4/27/2015

Instructor
Dr.RaymondRumpf
(915)7476958
rcrumpf@utep.edu

EE4395/5390 SpecialTopics

ComputationalElectromagnetics
Lecture#4

TransferMatrixMethod
Thesenotesmaycontaincopyrightedmaterialobtainedunderfairuserules.Distributionofthesematerialsisstrictlyprohibited
Lecture4
Slide1

Outline
Maxwellsequationsfor1Dstructures
SolutiontoMaxwellsequationsinahomogeneous
layer
Multilayerstructures
TMMisaninherentlyunstablemethod

Lecture4

Slide2

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MaxwellsEquations
for1DStructures

Lecture4

Slide3

1DStructures
Sometimesitispossibletodescribeaphysicaldeviceusingjustone
dimension.Doingsodramaticallyreducesthenumericalcomplexity
oftheproblemandisALWAYSGOODPRACTICE.

Region I
Reflection Region

z
Region II
Transmission Region

Lecture4

Slide4

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3D 1DUsingHomogenization
Manytimesitispossibletoapproximatea3Ddeviceinone
dimension.Itisverygoodpracticetoatleastperformtheinitial
simulationsin1Dandonlymovingto3Dtoverifythefinaldesign.

PhysicalDevice

EffectiveMedium
Approximationin1D

Lecture4

Slide5

3D 1DUsingCircuitWaveEquivalence

d2

d1

d3

d5

d4

Z trn Z L

Z ref

N r r

Lecture4

d6

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

Z5

Z6

in

N in

N1

N2

N3

N4

N5

N6

NL

d1

d2

d3

d4

d5

d6
Slide6

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StartingPoint
WestartwithMaxwellsequationsinthefollowingform.Herewe
haveassumedisotropicmaterials.

Ez E y

k0 r H x
y
z
Ex Ez

k0 r H y
z
x
E y Ex

k0 r H z
x
y

H z H y

k 0 r E x
y
z
H x H z

k 0 r E y
z
x
H y H x

k 0 r E z
x
y

Lecture4

Slide7

CalculationoftheWaveVectorComponents
Thecomponentskx andky aredeterminedbytheincidentwaveand
arecontinuousthroughoutthe1Ddevice.Thekz componentis
differentineachlayerandcalculatedfromthedispersionrelationin
thatlayer.

kx r ,inc r ,inc sin cos

ky r ,inc r ,inc sin sin

kz ,i r ,i r ,i kx2 ky2
i Layer #

Lecture4

Slide8

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WavesinHomogeneousMedia
Awavepropagatinginahomogeneouslayerisaplanewave.Ithas
thefollowingmathematicalform.


jk y
E r E0 e jk r E0 e jk x x e y e jk z z

jk y
H r H 0 e jk r H 0 e jk x x e y e jk z z

Note:e+jkz signconventionwasusedforpropagationin+z direction.

Whenwetakederivativesofthesesolutions,weseethat
jk y


jk x x jk y y jkz z
E r
E0 e e e
jk x E0 e y e jkz z e jkx x jk x E r
x
x

jk x
x

jk y


jk x x jk y y jk z z
E r
E0 e e e
jk y E0 e y e jk z z e jk x x jk y E r
y
y

jk y
y

Wecannotsaythatbecausethestructureisnot
z jk z
homogeneousinthez direction.

jk z
z

Lecture4

Slide9

ReductionofMaxwellsEqs.to1D
Giventhat

jk x
x

jk y
y

Maxwellsequationsbecome

jk y Ez

dE y

k0 r H x

dz
dEx
jk x Ez k0 r H y
dz
jk x E y jk y Ex k0 r H z

dH y
jk y H z
k 0 r E x
dz
dH x
jk x H z k0 r E y
dz
jk x H y jk y H x k0 r Ez

Note:z istheonlyindependentvariableleftsoitsderivativecanbeordinary.

