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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Nadargul (V), Saroornagar (M), R.R. (Dist.), A.P.
LABORATORY MANUAL
For
Digital COMMUNICATIONS
(FOR III ECE-REGULATION R07)
Department Of
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Academic Year: 2009-2010.
SPHOORTHY Engg.College.
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
INDEX
S.NO.
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
PAGENO
1.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
2.
Pulse Width Modulation & Demodulation
3.
Pulse Position Modulation & Demodulation
15
4.
Sampling Theorem - Verification
21
5.
Time Division Multiplexing
25
6.
Pulse Code modulation
32
7.
Differential Pulse Code modulation
37
8.
Delta Modulation
42
9.
Frequency Shift Keying
47
10.
Phase Shift Keying
52
11.
Differential Phase Shift Keying
57
Principal
(Dr.SYED S BASHA, M.E., Ph.D.)
Head of the Department

(Mr.T.RAVICHANDRA BABU)
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To study the Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Process.
COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT:

1.PAM Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO - (0-20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
In Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), the amplitude of regularly spaced pulses are
varied in proportion to corresponding sample values if continuous message signal, the pulses can
be of a rectangular form or some other appropriate shape. In natural sampling the top of each
modulated rectangular pulses varies with the message signal where as in PAM it is maintained
flat.
There are two operations involved in the generation of the PAM signal
1.
Instantaneous sampling of the message signal m(t) every Ts seconds, where the sampling
range fs=1/Ts is chosen in accordance with the sampling theorem.
2.
Lengthening the duration of each sample so obtained to same constant value T. these
operations are jointly referred to as sample and hold.
Where as Ts is the sampling period and m(nTs) is the sample of m(t) at t=nTs. The h(t) is
the standard rectangular pulse of unit amplitude and duration T.

Using Flat top sampling, there is a amplitude distortion as well as a delay of T/2 known
as aperture effect, which can be correcting by an equalizer in cascade with the low-pass
reconstruction filter.
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ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
AF signal
Generator
m(t)
PAM
Modulator
Modulated
Output
Synchronous
Clock generator
C(t)
PAM MODULATOR
Modulated
input
PAM
demodulator
Demod.
output
PAM DEMODULATOR
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PAM MODULATOR
PAM DEMODULATOR
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the AC Adaptor to the mains and the other side to the experimental trainer.
switch ON the power.
2. Observe the AF signal generator output in an oscilloscope, it is a sinewave of frequency
varying from 200Hz to 2KHz with 0-5V
p-p
amplitude variation. Adjust the frequency to
nearly 1KHz, with the help of potentiometer P1.

3. Observe the output of the 8KHz sync. Clock generator.
4. Connect the output of AF signal generator to the sync. Signal input of the sync. Clock
generator sown at dashed line. Observe that both the signals are synchronized on the
oscilloscope.
5. Connect AF output of AF signal generator to the AF input of the PAM Modulator.
6. Connect Sync. Clock output of the synchronous clock generator to Sync. Clock input
of the PAM Modulator.
7. Keep the switch in Natural Sampling mode
8. Connect AF input to channel1 of CRO and sampled output to channel2 of CRO. Now
observe the sampled output with respect to AF input. i.e; the top of the pulses will
follow the input signal during the sampling period.
9. This sampled output of PAM modulator can be given to the sampled signal input of
the Demodulator and output can be observed at demod output. This output can be seen
as replica of the AF output
10. Now again keep the switch in Sample and Hold mode and observe the sample and hold
output at sampled output of PAM modulator with respect to AF input.
11. Now this sampled output of PAM modulator can be given to the sampled signal input
of the Demodulator and output can be observed at demod output.
12. Now connect AF input to channel1 of CRO and flat top output to channel2 of CRO.
Observe the flat top output with respect to AF input. This is also a form of PAM
13. Connect this flat top output of PAM modulator to the sampled signal input of the
Demodulator and output can be observed at demod output.
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL GRAPHS:
A F INPUT
SYNC. CLOCK
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ECE DEPARTMENT
OBS
ER
VA
TIO
NS:
1. A
1. amplitude of AF signal
2. Frequency of AF signal
= ---------------= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of PAM (Flat top Sampled) signal= --------------6. Frequency of PAM (Flat top Sampled) signal= --------------7. Amplitude of demodulated output
= ---------------
8. Frequency of demodulated output = ---------------RESULT:

