EF BetaBAntic téong galvovta: ata (x) Exrwata 1.5(a) Kat 1.5(B) ' avtictoixa. H nnyf auth Siatnpel thy petaBAnth YEVIKEULEVNG téong HETGsY tov expodextov tng ctaeeph aveGéptnta and thy tinh A th pop& th HETABANtHS YEVIKEUHEVNS i évtaong nou Siépxetai an’ uty ai ZuyKpivovtacg thy xepaktnpiotiKh v-i tng aveGdptntas nnync Exfpe 1.5 (c) 35pB0A0 yevixeuyévng téong HE EKelvn tng (2) Xapoxtnpioti«h vi avtfotagns, yiveta: avtiAnnté Tn ave&éptntn mnyn cupnepigépeta! cav pic pn yeouHikt yevikeuévn avelatcon. Orav E=0, n xapaxtnpiatiKh v~i Toutizeta! We tov i-dova Ka! oroStnote pews pnope! va S1édee1 and tay mnym xwpig va Snwioupynice: téon. EF auth thy nepintwon on nnyh cuumepigépeta: cav eva BpaxuxdkAgua. fea AveGepetntn myn yevikeuLévng petaBAnths évtconc. To cUHBoAO KEI n xepaKtnpioti KH Yevixeupévng HetaBAntiic téons - YEViKEULEvng HETaBANtHc evtaons tng aveSéptntng mnync Yevixeupévng HetaBAnti évtaons @alvovta! ota Exfwcta 1.6(c) Kar v 1.6(B) avtiatorxa. H nnyf auth Siacnpel tnv yevixeupevn hetaBAnth évtaons Sia pésou tng evaseph, aveSdptntc ené thy tips fotnv noAiKétnta tng téeng nou undpxe! petc&U tov axpogextav 2 - tng. Ev n nnyn anodiser (8) pndevikd petua, mn xapaktnpioti«h Exfpe 1.6 (a) E0y80ro tng v-i tautizeta: pe tov (8) Xepextnpiotinh v-i 9 v-dBova Ka! on evtaon efvar unSevixnh aveG¢ptnts ano thy don nou egepydzsta! of auth. Ecnv nepintuon auth n myn cuunepigépeta: gav avai KtoKUKAGHG. To avurépa otoixeia opiotnxay avesaptnta ané to guciKé cUctnpa cto onele avagépovta:. Erov Mivaks 1.1 gaivevra: oF YEVIKEUUEVES HETGBANTES téong Ka! €vecenc ota Siégopa cucthHaTa, KaEds KG! Gr gucixés vtigtOIxies Tey ISaviKdv povdsupav otolxeiav. AGI z=! ve onpelwes! Gti ota SEpIKé GUCTRUETa n ExAOYA tov yevimeUNevoy petafAntov téong Kai Evtgong éyive ye Béon tov tpéne wetpnons tous av ka) to yivéuevo tng napoxrig eepudtntag en! tn eepucKpacie Sev Si ver text. Katé guvénera yeviKedoe!g nou agopoly evépysia Ev Hetagepovea! gta Guotiuaca cute.Sony reo oraunoya Sop puma a3kpun aay Sen Syn gndodiordsy, OIE | songrtageiaat au alan Smaogsnugouy Seacnanugouy smanpogy malagnraucnx, eperauam | —raucxerida 073Koy o73Koy aoa viet | “Uagtinsinnat (roped “Saqjreo) | (oropodKD ‘Danjyr0) uomaopany seoya0agoouy uooro20¥ uomsopaay wayyy pay seojaoagoouy ee eros yous yerentiog | Speen uegrineas (S003 4) enon sepoooneridag aeaogni mauagkes, wootmy yooumny ooeny percent Se) | eriesana soaopin soumioas | omuagricse coup (coms 4) angie ie oor yoo way Koo oe | nfm ernat UouAg ouapat SogakqH poduen gremidag groans gurynndg, |_PMeocroresit ntinchogta muiog guranxe W oe Amaprurono agKIOAd aYgshst UoPoPdoU UAgTUIOYOR TT RVAWNIL1.3 MoAvsuoa_npétuna. Ixeig A cuyxpothpers 1.3.1 ESaptnyéves mnyés Ta nporc tésepa Sfeupa npétuna otoixefa nou napousiézovte: efvar 1 eEcprnuéves mnyés A wevatpone!c (transducers). Auté ta otolxeia éxcuv 1avikés myés yevixeupévng €vtagng # yevikeuuevng téonc. H S:egopé tous and tig aveEéptntes mnyés efvar oti n Tin thG YEVIKEUREVNG HETABANTHG Evtagns fh tng YevIKEUWEvNG PETGBANTHG téanc eSoptéta: and tnv tin tng yevikeupevng petaBAntne téeng A éveaons ce Kéno1o é\Ao onpeia tou cugthatos. 1.3.1.1 Metatponéag téeng ce téan (MTT) -- sa ee Evag petatponéas téeng ce tion gai- + veta! ovo Exnpa 1.7. O1 e&icwcers nou tov nepiypégouv ef vai: ‘4 wy = is = 0 (1,300) eerie -- ve = pve (1.308) Exfua 1.7 Metatponéag té- @nou H elvar to KEpSog téeNs TOU LE- ong ge téen tatponéa. And tig ESradcerg (1.300) kar (1.308) pe petooxnparicud Laplace mpoxinte: n mepiypawikh oxéon tou oroixefou: ° 0] Jys ter 1 Offtats> ° + 0 a.31 -1]|ve(s> © offiats) ° 1.3.1.2 Metarpondas thong ce petpa (MTP) Evag Hetatponéas téong ce pedua gai vetai oto Exrwc 1.8. 01 eSiodcerg nou Tov nepiypégouy ef vei: in = 0 (1.324) iz = gvi (1.328) Exmya 1.8 Metatponéag té- énou g eivar n Siayeyipetnte (trans- ong ge petpa conductance) tou MTP. Egapuézavtac Betacxnpetiaué Laplace, n nepiypagi«n exéon tou atoixefau npoKts 0 Ol }vacey 1 offtits) ° g Of ]V=ts) Oo =1}}1s(s) °icets ' t 1 1 CH= Ixfus 1.9 Metatponéag pet- Betos ce téon 1.3.1.4 Exfue 1.10 Metatpenéas pev- Hato Ge petpa 1 0} ]vatea ° + © Of fvats) « vikeg BETS oxnpatratig STXNPET OTH MpoKUN Metatponéag petpatog ce téon (MPT) Evag Hetatponéas pevuatog ce thon gal- vetai oto Sxma 1.9. O1 eGiodce1¢ nou tev nepiypayouv efvai: 1.34) vi = 0 (1.348) onou ry efvai n Siavtiotasn (transresi- stance) tou MPT. Egapyézovtag petaoxn- Hetiop6 Laplace, mn nesiypapixh oxéon TOU GtoIxefou npoxunte of}iats) ° = (1.35) off tats) ° Metatpenéag Pedpatog ce Pesua (MPP) Evag petatponécs pedpatos oe peu @aiveta: oto Exnpa 1.10. O1 eSica- gerg mou tov neplypégouy El vai: (1.368) énou a efvar tou gtoixelou, oxnpot ice Lapla oxéon tou otoixeicu to KEpSog Ega: peduatos ozovtaG peta— A Meprypagixn Rpoxunte!: of|tats) ° = (1.37) -1||t2ts> ° O iavinés petasxnpaticths, nou @aiveta: ato Extua 1.11, and tig oxégeic: Ne (1.38) — is Ne Egapudzovtag petacxnpat ian Laplace, n nepiypcgikn oxéen toumice -1 # Ns /No]]Vs(s) 0 offtits> ° + = (1.39) ° oO {]vats> EN/Na 1] ] Tats) ° 1.3.3 upétopag (eyrator) y ly O yupétopac, nou gaiveta: oto Expo TT 482 as 1,12 opfzeta: and tig oxeeic: 1 ia = -gave (1.400) = iz = giva (1.408) Eév g:=ga=g, © yupétapag KaAEitar 18cvixés. Egapyozovtas petacxnpc— Exfya 1.12 Pupétopas ticeé Laplace, n neprypagikh oxéon Tou ISavikew yupétopa npoxunter: © gffvats) 1 olf tats) ° + = aay -g Of vats) Oo 1] ] tats) ° PAYHOTIKOS PETASXNHET :ETHS O npaypetixés petacxnperiotric, nou golveta: oto Exmuc 1.13, opfzeras ané tig oxéserc: (1.428) Extya 1.13 Mpeypat 6g: peta oxnpatiotng H cuoiBaia enayoys M ef var névto- Zoupave pe th ouHBeon tov CtTiyHOV (dots), e&v ta Pedusta i: Ka: iz e1gépxovta! Ka! ta S00 and tig GtiyHes A Kai ta S00 e§epxovta! an’ autés, to npéono tou M efval eetikd Evo Otic GAAES ne PintGge:s sive) Gpvntiké. Epappézovras petagxnuaticué Laplace otic Execeig (1.42c) kar (1.428), n mepiypagrKn ex€on tou groixeiou mpoKu- 1Kos of Jv tsa bis ams{|1.¢s) Liis(Oamiztoy ° * - = (1.43) Les|]Iets) Loiz(o)smi.(o) ° aay-1t- anoSeikwieta! Ovi efvar pikpétepog A foog mpog tn HOvdéa. Otay k=l, Kor Gote Le/Li=Ne/Ni, at oxégerg Tou Mpayyati KOU stacxnpotioth pstarpénovta! otic oxéserG TOU ISaviKoU pEtaoxnpatioth. 1.3.5 Mevatponéag avtfatacng (impedance converter) © petatpenéas avtfotacns Kaeopizeta: and tic oxésEIcr (1.450) (1.458) Egoppozovtas petacxnuaticud Laplace otic Exéosig (1.45a) Kar (1.458), n Neplypegikh axéon tou ctalxefou npoKintel? 1 -kallvits) © 0 fitits) ° + = (1.46) 2 0 HVvats) 1 a Eav ta ki kai k= efva! oudonpa, to otoixeic KeAEite! eEtIKdS Hetatpenéas avtiotaons (positive impedance converter), eva edv eva: pécnpa, cpvntixés petatponéag avtfotagng (negative impedance converter f NIC). AB/zel va onpeiwee! ot: O ISaviKOg HETaCXNWaT ICTS eiva: Sixt mepintwon tou setikoU petatponéa aveiotacns. inverter) Apyntixég avtiotpopéas avtiatacng (negative impeda © apyntikés avtiotpogéas avtiatacns apizeta! ané tig oxéesic: “ii = £ Gvs (1.470) Ov: (1.478) Egapyézovtag petacxnparicé Laplace atic Exéceig (1.470) Ko! (1.478) n Nepiypcgiknh oxéon tou otelxefou mpokuntel: 0 6] vate) 1 of |tats) ° * = 1.4) 45 of Jvats) ° Ia(s) ° 7 ISavixeg teAcotiKds evicxuttic (Ideal operational amplifier) (o-— a L ti O 'Savixég teAcotIKes EvicxuTHic, oe] “ 1 ’ Mou @Giveta: oto Ixrpa 1.14, 1 I opizeta: and ti¢ oxéceic: 4 ' _ ot ' vi = 0 (1.490) aaa 1 a ia = 0 (1.498) vikeg tede- otixés evioxutis Egopudzovtes petaoxnpericyd Laplace otic Zxégeig (1.49a) Kar » RN MEplypag@ikn axon Tou atoIxelou MpoKUnte=12- 1 of |vitsy ° of | tater ° + = (1.50) ° 0] Jvets) 1 0} | Tats) ° Tedeot io! eviexutég KatacKeuézovta! Gav CADKANpUEVE KUKAGHOTE BE xpngipenoinen tpavziotops Ka! SidSav Ka! npocoyoidvouv tov petatpo- néx téong ge téon. Fig thy avéAuon cuctnpétav pe eGaptniéves nmyég fh teAcot KOS Evioxutés Exouv xpngiponoinse! So npetuna povéeupa otoixela o undeviatiic (nullator) «ai o apvntng (norater) nou Sev efvar RMpeyuatono itonys GAAG co cUvSuacHés tous MpogoLO:dve! tn Ai toUpy!a eves tpavziotop, Wiés AUxViag TM Evog TEAETTIKOU EvicxUTH. MEEVITTHG, TO CUHBOAG tou onofou ‘ = o ’ galveta ave Exe 1.15(a) neprypee geta! and So eSicdceis wo e&nic: tw - i=o (1.518) “C O v=o «sia we © apyntiic, to GipBoAo tou enafou ga Exfpe 1.15 (a) Mndeviotns veto! oto Exmpa 1.1518), Sey exer ne (BY Apyntns PiypagiKh oxéon Kai éta: cioSsnote Fedue pnopef va Srépxeta: Sia pécou Tou Ka! 1aSrinote téen va egapudzetal otous aKpOSextes tou. 1.3.8 Meradrextns MetaAAdxtes efver Sieupa ixeig nou petatpénouv evepyera pids Hopes oc’ @AAn, O1 eSicuce:g nou tous nepi ypapouv ef va va = -is/A (1.520) Atvs (1.528) Kasas Vita = -veis (1.53) © WETeAAGKTNG SEV KataVGAICKE! 1oxU. Egepydzovtes petaoxnpat cHe Leplace ovic ESiodceig (1.52c) kor (1.528), n nepiypagikh oxéon tou etoixefou mpoxunter: a olfvatsy a} [tate ° ° o]|tsts) ° Tuniné mopadel yi HETaAAGKtOV gal vevte! oto Mivaxc 1.2.=icS MINAKAE 1.2 TYMIKA MAPAOEICMATA METANNAKTON EicoSog Mnxavixn Maxavint | YSpaua rth Evedypanin | Mepiotpo- 4 HAeKtp KA EBoSo¢ oie Aveurer «rh Zesyog YEpaua Kes Mnxavien — etpoéAcu | kivntipas Puothpas Evecypopi Siwotripa Mnxavikn Zevyog HAKtpIK6g Nepiocp S:wotripe —_ Toupyniva | x rvathipas eiKn etpogéAou YeecuArkn | YSpaudikh n Yevvntpia AvtAia — — Aveuperi«s HAgktpikn |ZuAnvoerdes | revvnitpie — — 1.4 MovteAoncingn gue :kdy otoixe luv Opicuds tng povteAcnoinens H mpocéyyion tng oUUMEpi@opds eves guCIKOL OTOIKEicU A GUC S He éva cuotoc S' nou KaAEita: povtéAO Ka! anaptizeta! and npdtuna ororke{a KGAE!tG! HOvTEAONGinon. H noAUMACKEtTHTa TOU HOVTEACU Ta! ané tov emieuLNth aKpiBela tng nposéyyions Kei ene touc OIKOVONIKEUS MEPIS Tou MPOBAMPetos. Etn cuvéxeic, cav nepéSelyuc, nepoucidz|etai n povtedonoinen S00 Bagikdv croixelwy tng Bewplag tev KUKA@UETOY. Kate and cuverkes.Aeitoupylag HIKPOV oNLateY EN ypoRH IKE StOixeia, nw nN NAEKTBOVIKA AUxvia A ta tpavzloTOp, CcUUTEDI@épovta: Gov ypapiké otolxeia. Eto: ynopouv va npogeyyiotoUv ane cugtiate nou Gnaptizovta! ané otoixeia twv Mapaypégwy 1.2 ka! 1.3. C1 tipec tav Otoixeiav sxAgyovea! Gate va S!vouv thy KaAUTEpA ReCcEyy Ion ths cunnepigepas tno Auxviag fh tou tpavziatop otny nepioxt AcitoUpyias tous. HETOS 1.4.2) MovteAono!nen nAextpoviKric AUxviag Pig tny tpiodo Auxvia tou Exmwatag 1.16(a) tng onsies oc: etetix Xapaxtnpiatixés eal vovta: oto Exfua 1.16(B) uncedre or téceic MAGyHETOG-KESOSOU Vox KG! GvESOU-KAEdSOU Vex Efve! OF aveSéptntes uetaBAnteg. To petua avédou ir ec efval tote: = Flyer, Ven) a. 25 is ea efvar: is = 0 ce)Ext 1.16 (a) Z0pBoAo tp1éS0u Auxviag (B) EtatiKés xapa- Ktnpiatikés Ip (ona () Eév ta Vow, Vew unogtouv piKpés PeTaBOAss and to GnHEfo AEITOUPYIGS Vox®, Vex”, N HETGBGAR tou ie pNOpe! va npoceyyiote! and to avantuyya Taylor ws enc? aie die Over + OVvare Oven Oir = Oven. (1.57) eno 01 pepikés nepéywye! uMDAGyizovta! oto GnYEfo AeitoUpY!ag tou cuctratos. Eév opigoue: die = a.se Bvaw | vexeven®, veiceverc® die a.s9 Ave | Vow = Van? , Ve=VeK? n Exéon (1.57) yfvetar Oir = GmtOven + gutOves (1.60) Ane tig Exéc|erg (1:56) Kar (1.60) to povtéds tN TP/oOSns Auxviag ec efva: onag Exo 1.17. To povtéAe tou Exmpatos 1.17 efvar G c KatéAAnAG yia npogéyyion tng Aux- oe es Vigg otig xcunAés cuxvétntes. Eric. 1 uundeg cuxvOtntes Of napdoites xu BYpy pntikdtntes HEtasU tov nAeKktposiav Vv, “dM, GK Bri Gk ennpeGzouv thy cupMEpigopa tng ' Auxviag. Ete Exe 1.18 gal verar Eva eKpIBédtepO HovtEAS tno AUxviag CSS Seeeee 3 énou €xouv mpoctese! nm xwpntixétn— to nA€yuatog-evéscu Car, n xupnti- KOTATG GvOSCU-KaSeSOU Cen KOI Nn xu- MoveéAo tpicén¢ patixétnta n, G-KEEESOU Can. Auxviag ABize: va Gnpelwse! Oc: 01 nopaye- TPO! Gm, Ge Tou HOvTéACU eGapraveas ané to onpsio Asi toupyiac.Fig to pnp tpavelctop otat exAgyoups to peuuc Vem cay aveBéptntes BetaBAntéc. To peta GUAAEKTN ic Ka! exncuned-84eng ven ea ef vor L.19ta) 1.1908) tou oncfou at oe c Jc MovteAonoinen tpavz Exrwa 1.18 MovtéAo tpi- e6ng Auxviag He tig MO- pécites xwpntiKetntes. ovop évuong Ge cuvEecporoyia KoIviig Béong tou Exnpatos Iké¢ xapaktnpratiKes gaivovta! oto Exrpe exnopned ie Ka! thy téon Bdong-cUAAgKtn n téon tate: Exfwa 1.19 (a) Etatixés xa- paxtnpictiKes GuVSeqHoAoy fag oa ° oF koivig Béong. B Vew (volts) te (ma) me akenc tay () Ves = f:lie,Ves) (1.610) fe Ven) (618) Pig pikpés petaBoAgs tuv ie, vem ané to onuelo Acitoupylas ic, ven, 0 cvantuypa Taylor as e& HETaBOAgS Tav ven, HMopadvy va npogeyyigtouv ané to Wan Oven Oven XOic + ¥0ven (1.620) Bic aven die dic = ¥Oic + (1,628) dic aver ©: Hepikés nap&yayor Eév opfatotv, unodoylzovta! gto ontefo Aertoupyiag i aves hie = (1.630) dic Qven Ree = (1.638) Bven dic hes = — (1.639)dic hoe = (1.638) aves or E€:cucers (1.620) kar (1.628) yivovear. Oven = hinkOic + hyekOver (1.640) Dic = heo¥Qie + hoekOver, (1.648) Ka! GVTIGTOIXUY GTO HOVTEAD Tou Exfpatog 1.20 nou KaAEita! UB_ISIKe Hevté\c cuvSecpodcyias Korvric Béonc. AUTO xpnoiHonole!ta: eupéas via Tnv NEeplypaen tou tpavzigtop, Kaed> OF TIKES tev napapetpev TOU ynopouv va petpneotiv evKoAa. — <2 + Dh, ae ‘ Exmpa 1.20 YBp1SiKd poveedo en tpavziatop Ge cuvSecuorcyia Nep bape ‘\cg korvig Béens. i ry Onag Ke! etny Mepintwon tne AUXviag, ETIG LYNAES cUXvEtr eninAgov otorxefa mpéne! va npocteeouv dote va npoceyyiotel n Gupnepigesé tou npcypatixoU tpavzfatop nou ogefAEta! otIG Nepéc ites 5 évuens Bécng-exnopnow, Béong-GUAAEKtN KaEds KE! OTN nea S:éxueng tou exnownow. Zuv8eon ovoixelwv KO! MeDioprguo! cUUBBagTéentac Kai GuvexE ie. Tig tn povteAcnofnon evég gusiKod cuotrpatos ta BagiKé otoIxEia nou napougidctnKay otic Mapaypépouc 1.2 Ka! 1.3 GAAMAcCUVEEovTS! Ka! uti n GAAnAaguvSeon elocye! éva véo cuvoAo nepropicnby. E1Sixetepa, 01 oxéveig GAAnAccUVEechs NEplopizouv tig HETGBANTES yeviKeuLevaS téong Ka! tig HEtaBANtés YeviKeupevng Evtaens y’ éva toéne nou efva: QveBEptntog TOU GUTIKOU @aIVOHEVOU (MAEKTPIKOU, HNXGVIKOU K.A.T.) KEL tev NEplypagikov oxécewv tov etoixelav. fi’ Guté opfzovta: yevixé os UB BOTTOTNTA TOV YEVIKEUHEVaV HETABANTOY téonG Ka! cUVExeIa TuV YEVikeunévev pETaLANTOY Evtaens. Eotw éva dvoAo ctoixefav, tev onolwy o1 eUpes cuvEdevta: Emus oto Exe 1.21, Gete va oxnpatizouv éva KAsiotd Bpéxc. Téte AGiope 1.1 (EupSiSaecétnta yevixeuevav petakAntsv téens) To GAYEfpIKe Gepolope Tov yeVIKEULEvwV PeETaBANToY Técng Kate pikes tou Beéxcu efve: foo pe pnSev.Exmpa 1.21 ZuvSecn atoixelav Gote va oxnpatizera: KAEiatés Bpdxoc. Eav katé th popé Siaypagng evéc Bpdxou eisepxdueca oe eve etolxefo ané tov cKpoSéktn tou He avagopé téonc - Ka! eSepxduesc and TOV axpoSextn HE avayops thon +, to NpéonHO cto GAyEBPIKG Gepolgya ec efvai apvntixé Siagopetixé ex efval eetikd. Me tnv napadoxh auth yia tov 8pdxo tou Exrpatog 1.21 ea efvar: =0 (1.65) wVi-vetvstvany: Eqtw éva GuvoAe otoixe/wv, twv onelav 01 elpes cUVSdovta! Gnas oto Exfipa 1.22, dete va oxnpatizouv éva KoIvd aKpodéxtn mou Kare! ta! KOuBog. Tote ea ef var: ABfopa 1.2 (Zuvéxera yevixeupévav petaBAntay évtacns) To GAyeSp:ké depoicHE tev yevixeuvev HeTaBAntay evtaen¢ nou cuppéouv o' éva KeHBO efva! ico pe yndev. Katé tnv ypanh tou aAyeBpiKow aepoi- gpatog to MpdonHo evéc pevyatos Ach- Bdvetai eetikd e€v n gape cvagopac Tou anoHaKpUveta: and tov KéuBo, Biagopetiké AqHBavera apynt kd. YOugova We tnv napadoxh auth y1a tov KOwBo tou Exmyatog 1.22 ea efvai: Exmya 1.22 ZdvSeon gtoixelov Gote va axnpatizeta: KouBos. isriacistia = 0 (1.66) Erov Mivaxa 1.3 Se!xvovea! of gugiKO! vayo! nou exgpézovta! and Toug avetépw Sue Nepiopiapouc. 1.6 Exnuatioudc ka! enfAuon ef rgdceev guotnuétov 0) SuvapiKés eSicdce1g nou nepiypégouv tn guuNEpigopé Eves cuothatos S1akeKPIHHEvav napayétpev pnopowV va EMI TEUXEOUV HE cuvSuacHé tpIdv GUVOAMY oxécEwV. a. ixégeig cAAnAoguvSeen¢ nou nepropizouv tig petaBAntés yevixeupévng téong Ka! YevikeuLévne €veaons va UNaxouoUY otic apxes cups iBactétntag Kai cuvexerac.-18- RINAKAE 1.3 ANTISTOIXIA NEPIOPIEMQN ZYMBIBAETOTHTAZ KAI ZYNEXEIAZ (Apxn Fad1Agfou) Nepiop: ones ZupB Bactétnta Zuvexeia ouciKe YEVIKeUWEvav PETGBANTOV | yeviKeupEvay PETAaBANToV guotnpe téans éveaons Sxevikotnta wétpnong Maxavixe Taxutiitov Apxt D' Alembert Actpd81A0 tou nAeKtpo- otatikod meSfou. Néuog tdécewy Kirchhoff HAeKtp ike Qiatipnen nAeKtpiKow goptiou. Néopog peupétav Kirchhoff YSpaud1 Ke a Tveupat kd Exetixétnta uétpneng nfeong Qiathpnon pézag Exetixetnta pétpneng eeppoKpacias BeppiKd Nepiypagikés oxécerg nou Kaeop{zouv Apxn Siatiipnons evépyeiac to eeppoduvep Ks a faa Tig oxégerg HeTaeY tov HetaBAntdv yevikeupéevng téeng Ka! petaBAntev yeviKeuLevnc évtagng mou egapuézovtal o' éva ctor otorxelav HE @UTIKG TOUG xapaKtnpict xElo. PAYEBPIKEG oxége1G MOU GUvSéoUV TIG NapaLetpoUg tav ISaviKdv Ike (eX. yIa tay nepintagn tng avtiotagng R=p1/S, dnou 1 to unKos, Sn enigdvera tng Siatopric kot pn e1SiKs avtiovcon tou UArKoU thG avtiotaang). Etig eSicdcerg nou oxnpatizovta: @yvwotes efvai o1 yeviKeunéves HetaBAntés téong Ka! évtaong tav ctoixelav. AEize! va onpeiwee! ov: 01 e&icdceig nou npoxwntouv Sev efva: aveEéptntes. Lav cuvéneia tieevra! ta cKOAoUeG epwtfyata. eB cdcewv; Mnopodue va epappécoupe pia SiaSixaola yia tnv evpeon avebdptntav mou npoxuntouy éxouv Bovas Kr; 8. Kétw ané noiés cuverxes 01 eBrodcer¢ TOUAGKIGTOV WIE Aden; y. Kétw and nolég cuvertkes n Avon efvar &. Mag propowv va npocSiopictauv a1 AUcEIGs Ta avetépe eputriyate anacagnv!zovea! eto axéAqueo napéSe!ypo.-19- MapdSe1ypa 1-1 Ag eewphocuue to KUKAQHE tou Exmyatog 1.23 pe pndevixes SPX IKEG guvenkes. Egappézovtas tn GUNB1Ba~ orétnta Tav YevVIKEULEvev peta- BAntav téong AcpB&vovtal. Beéxog nou oxnpatizeta: and E,R,C: Bpéxog nou oxnpavizeta! and E,R,L? Bpéxog nou oxnpatizeta: and C,L: Exnpa 1. E vetve-E Egapyézovtag tn cuvéxeia tev yeviKeupévov AguBdvovtal. KeuBog A: iutie-in = 0 KouBog Bt inciccic = 0 Egapudzovtas t1G Tepiypagikés oxéseIg HE HNSEVIKES apxIKES cuverkes, AqHBdvovtai. Avziotagn Rt Ve(s) = ReIe(s) Encyoyéag L : Vils) = Lettnts) XwpntiKétnta C: Vets) = Ie(s)/(Cs) Kaeds o: nopéuetpo! tay atoixelay eiva! xpneiponofouvta! aAyeBpikés oxége!g Yia tov NpodSiopicHe tous. ABize1 ve onueiwes! Ot1 n ESiowon (1.688) NoAAGMAgTaeHe tng EElodcews (1.680) ent =i, evo n Exéon (1.670) 23 HAektpiké auothEa (1.670) (1.678) (1.47¥) HetaBAntav évtacnc, yvwotes, nope! unope! va npoxUye! ané thy mpéceecn tov Exécewy Mapadeinovtas tig Exéceig (1.688) Kar (1.678), o Exéceic (1.69) unopoty va ypagouv Ge uNtpIKh HOPEn wE EEG: 1 1 0 0 ° © |] vets) o -1 1 0 ° © | Ivers) o 0 Oo =-1 1 1 {Jvets> 1 o 0 -R ° o |ftecs>] 29 1 0 © =1/(ts) © |]Ie(s) Cl OE = fla 6) © -Ls{]iets> BH unspikh Efowon (1.70) efver tng popenc: ax = b oo 0 oO Ets) (1.680) (1.688) (1.690) (1.698) (1.699) va npoxwye! Le (1.678) (1.679). (1.67) ag. (1.70) a.7-20- ka! ea €xet pla Hovedixn Avon, edv deta $0 (1.72) nou ec S{Sstai and tn oxéon (1.73): H edpecn tov ayvactwv Ve(s), Vels), Vi(5), In(5?, Ils) Kat Tuts) onaitei thy avTICTpOEN Pics HYitTpAS HEYdAwY Siagtécewy nou efvai éva aprepntixé SucKoAc Kai xpovoBdpe npéBAnpa. Eav exgpageouv 01 éyvwoto! Veis), Vals), Wi(s) Ka! Ie(s), cav cuveptige:g tav In(s) ka! In(s), mpoxinter to axdAoueo avotnpa eB icdcewve Ves) = R¥IK(S) (1.740) Ve(s) = Cle (s)-IL(s)1/(Cs) (1.748) Vols) = Ls¥Iu(s) (1.74y) Tels) = In(s)-Iu(s) (1.748) Kar ané tig Exécerg (1.670) Kar (1.67y) npoKunver: 1 1 R+— - — |]iets 1 Cs Cs = Ets) (1.74e) 1 1 -=— ts + —]]is) ° cs Cs Kas’ auté tov tpéno avti tng avtiatpoghs tng 6x6 wNtpag A anaitefta: n avtiorpogh His 2x2 phtpas. Av avei tov In(s) kat IL(s) sewpnee! n Ve(s) Ka! exgpageowv oF unddoino! éyvweto! eav cuvaptiicers tng Vals), mpoKUnte! to aKdAcueO guctnya eB icdcewv. Ve(s) = E(s)-Ve(s) (1.75) Vu(s) = Vets) (1.758) In(s) = [E(s)-Ve(s)1/R (1.759) Ie(s) = sCVe(s) (1.758) Tuts) = Ve(s)/(Ls) (1.758) kai ané tn Exéon (1.68a) npokuntel: 1 o4 1 (Cs +- + —) Vels) = - Ets) (1.76) R Ls R Ket! auté tev tpéne ave! tng avtiatpogic tng 6x6 pAtpag tng Exéong (1.70) 4 tng 2x2 unitpag tng Exdong (1.74) anaiteita: n avetiotpoeh Bids ufitpag SnAGSA evdg apienou.-21- Onag yfveta: avtiAnnté, n ekAoyr tev Bonentikdv ayvdotuv In(s) ka! Iv(s) A tng Vols? amAonorel thy enfAuon tav e€iodcewv tou cucthpates. Eta endveva KepéAcia ea napougiactouv guotnuat KES Wée0do! yeagns tev sGiodseay tou cuotipatog He KatéAAnAN exAoyn BonentiKdv ayvortov. Avawopec HAYKIN, §.S., 1970, "Active Network Theory" (London: Addison-Wesley) KIM, H.K, & MEADOWS, H.E., 1971, "Modern Network Analysis" (New Yor! Wiley). MACFARLANE, A.G.J., 1970, “Dynamical System Models" (London: Harrap). VLACH, J. 7 SINGHAL, K., 1983, "Computer Methods for Circuit Analysis and Design” (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold). WELLSTEAD, P.E., 1979, “Introduction to Physical System Modelling" (London: Academic Press).ez -22- AEKHEETS «. Na kasopiotel n exéon nou cuvSée: thy yevikeupévn petaBAnch vaeng Kal THY yeviKeuHévn petaBANth évtaons evés aeaipiKOU Soxefou cncerkeuong uypou axtives R. . Na unOASy lotoUV n anosnkeupévn evépyeia Ka! n cuvevepyeia cay Suvaptrige!g Tou ancenkeupevou UypoU Ka! tHE Miecns dtov muepéve tou Soxefou. encyey eves nAektpiKot encywyéa S{Seta! and tnv exéon L = 0,01¢i)- #72 a. Na oxeSiaotei n xapaxtnpiotixt Ai tou atolxelou. 8. No unoAsyistowy n anosnkeusévn evépyeia Ka! n cuvevépyera. etev and tov enaywyéc Siépxeta: peda 0.2 Amperes. Ne exeS:eere! pla npaypaconcinen yupétopa pe eSaptnuéves mnyés. y H xcpaxtnpiotixt voi pies wt-- BN-YEoun KS YeviKeupevne evtictaong aivera: oto a napenAedpag Exrye. No po- " VteAonoinee! to oTOIKE Yia Agitoupy!e ota ony! A,B xa: Pr. «. Ypagoly Ke1 ve eniAuscuy oO! EBicdcerg tou nAeKtpiKed KG! TOU pNxGviKeW cuCTHpATOS Tou nopanAeupug Exmpatos. B. Na eupeeotv oO: oxéceic nou Rpénel va ikavono1ouv ta n- Asctpiké KOI UnxaviKe otOI- xeig Gote o: e&rcaceig va toutizovta:. QiSovra! Uc KuBIKé Soxele énus etc napenAsipag Exrwa pe axpés G. Ke! Gz avtiatoixa Ka! expyo-— xwentixétntes Ki Kai Cr eep~ Hoxpecieg T:,Tz,Ts ke! tou mepi- Ba\Acvtog Ta eeupotvec: cyord- Hopges. To uypo avevedvera: pe mopext @ m*/h eva ota éxpa tng MAsKtpixrig avtictaeng egapuéze— ta: thon e. Eav o1 GuvteAsotés eepuonepatétntas petaGu tav cu Hétav 12,23, Kar 34 efvar avei— etoixe R kar Ree kcal JnPheo), (a) Na xcpextneiotody ta etoixela tou cucTHpaTaS No ypegatv c+ Siagopixés e&1- cdceiG mou Tesi ypégouv to con (BY1.8 -23- Ero nAsxtpoynxaviké odotnE TOU Exmpatog n GvtnAEKTpEYEPTIKA SU- Voun oto mnvio efvar en=Kdx/dt eve to peWya Tnvfou napdye: S0- i avn péza M. (a) No xapaxtnp:otouv ta otoixela tou guethpatog (2) Na ypagouy 01 SiagopiKés eS cdceig mou nepiypégouv to odetnpe Fig to avotnpe tou Exratoc to gdua pazag M Exe! e151Ks Bdpos pr G $ Toph Ar Ka! Wyog Hi. H napoxh 2 Siveta! ang tov tune Qark fF eve n Siatopm tou Soxefou eivar -: ka! to e181Ke Bépog tou uypoU Ecv to ctictnue Sieyefpeta! ano tnv napoxt Qs (ce) Na xapextnprotetv ta otoixeia tou cugtRatOS (B) Ne ypagouy co: Srapapinés €& gaceig MoU NEpiypéwouv to at ornpe ) Na Se:xee! ét1 évag cwAtvag uf- Keug 1 ka! Siatoutig A He coupni— soto Uyeé muKvétAtas p avtigtoI~ xel Ge YeviKeu HEvO Enaywyéa Ti- Ag L=pl/A. Eav D eivai n Siéyetpog tou cu- Mave KOI on YeVIKEUKEévn avtioca— of tou Sivera: ano tov tino R=12681p/ (nD) énou p iva: to 16355 tou uypot, ve ypagowv o1 Siagopikés e&icd- GeIg NOU NEprypégouv to ctotnpE. ee) Tic tov Kivntnipa tou Exhpatoc 1oxtouv erska : © kivntiipas éxe: pont aSpaveiag In Cuvtedeath tpIBAG ws npos to é- Bm KG! Kivel peso eves Zedyous CVTUTOY TPeXdY goPTIO HE ponn céea~ vefas Je xo: cuveeAgoth tpiBrig Bu. Xepextnprotouy ta orolxe!a tou custinetcs (@) Ne ypegedv a: Siagopixes eSiod- geig Meu Mepiypégouv to aUotnHE. h r _=24- STHMATIKES NEBOOOI [PAGHD DOSEN TIA ZYZTHMATA ME MONOBYPA DTOIXEIA Eseaywys OQ) nepiopioyo! tav yevikeunévwv petaBAntav thong Ka! Tov Yevikeupévav petaBAntéy evtaone evdg guatHpetOS MOU oelACVTa! OTIC apxéc tng GUNBIBagtTétntas KE! tN Guvéxelac, WNOPOWY va ypayouV LE Siégopes peedSouc. O1 cuctnuatixés wéeoso1, nou ea napougiagtauy azn cuvéxeia, Bag{zovta: tn eewpia tuv ypdgav, Kate thy onola to duoTHa Ngpiotévetai He Bia apnpMuevn Erkdva, MoU Napéxe! OAEG TIC NANpOgOpi es Yia thy GAANAGGUVSeon twv atoOIxefav tou. Otav o1 vopo: tou Kirchhoff egapyootowv Katé eva cutnYatIKe tpéne eto ypawo Evdc guCTYWatOS, AqHBaveta! eva GUVOAG aveSéptntay e&icdceav and tic onofeg mpoxUntouy o1 YeviKeuLeves téCEIG Ka! Oo YEVIKEUEVES evtdvelg tuv Gtoixelav tou. Tpfa efvai ta MAeoveKthuata tng EwaPuOYNG Tay GUTTNHGTIKGV GUTOV HEEdduv &. 01 avedptntes eSicdcerg nou npoKtintouv, ynopouv va ypayouv aneueelag and to ovotnpa 8. Meidvetai n unoAoyiotiKnh npoonteeia, Kaedg Sev npooSiopizovra: Bn avaykaro! 6p01 NOU anaAeigovtal otn cuvExeIa y. Sev engavizovta! ogdAuata nou efvar Suvatév va Snyroupyneouv Koté tn SiaSiKagla tng anadoienc Mplv va napousiaotouv 01 ouothHatiKés aUtés péeOSO!, Extieevta! OP!oHEva atoIKe/a ano th eEwpla TwV yCULIKOY yPaguv. 