Lecture4

Slide10

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NormalizetheParameters
Wenormalizetheparametersaccordingto

z k0 z

k
kx x
k0

ky
ky
k0

k
kz z
k0

Usingthenormalizedparameters,Maxwellsequationsbecome

dH y
jky H z
r Ex
dz
dH x
jkx H z r E y
dz
jkx H y jky H x r Ez

dE y
jky Ez
r H x
dz
dEx
jkx Ez r H y
dz
jkx E y jky Ex r H z

Lecture4

Slide11

SolvefortheLongitudinalComponentsEz andHz
Wesolvethethirdandsixthequationsforthelongitudinalfield
componentsHz andEz.
dE
jky Ez y r H x
dz
dEx
jkx Ez r H y
dz
jkx E y jky Ex r H z

j
H z
k x E y ky Ex

dH y
r Ex
jky H z
dz
dH x
jkx H z r E y
dz
jkx H y jky H x r Ez

Lecture4

Ez

j
k x H y ky H x

Slide12

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EliminatetheLongitudinalComponents
Weeliminatethelongitudinalfieldtermsbysubstitutingthemback
intotheremainingequations.
dE
jky Ez y r H x
dz
dEx
jkx Ez r H y
dz
j
H z
k x E y ky Ex

dH y
jky H z
r Ex
dz
dH x
jkx H z r E y
dz
j
Ez
k x H y ky H x

dE y
r r H x
ky2 H x kx ky H y r
dz
dE
r x kx2 H y kx ky H x r r H y
dz

dH y
ky2 Ex kx ky E y r
r r Ex
dz
dH x 2
k x E y kx ky Ex r r E y
r
dz

Lecture4

Slide13

RearrangeMaxwellsEquations
Herewesimplychangetheorderthatweourpreviousequations.
dE y
r r H x
ky2 H x kx ky H y r
dz
dE
r x kx2 H y kx ky H x r r H y
dz
dH y
r r Ex
ky2 Ex kx ky E y r
dz
dH x 2
r
k x E y kx ky Ex r r E y
dz

Lecture4

dEx kx ky
k 2

H x r x H y
r
r
dz

dE y ky2
kx ky
Hy
r H x

r
dz r

dH x kx ky
k 2
Ex r x E y

r
r
dz

dH y ky2
kx ky
E
r Ex

r y
dz r

Slide14

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MatrixFormofMaxwellsEquations
Theremainingfourequationscanbewritteninmatrixformas
dE x kx ky
k 2
H x r x H y

dz
r
r

dE y ky2
k k
r H x x y H y

dz r
r

dH x k x k y
k2
E x E

dz
r x r r y

dH y ky2
k k
r Ex x y E y

dz r
r

Ex
0

d Ey

dz H x kx ky

H y r
ky2
r
r

kx ky

r
k

2
y

r
kx2

kx ky

Lecture4

r
0
0

kx2

r
kx ky Ex

r E y

Hx
0 H
y

Slide15

BTWforAnisotropicMaterials
yz

kx zx
j ky
zz
zz

Ex jk xz zx

y

zz zz
Ey

z H x kx ky
yz zx

yx

zz
H y zz

k 2

y xx xz zx
zz
zz

yz zy
jkx

zz zz

zy

j kx xz ky

zz
zz

yz zy
kx2
yy

zz
zz

kx ky
xz zy
xy

zz
zz

kx ky
yz zx
yx

zz
zz
ky2

xx xz zx

zz
zz

yz zx
j ky
kx

zz
zz

jky xz zx
zz zz

kx2
yz zy
yy

zz
zz

kx ky
xz zy Ex
xy

zz
zz E y

H
x
yz zy

jk x

H y

zz
zz

xz zy
j kx
ky

zz
zz

e j z
Note:Thisisforthesignconvention.

Lecture4

Slide16

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SolutiontoMaxwells
Equationsina
HomogeneousLayer

Lecture4

Slide17

MatrixDifferentialEquation
Maxwellsequationscannowbewrittenasasinglematrix
differentialequation.

d
0
dz
Ex z

E y z
z
H x z

H y z

Lecture4

kx ky

r

ky2
r
r

kx ky

r
k

2
y

r
kx2

kx ky

r
0
0

kx2

r
k k
x y
r

Slide18

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SolutionoftheDifferentialEquation(1of3)
Thematrixdifferentialequationis
d
0
dz

Thisisactuallyasetoffourcoupleddifferentialequations.The
systemoffourequationscanbesolvedasasinglematrixequationas
follows.
z ez 0
Thisiseasytowrite,buthowdowecomputetheexponential
ofamatrix?