Hence the Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and the
modulated and demodulated output wave forms were observed for natural sampling, sample and
hold & flat top sampling .
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To study the Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Process.
1.PWM Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO- (0-20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY :
In a pulse modulation system, we may use the increased band width consumed by the
pulse to obtain an improvement in noise performance by representing the sampling values of the
message signal by some property of the pulse other than amplitude. In pulse-duration
modulation (PDM), the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the
individual pulses.
This form of modulation is referred to as pulse-width modulation or pulse-length
modulation. The modulating signal may vary the time of occurrence of the leading edge, the
trailing edge, or both edges of the
pulse. In PDM, long pulses expand considerable power
during the pulse while hearing no additional information.

The Saw tooth wave form at higher frequency and the analog signal at lower frequency
(<3.4 KHz) arte given to a comparator. This gives a PWM signal. A Low pass filter to simulate
the channel Band width rounds of the Square pulse.
The rounded Pulses are constructed to Square pulses again in a comparator at the
demodulator. The output is given to a low pass filter (3.4KHz cutoff) to removing the analog
signal from PWM.
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
AF signal
Generator
m(t)
PWM
Modulator
Modulated
Output
Synchronous
Clock generator
C(t)
PWM MODULATOR
Modulated
input
PWM
demodulator
Demod.
output
PWM DEMODULATOR
PWM
output
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ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PWM MODULATOR
PWM DEMODULAOR
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ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
p-p

4. Connect the output of AF signal generator to the sync. Signal input of the sync. Clock
generator sown at dashed line. Observe that both the signals are synchronized on the
oscilloscope.
5. Connect AF output of AF signal generator to the AF input of the PWM Modulator.
6. Connect Sync. Clock output of the synchronous clock generator to Sync. Clock input
of the PWM Modulator.
7. Connect AF input to channel1 of CRO and PWM output to channel2 of CRO. Now
observe the PWM output with respect to AF input.
8. Connect the PWM output of PWM modulator to the PWM input of the Demodulator
and demodulated output can be observed at demod output.
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ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
A F INPUT
SYNC. CLOCK
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ECE DEPARTMENT
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of AF signal
= ----------------
= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of PWM Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of PWM Modulated signal
= ---------------
7. Amplitude of demodulated output
= ---------------
8. Frequency of demodulated output
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and the
modulated and demodulated output wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PULSE POSITIOIN MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM:
To study the Pulse Position Modulation and Demodulation Process.
1.PPM Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO- (0-20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY :
In pulse position modulation (PPM), the position of the pulse relative to its unmodulated
time of occurrence is varied in accordance with message signal. Set Ts be the sample duration
Using the sample m(nTs) of the message signal to modulate the position of the nth pulse, we
obtain the PPM signal.
The PPM signal may be generated as: the message signal m(t) is first converted into the
PAM signal by means of sample and hold circuit, generating a stair case wave form u(t) ; next
the signal u(t) is added to a saw tooth wave form, yielding a combined signal v(t). The v(t) is
applied to a threshold detector that produces a narrow pulse (impulse) each time v(t) passes
through a zero-crossing in the negative going direction. Finally the PPM signal s(t) is generating
by using this sequence of impulse to excite a filter whose impulses response is defined by the
standard pulse g(t).
The high frequency Saw tooth wave is given to one input of comparator while a low
frequency analog signal sampled and hold at the same high frequency as that of sawtooth wave
is given to the other input.
The resulting PWM output from the comparator is amplitude limited by a zener diode
clipper. The negative edge trigger s a 555 Monostable to give shirt pulses at each trailing edge of
PWM pulse resulting in PPM output.
The PPM output is reconverted into PWM output by giving it to Set and Reset Flip-Flop
in which one input is the PPM signal while the other is the synchronizing clock. The PWM
output is passed through the Comparator and Filter (3.4 KHz cutoff) to generate the modulating
signal
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
AF signal
Generator
m(t)
PPM
Modulator
Modulated
Output
Synchronous
Clock generator
C(t)
PPM MODULATOR
Modulated
input
PPM
demodulator
Demod.
output
Sync. Clock input
PPM DEMODULATOR
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PPM MODULATOR
PPM DEMODULATOR
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ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
2. Observe the AF signal generator output in an oscilloscope, it is a sinewave of
frequency varying from 200Hz to 2KHz with 0-5V p-p amplitude variation. Adjust the
frequency to nearly 1KHz, with the help of potentiometer P1.
4. Connect the output of AF signal generator to the sync. Signal input of the sync.
Clock generator sown at dashed line. Observe that both the signals are synchronized
on the oscilloscope.
5. Connect AF output of AF signal generator to the AF input of the PPM Modulator.
6. Connect Sync. Clock output of the synchronous clock generator to Sync. Clock
input of the PPM Modulator.
7. Connect AF input to channel1 of CRO and PPM output to channel2 of CRO. Now
observe the PWM output with respect to AF input.
8. Connect the PPM output of PWM modulator to the PPM input of the Demodulator
and demodulated output can be observed at demod output.
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ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
A F INPUT
SYNC. CLOCK
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ECE DEPARTMENT
OBSERVATIONS:
= ----------------
= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of PPM Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of PPM Modulated signal
= ---------------
= ---------------
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Pulse Position Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and the
modulated and demodulated output wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
SAMPLING THEOREM - VERIFICATION