2.2 Eroivete esupiac youuu sKov yodouy Me tn Yevikh ovopacia "“tonoAcyia Sixtuwv" avaeépeta: to otvodc tuv \Siotitev tou Siktdou, mov npoxtntouv and th Son A tn yeupetpia tou. ©1 tonodAoy:Kés 1S16tnteg tou SixtWou eiva: avesaptntes ano tov tune tev gtolxefwy mou GAAnAGGUVSdOVta!. Euvenes efval xpriciHO va Gvtikatagtase! Kee OTOIXE/O TOU Siktuou He Eva yPauNIKe tuMWG, Nou Se SnA@ve: tn gun tou (nx YeviKeULevn xweNTIKeTNTA, YEVIKELLEVOS enaywyéag K-A.M.) GAAG HOVO thY NapoUgia TOU Ka! Tov tpéno GAAnAoutvSeang tou He ta AAG otolxeia tou Siktwou. Elva: npegaves ets O EMkeS AN KOWMUAGTNTA TOV YpauUIKOY TuNUGtay Sev éxouv onpagic. O KAGSOG TOV HESNWGTIKOY MOU GUXOAE ta! WE TIC ISIOtHTES TetoIwv Scuov 1 SEWPIG TOV YPOLHIkY ypaguv. Opicuas 2.1 PpouMiKes ypdgog KGAcita! eva GuvOAG onuElwv, NOU KaAouvTa! BOl, x) YPORWIKGY THMHGTWV, NOU KGACUYTa: KAGSO! KaI EVeVOUV TOUS ae out YECHBiKé THTWeTa TOU ypt@ou Efvai npogavatoA:opeve, Guy BEAN TOU Selxvouv Tic goREs avagopss tev yeviKELUEVaY av téong Ka! évtaong dee KAGSOU, O YROLUIKOS ypewoS-25- kaAeita! npocavatoA 1 pevas. Opiopes 2.3 Tpdgog evdg SiKtWoU KGAEI Ta! O NpocavatoAlGHEVOG YPGHHIKOS ypd@os nou npoxuntel, eV ta otoIxeia Tou SiKtUOU avtTIKATagTaeOUV HE MpocavetoAcuéve YpawWiKé THMpaTa. O mposavatoA cues TOU YpayWIKOW tunYatos TauTizeta! HE th opt avagopis tng YEVIKEUHEvNG HETGBANtHs évtaong Kal tN gop avagopés tHE YEVIKEUBEVNG HETGBANTHG Thong GTO GtoIKEfo tou SiktWoU. Ztov Mi vaka 2.1 @aivovta! 01 avTIGtOIXies tev HOVéeUPBY DtTOIXElaV TOU SIKTUOU Ka! Tov KAGSav Tou ypdgou. Ero Exmwa 2.118) galveta: o ypseos nou RpoKUnte! ané to Sixtuo tou Exmpatog 2.1 (a). «By Exmua Zeit (a) Of«tue neu anaptizeta! udve ané yovesupa otoixe!a (2) Tpégog tou Sixtuou tou Exnpatas 2.1 (a) ANTIETOIXIA MONOBYPQN ETOIXEIQN KAI KNAGQN FPAGDY zymBano KnAgoz rPAooY ANEZAPTHTH OHFH + TENIKEYMENHE TAZHE E eee = — = ENTAEHE — % — ceeeseeet erence ian ce —>—__. EYMENH Oe treed e+/~ —-—— as etm, +. L=26- Opicpes 2.4 Ynoypégog KaAEi ta: Eva UNOGUVOAG KOuBwV Ka! KAGSOV EVvdg ypégoU. Eav to unocivoAe efva! yvfici0, © unoypégog KaAEIta! KUpIOg UNoypégoS (proper subgraph). E1Sikég nepintaceig unoypéguy opizovta! atn cuvéxeia. Opiopes 2.5 OicSpouh xKaAcitai © UnoYpdgog nou GuUvictatc: ané ia Siate- TtayHévn GkoACUEIa KAGSOV TOU Exe! TIG axdAOUEEG IS1dtNtES. a. Se d\oug toug KOuBOUG extés and S00, nov kaAoUVta! EowtEpIKO! KouBo1, KOTGARYOUV GKPIBGs SO KAGSO! TOU UNOYpagoU. B. Ze xoeéva and toug Ste KéuBoug nou anopévouy Ka! KaAoUVTa! TEAIKO! KOMBO! KatTaATYE! vag HOvO KAGSOG tou UMOypégou. y. Qev undpxe! KUpIOg UNoypégog aUTAL tou UnOypégoU nou va Exe! tous [S1oug TeAIKOUG KeHBOUG Ka! va Siaeéte! tic 1S1dtntes (a) Kor (B). Ero ypégo tou Extwatog 2.1(B) o: KAdSO1 3,2 Kai 1 cuyiotouv pla Sicépoun pe ecwtepiKadg KeuBous tous 4 Kai 2 KaI TeAIKOUG TOUS O Kar 3. Xpnoiponai@veag thy évvoia tng SiaSpouric pnopowwe va Siaxp! vous TOUS ypdwouS Ge GUVEKTIKOUG Th Oxt. Cpicuds 2.6 Evas ypéges kaAeita! GUVvEKTIKOG, EGY UNGpxe! TOUAdXIGTOV Bia Sicépopr petaee crwvEhnote Sto KouBwv tou. Bpoxog eival évag guveKtiKds Umoypégos Evdg ypdyou, Ge KéeE KOuBO SAMyouv axpiBag Suo KAGso1 tou uNoypagou. tov Opicud 2.7, dv or TEAIKO! KOWBO! plac SiaSpounc éva_Kou80, to anotéAeua ea elvai ve oxnpatiate! évac 1B) or KAGSO! 3,2,1 KI 5S cxnpatizouv eva Bpoxe. QévSpo KaAsita: oO GuveKtIKaS UNOYpgog EVOg CUVEKTIKOU ypégoU nou Hepiéxe: dAcuG TOUG KOUBOUG GAAG Sev nepiéxe! Bpoxouc. Otav nepiypégeta: eva SévEpo sivai apKeto va avayépovta! a! KAgSOr to anoteAuv. Eto Exmya 2.1(B) 0: KAgSO1 E,3,2 Ka! 1 anoteAoky eve évSpo. Eav n siva: o apie tev KOUBav evdg GuVEKTIKOW yeayou, and Vv OD:GHe Elva: Mpagaves ot! to SévSpa anoveAeita: and axpiBos n-! KAaSous. SévSpou BAgotal KaAowvta! oF KAGSO! TOU ypagou neu-27- Opiopds 2.10 Ooeévtog evds SévEpou cUvSeouo! KaAoWVta! O1 KAGSO! TOU ypagou nou Sev avikouv ato Sévépo. Tig tov ypégo tou Exfpatos 2.1(8) Kar yig thy MponyoUHEvN eKAoyA évSpou ea excuse ti Bragotol efvai 01 KAsSO! E,3,2 Ka! 1 evo CUVSEsHO! Eivar 01 KAGSO! 4,5,6 Kar J. picpds 2.11 EuunAnpapa SévSpou (cotree) xadefta: to alvode tev cuvééspav eves Sevapou. H Siékpion tev KA&Sav eves yesgoU ce BAcotOUG Ka! GUVSésHOUS Sev ever povadixn. to Exfwa 2.2(a) gaiveta évag yptgog eve ota Extyora 2.218) Kai 2.2¢y) Suo SévSpa tou yptgou yia ta onofa ea éxoupe. to? Exmua 2.2 (a). Ppégog (B) Kai (y). Zedyog S€évEpwv tou ypéwou BAgoto! tou SévSpou tou Exrpatog 2.218): 3,4,6,7 xa 9? EuvSecuo: tou SévSpou tou Ixmyatos 2.218 1,5,8,10,11 war 12) BAgoto! tou S€vpou tou Exratas 2.2(y)? »2,5,8,11 a1 12> Euvéecuoi tou S€évpou tou Exrwatog 2.2(y): (3,4,6,7,9 Kai 10) ABize: va napatnpnes! dt ta Slo Sévépa éxouv eva Koivd BAaotd, tov 2, Ka! éve Kolvé aUvSecuo, tov 10. Esta éva zetyog Séveouv Ts Ka! Te vou ypawou Koi gow b(T1,T2) © aplepds tav Kol vay BAaotov. Opicyes 2. To Zevyog tev SévSpuv nou edaxiatonore! tov apiexd tay KO! vov PAcotay KaAelta: zedyog SévSpwv péyiatng andotacns. one iponoiévtas thy évvorg tou Sévépou pnopodye va Siaxp/vouue tous Bpoxcus eves YpdgOU Ce BEUEAEIGSEIC NN BEHEATIGSE!C wS ESA evés S€évpou évag Bpéxog KaAe!ta! eeyEAE1aSnG, EkV éve uve GUVEEGuO, Eva OAc! cr GAAGI KAGSOI TOU Elva! xo ypéyo tou Exmpatog 2.2(a) pe exAcyh SévSp0u énws oto ZxAye SEUsAEIGSE1G BEOxe! Elva: o1 Beéxo! MOU oxnuctizovea! and TOUS + (4,5,6), (8,9), (9,10), (4,6,7,9,11) Kar~28- Opicuds 2.14 OudSa Siaxwpicyod kadelta: eva GUVOAD KAgSwV Eves GUVEKTIKOU yeseou nou, étav agcipesowy 6do1, Siaxupizouv to ypago ce SUo GuveKtikaUs Unoypégous, Eva, edv évag Sev agaipese!, oO ypkgac nopepéve! GUVEKTIKOG. Napade!yyata oudSwv Siaxwpicpow oto ypégo tou Exrpatos 2.2(a) Elvar ta GuvOAG Tuy KAGSwWY (2,4,6,12), (11,7,12), (11,8,9,10,12), (3,4,5,11) war (1,2). AGlze1 va onpeigee! Ot! 01 Svo Unoypago! npénes vo Efvai GUVEKTIKO! Kai TO GUVOAD Tuv KAdSuv (12,6,5,7,10,9,8,11) Sev Elvai pia ondSa Siaxwpiopo Eav éva SévSpo €xe! EKAcye! oto ypayO, pNOPOUWE va SiaKp!voune TiC oudSes SiaxwpioHow ce eSENEAIOSEIG A uN ws EErG: Opisuds 2.15 Qosévtog eves SévSpou pla onéSa Siaxwpicuod Kadelta: eepEdre dnc, eGv nEpIAGHBdve: Hévo Eva BAGOTS, EVO OAD! O! AAD! KAGSO! Ef vai guvSecuo!. Tig exAoyf tou S€vSpou énws ato Ixtpa 2.2(8), eepEreiddeig opedeg Biaxupicuos sivar ta cUvoAG Tov KASWV (1,4,5,11), (1,2), (1,3), (6,12,5,11), (11,7,12) Kar (11,8,9,10,12). Otav S{5etai évac ypdwos efvai Suvatév va ouvaxee! yia Kéee KAGEO © KouBes and tov onofo avaxwpe! Kai oO KduBOg dtOV ONOfe KataAnye!. 9S, © YP&POS WNODE! va opictel, Edv Soeauv autés oF €G KK! O MAZov KaTEAAMACG tpéNOg Ef va! Ge ENTpIKh pOpEn. Opicuds 2.16 Fic éva ypego nou #xe: on KéuBoug Kar b KAgSOUG Nn MANpNG HTP negentwong Ax Sfe.s] efvai Bia nxb wAtpa tng cnofag ta ctoixeia éxouv Tig GKOADUEES TIHES. Gis = 1, dv Go KAKSOG J GUVSéeta! GtOV KOuBo i Ka! Oo ApO- gavaror cues TOU anopaxpiveta: an’ autév. Gi, = -1, ev o KAGSOg j guVSéeta! otoOv KOuBo i Kal oO NpO- GavatoA cues Tou KeteueUveta: npog auTév. Gi, = 0, sv oO KAGSOg J Sev cUvSdeta: otov KdpBo i. Zougeve we tov Opicue 2.16, n nAnpne uF ypage tou Exhuatog 2.1(B) ea ef var: pe npécntwong ya a ® a o a KAdSog E12 KeuBog ° Net lett teu Op les tO tra. 1 1 0 © 9 -1 0 © 0 Ae = 2 o 1 t 0 1 0 0 0 (2d 3 eo -1 0 6 0 1 2 4 0 © -r 1 0 0 land to nopéSeryuc, Kéee gran nepiéxe: udvo éva épo uéve éve Ope -1, Ao! Se co! GAA! Gpo! Efval 9. AuTS Elva:-29- quoiké, Kaeds Kéee KAdSOG GuUVSdeta! Povo Ge So K6BoUG. Eev otnv MpOtn ypawuh tng Ae NpoctesoUv 1 UNdACINEG, MpOKUNTE! Hia yay pe Oda ta otoixeia tng [oa He To WNSév. AUTS CNG! ve! Ot! oO Bases tNS niitpas Aa efvar PIxpdtepag tou n. ToxWe! to cK6AcUeO sEdpnyG. Bedpnpa 2.1 &. 0 Baeuss tng MARpOUG HNtpag NpdoNtwoNs Eiva: fog HE N-1, dmoU n eva! 0 cpiepds twv KOuBov tou ypégou. 8. Mic unountpa Siagtécewy (n-1)kin-1) tng urtpaG Aa Eves GUVEKTIKOY ypéyou Efval OLGAH, Edv Ka! EVO Edv TO GUVOAD Tov KAGSWV TOU GVTICTOIXOUY GTIG GTMAEG tng GUVIGTOUY Eva SévEpO. Ané to Gsdpnua 2.1 mpoxunte: Ot: stv mapcAeigeei pia ypauun ths unitpas Ae , on wfitpa A mou npoKUnte! Ka! KGAE/ta! phtpa npéontwans ea éxe1 mAnpn Saeyd. Edv iv napiotdve: tn yevikeuyévn wetaBAntn évtaens ato viogté KAGSO EVES GUVEKTIKOU ypé@oOU Ka! YpagouV oO! EEicdce:g cUVEexelas TOV YeViKEUpEvav HETGBANTY évtaons ws MPOG TOUS KouBOUG NOU avtietoixouv otny UNtpa A, NpOKUNTE! To aKOAcuBO GEedpnic. Geapnua 2.2 Eév & efval nwitpa mpéontucong evég cuvextixod ypdgou Kal i to Sidvucu tev yevikeunévav petaBAntov évtcenc, ea Ef va! Ai =o (2.2) Eapuézovtag ané to Beanie © eedpnua Binet-Cauchy yia tnv avdntuSn opizouswv, 1 unope! va anodeixee! auécug to axéAqusc sepnya. Bedpnya 2.5 O cpieyes tay SévSpwv nou pnopowy va oxnuatictouv o' éva ypégo Siveta: ané tn oxen = detiaay, (2.3) énou AT efva: n avéetpogn tng pAtpag A. Fig to ypd@o tou Exmyatog 2.118), © aprepds tev Sévdpuv nov Hnopadv va oxnpatiotouv sivar 110) Ol! 0 1-1 Of nope Cam Oke OnnOnO |Z Ong!) o 1 40 100 0]00 =det = 36 9-1 OO O11 Dd 1 29 O-1 1 0 -t] Jo o 1 0 o-1-2 4 oo iat 0 0 1-1 (2.4)-30- H uritpa npéontwong napéxe! mAnpogopies yia tig oUvSéseig tav KA@SOV DTOUG KEHBoUG GAAG Sev Napéxe! dueca KapWIG MANpowOpia yia tov tpéno We Tov onafo oO: KAGSO! axnpatizouv Bpéxous. H NANpogopia auth unopel va napougiacte! uno WNtPIKT HOpEn Gnd thy MANN Htitpa Beoxwv Ba og eBrig. Etov Kdee Bpdxo nou Snproupyelta: Siveta: pla gopt avagopés yia tn Siaypagh ou. Auté unopel va yive! WE avawopa tev SiaSoxiKav KAdSwv MOU guVictOuY to Bpéxo. H phtpa Be opizeta: as eric. Opicuds 2.17 Tia va ypégo nou xe: on KOuBouG Kar b KAGSOUG Nn TMAMPpNS Htpa Bpexev Bu =[Bis} efvai wi wMtpa MoU éxer b otMAEG Ka! N ypaHHéc, encu N Elva 0 apieyds Gduv twv Suvatév Bpdxwv, Ka! tng ONOlag ta etoixeia éxoUv TIG aKOAQUBES TILES Bi, #1, evo KAdSog j avaKe! oto Bpéxo i Ka! n gopt avagopés TOU taUT/ZeTG! HE tH gop Siaypaghc tou Bpdxou B.j=-1 e&v 0 KAGSOG J Gvfike! ato Bpéxo i Kal Nn ops avagopas tou efva: avtieetn ané tn gopé Siaypagrg tou Bpdxcu Bi, =O €6v 0 KAGSOG j Sev avike! oto Bpoxe i. Zev napéSeryua, yia tov npogavatoAicuéve yptwo tou Exrwatog 2.3 e éxoupe tous akddAousaUS SuvatowG Bedxous. A Bpéxog 1 nou oxnpatizera! and toug KAdSouG (2,5,4) Bpéxog 2 nou oxnpatizeta! and toug KAgSouG (1,2,5) Bpoxog 3 nou oxmpatizera: one toug KAgSouG (5, 4,6) Bpoxog 4 nou oxnpetizera: and toug KAdSoUS (1,5,6) Bpéxog 5 nou oxnpatizeta! ano toug KAdSouG (1,2,4,6) Bpéxog 6 nou oxnpatizeta! and tous KAgSOUG (3,2,5,6) Bpéxag 7 nou oxnpatizera! and tous KAGSOUG (1,3,4,5) kor No phtpa Ba nou npoKUNte! ef var: kAééeg 1203 4 «5S 6 Bpoxos 1 o -1 1 1 0 0 2 1 10 0 1 0 3 Oo 0 0 -1 -1 1 Be = 4 1 0 10 01 S 1 1 O -t oO 14 é Come ge Opa-31- Ones gaiveta: and to napéSeryya, 0 apiepdc tw Suvatav Bpdxwv axoun ka! o' éva ypago HE Alyous KOyBous Ka! KAdSOUG Efval NOAU HeyaAog Ka! Sev cuvSéeta: pe ta on ka! b. [ia tov Basys tno Ba ea loxuer. @edpnya 2.4 a. 0 Bases tng untpag Ba efval foog npog b-nti, énou n €ival © epieuds tev KouBYV TOU ypégoU Ka! b © apieyds tov KAGSOV TOU. 8. Mia unopitpe Siacrégewy (b-ntl)#(b-ntl) tng pritpag Ba evdc GuveKtiKOW ypswou Elva! OAM, edv Ka! Udvov ev to GUvoAD tev KASWV MOU AVTICTOIXOWY OTIC GtHAES tNG UNoLATPaG cuvigtouy eve cULNAMpIWHE SEvSpou tou ypégou. Edv v. napiotéve! tn yeviKeuyévn petaBANtH téens Gtov 1G0tO KAESO . SuveKT KOU Ypa@OU Ka! ypayoUV o1 sEicdcEIS GULBIBactétntac tov YEVineuRevay HETaBAntov tTéong yia Kdes Bpdxo tou ypdgoU, mpoxunte: Beapnuc 2.5 Eev y sfva! to Siévuoua wv YeviKeunévev petaBAntov téons tev xAGSwV TOU ypagou, ex 1oxUEr . Bay = (2.6) Ané vo Bedpnus 2.4 ouvéyera: 6ti 0: EBiawcerc (2.6) Sev efvar aveGeptntes. To (S10 esdpnye unoSeiKwWe! tov tpéno exAoyrc tev aveSaptntey eSicdgewy an’ autés Ne tn Boneera Eves SevSpou ws eas. Sosévtog evdg ypsgou exAdyeta! éva S€vSpo Ka! agaipouvta: GAC! o! govSecuo. Btn cuvéxeia enavagépovta: SiaSoxiké 0! aUvSequo! ato Ypégo, évag Kéee pops. Kase gopé GxNWaTizeta! Evag povadiKdg Bpdxoc mou éxe1 6AouUg toUG KAdSoUG TOU MAnv evds BAGOTOUS Kai Kata CUVEnEla xepaxtnpizeta! ané to GUvSecue. O1 Bpéxo! nou Katackeudzovta: Katt utd tov tpOno eG Eival SEHEAEIGSEIG. H gaps Siaypagnc Kéee BpSxou Kesop(zeta! va GUUNINtE! HE tN opt avagapas TOU GUvEecuOU. Kaeds to Sevépo éxe1 Bont] cuvSéououc, He tn SiaSikacia auth xatagKeuézeta: Hic Umouftpa B tng MAMpoUS Uritpas BpOxev Ba Ye MANpN Basus. H urtpa B KOASiTo! GEHEAEIGSNS UNTPG Bpdxwv. Tia tnv ekAoyr tou SevSpou nou Ociverci He Evtoves yeouUes oto Exmya 2.3, n eEUEAEIGSNG pMtpa Bpdxwv Bea sivait KAgSag yeegou 1 205 4 5 & EuvSecuog 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 B= 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 (2.7) 4 0 9 0 1 1 -1 | MAMPEIS UntPEG Mpdntueng Ka! Bpdxwy Aa Ke! Su iKavomoouv F Opeoywvidtntas, Onws gai veta! ato axéAouse sewenua. Edv of uAtpec A. Ka! Ba ypawouv He thy {Sia apleunon KAGSwv, ea-32- AaBa™ = 0 (2.8) Mig yevikeuon tng nAnpous uMtpas npoomtwens Efval n uritpa CNédov Sicxwpiopov. Kaeds o apieuéc tov Suvatdv opéSwv Siaxwpicuowd ef vai moAW HeyéAo¢ KOI N EgapHOYH tN apxric tng GUVExeIag Tav yeVIKEULEVOV HetaBAntdv éveaons ce Kee ONdSa Siaxwpicuow Se Siver aveGéptntec ERICOTEIG, 1 SEHEAEIGENG UMtpa ONéSwv SiaxwpicHow pope! va opiotel pe tn Bofecia evég Sévpou ws eGric. Qoesévtog evdg ypagou, ExAgyeta: eva SévSpo. Kéee BAaotés tou SévSpou Kaeopize! pia