Lecture4

Slide19

FunctionsofMatrices
Itissometimesnecessarytoevaluatethefunctionofamatrix.
f A ?
ItisNOTcorrecttocalculatethefunctionofeveryelementinthe
matrixA individually.Adifferenttechniquemustbeused.
Todothis,wefirstcalculatetheeigenvectorsandeigenvaluesof
thematrixA.
f A ?
A

W eigen-vector matrix of A
eigen-value matrix of A

1 0
0
2

0 0

0 0

0
0

3
0

0
0
0

Thefunctionofthematrixisthenevaluatedas
f A W f W 1
Lecture4

Thisisveryeasytoevaluatebecause isadiagonal
matrixsothefunctiononlyhastobeperformed
individuallyonthediagonalelements.
Slide20

10

4/27/2015

SolutionoftheDifferentialEquation(1of2)
Wehadthefollowingmatrixdifferentialequationandgeneral
solution
d
0
dz

z ez 0

Wecannowevaluatethematrixexponentialusingtheeigenvalues
andeigenvectorsofthematrix.

W eigen-vector matrix
eigen-value matrix

ez

ez Wez W 1

e1z

0
e

0
0

2 z

0
0

e3 z
0

e4 z
0
0
0

Lecture4

Slide21

SolutionoftheDifferentialEquation(2of2)
Thesolutiontothematrixdifferentialequationistherefore
d
0
dz

z ez 0

z We z W 1 0

Wecancombinetheunknowninitialvalues(0) withW-1 because

thatproductjustleadstoanothercolumnvectorofunknown
constants.
Ourfinalsolutionisthen
d
0
dz

Lecture4

z We zc

c W 1 0

Slide22

11

4/27/2015

InterpretationoftheSolution

z Wezc
(z) Overallsolution
whichisthesumofallthe
modesatplanez.

W Squarematrixwhoscolumn
vectorsdescribethemodesthat
canexistinthematerial.Theseare
essentiallypicturesofthemodes
whichquantifytherelative
amplitudesofEx,Ey,Hx,andHy.

c Columnvectorcontainingthe
amplitudecoefficientofeachof
themodes.Thisquantifieshow
muchenergyisineachmode.
ez Diagonalmatrixdescribinghow
themodespropagate.Thisincludes
accumulationofphaseaswellas
decaying(loss)orgrowing(gain)
amplitude.

Lecture4

Slide23

GettingaFeelfortheNumbers(1of2)
Foralayerwithr=9.0andr=1.0(i.e.n=3.0)andawaveatnormal
incidence,wewillhave
0
0

0 0 1
0 1 0
9 0 0

0 0 0

Thishasthefollowingeigenvectorsandeigenvalues.
j 0.32
0
W
0

0.95
Lecture4

j 0.32
0
0
0.95

0
0
j 0.32 j 0.32
0.95
0.95

0
0

0
j 3.0
0
j 3.0

0
0

0
0

0
0
j 3.0
0

j 3.0
0
0
0

Slide24

12

4/27/2015

GettingaFeelfortheNumbers(2of2)
WeseethatthemodesoccuraseitheranExHy orEyHx pair.Thisisconsistent
withplanewaves.Duetothenormalization,theyare90 outofphase.Asign
differenceindicatesforwardandbackwardwaves.Onlytherelativeamplitude
differencebetweenE andH isimportanthere.
j 0.32
0
W
0

0.95

j 0.32
0
0
0.95

0
0
j 0.32 j 0.32
0.95
0.95

0
0

r
E
0
r
H
E

r 1

r 3

ThemodesinW onlycontain
informationabouttherelative
amplitudesofthefield
components.

Weknowtherefractiveindex(n = 3.0),sotheeigenvaluesareconsistentwith
whatwewouldexpect.Thesignscorrespondtoforwardandbackwardwaves.

0
j 3.0
0
j 3.0

0
0

0
0

0
0
j 3.0
0

j 3.0
0
0
0

e z e jn cosinc z

jn cos inc
n r r 3

Thenumbersin describe
howthemodesaccumulate
phaseinthez direction.This
isessentiallyjusttherefractive
indexofthematerial.