AIM:
Study the Analog signal sampling gate to verify the sampling theorem
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Analog Sampling Gate Trainer kit

Function Generator
Patch cards
CRO- (0-20MHz)
AC Adapter ( 8V)
CRO Probes
THEORY:
Sampling theorem:
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher
than the WHz , is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instant of time
separated by the 1/2W seconds.
Through the use of sampling process, an analog signal is converted into a corresponding
sequence of samples that are usually spaced uniformly in time and the sampling rate is so chosen
such that the sequence of samples uniquely defines the original analog signal.
The finite energy signal g(t) is sampled instantaneously and a uniform rate, once every
Ts seconds, We obtain an finite sequence of samples spaced Ts seconds apart and denoted by
g(nTs). The sampling rate fs=1/Ts.
We have three types of Modulated pulses
1. Natural Top sampling
2. Sample and Hold circuit
3. Flat Top sampling
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ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Analog signal
Generator
m(t)
Sample and
hold circuit
sampled
Output
Sampling pulse
generator
C(t)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
A F INPUT
SYNC. CLOCK
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
2. Observe the sampling pulse generator output in an oscilloscope, it is a square wave of
frequency varying from 2KHz to 32KHz with adjustable pulse width
3. Connect sampling pulse output of sampling pulse generator to the sampling pulse
input of the Analog sampling gate.
4. Connect the external AF signal from 1MHz function generator to the Analog signal
input.
5. Observe the sample and hold output at the Analog sample output
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of Analog signal = ---------------2. Frequency of Analog signal = --------------3. Amplitude of Sampling Pulse signal = --------------4. Frequency of Sampling Pulse signal = --------------5. Amplitude of Analog Sampled signal
6. Frequency of Analog Sampled signal
= --------------= ---------------
RESULT:
Hence the sampling theorem has been verified and the analog sampled waveforms were
observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

AIM:
To study the 4 channel Analog Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Analog TDM Trainer kit