ssHEAEIGEN osSa Siaxwpioyow. Zuvenws ea UNGépxXOUV n-1 BEHEAEIOSEG ONGSEG Siaxwpicuows. O npogavator:cués Kéee cudSag Siaxupiowow ekAdyeta: UtwG GoTe va GULNIinte! HE TOV npogavetoAicud tou BAgctow nou tnv Kaeopizei. Op{zoupe. Opiopds 2.18 Tig éva ypépo mou éxe: on KéyBoug Kal b KASOUS Nn eEHEAEIGSNS britpe ondSov Siaxwpicuod G=tq.s] efvai ula pntpa nou éxer n-1 ypayues (nou avtiatoixoUv atoUg BAgoTOts tou SévSpou) xa! b atMAEg Ka ths onelag ta otoixeia éxouv Tig akGAoUeES TILES. Edv 0 KAdSOG oj avike! gtnvy togth oLéSa Siaxwpicuow Kal MpouavatcAicuég = TOUS ou nte! He tov MpocavatoAigHo tou BAaoToU eév 0 KAGSOS J aviKel otnv tooth opéSa Siaxwp icyou Kal © MpodavatoArcHés tou efva! avtieetog and tov RpogavatoA uo tou BAactoU eév 0 KAgSOG oj Sev aviKE! otnV logth opéda Siaxwp icyou. Fig tnv exAoyf tou SévSpou nov gaiveta: we évtaves ypapyés oto Exfiya 2.3, 7 seuede1GSng pAtpa oudSov Siaxwpiguov ea éivai: KAéSog 1 203 4 «5b BAgotOs 1 to -1 -1 0 0 0 a= s Oo -1 0 -1 1 0 (2.9) 6 o Oo -- 1 0 1 @ kai Ba ypagotv we thy (Sic apleynon KAsSuv, eo aB.7 (2.109 A avadeeud oth seupic tev ypdwuy tercidve! We to aRdpNuS TOU eyeAC GPisuS egapHeYay otn eeupia tev SiKTLUV Ka! Ot! O1 apxég tng GUUBIBaTTeTNTAG tov yeviKeupevav kel TG GUVEXEIGg TOV YEVIKEUHEVWY LeTaBAntov koves Guvefikes yic tn Siatipnen tng evépyeiac ot éve-33- Bedpnpa 2.8 (Bedpnya tou Tellegen) Edv iv, vy elvai or yevikeuéves wetaBAntés evtaons Ka! téong avtiatoixa oto viooté KAGSO Evdg ypdgou nou exe: b KAdSOUG, Sa 1axtE! deve = 0 (2.41) ime MéeoSoc twv KouBwv Gnas avapépenke otnv Napéypago 1.6, yia tnv avéAuon eves SiktwOU nou noteAeitai ané b Sieupa otoixefa anaiteftc: yvaon 2b petaBAntav ATO! TOY YEVIKEUNEVOY EVTGEWY Kal TOV YeVIKEUEvay TaTEUv TuV otoixeiav. Apa to MPSBAnWG tng avéAUONs KataAnye! otny enf{Auen Evég guctipatog 25 eficdcewv wo mpog 2b ayvastoug. Onws Kai ato MepaSe1ywa tng napaypégou 1.6, to mpOBAnua anAcnoreltai, edv exAsye{ éva KatéAAnAo GUvoAD BonentiKay ayvaotev Kai gute efvar TS GVTIKE/HEVO Tav HESdSav nou napousiézovta! otn ouvexeic. Xapig andAeia tng yeviKotntag eewpotwe Ot: tO S/KtUO aNoTEAEi tar Hévo an = YeviKeuséveg avtiotéce!s, Yevikeueves xwpnTiKOTNTES, YEViKEUpEvoUs Encyeyels Ka! aveGdptntes mnyés yeviKeuWevng Evtaonc. QO: aveSéptntes nnyéc yevikeuuevng thon, av unépxouv oto Sixtus, Hnopodv va petatpanolv ce aveGéptntes nnyég yevikeuyévng évtaons HE to Hetagxnpaticud Thevenin- Norton. Kataoxeuézovtas tov ypdgo tou SiKtUou apieyouvta: pe thy axddouen Ceipé o1 KAGEO: MOU aVTIOTOIXOUY otIG — yevIKEULE x@pnti enayay Ter QUNTES, CTIG YEVIKEUHEVEG avTIGtéGEIS KEI GTOUS YeViKEUpEVOUS fg, MOU B& SvOHezevta! otN GUvéxela naentiK& otCIxE!a. Taisi apieyedvta! G1 KABO! MoU avtigtoixouv Ge aveséptntes mnyég gvtaeng. Ket’ autév tov tpéno, edv ypage! n untpa npéontwcns A © ypegou, 8a éxe: tn open. A= [ht As J OU As avepépeta: otic aveEaptntes mnyég Ka! Ap ota unédcina etorxela (aveictécelc, xwpNTiKOtNtES Ka! ENaywyelg). Katé tov oxmpeticué tng uritpag A ula ypaH_A tng MANpOUG BATPaS npdontwons, on omoia avtictoixe! ct eva Keufo tou ypégou, Repadsinetai. E&v o napareindyevoc KOuBoG eewpnee! cov onuelo avagopes Twy YEVIKEULEVUY TéTEWV Ka! Napootaee! LEE to Sidvucua tov Yevikeuévey peta8Antéy thong twv KéuBav, to Sidvucue vy tuv YEVikeUuEvov HETGBANTOV TéENG Tov KAGSOV ea El vart v= Ave 2 3) H eappoyn tng apxtg tng GcUVExerag TOV YEVIKEUBEVaV HETaSAnToV évtaong ge Kase KeUBO Tou yp&OU MANY tou KOWBOU avagepés ENOpE! va EX@PGCTE! Ge ENTpIKH HOPEM ws EEA AL +14) Eev ip & Siévugue tav yevikeunévev petaBAntev evtasng tev GENT Kay CT! U SIKTUOU KEI is TO SiévuouG Tay yeviKeuevav TaBAntov tw oveRoptitey mnyav evtaons, on Exéon (2.14) iveta-34- Eav to Siévucpa tev yevikeuévey petaBAntov thong tov KAdSov xwpigte! Katé tov (810 tpéno aote fye™ } vaTIT (2.16) and tnv Exéon (2.13) AqpBéveras Ante (2.17) ve Aste (2.178) O: nepiypcwiKég oxéce1g tev NMaeNtiKOV GtoIxXelwy pnopotv ve ypayouv oth popen Yo(s)Ve(s) - In(s) + Wa (s) (2.18) Gmou Wa(s) eRoptéra: Hevo and tig apxiKés uverKeg Ka! undevizera: Otay G1 apxiKés GuverKes Elva! undevixés. Metaoxnuerfzoveag Katé Laplace tig Exécerg (2.15) Kar (2.17) ka! avtixaeiotéveas otn Exéon (2.18) AguBévera: ApYp(S)Ve(S) + ApWe(s) = -Asla(s) (2.19) We (s) Ye (S)ApE(S) = -[Ae } Ax I Is(s) Exéon (2.20) sivai éva cuotnuG n-1 ypauUiKdy eB lodcewy us npoS guviatéces tou Siavucpatos Els). Kat’ autév tov tpéno, ave! gtpogig plas 2b¥2b uritpag anaitEita: on avtictoeh Wes 1) BATPaG. ANG thy {Sia oxéon npowwnte: 6t1 Oo: apxiKes Gvtipetanizovta! cov aveGoptntes mnyéc. Edv o1 apxiKes Tay OTOIME!wv Elva! BNSevines, Wels) = O Kai n Ex€on (2.20) fe Ye(s)Ap7E(s) = -Asls(s) (2.21) ioueg 2.19 H untpa Ya(S) = AeYo(s)An7 (2.22) KGAEITa! pritea GyeyMOTATAV KouBwv TOU SiKtUoU. Opiaudg 2.20 Siévucua Ists) is iy a ytav mnyby évtacns KouBav.-35- Ta otoixefa tng pritpag Yn(s) Kai tou Siavwcpatog In(s) unopowv va npooSiopiotowv cneueslac and to SiKktuo, onus gaiveta: oto aKéAouso seapnuc. Bewpnuc 2.9 Eav Yo(s) = Cyxm(s)] efvai n pritpa ayeypotitey KouBev Ke! Tats) to Siévugna aveBéptntav mnyav évtacng KoUBav, ex ioxuer. ce. yauts) efvar fon pe to éepoicua tev aywylHOTATAY GAwy tev KAGSOV MOU GVTIOTONXOUY GE AGeNtiKk GtoIxela Ka! GuVSéovtE: otov KOuBo k. 8. yem(s) Efvar fon He to avtieeto tou aepolcpates Tuy aywy ipo- TATeV Tov KAGSWY NOU aVTIGTOIXOUV GE MASNTIKe OTOIKE/a KOI cuvSéovta! petTaeU twv KouBav k kai mM. ¥. H vieoth cuvictéoa tou Siavcuetos In(s) igovra: pe to GAYEBPIKG GepolouG tov evtdoewv tov aveEdptntwy nnyov evea— ong nou cuvSéovta: ctov KUBO Vv Ws tHY Nepadoxn oti to mpo- enue Wiag Anyf¢ eveaeng noun goPE avagapag tN KaTGAnYE! otov KOBBo Efvel eETIKd, Eve EaV avaxwpel and tov KdyBO Elva: apyntiKe. Onws gelveta: ond to Bedpnuc 2.9, on Ntpa aywy OTHTuY KOLBOV Lnope! Ve MpOKtye! aneUeciag ané éva eAattUEVO ypdwo TOU cUTTHYatOS Grow €xouv angAgies! 01 ave&dptntes myés as eG. 01 KAGSO!I TOU Gvrigrolxouy Ge aveEéptntes nnyég évtaong apaipouvta: Kai oF oxpeSéxtes kdes aveRaptntng mnyng évtaong napayévouy anouaKpucLEeve Evi 0: ®AGSOi MOU avtictoixody ge aveSéptntes mnyéc téons Ggaipouvta: Ka! 01 GKpOSéktes Kéee aveSdptntng nnyn¢ taone toutizovta! gto (S10 onpelo. Keség onountpa Ye(s) elvar Siaydviog, n uritpa Yols) ex Elva! CUMBETPIKA yIG ThY Nepintwon SiktUev HE povesupa ctoixefa nou eBSetéroue. H ugeodcg umope! va yevixeute! éueca Gots va mepiAdBer Hetotponsig dens Ge PEvWa Hh HEetTatpoNe!c téonG Ge TéeN. Beupavecs funy tous petatponels aveSdptntes mnyéc uMcpe! va ypayei n (2.20). Avtixasiotévtas tic eGaptnuéves nnyég evtacns and Tuy TécewV TOV KONBOV, AaUBéveta! We ts) Bea =f A AD (|= -f& A A AJL ts) Ji Ia Ji Ja | ods (s) ME(S) (2.24) ccovtas tiv Ixéon (2.24), AcuBavera: We (sd ae - CA Ad (2.25) 2) Siva: gyorg ue tn Exéon=S6= Yipotntev KeyBav Yo(S) = Ap Ye (S)Ap7 + AM (2.26) Js Sev efvai nA€ov cuuyetpiKh. MapaSe:ypa 2.1 ORT 67 YO 1 42 4 2 © Extua 2.4 (o) Oixtue He moentiKe Gtoixefa Kal aveEéptntes mnyés évtaons (2) Ppdpeg tou Sixtuou tou Exmyatos 2.4(a) Tig to Sixtus tou IxApatog 2.4(a) tou onofou o ypéeag gaiveta! n uritpa mpéontucng A ea sivai oto Ye Ee Re ee a | Sp ey ey 1 0 0 41 0 4t =1 ° 1 8) Ct Go nO Oo OG (2.27) Che Om mmo tee ie orteed H pritpa Ye(s) ea efvar 1/Ri 0 ° ° o 0 Oo I/fsta> 0 ° Ohara Yeats) = | 0 0 1/(sl=? 0 o 0 (2.28) ° ° 0 1/Ra 0 0 ° ° ° CmsCennO) ° ° ° ° 0 sf.-37- L/Ritl/RatsCe ~1/Ra sla E.ts) 1 (s)-Ja(s) -1/Ra 1/Ratt/(Las)+sCs sts Ea(s) -sC. -sCe 1/(Les)+sCstsCa| [Es (s) a(S) +Ts(s) (2.29) Eév n myn évtaong J= efvar eSaptnyévn and tnv téon tou KA&SoU 4, wmepotye va ypayoune Jats) = gf£i(s)-Ea(s)] = [g -g OJE(s) (2.30) Avtikaeiovavtag thy Exéon (2.30) otnv Exéon (2.29) «ai ave Siatéccovtas, KataAMYOUHE OtNV aKdAoUeN EEicwon wg MpOG Tig téTEIC tov KOuBov W/Ritl/RatsCatg — -1/Rang -sCe Ex(s) Jats) -1/Ra 1/Ratl/ (Les) +805 -sCe Es(s) (2.31) ~sCa-g wsCetg = 1/(Las)+sCerst.|lE=(s) Jats) 2.4 MéeoSoc wav Bpdxuv Avtiatoixa We tN ueeoSo Tuy KeuBov, xWP!g aNGAEla tng yeviKOtNtas eewpouKe Ot) to Siktus anoteds/tai wove and yevikeupeves avtigtagE!c, YEVIKEUHEVES XUBNTIKOTNTES, YEVIKEULEVOUG EMaywyeig Ka! aveSdptntes Anyés yevixeuuévng téong. O1 aveeptntes nnyég yeviKeuuevns evicgns, sév unépxouy oto S/xtuo, uMOpOUV va HEtTatpanowy ce aveséptntes myés yevikeusévng thong He to HETaKnUET CLS Thevenin-Norton. Katackeudzovtas to ypéwo tou Sixtuou apreyobvta! Katapxnv KAgéo! Mou avtigtoixowy otIG avEGdptntes nnyés téenc. TeAsutaio! apisyouvta: 01 KAgSO! MOU avtigtoixaly Ge YeEVvIKEUpevEs avtiotdE!G, YEVIKEUHEVEG XUPNTIKOTNTES KAI YEVIKEULEVOUG EMaywyE!G, GtOIxXEla TOU Gtn cuvéxeia ec Ovouézovea! naentixdé. Kat’ auté tov tpéno n, BEWEAEIOSNG UrITPA BEdxwy ea Exe! th HODOn B= [Be } Bel (2.32) Eav vy esivai to S:avucua tev yevikeuévev petaBAntav téong tov 650v, epapuerovtag thy apxA tng GUUBiBaoTétNTas tev yeviKeuuevov MetaBAntév tégng oteuG seHEASIWSEIG Bpoxous, ea ExcUUE By = © (2.33) GvuguG ¥ XWPITTE! GUppWVA LE TO xwDIGHS thg WATPES B us (2.34)~3e- and tig Exéoeig (2.32) kar (2.33) AqpBdveras Bove = —Beve (2.35) Eév ie napiotéve: to Sidvuoa tay yeviKeusévev peraBAntov éveaons tev eUVSécHWV NOU KGBOPiZOUV TOUG BEXEAEIOSEIG BpdxoUG, tO Sigvugua tw yevikeunévwv PeTBANtay evragns tev KAGSWV i ea Erval (2.36) = CieT 1 a,7] (2.37) ea ioxve: is (2.380) ie (2.388) O1 nepiypagikés oxéce:g tay naentiKév atoixefwv pnopouv va Ypagouv ag esac Yols) - Za(s)Ip(s) - Wels) (2.39) Ano tig Exéseig (2.35), (2.38) Kar (2.39) npoxinte: Boe (5) = BelZe(S)In(S) tie (S)] = -BaVe(s) (2.40) Vets) Bale (S)BoTle(s) = - [Be } Bel (2.41) We (Ss) Ho Exon (2.41) iva: éva ouotna b-n+1 ypouiKdy eBrcdcewv wo Mads tig bent! uvigtéces tou Siaviepatos In(s). Kat’ autév tov tpono tng avtiotpogns Wies 2bK2b wrtpUG aMaItEl tal n avtiotpogn Wes (ben+1)¥(b-n+1) priteag. ANd thy iSia oxéon npoxunte: oti of CPx IKES GUVEAKES GvTiuETunizovta! Cav aveBdptntes nnyéc. Edy 9: apxixés cuvenkeg tuv ctoixelay efvai pndevixes, Wn (s) kein Exéon (2.41) yiverar BeZo(S)8n7Ia(s) = - BeVe(s) (2.42) H untpe Ze(s) = BoZa(s)Ba7 (2.43)-39- KoAe(ta! piitpa cUVeEtuy avtiotégewy Bpdxwv tou Siktou. Opiopds 2.22 To Siévucpe Ye (s) = - BeVe(s) (2.44) KOAEi ta! Siévucua avebéptntwv nnydv téong Bpdxwv. Ta otoixefa tng pitpag Zea(s) Kai tou Siavwopatos Va(s) unopoby va npocSiopictouv aneussiag and to Sixtuo, énwg gaiveta; oto aKéAcueo eedpnuc. Bewonpa 2.10 Egy Za(s) = CZam(S)] efvar n writes GUveEtey avtictécewy Bpoxev Ka! Vals) to Si@vuoua aveSéptntwv mnyav téeng Bpéxwv, ex 1oxuoUv G Zan (5) efval tO GepoloHa tev GUveEteV avtiotévewy TaV KAdSUV nou avAKouv cto Bpéxo k ka! KGAeita: 18a GUveEstn aveletcon tou Bpoxou k. Zum(S) EVE! 190 HE TO GepoloHa tw oUVeEtav avtictéceuv wAgSOV nou efvar KOlvol PeETaES tov Bpoxwv k Ka! m nOAAGnAG- giccuévo enf +1, eév o1 @opés Siaypaghcg tev Sto Bpdxwv ToUT!zovta! Groug KOIvoUG KAGSOUS Hh EN! -1, eév 01 wopes Siaypaghc tev S00 Bpdxwvy efva: avtieetes endve tous KCI voUg KAdSOUG. ¥. H viegth cuvigtésa tou Siavioustog Vals) icovta: pe to BAyEBPIKS depoicHa GAwv Tav mnydv tang Mou UNépxoUV oto Bpoxo Vue trv napadoxm oti to npdonuo pis Mmyng AcuBdvera eetixe, sv katé tn Sicypagh tou Bpdxou eicepxduesc thy nryA GnO TOV akPOSéxtN HE avagepé thong - Ka! eBepxdpees GnS Tov aKpoSéxtn pe avayopé thong + eva otnv avtieern Repintucn to npdonHo AGHBaveta! apyntiKo. Ones gaivetai and to Gedpnuc 2.10 n untpa olvestuv avtictécewy Bpoxwy unope! va npoxtwe: aneveeiag ané tov cdattwuevo ypteo nou Spiogtnke otn Héeodo tev KOuBov. Keeug n untpc Zo(s) otn Exéon (2.39) efvar Siayavies, n untpa Za(s) ex Efvai CURHETPIKN. H HéeoSog tov Bpoxwv pnopei va yevikeute! Guece Gots va MepiAGBe! Tous HeTatpONE!G peluatoOS ce TéON Hh Peuustos Ge pewa. Beupovtag mpog otiyuh toug Wetatponeis cav mnyés pope! va ypagei n Exon (2.41). AvtiKasiotdveag tig nnyég téons and cuvaptiice!s tev YEVIKEUNévov LEtaBAntav cuvééouwv, AcuBdvera! vo ts) E. (s) = -08 B2 = 1B [MIs (s) Ea B e We (5)vs) [B.Zn(S)B,7+B Mile(s) = -[B 1 BJ (2.46) Es ExtaEe) (s) H 3xéon (2.46) efva: duoie we tn Exéon (2.42). H prtpa Spas CUVSEteY avtictécewy Bpdxav Zea(s) = Bole (s)Ba7 +B OM (2.47) Es Sev Elva: mAgov cunpETpIKH NapéSeryua 2.2 & 5 Exnye (a) Gixtuo pe noentiKék Gtolxe/a Ka! aveEdptntes mnyés thong (8) Taépog tou Siktuou tou ExAuatog 2.5(a) Fig to Sixtus tou Exmpatog 2.5(a) tou onoleu o ypégog wa! vera: oto Extiya 2.5(8) AquSavetai cav S€vSpo to GUvOAG Tey KASOV (E1,Ex,E. ; 33) nou éxouv cxeSiaotes evtovétepa ato ypdgo. H seysAciaang Bitpa Bpoxev ea ef var KAgéeg Ex Ea E: EevSecuag=at= Ri 40 ° ome ° © 1/(Css) 0 o 0 ° 0 (0 WstCss) 0 0) ° Ze(s) = (2.49) o 0 Ome U-se- Onag avagépenke otnv Napéypayo 1.3, ce Kéee Sfeupo ctoixelo ea avtiotoixouv SUo nepiypapiKés oxdgeic. Ecov Mivaka 3.1 galvovtai