Lecture4

Slide25

VisualizingtheModes
j 0.32
0
W
0

0.95

0.95

0
0
j 0.32 j 0.32
0.95
0.95

0
0

0
j 3.0
0
j
3.0

0
0

0
0

0
0
0
j3.0
0

0
j 3.0

j 0.32
0
0

Mode1

Mode2
0.95

0.95
j0.32

Mode4

Mode3

Mode2

Mode1

-j0.32

j0.32

Mode3

Mode4
0.95

0.95
-j0.32

Lecture4

Slide26

13

4/27/2015

MultilayerStructures

Lecture4

Slide27

GeometryofanIntermediateLayer
+z
Layeri-1
i 1 k0 Li 1

Layeri

i zi

ci 1

i k0 Li
i1 0

i 0

Li 1

Layeri+1

Li
ci

Li 1
ci 1

zi isalocalzcoordinateinsidetheith layerthatstartsatzeroatthelayersleftside.
Lecture4

Slide28

14

4/27/2015

FieldRelations
Fieldinsidetheith layer:
Ex ,i zi

E y ,i zi
Wi e i zi ci
i zi
H x ,i zi

H y ,i zi

Boundaryconditionsatthefirstinterface:
i 1 k0 Li 1 i 0
Wi 1ei1k0 Li1 ci 1 Wi ci

Weneedtoincludek0 intheexponentialtonormalizeLi-1 because

Theparameteri-1 expectstomultiplyanormalizedcoordinate.

Boundaryconditionsatthesecondinterface:
i k0 Li i 1 0
Wi ei k0 Li ci Wi 1ci 1

Note:Wemustequatethefield oneitherside
oftheinterfaces,notthemodecoefficientsc.

Lecture4

Slide29

TheTransferMatrix
ThetransfermatrixTi oftheith
layerisdefinedas:

ci 1 Ti ci

Ti
Aftersomealgebra,thetransfermatrixiscomputedas

Ti Wi11Wi ei k0 Li
Lecture4

Slide30

15

4/27/2015

TheTransferMatrixMethod
Thetransfermatrixmethod(TMM)consistsofworkingthroughthe
deviceonelayeratatimeandcalculatinganoverall(global)transfer
matrix.
T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

Transmission
Region

Reflection
Region

T5 T4 T3 T2 T1
Tglobal

Thisisstandardmatrix
multiplication.

Theorderofmultiplicationmayseembackwardshere,
butitisnot.Recallthedefinitionofthetransfermatrix
tohavethismakesense.
Lecture4

Slide31

TheGlobalTransferMatrix
Thetransfermatrixsofarisnotyetthetrueglobaltransfermatrixbecauseitdoes
notconnectthereflectionregiontothetransmissionregion.Itonlyconnectsthe
amplitudecoefficientsofLayer1totheamplitudecoefficientsinthetransmission
region.Thisisaresultofhowwedefinedthetransfermatrix.

c1
c trn Tglobal
Theglobaltransfermatrixmustconnecttheamplitudecoefficientsinthereflection
regiontotheamplitudecoefficientsinthetransmissionregion.Boundary
conditionsatthefirstinterfacerequire

Wref c ref W1c1

Solvingthisforc1 yields

c1 W11Wref c ref
Theglobaltransfermatrixisderivedbysubstitutingthisresultintothefirstequation.

W11Wref c ref
c trn Tglobal

W11Wref
Tglobal Tglobal
Lecture4

Tglobal T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 W11Wref
Slide32

16

4/27/2015

TMMisanInherently
UnstableMethod

Lecture4

Slide33

TheMultiLayerProblem
Thefigurebelowisfocusedonanarbitrarylayerinastackofmultiple
layers.Wewillbeexaminingthewavesolutionsintheith layer.

Lecture4

Slide34

17

4/27/2015

WaveSolutionsinith Layer
Recallthatthewavevectorcanbepurelyreal(pureoscillation),
purelyimaginary(pureexponentialdecay),orcomplex(decaying
oscillation).

k k

k k jk

k jk
Lecture4

Slide35

BackwardWavesinith Layer
Duetoreflectionsattheinterfaces,therewillalsobebackward
travelingwavesineachofthelayers.Thesecanalsohavewave
vectorsthatarereal,imaginaryorcomplex,sotheycanoscillate,
decay/grow,orboth.