Patch cards
CRO- (0-20MHz)
AC Adapter ( 8V)
CRO Probes
THEORY:
Time division multiplexing is possible in the PCM and also in the PAM. In the PCM it is
explained as in two ways:
1.
Bits are taken, one by one from each sample code. When the first bit from the all channel
samples, are taken, the commutator takes the second bits from all the channel samples,
and so on.
2.
All code bits of the first channel samples are taken followed by the second
samples. In this method the commutator speed is less
3.
In this method a synchronizing bit is added at the end of each frame for
synchronization
between the commutator and decommutator. The signal that is time division multiplexed
is band limited to the same frequency, resulting in the same sampling frequency fore all
the channels and, hence the name synchronizing time division multiplexing.
When the signals that is to be time division multiplexed are band limited to the different
frequencies, their sampling frequencies are also different, and hence the name Asynchronous
time division multiplexing. It is obtained by a technique called pulse stuffing.
To multiplex the asynchronous signals, it is necessary to have a device which can store
and reproduce data at different speeds. Such storage is known as Elastic store.
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Sine Wave
m1 (t)
Triangular
Wave m2(t)
Time Division
Multiplexer
S(t)
Square
Wave m3(t)
Sine Wave
m4(t)
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Sine Wave
m1 (t)
Triangular
Wave m2(t)
S(t)
Time Divison
Demultiplexer
Square
Wave m3(t)
Sine Wave
m4(t)
TIME DIVISION DEMULTIPLEXING
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ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
2. Observe the Sine wave, Triangular wave, square wave & another sine wave at sockets
1,2,3,4 respectively of quad signal source.
3. Connect these four signals to four inputs of multiplexer, adjust each signal amplitude
be within 4Vp-p and frequency non over lapping, within a frequency band of 2KHz.
4. Adjust the frequency of 555 timer to be around 32KHz, so that each of the four
channels is sampled at 8KHz.
5. Now observe the multiplexed output at TDM output of multiplexer. i.e; all the
multiplexed channels are observed during the full period of the clock(1/32KHz)
6. Connect the TDM output to TDM input of demultiplexer and observe the
individual outputs can be observed at output channels 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. i.e; the
TDM pulses corresponding to each channel are now separated as 4 streams.
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MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Multiplexing
29
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Demultiplexing
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OBSERVATIONS :
1.
Sampling frequency fs = -------
2.
Amplitude of sine wave m1 = --------------
3.
Frequency of sine wave m1 = --------------
4.
Amplitude of triangular wave m2 = -----------
5.
Frequency of triangular wave m2 = -----------
6.
Amplitude of square wave m3 = ---------------
7.
Frequency of square wave m3 = ---------------
8.
Amplitude of another sine wave m4 = -----------
9.
Frequency of another sine wave m4 = -----------
10. Amplitude of recovered signal of m1= ---------11. Frequency of recovered signal of m1 = ---------12. Amplitude of recovered signal of m2 = ---------13. Frequency of recovered signal of m2 = ---------14. Amplitude of recovered signal of m3 = ---------15. Frequency of recovered signal of m3 = ---------16. Amplitude of recovered signal of m4 = ---------17. Frequency of recovered signal of m4 = ----------
RESULT:
Hence the Pulse Time division multiplexing and demultiplexing has been studied
and the multiplexed & demultiplexed output wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PULSE CODE MODULATION

AIM:
To study the Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation Process.
1.PCM Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO- (0-20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
The pulse modulation systems are not completely digital, as amplitude, width or
position of the pulse transmitted may vary continuously in accordance with the base band signal
variations. PAM is the simplest pulse modulation system. For this reason, the PAM signals are
used to generate the digital signal.
The base band signal is sampled at nyquist rate by the sample. This is the PAM signal.
The PAM signal is then quantized in the quantizer. The encoder encodes these quantized pulses
into bits which are then transmitted over the channel.
At the PCM receiver, the first block is the quantizer. But this quantizer is different
from the transmitter quantizer because it has to take the decision about the presence of the pulse
or the absence of the pulse. He output of the quantizer goes to the decoder which is the A/D
converter that performs the inverse operation of encoder. The decoder output is the sequence of
the quantized pulse. The original Base band signal is reconstructed in the holding circuit and
LPF filter.
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ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
AF signal
generator
Sample and
hold circuit
PCM
modulator
Modulated
output
Clock
geneator
PCM MODULATOR
Modulated
input
PCM
demodulator
Demod.
output
Clock signal
PCM DEMODULATOR
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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PROCEDURE:
p-p