oF Neplypagikes OXETEIG TOV KUPIOTEpwY HOVdsupAY KAI Sfeupev 1SaviKdv gtoixslov. Etn péeoso tou aparaw nivaka Aes 01 e&lobde1¢ nou neplypégouv to oWotniG oUYKEvtpdvovta! Ge Bia pNtpPIKH EGfowon nou iKavontole! thy apxr tng cUMBiBactétntas tev HEtaRANtdv téons, thY GPx tng GUVEexEras TuV HetaBAntay évragng Ka! TIG NEpiypagiKes OxésEIG. Ayvucto! efvai o1 YEVIKEUPEVES TEGEIG KG! Of YEVIKEUKEVES EVTAGEIG TuV KAdSWY TOU ypapoU kasds Ka! OF YeVIKEUWEVES tégElG tov KoHBov. Edv o1 nepiypapiKes Oxése1g tev CtOIXElwv TEsOUV Ge BNTPIKM HOPEA as EEG Yovn + Znle = We (Sew ka! Yn napiotéve: to Sidvugua tev yeviKeupevey Tégewv Tw KOHBuY TOU ypapou > Nps tov KOHBO avayopds, xPNTIHOMOIGVTaS tN LrTPa npéontwang A tou ypdgou 0: apxég tng cuvéxelag twv peETaBAntov évtaong Ke! GULBIBagtOtntas tev pETaBANtay téong ypkgovTa! avtiatoIxa Als = 0 (3.2) Ve = ATYn 3 0: ESrodvers (3.1), (3.2) Kar (3.3) pnopobv va cuvSuactouv Ge ula elowon ws e&g 1 0-87 |] ve 2 Tx Vers come Ot lie|e=an| ae (3.4) o 4 0 Ive Q Fav b efvar o aprepdc tev KAdSwv Tou ypdgou Kal No apieLds tov KouBav tou, n untpa T efval évag apaidg nivaxag Siactécewy (2b+n-1)* (2b+n-1), H nuxvétnta tng T, gate D, opizeta: ané tn oxéon apreuds un uNdeviKey otoxefav tng T (3.5) GUVOAIKOG EPIEESG GtOIxEfwy tng T H enfAuen tng ESfowong (3.4) eScogadlze! tn yvoon tev técewv Ka! Tav evtégewv tov KAGSOV Ka! Tov thdeEwv Tay KOUBuV. AGize! va OnHElweci Ot! opiauéva Sieupa otorxela erogyouv petaBAntés mou nAeovézouv. av nopéSeryu, €vtaon e10060u evdg petatponéa thong ce téon nf evdg ustatponéa thong ge pevua nou Elva! unSeviKn Siatnpeita: cav ayvwotos gtn wntpikh ESicwon (3.4). To npéBAnwa tng enfAugng tng untpiKns ESfcwong (3.4) unope! va anAonoines! ed¢v anaAeige! n Unopitpa Ye nou Bpicketa: atn eon (2,1) tng uAtpag T. MoAAcMAgTId@zovtas Ka! ta SUO WEAN tng Exéong (3.4) and apiotepé pe tn pAtpe-59- MINAKAE 3.1 MEPIPPAMIKEE EXEZEIE IOEATON ETOIXEION ETOIXEIO zymBono NEPIFPASIKH EXEZH Avebéptntn myn évracng Ave5éptntn myn teens Avo ktoKUKABHE BpaxuxuK ropa Euveetn ayoy potnta Zuveetn Avtfataon Mnéeviotrig apyntis i OO — 1,V Aueaipera —- Metatponéac ° teens MoM, ‘2 ce peuya 9 — Mevarponéag ° zéonc ge téon “ Metatponéas : 1 pevuaros 4 4 ge pedue ° a —_ ~— Mevarponéag |) ok. 1 pevuatos iy ri, ce téon ° . * Mi Tedegt Keg — 1 Evioxutag \ > —ti °1 0 0 mM=|-Y. 1 0 (3.6) o 0 1 AguBaveta! to ovotnE Ze YeAT |] Ie We = (3.70) 4 ° Yo = ATYn (3.78) Kétw and 15iKég mpouncséseig n anAonoinon pnope! va ouvexiote!. Av Unosécoupe Ot! KéBE CTOIXE!o TOU SiKTUOU HMOpe! va napaotaee! ce pope ayeyinétNtas, ea 1oxve! yi tv téon Ka! thy évtagn tou vicoTou KAGSOU Youve = Ty (3.8) evo yid tig aveGéptntes mnyéc évtaone ec ef var Iv = av 3.9) 0) Exécers (5.8) Kar (3.9) pmopovv va ypagouV Ge uNtPIKM YOPEH a> ENG Le = Yovorde (3.10) Avtikceictavtag te Ye and th Exéon (3.78) AguBdveras Le = YeATYntZo (3.11) And tig Exécerg (3.2) kar (3.11) mpokunter ACYeATV n+ Ju) = 0 (3.12) AYEATY. = -Ade (3.13) Tou Elva! n HOPEN Tey EBiodcewv KoUBuv tng Nepaypdgou 2.3. AGize: va onpetuse! Ot: n mepiypagh ce HOPEn ayeyuetntas Sev unépxei yid nOAAG xprigina iSeaté otoixela énws nm mmyn téenc, oF Hetatponeig pevwatog ce téon Ka! pelwatos Ge peta, oO HETatponéas tdong gs téon, oO 18aVvikOG HEtGOXNUaTIGTHS, O TEAECTIKOS EVioxUTHG kor @AAg. Eta Sixtua nou nepiéxouv tétora otoixela opioueves evtdceis npéne! va Sigtnpnsouv Kate tM ypagnh tev eSicwcewv Kousev Kor pia GugTNBGTIKA HEeeSog napougidzeta: atv Napaypago 3.3. MopéSerypa 3.1 3 Exmua 3.2(a) galverar évag yevikeuuévos petatpongas ouveetns TagnG MoU Guvséeta! napéAdAnAG Ge Hla aveGsptntn nnyn eveaons.~e1- To KUkAwpa tou Hetatponéa GUVeEtNS avtigtaons, nou exe! KatacKeUaoTE! Gav CACKANpwREvO KUKAWE (National Semiconductor AF-120), xpngiponoreita: yia THY Mpayyatonofnen evepyav @iAtpwv xapNAS cuxvétntac. Eto Exfya 3.2(B) gafvetar o ypéwog tou KUKAdHaTOG. O TeAoTIKOS EVioxUTHC T, mMuplotéveta: pe toug KAdSoUG 1 Kai 2 tou ypdgou ev o TeAETTIKOS EVIGxUTTg T= HE TOUS KAdSOUG 3 Ka! 4. H ypagh tov eGiodcewv tou SiKtuou otn HOpHA tou aparow MivaKka tng Exéong (3.4) efva ag e&fig Tay (8) Exmpa 3.2 (a) Tevixeupévog Hetatponéag auveetng avtiatagns napéAAnAc He ave&éptntn myn évtagns (B) Tpdgog tou KuKAdpatos. F2saserermasaseresn I 1 \ ‘ i io 1 (3.14) H wAtpe T efvar Siaotécewy 25425 Kai éxer 57 pn pnd|evixd otoixela. H nuxvétnta tng T ec efvar 57/625 = 0.0912 (3.15) H uttpa npéontwong tou ypagou ex ef val(3.16) °° onéte ancveigovtag tic tédEIG tev KAdSwv, nN Exéon (3.7a) yia to cuotnua ea efvar 006 0 9 0 0 00 0 O11 0 -1 0 0 Ih ° 10 0©0000000!0 000 0 1 ° 990000000010 0 1 0 Is ° oo 1 00 0:0 0 0 0 © |fte ° oo 0 0 0 O01 Gs-—Gz 0 0 0 ° 9 0 0 0 O-1 0 00 010 Ge -Ge o 0 Te ° OO 00 Gn 00010 0 tut 6 I> ° 90000 29010 90 0 Ge -Ge |}te ° 0000000 0-1 0:0 0 0 0 Ge||rI- ° 0° ° Tio °° ° “To ° ° ° ° ° ° (3.17) Kaedg 01 teAecTIKO! evioxutés Sev uMOpouv va NepiypagoUV ce HOpEn gyay uOtHTaS, Nepaitépe anadroignh ayvectav Sev efvai Suvatn. Toonono inuévn udscdoq Keufov ye xongiwencingn voc ypsoou Ho pésoS0q ctneizeta: ato Siaxwpicué twv ctoixeiav ce SUO oUVoAG. éva Gxmpatizeta! ané otoixela nou Siaeétouv nepiypaen ce yopen gyey ipettas Eve TO GANG oxnpatizeta! and auté nou Sév éxouv. Kat’ auté tév tpéno ta pelwata tav KAGSOV TOU ypagoU MOU avticto!xOUV GE-63- otolxefa tou npdtou GUVéAoU LNOpOtY va anaAeipoUV HEIdvovtag Eto! Tw apieyd tev ayvaotwv nou xpeidzeta! va UNOACY loTOUY TaUTéxpova. Xupig andAera tng yevixétntag Sexoyacte oti oF apxiKés GUVENKES cwy otolxelav tou SiKTUOU Efval NSevikéc. Etnv ave/eetn nepintwon, LnopoUv va tonosetneoty HE tn Hopeh aveEsptNtay Anydv 6nws Ka! Gtnv Repintwon tng KAGECIKTG HEedSou tv KopBwv. AvaSiatdsgovtas ta otoixela tou SIKTWOU, n apxn tng Guvéxerag Tov PeTaBANtdv évraons prope! va ypagel (3.18) O xwpionds yiveta: ots GoTE a. To Sidvuoue I: nepiéxe: ta pesyata tuv KAdSev tou ypd@ou nou avtiotoixoUv Ge ctolxefa nou Sev nepiypégovta: ce Hoper yoy iustntas. B. To S:@vusua I= nepiéxe: ta petpata tov KAdSev tou ypégou nou avtiotoixoUv Ge GtOlxe!a NOU Nepiypégovta! Ce HOPEH aywy iNetNTas. y. To Sidvucua J nepiéxe: tig avebdptntes nnyég évtaons. 01 eBicdcerg nou npoxuntouv ané tn oUpBiBagtotnta tov Yevikeupévev petaBAntev téeng HMOpav va xuplotouv KatTé tov (510 tpéno kal Ve ypagouv cav GUVapTHGE!G TeV YeVIKEUHEvev TéGEwv KOLBOV wc EMS = [Ast]y, (3.199 0: nepiypagixés oxdoerg yIe ta otoIxe!a TOU npatoU GUVéAOU ef var YaWatZals = We (3.20) nou to W. nepiéxer pn unSeviké atoixela nou avtictolxeuv ge mnyés téong. 01 nepiypagikés oxéceic tuv ctolxefwy tou Sevtepou cuvédou eivar Yav= = Is (3.21) And tig Exégeig (3.18), (3.19) Kar (3.21) npokunter AeVaVe + Aili = AsVaAe™Yo + Ailsa = fod (3.22) And tig Exécerg (3.19) Kar (3.20) npoxunter YiOiTVn + Zila = Wa (3.23) kai (3.23) pnopoby ve ypagouv ge Bla untpiKh eS{owonEase AzY2Ae™ A: |[Vn -AsZ = (3.24) VAT Za [Ja Ws Edv nopacticoupe pe Yn = AzYate™ (3.25) = -Asd (3.26) TN UATPE aywYIHOTHTOY KOHBOV yid Ta GTOIXE!a NOU avAKOUV ato SetEpO GUVOAG Kai TO SidvucHE TeV IcOSUvaHeY aveséptntuy nnyov évtacns KOuBov avtlatoixc, autTé énws Kai GtNY KAGTTIKH HéeoSo tov KouBuv bnopowy va npogSiopiotowy aneveciag and to Siktuo. H TeAIKT HOPEN tev eG igGceev tng tpononoinpévng HESdSou tov KdyBov ef vai (3.27) yest Z: |] ds wa Ané thy eniAuon tov ESiodcewy (3.27) nmpoktntouv o1 tégeig twv KépBov. Me avtikatdéataon otn Exéon (3.19) npoxtmtouv o: téde!G Tay KAdSUV Evo to Siévuspa Iz nmpoxunte: and tn Exéon (3.21). H péeodog av ai Sev enituyxdve! Va angAelye! OAoUG TOUS dyvecTOUS nou nAEovazouV, cuvSudze! ta nAgovektHHata tng HEedSou twv KéuBev Ka! tng peedSou tou apaiow nivaxa. MapéSerypa 3.2 Tig to KUkAwHa tou Mapadei yates 3.1, of nepiypayiKés oxéseig tav TEAGTTIKOY EVITXUTOY HNOPOLY va YpawoUV GtN HOPE tng Exéang (3.20) as e5hs feo One Olaa| V1 0 0 0 0 Tn ° 0 0 0 0 eeEnOlen Oe t0) Iz ° + = (3.28) o o 10 OO W= t Is ° © 0 0 Of | vs =e Ollie ° Ané th Exéon (3.16) n unopritpa A: ea efvar 1 0 © 0 o 0 0 1 AL = (3.29) “1 00 01 ° ° 1 0 0 ° ° °~6s- 01 eS:odse1g tng tpononoinyévng péeodou twv KopBwv ea Elva! Vea Tio ° Ves ° Vina ° Va | =| 0 (3.30) Ta ° la ° Is ° Ia ° Kat! utd tov tpéno 01 Siaotévers tn MtpaG MOU xpeldzeta! va avtiotpage! peidenkay ge 949 avt! tov 25*25 tng HNtpas tng HEBdSou tou apaiod nivoxa. AGize! va onelwee! oti ta pevKata I. ka! Iz tov wAGSOV, Ta OMofa Efvar yvwots Ot! efval pNdeviKé, MapaHévouv cav dyvuoto! Katé TO OXNBaTICHO Tav EG lodcewv. 3.4 MéeoSoc tou apaiot nivaxe we xpnoimonoinon Sus yodwowv. Ones avayépenke otnv nponyowwevn napéypago, He tn Héscdo ths xpneiponaineng €véc ypégou av Ka! tO pewa E1G6S0U opiouévuy Sleupov Ctolxefay elvar nSevixd, e1ohyeta: atic MepiypagiKés oxécerc Ka! Siatnpeita! cav aywwotos. Kaeds otnv nepintwcn KatagKEUrc evos ypégou Kéee KAGSOG TOU Napiotéve! tautéxpova to peuuG Sid PesCU plac eupag kal thy téon Kate pMkog tng, yié tN BSepaneia Tou nAsovaspoU nou avegépenke xpngiyonoiouvta! SU yptgol, €vag yi tig evtéceic, nou kadeita I-ypégog, Kai évag yié tIG TaGEIG, NOU KaAEIta! V-ypawog. Edv yié napéSeryya on €vtaon oe pla evpa efvai pnSevixn, oO KAGSOG napaAeineta: ctov I-yptwo adc Siatnpelta: ato V-ypdwo. H pedétn tov Siagepav nepintécewy oSnyel tous akdAousous Kavoves KataoKeUns tou I-ypéou ke! tou V-ypépou. 1. Eav n evtacn S16 pesou lag eupag Sev uneicepxeta: atic nepiypagikés oxécerg Kai Sev unépxe: evSiawépov yid th yveon tng (nx. évtaon Sia wéou Blas myc tagns), © KAGSOG NapaAeineta! Kal 0! GxpoSextes tou oxeSid@zovra va tautizovta! ato I-ypégo. Eévn évtaon Sia wécou pid evpag elvai pNSevixn, © KAGSOG nopadeineta: tov I-ypego Ka! 01 GKpOSéKtes tou napeuevouv Siaxupisuevo:. 3. Ev on téon kath whkog pidg elpas Sev uneicépxeta: otic epi ypagikés oxéverg Kar Sev undpxe: evSiagépov yia tn yvaon tng (nex. thon Kat UMKOG MYMg PEUNATOG), Oo KAGSOG MapaAEineta: and to V-ypdgo Ka! OF aKpOSEKTES TOU Napapévouv Siaxupicuevor. 4. Gav n thon Kate BNKOS Hidg eupag Efval BNdeviKn, O KAGSOS Raporeineta! Ka! O1 axpoSéxteg tou axeSidzovtal va tautizovtai oto V-ypego.~66- MINAKAZ 3.2 IQEATA STOIXEIA KAI MAPAETAZEIE TOYE ETON I-FPAGO KAI TON V-rPAcO ETOIXEIO zymBono | 1-rpacoz | v-rPaco: | nePIrPAoIKH ZxXEzH AveSéptntn mnyf évtaons Ave5aptntn myn téons Avo ik tOKUKAWHE BpaxuKvk rapa Zoveetn ayoy ipetnta Yy-I=0 Zuveetn Avtiatacn V-Z1=0 Mndeviattic Apyneis Mevatponéag téons ge pedue gV-1=0 Metatponéas téons ce téon Metatpaonéas peuuatas ge pedpa Mevatponéas Peduatos ce téon TeAgat 1kOg Evioxuttica Egapudzovtas tous Kavéves, 01 avtiotoIXo! KAgSO! tov npdtunev otoixefwv otov I-ypago Kai ato V-ypdgo gafvovta! atov Nivaxa 3.2. Ynotieeta: Ovi taser Kate PrKOG ave&dptntwv fh ESaptnuevey mnyov évtaons Sev evSiaeépouv Keds enfang ka! evtécers Sia pésoU aveEsptntav h efaptnuevey mnyav téenc. Ta Sfeupa otoixela nou nepiypégovta! pe Suo oxécelc, dns o petaoxnpatiothc, O yupitopas, Oo uetatponéag gdveetns avtictagns K.a, napiotévoveal dnwsg ka! otny Nepintwan tng KaTaCKEUTG Eves Ypd~oU HE SUC KAgSOUG. O1 ypégo! nou KOTOCKEUdzOVTA! CUNAVE HE TOUG KaVOVES Efvai Suvatd va Siapepouv Ox! Héve otn Souh GAAG Ka! OTOV aPIELs Tov KOuBwV Ka! Tav KAGSOV TOUS. H untpa npéentwong As tou I-ypégou xpnoiponoreita: yia tn ypagh tov eB 1cdgeuv nou mpoKUntouv and thy Gpxf tng GUVEXEIaG TeV YeV!KEUpEVuY HetaBAntav évtaong eva n pritpa npdontwong AL tou V-ypégoU xpnoiponorelta: yiG tn ypagh twv EGicwsEwy NOU MpoKUNTOUV and thy apxr Ng CULE IBastOtNtas Tay YEVIKEUNEVeY HETGBANTov téong. Kat’ Gute tov tpéno ea éxoune Vo = ATs (3.310) Yeo + Zev = We (3.318) Arle = (3.31y) 0: Exégerg (3.31) pnopodv va ypagoUv ce ENTPIKN HOPEA ws ESAs 1 ° ALT | |e © Ye lp ° Is] = | We (3.32) ° Aa ° Ve 2 nou KaAEita! POPEA TOU apaloU Aivaxa HE xpNgipONOingn Suc ypéguv. NapaSe1ypa 3.3 Pia to KUKAgHa tou Exqpato¢ 3.3(a) © anddg yptoog walveta: cto Exfus 3.318). Egapudzovtas toug xKavéves Katackeuns tou I-ypdgou Kar tou V-ypégou, ea éxoune 01 KA&BO! 1 Ka: 3 napadeinovta! tov I-ypa~o Ka! 01 aKpodéxtes TOUG Napapévouv S1axwp icuevor. QO: «Aé6o1 1 Ka! 3 napadeinovea! ato V-ypégo Ka! oO: aKpodéxtes tous oxedi@zovta! va taut/zovtal. O1 kAGSc1 2 Ka! 4 napadreinovta! tov I-ypapo Kal Oo: aKpodéxtes toug oxediézovta! va toutizovtar. . O: ,AgSo: 2 ka! 4 mMapadeinovta: ato V-ypégo Ka! OF akpOSextEs TOU Mapapévouy Siaxwpicuévor. O1 KA 5,6,7,8 ka! 9 oxediézovta! énws xa! atnv nepintwon tou anAow ypégou. 10 undpxe! ctov I-ypégo eve napareineta! ato V-ypago ka! Q! GKpOSéxteg tou napapévouy Siaxupicuévor.~68- Koeds on eSapavicn KOuBwv anaite! apfeynon tous €&' gpxnc, 01 KOpBo! tou SiKtUOU 6a Maplotévovta: pésa Ge KUKAOUG, OF KOHBO! tou T-ypégou péoa ge tetptyeva Kai 01 KOHBO! tou V-ypégou Héoa GE tp! ywva. a sctn 2 > ob Gs) 3 (e) KUKAgua yevikeupevou PEtatponéa GuveEtNS avtiatacng (8) AnAdG ypagog TOU KUKAdBaTOS ()) I-ypd@og tou KuKAGHatOG (3) Veypagog tou KuKAouatog ntweng A, Kai AL tay I kai V ypaguv efvar avtictoixa 5 6 7 8 9 10 tft 0 0 0 oO =-1 a.