Lecture4

Slide36

18

4/27/2015

AllWavesareTreatedasForwardWaves
Thetruetransfermatrixmethodtreatsallwavesasiftheyare
forwardpropagating.Decayingfieldsassociatedwithbackward
wavesbecomeexponentiallygrowingfieldsandquicklybecome
numericallyunstable.
Ex ,i zi

E y ,i zi
Wi ei zi ci
i zi
H x ,i zi

H y ,i zi

Lecture4

Slide37

TMMisInherentlyUnstable
Ourwavesolutionwas
Ex z

E y z
We zc
z
H x z

H y z

Thistreatsallenergyasforwardpropagating.

Weknowthatbackwardwavesexist.Wealsoknowthatdecaying
fieldsexistwhenawaveisevanescentorpropagatinginalossy
material.
Whenbackwardwavesaredecayingandtreatedasforward
propagatingwaves,theygrowexponentially.Thisleadsto
numericallyinstability.
TheTMMisinherentlyanunstablemethodbecauseittreats
everythingasforwardpropagating.
Lecture4

Slide38

19

4/27/2015

TheFix
Wearetreatingallenergyasforwardpropagatingbecausewedidnot
distinguishbetweenforwardandbackwardwaves.
Clearly,thefirstpartofthefixistodistinguishbetweenforwardand
backwardpropagatingwaves.
ThiscanbeaccomplishedbycalculatingthePoynting vector
associatedwiththemodesandlookingatthesignofthez component.
Becareful!Weareusinganormalizedmagneticfield.

E H
z Ex H y E y H x
H y
H
z Ex j
Ey j x

0
0

j
z Ex H y E y H x

0
0
i 0.32 i 0.32
0

i
i
0
0.32
0.32

W
0
0
0.95 0.95

0.95
0
0
0.95

Lecture4

Slide39

RearrangeEigenModes
Nowthatweknowwhicheigenmodesareforwardandbackward
propagating,wecanrearrangetheeigenvectorandeigenvalue
matricestogroupthemtogether.
0
0
i 0.32 i 0.32
0

i
0
0.32
0.32

W
0
0
0.95 0.95

0.95
0
0
0.95

i 0.32
0
0
i 0.32
0

i
i
0.32
0
0.32

W
0
0.95
0
0.95

0
0.95
0
0.95

0
0
0
i3.0
0 i3.0 0
0

0
0
i3.0
0

0
0 i3.0
0

0
0
i3.0 0
0 i3.0
0
0

0
0 i3.0
0

0
0
i3.0
0

Youwillalsoneedtoadjusttheverticalpositionsof
theeigenvaluessothatremainsadiagonalmatrix.
Lecture4

Slide40

20

4/27/2015

NewInterpretationoftheMatrices
0
i 0.32
0
i 0.32
0

i
0.32
0

i
0.32

W
0
0.95
0
0.95

0
0.95
0
0.95

Ex
Ey
H x
H

0
0
i3.0 0
0 i3.0
0
0

0
0 i3.0
0

0
0
i3.0
0

Wehavenowpartitionedour
matricesintoforwardand
backwardpropagatingelements.

W
W E
WH
e z

e
Note:Foranisotropicmaterials,
alltheeigenvectorsandeigen
valuesareingeneralunique.

i3.0 0

0 i3.0

WE

WH

Ex
Ey
H x
H

0
i3.0

i3.0
0

Lecture4

Slide41

RevisedSolutiontoDifferentialEquation
Thematrixdifferentialequationanditsoriginalsolutionwas
d
0
dz

z We zc

Afterdistinguishingbetweenforwardandbackwardpropagating
wavesandgroupingtheminthematrices,wecanwriteoursolution
as
WE

z
WH

WE e

WH 0

0 c

e z c

Wenowhaveseparatemodecoefficientsc+ andc- forforwardand

backwardpropagatingmodes,respectively.
Wewillpickupherenextlecture.
Lecture4

Slide42

21