3. Observe the output of the Clock generator i.e; conversion clock & sampling clocks in
CRO. Adjust sampling clock frequency to 8KHz
4. Connect AF output of AF signal generator to the AF inputof the sample&hld circuit
5. Connect sampling clk o/p of clock generator to sampling clk i/p of the sample&hld
circuit
6. Now observe the sample and hold output & serial data at S&H o/p of sample & hold
circuit.
7. Connect conv. Clk o/p of clock generator to conv. Clk i/p of the PCM modulator
8. Connect S&H o/p of sample & hold circuit to S/H i/p of the PCM modulator
9. Now observe the PCM modulated output at serial data of PCM modulator
10. Serial data i.e;PCM modulated output is connected internally to PCM demodulator and
data clk & byte clk also connected internally.
11. Observe the D/A output & demod output at the filter secion
12. The demod output is the replica of AF input
13. Repeat the experiment by taking input as DC voltage source.
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ECE DEPARTMENT
OBSERVATIONS:
= ----------------
= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Sampling clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Sampling clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of PCM Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of PCM Modulated signal = --------------7. Amplitude of demodulated output
= ---------------
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and the modulated
and demodulated output wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM:
To study the differential pulse code modulation and demodulation by sending variable
frequency sine wave and variable DC signal outputs.
1. DPCM Trainer kit