= 2/0 -1 1 0 0 0 (3.33) spo o o-1 1 ° a= 2 |[-1 1 0 0 0 (3.34) ° ° 1 °~69- Etn wéeoSo tev So ypégav of tedrecTIKO! evicxutés Sev éxouv nepiypagikés oxéoeig. O1 uMdAoINEG Nepiypagikes OxévE!G Ea Ef var Giva = Is i = 5,6,7,8,9 (3.350) Iie = dio (3.358) H ypagh tov e&rodsewv otn popen tng Exéong (3.32) ea ef val 1000 0 $006 0 0 0 OF -t 10 JVs ° Ve ° \ I> ° ' le ° i Ie ° 00000 Onalh 1) 60) O10) ° 00000 0 0 O-1 10 Ve ° (3.36) Tpononomuévn ugeodoq tev KouBwv ye xpngivonoinon suo yotouv ANGAGI@R GAWY TV TéCEWY KAGSWY Ka! OPICHévwy and ta pewata KAGSWV GN To GxNHGTICHe tev EBiddTEwv GTN HOPEh TOU aparow nivaka pe TH Xpngiponeinen Se ypéyav odnyel atnv tpononoinévn pescdo tav KOHBOV HE th xpnoiHONGinan duo ypagav. H anadci@h tay avenieupntav BetaBAntov ¥iveta! ws eSNG: 1. Avtixaeiotavec: OAc ta pEtpata KAGSWV TwY GtOIxE/wv MOU éxoUV Nepiypagixh oxéon ce pOpeh ayey!HétNtaG. AUTO e1odye! tacEIG KAdSOV YIG Ta TTOIKe!G GUTE OTIC eEBlawcEIG NOU MpoKUNtoUy ané thy apxn tng cuvéexe ag tav petaBAntdy évtagns. 2. Avtikaeiotavta: of tavelg tuv KAGSOV aNd TG tdgEIG Tuv KoUsav TOU V-ypa@ou. 3. 01 eSiodcerg nou npoKdntouv cuvéudzovta! He GUTés TOU cMoLévouy ce ia untpik e&/guon.-70- Eugtnpatiké n ypagh tev eGigGcEwv pNOpe! va NPOKUWE! HE KATEAANAG XWpICHd Tov NEplypawIKOV Gxégewv. O1 EGigdselG NOU NpoKUNtOUV and thy apxh tng cuvéxeiag tov petaBAntov évtaong Ka! thy apxr tng CUNBIBaotétNtas tev HETaBANtov thong npéne! va xwpictouv Katé tov [S10 tpono. Etn cuvéxeia, SeiKtes otic téselG avayépovta! ato V-yp4go, Seiktes otic evtésels avagépovta: ctov I-ypégo Kai n apfeyunon tov KAgSav otous Slo ypsgoUG eival aveEdptntn HE Tov MeplopicHs tnc Siatripneng tou KouBou avagopés. Pia tO xupIGHd TeV NEpi ypagiKoV oxésewv ea éxoUpe Eroixela nou nepryptgovta! ce pope aywy IHOtNTaS + (3.370) Etoixefa nou nepiypégovta! ce popeh avtiataong 2 Va = (3.378) AveSaptntes mnyéc évtaons + Is= de (3.379) AveBéptntes mnyég téong 5 Es (3.378) Metatponei¢ péupatag ce petpa : les ale (3.37e) Metatponefg téong ce téon 2 Va = Bs (3.3700) Peviké Sfeupa otoixela Yee + Zale = We (3.372) Kaeds 01 nepiypagikés oxécerc xwpiotnKav Ge En tUMOUG, OF UATPES npdontwong As Ka! Ay mpéme: va xwpictouv ce €&n umnonritpes. O1 eBigWceig NOU npoKntouv ané th Guvéxera tov HetABANtov évtaonc Yivovea! al =a (3.38) ib is 3 ia 4 is 5 ie 6 O: eSigdcerg nou npoKuntouv and tn Gu iBactétnta tev petTaBAntov teens Yeo = ALY (3.39) xwplzovta! ge €6n unogvoAa eB 1cdcewv saty ven 92,354,5,6 (3.40) Avtixesiotdvtag atm Exéon (3.38) ta Li, Ls war Is and tig Exéoeig (3.37), AcuBavera: A YY +A + (A ata >) =-aA Ss (Bean) Avtixceiotavtas to Yi and tn Exéan (3.40), ea éxoune A YAT y+A L + tA L+a Le=-a zg (3.42) Avtikceistevtag ot1G UNdAGINES Nepiypagikés oxdcerg ta Yi and tm Exéon (3.40), AquBévevta:ary =Z1 (3.430) van 22 aTy =E (3.438) ven s ary = pat y (3.43y) van Ven YeAT Vy +Z1 =m (3.438) Van 66 O1 ESicdserg (3.42) Kal (3.43) yptgovta: ce ENTPIKH HOPEA ws EEG ay AT @ (A ata) 8 Yen “AZ di dova te ja is te iss ar Za ° ° Is ° ar o 9 ° is = E vs s > 0 ° ° Ie ° yar ° ° z We 6 ve 6 (3.44) kal efvai n teAiKn eB/owon tng tpononoinpévng HeedSou twv KouBwv He th xpngiponoinon SU0 ypégov. Onws Ka: othy KAOTIK pée0do twv KouBwv, n phtpa tav cuvteAeoTév tev ayvdotuv Kai to Sidvucua tov SeSouévev wnopouv va ypagauv aneueeiag ané to S{Ktuo xwpic va npocSiopizovtai o1 whtpes Aa Ka! AL. 0 épog A Y AT éxe! ia popeh atny onofa a1 ypayues tou oxet/zovTa! ia dva He tnv iKavonoingn tng oUVexelag tv HEtaBANtev évtacng tov I-ypago Evo 01 OTMAES TOU CXETiZOVTG! HE TIG TEGEIG Tuy KdEBuv ato V-ypégo. Eotw pic ayeyipdétnta y nou napiotéveta: tov I-ypégo pe eva KAGSO NOU avaxupe! and tov KONBO Jj. Ka! KaTGARYE! OtOV KOuBO j.' eva ato V-ypdo napiotéveta! He va KAGSO MOU avaxwpE! and tov KouBO jv Ka! KataAnye! ctov KéHBo jv’. H aywyinétnta y Unelcépxeta! oto Oxnpetigud tev tpononoinHévwy eSicdcewav KouBOV ws EEN. Mpoctieeta: He npdonio + to aAyeBPIKd dspoloua Twy aywy LOTATAY otn eéon (ja,5v) tag uAtpag A YAT . iad va Mpogtiesta: He npdonuo + GtO GAyEBPIKO depolcua twv aywy HOTHTHY gtn e€on (js', 5°) tng nitpag A VAT is iva-72- Npootieeta! we npdonyo - oto aAyeBpiKé GepoloHa tev aywyipotHtey orn egon (Ji,dv') tng untpas AY AT is dive Npootieeta! We npdonio - oto GAyEBPIKd depolopa tw aywy HOTHTWY om e¢on (ji', J) tng unteag A YAT . ia diva Eav to ji fh tO ja’ avtiatoixe! gtov KOuBo avagopic, n avtiatoixn yeouynh Sev ugiotata: otn pitpa A Y AT yia va mpootese! ni va is dive agaipese! ané ta otoixela tng ny. To (S10 cupBalver edv to jv fi to je! avtiotoxe! tov KéuBO avagopac, onéte Sev ugiatata: n avtictoixn othan tng A Y AT. OAd ta GAG ctoixela mou Sev éxouv ja iva Meplypagnh Ge HOPHA aywy IHOTNTAG tonoeetOUVta! DTIC UNdADI TES Unoyntpes. AUTO HMOpEl va Yivel GuotMHGTIKe GUEdvovtag S1aSox1Ké tov apres tev YpauWOV ths pNtpaG Tov GUVTEAEOTeV Katé éva fh SO Kéee opt Ka! Ypdpovtas Tig NeplypagiKeS CxEGEIG Tv Gtolxelwv MoU Sev éxouv Mepiypagh Ge HOPE aYwyIHOTNTaS He tN SiaSoxn nou walvetar otic Exéveig (3.37). Ztov Mivaxa 3.3 galvovea: ta npétuna otoixe/a nou cuvhews avtipetun{zovta! Kal © tpénog MOU UNEIcépxovta! oth uNtpiKn eSicwon tng tpononoinpévng HeedSou tav KOuBwV HE xpNgiHOMO!non tev Suc ypagav. Napéseryua 3.4 Fig to YevikeuHévo petatponéa Uveetng aveiatacns tou Exrpatos 3.3 ea éxoupe te OO oO =o a =ta ¢ ep el) (3.45) i ia o 0 0 1 to-o4 1 a =a =]-1 1 0 © 0 (3.46) © Oo -1 1 0 Go 0 0 ° © Ge © 0 ° Ys=] 0 0 Gr 0 ° (3.47) © 0 © Ga o 0 0 0 0 Go Ané tn Exéon (3.44) 01 eGiabse1g tn tpononoInpEvng HEsdSou tay KoLBav HE xpngiponcinen Svo ypdguy ea ei var-73- NINAKAE 3.3. IQEATA ETOIXEIA ETHN TPONONOIHMENH MEBOOO KOMBQN ME OYO rPAeoYE ETOIXEIO zympono | I-rpaeos | v-rPAeoz MHTPA Aveseptntn nnyf évtaong AveBéptntn mnya réong Avo rktTOKUKAGHE BpaxukiK Aone Zuveetn eyoy pétnta Zuveetn Avtiotacn Mevatponéag téons ce peuua Metatponéag téong ce téon Metatponéas pecuatos ge pewuc7a MINAKAE 3.3 EZYNEXEIA Li 4 ky oa 7 kok Metatponéas j 1 peupatosg we a1 ce téon i if ki =I t-r ca : we TedeotiKés if “4 _ Evioxutae ive PH ke — A YATY =-A ZT (3.48) Tail vaon iss ‘ Gs ° Va TJio GatGr Ge -G7 Ve = ° (3.49) Gate ° Ge I's ° =O.@ Eenpe 3.4. KUkAgua SiKktUOU Le HEtatponés téong Ge téon I-ypégog tou KUKAduatOS 3) V-y¥pdgog tou KUKAGHaTOS (a) (B) BNA ypswoG TOU KUKAGHaTOS (5)-75- Fig to Sixtuo tou Exfwatos 3.4(a) © anddc ypéwos walveta! oto Exmya 3.4(B) evd o I-ypégog Karo V-y¥pdoc galvovta! ota Exrpata 3.4(y) Ka 3.4(8) avefatoixa. Pia tov I-yptgo n cuvSespodroy!a tov KAgSov ea Ef va KAgSog 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KéuBog avexspnong 90 0 1 1 2 0 0 K@pBog KatéAnEng o 1 2 0 0 0 0 Avtiatoixa yia to V-yptgo n GUVSECHOAGYia tay KAdSWY ea Efval? KAgSog, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KéuBog avaxopnong = 112 SSO KéuBog KatéAnSng 0 2 3 4 0 0 0 Xpneiponoidvtas tov Kavéva ypagnc tng A Y AT xa! tov Nivaxa ia diva 3.3 AguBévovta! o1 akdAoUseG tpoMOMOINHéves EBlowocEIG KoRBWY HE th xpngiponoingn Sue ypéguy 1 2 3 4 1 “Ge GatGstsCs -Gs -sCa |] Vs ° 2 ° -Gz GatsCe 0 Ve ° = (3.50) M.E. AveSeptnens | 1 ° ° ° Vs Ey Mmytis téens T.E. Metatponéa ° ° mm 1 Va ° téong ce thon 3.6 Méeodocq tov eG ode Katéotaa! Etnv napaypago auth eSetézovta: Sixtua nou guvictavta: and RLC gtoixeia KoeGG KO! aveSéptntes Ka! eGaptnuéves nnyéc. To croixela MOU sewpoUvta! eival apKET& yeviKd YIa va NEpiAdBouv Siktua nou Mepiéxouv ISavixovG PEtTaoxnMaTICTés, yUPaTOPES Ka! KAACUC TUMOUG gtoixefwy mou unopouv va napactaeouv pe eSaptnéves nnyéc. Etnv nepintoon tov SiktWev we pove Sleupa npétuna croixela ef var néveote Suvatd va enideye! éva SévSpo wote o1 téceig Kate uMKoG TOV FUKV@tOY TOU avaKoUv cto Sév8po ka! ta pevwata Tov enaywydav nou GVAKOUV GTO GUNMAN tou SévSpou va Ef va! Pia EKAOYA tev KaTaOTéGEUV tou S:ktuou. Ftnv mepintwon tv evepyav KUKAWHETOY, Cc apieLds tov HetaBAntay Katéetaons efaptéta: and thy tonoAcyla Kaeds xe: and tic Ties twv gtoixeiuv. Exe: anodeixee! ti eGv co! e&aptnuéves mnyes Seupneouv aveléptnt|s, © apleués tav Katagtécewv nou npcos opizeta: pe~76- thy ekAgyh evdg KavoviKow SévSpou efvai éva eAdx1GTO &vw ép10 Tuy ona! TOULevay KataOTéCEWY Yia THY NEplypagh tou Sixtuou. Ta S{Ktua nou ea eGetactoly eeupelta: Ot! UNaKOOUY GtOUG TOMOAGY 1KOUG MEpIOp IGHOUG tou sewpructos tou Purslow to onofo Siatundveta! wc e&hc. Geapnpa 3.1 Eév éva evepyé RLC S{xtuo mou nepiéxe: aveSéptntes Kas eScptnuéves mnyés GAwy tov tUney efval emiAdoIHO, ea IoxtouV 1. Ynépxe: eva S€vSpo Gate OAeg oO! aveEGdptntes myc téonc Elva! BAgoto! Ka! AEG 01 aveEdptntes mnyég évtagng efvai cUvSeqHO1. 2. Ynépxe: éva SévSpo Gote GAsG Oo! EGaPtNHEvEs Kal aveSdptntes nnyés véons tov onofey ta pevuata Sev eAgyxouv GAAEG Mnyéc Elva! BAgcto! Kai OAEG oO! avessptntes Ka! eEaptnueves mnyéc évtagnc tay onofwv 01 tégerg Sev edeyxouv GAAEG MNyéG Ef va! GUVSECHO!. Etnv napdypago auth nepiypigeta: wia pEsodog ypayric tev eSicdcewv Katégtagns nou npotéenke ané toug Tosun Ka! Dervisoglu. O1 e&icuce1c Katéotagng emituyxévovta! xpnoiponoievtag = Hig Siadikagia anadoigric and éva GUvoAO EG 1cécewy MoU MOpOV va ypagoUv aneueE!ac ané to Sixtus. To npoto Bre atn SiaSixagia ypagic tay eSiowcewv Elva: n ekAoyn evdg KaTEAANAGU SévSpou. H exAoyh tou SévSpou Kai n aplepnon tay KAgSev yiveta! wo eGAG 1. QAeg 01 aveEGptntes mnyéc téons (Ve*) tev onofwy ta pewuata Sev EAdyxouv &AAEG MnyeG AcuBvovta! oto SévSpo. 2. Odes of aveSéptntes nmnyés thong (Ve7) tay onofwy ta pevnata eAdyxOUV GAAEG Mnyes AcHBdvevta! oto SévSpo. 3. OAeg 01 eGaptnuéves nnyéc thong (Ve*) tov onofwy ta pewnata Sev EA€yxoUV G@AdEG mnyes AauBdvovta: ato SévSpo. 4. To SévSpo cuunAnpveta! He d00 to Suvatéy nepiccdtepes eEaptnHeves mnyég téong (Vas?) tov onofev ta pewwata eAdyxouv GAAEG mnyéc. 5. To Sé€vSpo cuunAnpoveta: He doo to Suvatdv nepiccdtepes xupntKotntes (Cs). 6. To S€vSpo cupmAnpoveta! He dco to Suvatd nepiccdtepes avtiotécec (Ra). 7. To SévSpo cupmAnpoveta! pe dao to Suvatd mepiccdtepous enaywye!c (Le?) Mou oxnpetizoUV eeHEAEIGSEIG OHdSEG SiaxwpicHOU HE HOvO enaywyel¢ ka! aveGdptntes nnyés évtagns. 8. To SévSpo cuunAnpaveta: pe 00 to Suvaté nepicodtepous enaywyels ) MOU OXNESTIZOUV SELEATIOSE!C ONES|EG SiaxwpiGpOo LE enaywyels, aveSéptntes mnyés évtaons Ka! ToUAdXIGTOV Hfa eSaptnuévn nnyn évtaons. 9. H exAoyn tou S€vSpou oAckAnpaveta! He eGaptnwéves nnyés évtacns ) tev onoi@y oO: thaeig EAdyxouV GAAEG MNES. 10. Apreyouvta: 0: GUvSecHO! MoU avtictoIxoUv oe eBaptnuéves nnyés dong (Yao") tov onoiav ta pevwata EAgyxoUV GAAEG TYEG. 11. Apiesouvta! 01 GUVSeoNO! NOU avTiatoIxOUV Ge xupNtiKdtntEs (Cat) Mou oxnpatizouy seyeAeIGSe:g BpdxouG He xUPNTiKdtNtES Ka! aveSdptnpes mnyés téonc. Apisuowveal o! GUVSECHO! MoU avtiotolxoUy Ge xwpntiKétntes (Co) MOU GXNGT{ZOUV BELEAEIOBEIG BpoxoUG KE xUpNTIKOTNTEG, aveSéptntes mnyég téong Ka! TOUAGXIGTOV Hla eGaptnuévn myn téang. Apieuouvta: of cUvSeqHO! nou avtiotoIxOUy Ge avtiotécelc (Re Apiepouvta! o: guvSeqpo! nou avtiatoixouy oe enaywye!s (Le). Apieuouvta! o: GUVSeoHO! NOU avtigtoixouUv ce eGaptnéves nnyés évtaons (lae™) tav onoiav 1 tége!g EAeyxOUV dAAEG NnYés. (La (Las~77- 16. Apiepowvta! 01 aWvSesHo! nou avtiotoixouv ge e&aptnuéves nnyéc évtaong (1a*) tev onoiwv of tége1g Sev eA€yxouv GAAEG nnyéc. 17. Apiepowvta! oO: ouvSecHo! nou avticto:xoUv oe aveGdptntec nnyéc évtaong (1s*) tav onofwy o1 tégeig edA€yxouv &\A|EG nny. 18. Apiepowvta! 