2. Patch cards
3. CRO- (0-20MHz)
4. AC Adapter ( 8V)
5. CRO Probes.
THEORY:
In Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), instead of quantizing each sample, the
difference between the two successive samples is quantized, encode, and transmitted as in the
PCM. This particularly useful in the Voice communication, because in this case two successive
samples do not differ much in amplitude.
Thus, the difference signal is much less in amplitude than the actual sample and, hence,
less number of quantization levels is needed. Therefore, the number of bits per code is reduced,
resulting in a reduced bit rate. Thus, the band width required in this case is less than the one
required in PCM.
The disadvantage of DPCM is that the modulator and demodulator circuits are more
complicated than those in PCM.
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
AF signal
Generator
m(t)
Modulated
Output
DPCM
Modulator
Synchronous
Clock generator
C(t)
DPCM MODULATOR
Modulated
input
DPCM
demodulator
Demod.
output
Clock signal
DPCM DEMODULATOR
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the Kit.
2. Apply the variable DC signal to the input terminals of DPCM modulator.
3. Observe the sampling signal output on CRO
4. Observe the output of DPCM on the second channel of CRO
5. By adjusting the DC voltage potentiometer we can get the DPCM output from 0000
0000 to 1111 1111.
6. Now, disconnect the DC voltage and apply AF oscillator output to the input of the
DPCM modulator
7. observe the output of conditioning amplifier (differential output) and DPCM outputs
in synchronization with the sampling signal.
8. During demodulation, connect DPCM output to the input of demodulation and
observe the output of Demodulator
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of AF signal = ---------------2. Frequency of AF signal
= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of DPCM Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of DPCM Modulated signal
= ---------------
= ---------------
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Differential Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and
the modulated and demodulated output wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
DELTA MODULATION
AIM:
To study the Delta Modulation and Demodulation process
1.Delta Modulation and Demodulation Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO - (0 - 20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
By the delta modulation technique, an analog signal can be encoded into bits. Hence, in
one sense a delta modulation (DM) is also a PCM.AS the information regarding the difference of
the two signals (t)=m(t)-m(t) is transmitted I this method, it is known as delta modulation.
The difference from the difference amplifier is applied to the modulator. The modulator output is
the input pulse train is multiplied by the + 1 or 1 depending upon the polarity of the difference
signal. The output is positive pulse, if (t) is the positive and it is negative pulse if (t) is the
negative.
At the receiver side the quantizer is takes the decisions whether the received pulse is + Ve or
Ve. Hence assuming no error, the output of the quantizer is the same as the wave form and is
fed to the integrator, and gives the wave form m(t). This is applied to the LPF, then, smoothens
the output of the integrator, and gives a wave form m(t) which is similar to the signal m(t)
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ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
AF Signal
m(t)
m(t)
Delta
Modulator
Synchronous
clockGenerator
c(t)
S(t)
c(t)
DELTA MODULATOR
S(t)
Delta
Demodulator
m(t)
DELTA DEMODULATOR
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
2. Connect Clk output of synchronous clock generator
to Clk input of the Delta
modulator
3. Connect AF output of signal source to AF input of the Delta modulator
4. Observe DM output of Delta modulator with respect to AF input in CRO by
connecting AF input to channel1 & DM output to channel2 of CRO.
5. Connect DM output of Delta modulator to the demodulator and observe the digital to
analog converted output at D/A O/P and demodulated output at AF O/P of filter
amplifier
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MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of AF signal = ---------------2. Frequency of AF signal = --------------3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of Delta Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of Delta Modulated signal
= ---------------
= ---------------
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Delta Modulation and Demodulation has been studied and the modulated and
demodulated output wave forms were observed
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ECE DEPARTMENT
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
To study the FSK Modulation and Demodulation Technique.
1.FSK Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO - (0 - 20MHz)
4.AC Adapter (18V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
Frequency shift keying is relatively simple, low performance type of digital
modulation. Binary FSK modulation is constant amplitude angle modulation similar to
conventional FM expect that the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between two
distinct voltage levels rather than the continuously changing analog signal.
In FSK the carrier frequency (center) is chosen such that it falls halfway between the
mark and space frequency. Logic 1 input shifts the VCO output to the mark frequency, and
logic 0 to the space frequency. The VCO output shifts or deviates back and forth between the
mark and space frequencies.
At the demodulation the FSK input signal is simultaneously applied to the inputs of both
band pass filters through the power splitter. The respective filter passes only mark and space
frequencies on to its respective envelope detector. The envelope detectors, in turn indicate the
total power in each pass band and comparator responds to the larger of the two powers. This type
of FSK detection is referred to as non coherent detection; there is no frequency involved in the
demodulation process that is synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both with the incoming
signal FSK signal.
47