0) GuvSeqHO! Mou avtigta:xoUv ce aveSéptntes nnyéc évtagng (Is') twv onofwv o1 téoeig Sev Eddyxouv GAAEG nnyéc. Egy ypayel n eevedcidSng rita ondSov Staxwproyod yi! auth thv apfeunon tev KAdSwv, ea ef var @-t1: a Gs) énou 1 efvar povediata pitpa. Ta pevuata twv BAgotoV Is kal 1 TéOEIS Tav cUVSéoHWV Ve eEx@pPaZOVTG! CAV CUVaPTHGE!G tev PEeULstav Uvddouuv Le Kal tov Tégewy tev BAgotOV Ve wo EGG = OTs (3.52) Is = -Qle (3.53) Eév ta Siaviopata Vo, Ys,Io xa! Ie xwpratouv avéAoya pe tov tone tev ctorxefwv ota onofa avagépovta! Kal nN uATpA G xupictel cE UOUATPES AVTIGTOIXG HE TO XWPIGHS tev Siavucvétwv, ea 1oxve! Lt Qi: Giz Gis Gin Gis Gia Gir Gia Qie Qz. Gaz Ges Gee Ges Gee Gar Gee Qzof/It te Qs: 0 Qse Qse Qse Ger Qse Qse]]I= va ice 1S Ger 0 Ges Gee Gas Gan Gar Gan Gas L -| 0 Gas Qss Gea Gee Gee Ger Qso Ose Cs 1 © 90 0 Bee Gas Gee Gar Gam Gael fI= Re do ite 0 0 0 0 Gs 0 0 Ore Grol fit Le 6 © 0 © © Gaz Gas Gar Gae Gao||1 © 0 0 0 0 Gee Ber Gea Geof fit (3.54) Edv esupnes! ot: n cuunepigopk tav eSaptnyévev nnyev unope! va yeas! ws sBncIp = [Pi Pa Ps Pa Pol (3.55) ke nou Ze = CEy* 1C1* aMtegtauae (3.560) d ds do cy do d ¥ VCE= ITHCL® THEY? THEy2 oaTIEy? aTHCE= TIT Vas Vee Tos Tae Is Ve (3.568) Icy? aI (3.56y) Ls JT ity® 3737 (3.568) Le Le Xe = CCM! ITILLY 37] (3.568) ice Xec = Ie 3% (3.5607) Le And tig Zxégeig (3.52), (3.53) Kai tig nepiypagiKés axécelg tav otoIxefwy nou aviKcuv ota GUvoAd Cu* Ka! Let , TE Xe KG! Xec HNOPOUV va ypagouv E.x + Eoxe (3.570) enou £1, Es, Fi ka! Fa efval npayyatiKés pntp|s Ka! c= Fidx/dt + Fedxe/dt (3.578) Me = COVPITECV2ITECI2IT C2737 (3.58) e a a J Fpdwovtas tig eS icdoe1g cuvéxeiag Ka! GULBIBaotétntas yia TIC BeHeAEIOSE!G CHaSEG SiaxwpICHOU Kai TOUG eELEAEIGSEIG BpOxoUG EKTeS and exeiveg nou opfzovtai ané ta ouvoAa C*, L*, It, 1? war It kar o 8 ve va a Gvtikasiotévtas ané tig Exéoerg (3.55), (3.57) kai tig neprypapiKes gxége1¢ tev ctGixelav AguBavetas-79- dx/dt [Ms Mad = Nx + Kixe + Kedxe/dt (3.59) énou n pntpa mM = CMs Mad (3.60) €fval tetpayevikh mpayHatikt pritpa Ko! Ki, Ke ef Val mpayHati kes prtpEs O1 ESiodcerg (3.59) éxouv eniAuee! (Tosun & Dervisoglu, 1971) Ka! o: eloacei¢ Katéctaens unopotv va eniteuxeouv. Edv to S/Ktuo éxe! Bia povadiKh Adon yia tnv edpeon tv eG icasewv Katéetaons EpapHdzOVTa! YPOLHIKO! PETaSXNHATICHO! TwY YpaLHy yia va Hetacxnpatiotel n phtpa M ce Hovadiaia. Edv auté xatacte! Suvatd, emituyxévovta: of eSicwce!s Katdéotaonc. Etnv avtieetn nepintasn n Hetagxnpatiopévn M pritpa nepiéxe: ni2i pnSevixés ypouués. O1 EGIOWCEIG MOU avtiCTOIKOUY G' GUTés TIG ypaLHeS Elva! GAyeBpIKéG Ka! HElOvouv tov apleHd tev anaiTOUKevuy apxiK®v GcUvenkdv. O1 EGlodcerg autés Kataypégovta! Ka! avtiKaeigtavta! oO: Napeywyo! tous otn petacxnpaticuévn Exéon (3.59). Auté i9oSuvape! we th petagopt ni Ypayudv tng pEtaTxNUATIOWEvNG N pritpag eto apictepd wEAoc. H SiaSixagia auth enavaAdcpBéveta! Kai dotw 6t1 oto j Bra enituyxdvera! R HOvasiaia pMtpa dro apiotepd ero. O1 EGicdce!G MOU npoKUntouV ex efvar tng Hopes 3 j 5 5 Get Ox/dt = Nx + Kixe + Kexe ++ Kinane (3.6 ao @nou xe ef var n j-ooth napéywyog tou Siavuopatos xe. Enions AguBévovta! GAYEBPIKEG EEIGWTEIG Cx=£ (3.62) nou Re = ranke (3.63) ka! to £ pnopel va nepiéxe! tnv j-outth naptywyo tou xe. Edv n. efvai o epieues tev cuVictwddy TOU x, na GuVIdtdses tou x UNopolv va Ek@PaTSOUY Gav GUVEPTIGE!S tev N.—na UNOAI MeV WE EENG xe = Taka + Taf (3.64) Xwpizovtas to Siévucua x otn Ixéon (3.61) of x1 ka! x= AqUBavEra: jog i 3 i exa/at Nis Naolfxs] [Kaa Kar Kaeaes a cen) Me tee xe " =-g0- Avtikgelotavtas tn Exéon (3.64) otnv (3.65), 01 eSiodcerg Katéotaons enituyxdvovta! otnv axdAcuen poper Gt dxi/dt = Ax: + Bixe + 6. + Bisoxe (3.66) MapéSsiyua 3.6 () Ixnpa 3. (a) Ofktuo pe eGaptnéves nnyéc (B) [pégog tou Siktuou Ka! exAcyh SévSpou Tig to KUKAHa TOU Exfpatog 3.5(a), TOU onofoU o ypéeoG gal vera! ero Exvwa 3.5(8), n ekAoyh tou S€vSpou kai n apleynon tav KA&Suv €yi ve otugava He tov GAyépieHe tev Tosun xa! Dervisoglu. Ta Siavdcuata Xe KG! Xe SEV UNGPXOUV EVO yia Ta Siavuouata Zp, x, Xo Ka! Y ea exoune 2. = [Es Es Eel™ (3.678) x = (Va VelT (3.678) xe = Ela Ial™ (3.679) =CIy Is Isi™ (3.678) Ané tn ypagh tev e&icdcewy nou npoKUntouy and tn cuvéxera tev HeteBAntoy Evtaong YiG TIC BEHEAEIOSEIG ONESES Siaxwpicuow Kar tn CURB IBaotétnta Twy HetTaBANtov téONs yia TOUS EEHEAEIGSEIC Bpdxou ExtOs Gnd Exe! vous NOU Opizovea: and ta GUVOAG Co’, Le*, I', I* wai It ea éxoupe “e ve 3 EBicage!g ané tnv apx tng cuvexerag: Is + Is - le = 0 (3.680) Ia - In = 0 (3.688) ESiceserc ané tnv apxn tng Es (3.69a) es =0 (3.698) E - Ve =0 (3.699)~s1- EGlodoeig and tig neplypapiKés axéoeig Tay atolxelav: Ez = asle (3.700) Es = asls (3.708) Es = aaleRe (3.70) CadVa/dt = Ia (3.708) Cadve/dt = Te (3.708) Vr = IoRe (3.700%) 0: EBicaseig (3.68) wg (3.70) ypépovta! tn pntpiKh Hope ths EGlowong (3.59) ag 6g Ce 0 -1 0 0 |} dva/dt o 0 ° ° Oo Ce ° “1 aWVe/dt, °o 0 ° ° °° o 0 I> ato |] + fates + Jofees ree °° ° -cs az|| Is o oft ° ° o 0 ° 0 az|| Is o -1 1 ° (3.71) Olakpivouse tig EGG Nepintaceig 1. To yivpeve (1-c2)*a=kes efva: Siépopo tou wnSevec. Me mpéSeig oti¢ ypauués tne untpags M mou avtiotolxoUy GE MOAAGHAGG IGoue tng Exéang (3.71) and apiotepé pe tn whtea 1/Ca 0 ° ° ° 1 0 ERr(i-aayI-* 0 ° astas 0 1/4 0 ° o fjo 1 ° “tos 1 oso ° ° ° 0 |jo o 1 ° ° Ry (i-as ° ° 0 -t/az 0 {Jo o ° 1 1 ° ° ° 0 t/az}Jo o ° ° 1 (3.72) AauBaveta!-82- Wa/ dt, sEReCa(1-a2) I-* ° st Os We/ dt ° - Va asasCe Ty | = | -CRe¢t-a2>3-* ° + Is ° tas Ve Is ° -i/ox 01 eSicdce1g Katdotaeng ex ef val Wa/dt -ERoCa(1-a2)I-* ° Va = ast os + Wa/dt ° Ve asacle To yivdwevo asts $0 evo as Ztnv nepintwon auth ea efvar eva on tpitn ypauyh tng M pndeviz AguBaveras Wa/dt = dE./dt ka! n pope tng Exdong (3.59) yivetar Co 0 -1 0 0 | dvasat ° ° - Wa/dt an ° Onno) i7 |= 0 0 ° -os as Is °° ° ° Is Me npaGe:s otic ypauués tng MOAAGnAGT acs Tt Exéong (3.77) and 1/ER>Ca (1-a2) 1 (aston) /(asasCe) 1/CRe(i-aa)] Jes oe oz (3.73) 1/ER7Ca(1-a2)] Es (aston) /(asasCe) (3.74) (3.75) etai. Mapaywyizovtsg tv (3.75) o 0 1G Va a) Ve i 10 o -1 uitpag om apictepé pe (3.76) ° ° ° ° + fofe. + Jifae.zat ° ° 1 ° (3.77) MOU avtiatolxouv ce tn unites-83- o oOo 41 ° ° 0 1/C4 0 -1/ (aCe) — (astas)/(asa=Ce? R=] -1 0 Ca ° ° (3.78) o 0 0 -i/on 1/as o 0 0 ° as AapBavetas Wa/dt, ° ° 1 cst as WVe/dt o = Va ° osanCe asasCe I> ° ° + ° E.+|Cal dE. /dt. Is ° -1/os Ve Vas ° Ie ° ios Vas ° (3.79) O) e§icdce1g Katdotagns ea ef var Wa/dt, ° ° Va ° 1 = ast os +| ast a= [eit] |oe./at Wa/dt Oo - Ve ° asosCe ososCe, (3.80) H Exéon (3.62) ea avtiotoixel otn oxéon Va = 0% Va + Es (3.81) O xwpicHes tou Siavicpatos x ota UNESiavucuata x1 Ka! x= Onws oth Exéon (3.65) efvai gyeon ka! oO: eGicdserg Katéotaons tou Siktuou atn Hopen (3.66) ea efvar We/dt = Costas) /(arasCe) ke +0 (astas) /(asceCn) 1KEx (3.82) AGize1 va napatnpnee! éti étav aa=1, n téEn tou cuotHpatag elvai fon pe éva xa! efvai pixpétepn ané tny téEn tou Sixtuou nou MpokUnte! eav eeuphcouLe tic ESaptnuéves mnyéc gav aveSaptntes. H Ypaen tev eSigboewy yi WNSEVIGHS GAAwY Napaydvtwy tou yi VOLEVOU (mas) kaskas aghveta! cav doxnon.-84- Avawopéc CHEN, W.K., 1965, "Topological Analysis for Active Networks", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-12, @5-91. CHEN, W.K. & CHAN, F.N.T., 1974, "On the Unique Solvability of Linear Active Networks", IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, CAS-21, 26-35. HACHTEL, G.D., BRAYTON, P.K. & GUSTAVSON, F.G., 1971, "The Sparse Tableau Approach to Network Analysis and Design”, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-18, 101-13. HO, C., RUEHLI, A.E. & BRENNAN, P.A., 1975, "The Modified Nodal Approach to Network Analysis", IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, CAS-25, 504-509. KUH, E.S. & ROHRER, R.A., 1965, “The State-Variable Approach to Network Analysis", Proc. IEEE, 53, 672-B6. MALIK, N.R. & HALE, H.W., 1967, “Equations for Active Networks: Existence of Unique Solutions", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, cT-14, 37-43. MARK, S. & SWAMY, M.N.S., 1976, "The Generalized Tree for State Variables in Linear Active Networks", Int. J. Ciruit Theory and Appl., 4, 87-92. MAYEDA, W., 1958, “Topological Formulas for Active Networks", Int. Tech. Rep. 8, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL. NATHAN, 8., 1965, “Topological Rules for Linear Networks", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-12, 344-57. OZAWA, T., 1976, “Topological Conditions for the Solvability of Linear Active Networks", Int J. Circuit Theory and Appl., 4, 125-36. PARKER, S.R. & BARMES, V.T., 1971, “Existence of Numerical Solutions and the Order of Linear Systems with Dependent Source", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-18, 368-74. PERCIVAL, W.S., 1955, “Graphs of Active Networks", IEE Mono 129 (London). POTTLE, C., 1966, "State Space Techniques for General Active Network Analysis" in “System Analysis by Digital Computer" (Kuo and Kaiser editors), Wiley. PURSLOW, E.J., 1970, "“Solvability and Analysis of Linear Active Networks by Use of State Equations", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-17, 469-75. PURSLOW, E.J. & SPENCE, R., 1967, “Order of Complexityof Active Networks", Proc. IEE, 114, 195-98. SINGHAL, K. & VLACH, J., 1978, "Two Graph Tableau and Mixed Nodal Tableau Formulation of Networks with Ideal Elements European Conf Circuit Theory and Design, 553-57 (Lausanne Switzerland). TALBOT, A., 1965, “Topological Analysis of General Linear Networks", IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-12, 170-80. O. & DERVISOGLU, A., 1971, “Formulation of State Equations in Active RLC Networks and a Computer Program", Proc. 2nd Int Symp. Network Theory, 27-36 (Herceg-Novi: Yugoslavia). TOSUN, 0. & DERVISOGLU, A., 1974, "Formulation of State Equations in Active RLC Networks", IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, CAS-21, 36-38. Tow, J 1968, "Order of Complexity of Linear Active Networks", Proc. IEE, 115, 1259-62. VLACH, J. & SINGHAL, K., 1983, "Computer Methods for Circuit Analysis and Design” (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold).Y- -85- AEKHEEIE Tig to KUkAwHa TOU ExrwatoS G. Na oxeSiacte! 0 andds ypagos. B. Na ypapouv 01 eSicdce1c He tn pée0do tou gpaiow nivaka Ka! tnv tpononoinpévn pés0So KOuBuv. Avti tng xpnoiponoinong twV téceav KéuBov va eewpneotv Ta petiata tHv SELEAEIWSOv Bpoxwy Ka! va avantuxeE! avtiotoixn péecSog tng tpononoinyévng peedSou tov KeuBOv on onofa va ovopacte! tpononoinuévn wesodac Bpoxwv. TO KUKAGHE TOU ExrwatoS Na oxeSiaotouv 0 andes ypapos, 0 I-ypagog kor © V-ypagas. Na ypagouv 01 e&iodce1c tou Siktwou pe tC yeedSauc. 1. Tou cparod nivaxa He xpnoiponofnon evég ypegou. 2. Tng tpomonoinuévng —peeSou tev KeuBov pe xpneiponeinon evés ypagou. 3. Tou apaiow nivaxa He xpndiponoingn Se ypkeuv. 4. Tag tpononoinuévng = HeedSou = twyKeUBwy pe xpneiponoincn Su0 ypt@av. Pig to KUkAgue tou Exmuatas a. Na ypagouv o: sSicdceig Kavéotaons = He tm éaoso Tosun as Dervisoglu. 8. Eév Aso va eupeeei n Hopeh tov ef :cdceuv kataotaons. a. No Seixeei oti ta Coa So Sixtua tou MepanAcupac oxnuatog éxouv tig [51s TEpIYPagikés OxeTEIG. 8. Na ypagouy o: e§iowceig tou Sixtuou Rp He tn pée0d0 tou Gpaiow nivexa Ka! thy tpononainyévn pée0do > 2 KouBov. Na ypagouv of eSicdceig Katéotauns tou SixtuoU.—86- mn Ex « y. Na eupesei n cuvéptnon Gis)=| lou (S)/E(S). rig tou y- No ypapouv 01 e&icdce1¢ Katéctaens. Tia to Exfpatos E, = de/ Na oxe: Slxtuo Na 9: B. ypapog tou suatHpaTOS. Na ypagouv a: uéeodo KouBov. Na ypagouv o1 Na eupese! eBiodceig tou Sixtuou eB1odce1¢ Kavéotaons. n guvdptnon Gis)=8(s)/E(s). Tig ta quothata tev aoKfoewy 1.7, 1.8 Ka! a. Na oxeSiggtoWv o1 anAoi ypégor, oF 8. Na ypagouv o: eGigdcerg we thy tpononoiny xpnoinenoinen évo ypdeuv. Na ypagouv 0: e€icdce1g Katéotaong. 1 ce I-yptgo1 « xo Muatos. Siktuo tou Na oxeSiaotouv © andés yptgos, I-yptgog ka! 0 V-ypégos. Na ypagouv o1 eB 1odce1¢ pe thy tponono inuévn Hée0S0 KSpBov pe tn xpngiponoinen suo yptguv. ° to | KUkAGHE Exmpates. Na oxeSiaotouv o GnAds ypégos, 0 I-ypagog Ka! oO V-ypégoc. Na ypagouv ot eB icdce1¢ pe tnv tponone inuévn pésodo KOnBov pe xpngiponoinen Ste ypaguv. vo KI vnthipa toxuouv tou at =Ai. Siaote! to tou cuoTrGtos. xeSiactel oO anddg © tnv tpononoinyévn 10. Ka! oF V-ypégor. vn uée0So KéuBev UES~a7- ANCKPIZH KAI XAPAKTHPIZTIKA OIKTYQN 4.1 Eioaywoyn Etc nponyowweva kegddaia = avantuxenkav éec60! yia thy EPI ypagh YPGLWIKaV Ka! XpOVIKE GETEBANTwV SiktuwV. H NEpiypagh auth unope! va yiver o. ue eva cUctnHa = SiagopiKOv eGiobsewy (dnws of eBicdceIS ketéetcgns) nou GuvSéouv tig Sieyépoeic, tic anoKpicers ka! eGutepIkés HETABANTES tou GUTTHatOG. 8. ue éva cuotna GAYEBPIKGY eElcdsEWV MOU GUVSEOUV TOUS Letacxnuaticuoug Laplace tov Sieyéposwv, twv anoxpicewy Kai E0Wtep KV pETEBANtoY tou CUTTHHATOS. Ero KegéAa!o GUTO ea MapoUTiadtoY oO tpbMOG UMOAGY!GHOU tov anoKpigeav tov SiktUWY Kaeds KEI XGPAKTNPITTIKG TOUS yup! oyaTa. 4.2 Mitpa cuvapthcewy uetawopée, ndAo! Ko! uNnSevixd nepiyoawnc. 4:25 Métps cuvaptricewy wetagopic, néAG! kar undevixé nepiyoqerc ie SEG KaTéoTao! Ag ecupnes! éva oUotnya HE p Sieyépoeig Kai m anoKpiceig nou Nepiypageta! ond tig eSicdce1G KatéoTaONG cx/dt = Ax + Bu (ita y = Cx + Du (4.18) onou_n untpa A eival Siactévewv nxn, n untpa B Siactécewy xp, n uAtpa C Siactacewy man kar n pritpa Delve: Siaotécewy mxp. Egapudzovtas HevaoxnHat cue Laplace otic EGicdcels (4.1) AquBavera! sX(s) - x(0) = AX(s) + BUCS) (4.20) Vis) = CX(s) + DU(s) (4.28) EniAvovtas tig ESiodoe!G (4.20) wo pos X(s) Ka! avtikasigtovtag otny (4.28) AquBévetar ¥is) = (C£si-A]"*B + DIU(s) + CEsI-AI-*x (0) (4.3) H Exéon (4.3) SnAdver ot: to Sidvucua twv anoKpicewy eGaptétas ageves and to Sicvucua tev Sieyépoewy agetépou Se and to Sidvucua tav Gpxikov KotacTédewv. Edv 0! apxikés GUVvenKES E/va! unSevikés, OF MetocxnpeticHoi Laplace tov Siavucyétay tev anokpicewy «ai tov Sieyepcewy cuvédovta: ws tn oxéon Yis) -A1-*B + DUIS) aay-ee- Opionds 4.1 Homxp pritpa Gis) = CisI-Al-*B + D (4.5) KOAE/ ta! phtps cuvaptICEWY HETaPOPaC. Opicnds 4.2 Dapieyés n tev cuvictwsv tou Siavcpateg Katdéotaons kade(ta: tan tng neplypagrg tou cuaTHHatTOS. Huntpa Gis) pope! va ypage! G(s) = C#Adj(sI-A)*B/det(sI-A) + D (4.6) Opiopnds 4.3 To noAusvuno ws) = det(sI-A) = s%tan-1s°*+...+015+G0 (4.7) KGAEI Ta! XaPOKTNPIOTIKO NOAUBVULO fh TOAUBVUO Tey néAGY TNS nepiypaens. Onwg @civeta: ané tn Exéon (4.6) n Gls) evSéxeta! va aneipizerc: Hove yia exefva ta 5 mou efvai pizeg tou wis). ABize! va onuEiwee! ot © Baeuds tou y(s) tautizeta: pe thy téEn tng Neplypaers. Ag eeupnee! n phitpa sI-8 B Sis) = (4.8) ka! gotw Ot! n WeyaAUTEpA pN uNdevixt eAdgowy tng Sis) exe! Siaccéceic (ntk) *(ntk). Eotw 2(s) 0 ueylotog Kolvec Siaipétng oAwv tov (ntk) #(ntk) edaogdvev tng S(s). Opicuds 4.4 To noAuevuno z(s) KGAEi ta! NOAUOVUNO TeV GHETEBANTaV uNdeviKov tNS NEpiypaync Tou suOThHATOS. Env mepintwon cuetmwates Wias Si€yepong Ka! WIGS anéxpiang to z(s) tauTizeta! He Tov apieynth tng cuvéptnons HETapOpaG. Zuvends n Gis) evSéxeta: ve unSevizeta: yia exefva ta s MoU efvai pizes tou 2ts). Ané tn esupia tng YPGHWIKns ¢AyeBpag Efva! yvuotd to axOAouse seupnua tuv Cayley-Hamilton. HAtpa WNSevize! to xapaKtnpIatiKe tng NOAUdVURS AMtee AN It. .taAtgol = 0 (4.9)-a9- Egdcov to xapextnpioTIKé mOAUdvUHO tN UtPAS A Elva! onus oth Exéon (4.7), eapydzovtac to eewpnia tev Cayley-Hamilton n G(s) mpokunte! Gis) = (seta 1s 0-> tor CB (S9-F4an-157 75+... t02)CAB + 2. + (Stan-2)CAT-B4CAT*B)/w ls) + D (4.10) Etnv nepintwan nou to xapaxtnpiotiKd noAubvuNO Sev ef var yvuots, n G(s) propel va npoxtwe! and tov aAyéprepo Souriau ~ Frame - Faddeev nou Siatundveta: uno popenh eewpratos wo EES Bedpnya 4.2 Eev n unites G(s) ypage! Gis) = D + Ck(s?-t Tats! Annet... +8Hi tod ¥B/y (Ss) aD tOte oO: ptpes Hi Ka! OF GUVTEAETTEG TOU xapaKTNPIaT!KOW NOAUWVUHOU G. uNOpOUY va UNOAGYatoWV and tig oxéoeIG Hea = In Gn-s = —trace(AHn—:) Grint Int AHn—a = -trace(AHa-2)/2 Has = Gn-sIntAHn-= : : (4.12) Gi = ~trace(AH:)/(n-1) Ho = ai lntAHs Bo = -trace(AHo) /n [0 = dolntAHol. Tédog, Kaas n (sIn-A)~* pnopel va avantuxee! ce ceipé Laurent a enc (sI-@) SI nts FAt. STAT HL, (4,13) n Gis} avantucceta! ce ceipk Laurent wc akoAoveus CA‘B/s*** (4.14) [s] > max Jaccary, (4.15) i éneu Av(A) efvar nm iecth 1Sretiph tng Atpas A. O1 untpes CA‘B ef vai ROPAKTNPITIKES TOU GUCTHWGTOG Ka! KGAGUVTA! NapéHetpo! Markov.~90- MapéSeryno 4.1 w «By (a) Gixtuo RLC (B) Metacxnpetiouéve Katt Norton tou Siktuou TOU Ixfwatos 4.1(a). Exnye 4 Tia to Sfxtuo tou Expatos 4.1(a) |edv esupneei cov Siévucua katéotaons x = Eve, ic]7 (4.16) Ba éxcune Tig akéXoUsEC EBodCEIS. @no thy apxfi tng cuvéxeiag tev wetaBAntev Evtaong ctov KouBO A: Ckdvc/et = i + WLedic/dt + iL#Rs? v apxm tng CURB IBaeTétntas tev HeTaeAntay téons R. BR + ve + RikC¥dve/dt = E (4.18) (4.19) otoixeiav, eB icaceis 08)-91- To xapaktnpiatiké MOAUVUNO TNS Neplypaghc ea Elva! wis) = det (sI-A) = (s+1,5)(st0.5)+0.25 = s*+2s+1 (4.22) 4.2.2 MAvpe ouvaptiicewy petawopdc ano eGiodgerc Sixtwou. Me KatéAANAG OpioLe Evdg Siavicuatos E(t) aveGsptntav petasAntov ROU xgpaxtnp!zouv vo GUotNG (1.x. ta goptia NOU avtictoIxoUv ota peduata Bpoxev fh tIG MENMAEyHeVvES HaYNTIKES pokG NOU aVTIOTOIKOUY OTIC TGdEIC Tw KOUBAY) O! HETOXNHGTIGHEvEs KATE Laplace tuv Sieyépceuv Wisi, tev anoxpicewy Ys) Ka! tou YeviKEUKévou Siavucpatos KataotaoNs (5) ea ikevonoiouv eBicbee1c tng aKéAoUENs HOPE otav oO! GpxIKES Guvenxes efva: undevixes Pts) = Q(s)U(s) (4.230) vis) = s) + W(s)U(s) (4.238) @nou ta otolxela tav untpev P(s), G(s), Ris) Kai W(s) ef va! noAudvune Gg mpog tH HeTaBANTH S Ka! Oo! BNtpEs Pls), Als), R(s) Kai Wis) éxouv Slaotéceig rxr, xp, mxr Ka! mxp avtiotorxa. EniAuovtag tn Zxéon (4,23a) we npog Z(s) Ka! avtiKasiatevtag tn Exéon (4.238) npoxunte: ¥(s) = CR(s)Po*(s)G(s) + Wis) IU(S) (4.24) Ano tig Exéverg (4.4) kar (4.24) npoxunte: ott n pfitpa cuvapticeay petagopés Gis) ex@pdzeta! ag e&nc Gis) = R(s)P-*(s)Q(s) + Wis) (4.25) Opicnes 4.5 To noAUdvunO wis) = detP(s) (4.26) KGAEIta! xapakTNpIotiKd NOAUOVULS fH MOALVULS Tuy ndAwy tN Teps ypagnc. Opicuec 4.6 © Baepes n tou MOAUWVoHOU Wis), énws atnv EEicwon (4.26), kaAeitai téEN tNG MEpl Pan. Ag eewpnee! n pntpa Pls) Qs) Sts) = (4.27) -Ris) W(s) kai dotw 6b) nm HEYOAUTEpN UN UNBeviKh EAdoowy tng Sis) exe: Siaotéceis rek)kirtk). Eovw 2(s) © weyiatog KOlveg Siaipétng Odwv tav rtk) edaggévay tng Sis). 2(s) KaAgita! TO MOAUBVULO Tuy GHETaBANTeV uNdeviKov-92- AGize1 va onweiwee! Ot! Oo: Opiouol 4.5 wg 4.7 efvai yevikeucels tov Opicuay 4.2 dag 4.4. Mapaseryua 4.2 Fig to Siktuo tou Exmyatos 4.1(a) ag eewpnee! cav yevikeupevo Si¢vuoua katéotaons ta Optia NOU avtioto!KOWY ota pEvuata Bpoxwv, Ato! qa (ty (4.280) " aa o a 3 0 ga(t) (4.288) Eav ypagouv o1 eS:odce1g tou SiktTWOU WE tN HésOSo Tw Bpdxwv, ea RitRetl/ (sc) “Re Tits) 1 E(s) (4.29) Re RotRstLs ||I2(s) ° Koeds yic unSevixés apxikés ouvenkes 1oxUouv 01 oxéceic Ii(s) = sQ:(s) (4.300) Tats) = sQs(s) (4.308) 01 eSicdcerg tou SiKtWoU we npog Gils) Ka! Gals) ea Elva! RistRasti/C -sRe ails) 1 = Ets) (4.31) -sRe Ras+RestLs™ ° eve yia THY GNékpICN Vous (s) eg ioxuer ats) Voun (5) = Ta (s)¥Rs = = [0 sRo3 (4.32) Qa(s) Ano tn Exéon (4.25) n cuvéptnen petapops G(s) ea Elva! Gis) = Ris)P*(s)Q(s)+Wis) = RistRest1/C -sR= 1 " o % i (4.33) -sRs Ras+R=s+Le* ° AcuSévovtag undyn Tig TineG Tey OtoIKElwv npeKUNte!-93- “1 2st -s 1 Gis) = [0 s] = s?/(257+457+2s) (4.34) Ss s*+25 ° To xapextnpiotikd noAUdvuO tng Neplypagnc ea Elva! 2st -s wis) = det = 25°+4s7+25 (4.35) Ss St+2s5 to onofo Sev vaut/zeta! We to xapaKtnplotiks NOAUSVURO TNS NEP! yPagns tov EBicdcewv (4.20). Eav yic to Situs tou Exmpatos 4.1(B) eewpnee! cay yeviKeupevo Sigvucua Katéotagns 01 menAcyyeves pods Ar, Az Ka! Az TOU BVTIGTOIKOUY OTIG TEGEIG Tov KOHBOV Ka! egapHdcoUHE tn Héeodo tev KOHBOV yia TN YPGOA tev ESigdcewv Tou SiKTUOU, ea ExcUKE Cs+i/Ri “Cs ° Vals) 1/Ra “Cs i/RatCeri/(Ls) ~-1/(Ls) |]vats)] = | 0 | E¢s) (4.360) ° wi/(Ls) 1/(Ls)+1/Rs]]Vsts) ° Vals) Veur(s) = Vals) = £0 0 13[Va(s) (4,368) Vs(s) Aaukavovtag undwn 6t! i Art) = vittode , A =15 2,6 (4.37) Yig undeviKés apxikés GuverKEs ea 1oxXUE! sfi(s) = Vis) , 1,253) (4.38) ka! oO: EB:obge1g (4.36) yivovta: -Cs? ° Aa (s) L/Rs -Cs* 0 S/RatOs*+1/L 0 -1/L nets] = | 0 | Ets> (4.390) ° mL 1/L+s/Rs| [Ms (s) ° Nats) Vour(s) = £0 0 (4.398)~94- NepBavavtag undyn tig TIHES Tov GtOIxefwv, n GUVéptnaN HETawopts Gis) ea efvai ° 1 Gis) = £0 0 8] -1 0] = s*/(2s*+457+257) (4.40) ° “1 sti] ]o To xapaxtnpiotiKé NoAUbVULO TNS NEplypagric ea Ef var stts 7 ° wis) = det sttstl -1 | = 2s*+45%+257 (4.41) ° 1 stl to onofo Sev tautizeta: He ta xapaKtnprotiKé MOAUWVUG Ttwv &AdUV nepiypagav. vixn andk guotiyato . YnoAoy19ué¢ tne xpovikne ustaBoAne tou Sigvwoustoc Katéotsonc. Tig to ypappiké, xpoviké GHETéBANto cUCtNHG NOU Nepiypdweta! and tig Exégerg (4.1) n yevixn Avon tng ESiowong (4.10) avazntelta: cav depeicpa piés E'Sixrig Adon tng MAKpouG ESicbceEWG KAI tNG YEVIKTG Auens TNG OLOYEvauG, Onws Gtnv Nepintwon Hiag SiawopiKnc e/awons npatou Bayou. H opoyevig eGfawon exe! tn HOpOn dx/dt = Ax (4.42) H Avon ypégeta! apxiké Gav geipé He anpocSiépictoug cuvteAcotés X(t) = O(E)x(O) = (T+ CateCat +. tnt ee.) x (0) (4.43) onou O(t) efvar n uNtpIKA Avon Ka! x10) Efval to SiévuTHG Twv apxiKoy guvenxav. Fig tov npogSiopicue tav guvteAectev n Exéon (4.43) avtixesigvata: otn Exéon (4.42) ondte AOE A(O)I/St = (Crs2ate Sat... tnCnt “t+. .2K(0) = AB(LIx(O) = = (A+AC. t+AC: Meee HAC EMH. x10) (4.44) ESigavovtag toug cuvteAeatés twv SuvaHous poy AqHBévera! c.=aA (4.45)-95- ott) = E (Ate/nt (4.46) 0 Aéyw tng NOIStNTaG TOU avantuyHAtTOG tHE O(t) HE tN SuvapOTE1pe tng guvaptnons e*", n O(t) opizeta! oav n uNtpiKA exeetiKh cuvéptnon kai napiatavetas (ty = eM = exp(aty (4.47) And tn Exéon (4.46) unopotv va anoSerxeouv éueca 01 aKxdAcueES iSiatntes tng e** Bedpnua 4.3 Fic tn untpikh ekeetiKnh cuvéptnon e®* 1axdouv a. de"/dt = Aes = ett (4.480) B. ef = (4.488) ¥- exp(Ati)kexp(At2) = explA(titte)] (4.48y) 5. ett kenee = I (4.488) e. Cestye = eter (4.486) ot. Ev A= PBP-* , ef = Pemepot (4.4807) Be Ah = Lot (ST-A)-4d (4.482) Tig thy nAtien Adon tng B-oHOYEVOUG EEfowong (4.10) avaznteita: Bia wepikA Aven tng OPENS xo (t) = O(t)p(t) = er* ptt) (4.49) énou p(t) efvar wia dyvwotn SiavuguatiKh cuvéptnon nou éxe: thy iSretnta pio) = 9 (4.50) Nepaywy{zovtag tn Exéon (4.49) Kai aveiKaerotevtag otn Exéon (4.10), AqpBaverar xe (EY/dt = CdO(t)/dtIp(t)+o(t) dp/dt = = AOEID(L) + O(tIdp/dt = Axe + Bu (as) Kaais AG(t)p(t) = Axe, and tn Exéon (4.51) ripoxdnee: dpo/dt = O74 (ty Butt) (452) H Aven enopévag tng (4.10) ec evar-96- : ° H anéxpion tou cuothpatog npoKwnte: and tig Exégeic (4.10) Kar (4.54) ws eSnc ’ ° 4 Ynodoy 1cudc tng et MoAAgs wéscSo! éxouv npotase! yia tov unoAsyiaué tng e** (Moler ke: Van-Loan, 1978). Etn guvéxera napougiazovta! Oo! onHave:KéTEpES ano gutéc. 4.3.2.2 vnodoy:guee tng eM ye eoapuoyh tou Gewprwatoc Cayle: Hamilton. Ano to @edpnya twv Cayley - Hamilton n e®* unope! va exgpacte! cay cuvéptnon tev uNtpuv I,A,A7,...,A°* we eG nat emt = F Biltat (4.56) iso O: cuvteAectés Bi (t) pMOpoty va npoKUyoUV ano to UNdAGIno tng Sicipeong tng cuvéptnong e** Sia tou xapaxtnpiotiKoU noAUwvUNOU ths untpag A. Edy Ai,Az yeee,An Elva! O1 ISIOTINES tHS UMtpas A Ka! Sexeouwe oti Elvai Sidop|es HEetTGeY tous, ano tn yeviKn oxéon 28 = ylsd¥Ms) +BotBist. .+Bn-us™* (4.57) mpokontouv exp (Art) = BotBidat.. -+Bn—aAa? exp (Ast) = BotBidat...tBa-aAn™ 5 : (4.58) exp (Ant) = BotBidnte. tBantAn To ovetna tev ESiadcewy (4,58) exe! Avon edv AuHA, ic ifj. Ano tn Aden tou npoxuntouv Oo: cuvteAcoTés Bi (t) Ka! akoAOWeUS and tn Exéon (4,56) n guvéptnon est. Eav n unites A éxe1 p noAAGnAgs 1S1otiNés, dot! tn As LE TOAAGMADTNTE Hi, Napaywyizovtag tn Exon (4.57) SiaSoxixeé pexp: thv eUpeon tn¢ Napayeyou TéSewe wi-l AGUBGVOVta! GUVOAIKG Us eB cages. Avtikceiogtavtas ce Kéee pid ano tig avutépy eEicdcelg avti tou s to Ai, YiG i=1,2,...,P, AcMBdveta! eva cuotNHE aveEdptntev eS cdceuv nou eniAUEta: WS Mpog te B.(t) Kai gtn ouvexela npodSiopizetai n e** ano tn Exégn (4.56).-97- 4.3.2.3 Ynodoyouee tne e** ye ewapuoyh tou ave iatpogou etaoxnpatiguod Laplace Katé tn e080 auth euploxeta n pritpa Mis) = (sI-A)~* (4.59) ka! npogSiopizeta: o avt{otpogos Hetaoxnpatoyds Laplace Kéee opou tNS Mis). Zdpgave pe th Exéon (4.48z) n ptpa nou mpoKwnte! ea elvai n e**, Etov Aivaka 4.1 gafvovta: ta zevyn Hetaoxnpaticudv Laplace yia tig NA€OV xpngipono1oULEves CUVapTHCE!S. RINAKAE 4.1 ZEYH METAZXHMATIEZMQN LAPLACE MO 0st w(t) unit impulse at ¢ = 0 Loru(d) unit step at = 0 t4(0)—anip function i oo ) unit step starting at ¢ nis positive integer w(t) u(t —) - restangular pulse eo" exponential decay Tet nite poive integer ste * Sat axe FO) ——s CFaerh Gree rH ete mane nen wraero a us. 3 tea *% ey la = Be Dt Ga We 8 tees 1 Brae tere) 15. -"° Faerie FO in toto) oa tants sew to) (1 ros at) cos ot +6) 6 = tanMINAKAZ 4.1 (ZYNEXEIA) 28. 8. goer memes Grete ra ste weaee 1 Gry = Fea Fl tte Teper shi rete Gree Fah FH 1 eee epee mere) -98- 1 ~ Kg 8 ewtsin Ge 9) om tant PER Vere m etentsin (on VI PE + #) RT) ee FH cars eee + wate Wee verate peta ta a ab 1 @nrte eee oem + ala - o}e™) Boabter, wes) hem) Bt gle het xe) ete Bee Fash Best + tl OF FFAG Fel aor eee Ysa i + oo 1 fener eer sifeaeee c= Bau Scat oy ev sin Ot + oo) stant = tan oo tant Pa r= tant bt ten-99- 4.3.2.4 Ynodoyoude tng eM pe Siaywvionoinon tne prcecc A Eote 6t: n uftpa A éxe! n Sidgopes peta tous 1Siotipes As Kar gota vi to 1510S :évuspa nou avtiatoixel otnv 1iotiph As. Edy ypagel n byitpe P nou npoxunte: and ta 1SioSiavioyata yi ws ESAS P= Cyiy Vay eres Yo) (4.60) Fn pntpa A = PHLAP = diag(As,Azy+++5An (4.61) ea Elva: Siayoviog. Kae’ ano tov opioye npoKwnte! auéows 6t! eo = diaglexp(Art), exp(Ast) 5 .++, exp (Ant)? (4.62) ano tn Exéon (4,480) cuvdyera: ot! e** = Pdiag(expiArt), exp(Ast) 5 +++, exp(Ant))Po* (4.63) MepaSeryuc 4.3 Fic tig eSiowceig Katéotaons tou nepadel yates 4.1 ac umosécoupe oti ol apxikés guverkes ef var vet) iv (4.640) in(0) = 20 (4,648) eve Sev epappdzeta: Siéyepon oto avotnya. Ano tn Exéon (4.54) Aponte! -0.5 0.5 1 ef" x(0) = expt t (4.65) -0.5 -1.5 2 0 unodvey cues tng e* UNOpE! va yivel HE EWAPHOYN TOU Bewphpatos tay Cayley-Hamilton, Ano tn Zxéon (4.57) npoxunte: eS! = (st425+1) k1(s)+BotBis (4.66) Keeds to xapaxtnpiotiké MOAUdvUNO exe! SiMAn piza thv 1, ea éxoupe Bo-Ba (4.670) d(e*)/ds = tes (4.678) And tn Aven tev ESicégewy (4.67) npoKxunte: Bo (4.680) (4.688)