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Data input
8-Bit Word
Generator
FSK output
FSK
Modulator
Data clock
generator
FSK MODULATOR
FSK input
FSK
Demodulator
Demod
output
FSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FSK MODULATOR
FSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
2. Observe the different data outputs by connecting different data clock outputs to data
clock in of the Data clock generator. Different data patterns can be obtained by pushing
the load switch.
3. Connect Data output of 8-bit ord generator to Data input of the FSK modulator
4. Observe FSK output of FSK modulator with respect to Data input in CRO by
5. Connecting Data input to channel1 & FSK output to channel2 of CRO.
6. Connect FSK output to FSK input of the demodulator.
7. Observe the demodulated output by adjusting P3 such that demod output is identical to
data input
8. Repeat the above procedure for different data patterns.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Frequency Fmark =------2. Frequency Fspace =----3. Amplitude of FSK modulated signal
=----------
4. Frequency of FSK modulated signal
=----------
5. Amplitude of FSK demodulated signal =---------6. Frequency of FSK demodulated signal =--------
RESULT:
Hence the FSK modulation and demodulation has been studied and the modulated and
demodulated wave forms were observed
51
DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
To study the PSK Modulation and Demodulation Technique.
1.PSK Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO - (0 - 20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
Phase shift keying is another form of constant amplitude angle modulated digital
modulation technique. PSK is similar to conventional PM expect that the modulating signal is a
binary signal and a limited number of output phases are possible.
With binary phase shift keying, two output phase changes are possible for a
single carrier frequency. One output phase represents logic 1 and the represents for logic 0.The
carrier shifts between the two phase changes are 0 and 180.Other names of BPSK are phase
reversal keying and biphase modulation. BPSK is a form of suppressed-carrier, square-wave
modulation of a continuous wave (CW) signal.
The input signal may be a + sin ct or sin ct. The coherent carrier recovery
circuit detects and generates a carrier signal that is both frequency and phase coherent with the
original transmit carrier. The balanced modulator produces the product of two inputs ( the BPSK
signal and recovered signal ).The low pass filter separates the recovery binary data from the
complex demodulated signal.
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Data
Generator
PSK
Modulator
Modulated
Output
Carrier
generator
PSK MODULATOR
Modulated
input
PSK
demodulator
Demod.
output
Carrier input
PSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PSK MODULATOR
PSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCEDURE:
1. connect the AC Adaptor to the mains and the other side to the experimental trainer.
2. connect Carrier output of Carrier generator to Carier input of the PSK modulator
3. connect Data output of data generator to Data input of the PSK modulator
4. observe PSK output of PSK modulator with respect to Data input in CRO by
connecting Data input to channel1 & PSK output to channel2 of CRO.
5. connect PSK output to PSK input of the demodulator and Carrier output to carrier
input of demodulator .
6. observe the demodulated output at demod output of PSK demodulator. The demod
output is identical to data input
7. repeat the above procedure for different data patterns.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Amplitude of the Data input
=---------------
2. Frequency of the Data input =---------------3. Amplitude of the Carrier signal =---------------4. Frequency of the Carrier signal =---------------5. Amplitude of the PSK modulated signal =---------------6. Frequency of the PSK modulated signal =----------------7. Amplitude of the PSK demodulated signal =--------------8. Frequency of the PSK demodulated signal =----------------
RESULT:
Hence the PSK modulation and demodulation has been studied and the modulated and
demodulated wave forms were observed
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM:
The experiment is conducted to study the operation and performance of DPSK modulator
and demodulator.
1.DPSK Trainer kit
2.Patch cards
3.CRO - (0 - 20MHz)
4.AC Adapter ( 8V)
5.CRO Probes
THEORY:
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is an alternative form of digital modulation where
the binary input information is contained the difference between two successive signals rather
than the absolute phase.
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is generated by the , An information bit is
XNORed with the preceding bit prior to entering the BPSK modulator. For the first data bit,
there is no preceding bit with which to compare it. Therefore initial reference bit is assumed. If
the initial reference bit is 1, the output from the XNOR circuit is simply the complement of that
shown.
At the receiver side the received signal is delayed by the one bit time, then compare with
the next signaling element in the balanced modulator. If they are same, a logic 1 (+ Voltage) is
generated. If they are different, a logic 0 (- Voltage) is generated. Differential encoding can be
implemented with the higher-than-binary digital modulation schemes, although the differential
algorithms are much more complicated than for BPSK.
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Data
Generator
Modulated
Output
DPSK
Modulator
Carrier
generator
DPSK MODULATOR
Modulated
input
DPSK
demodulator
Demod.
output
Carrier input
DPSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
DPSK DEMODULATOR
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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DC LAB MANUAL
ECE DEPARTMENT
PROCREDURE:
1. Switch on the Kit.
2. Check the carrier signal and the data generator signal initially.
3. Apply the carrier signal to the carrier input of the DPSK modulator and give the data
generator to the data input of DPSK modulator.
4. Observe the DPSK modulating output with respect to the input data generator signal of
dual trace oscilloscope (observe the DPSK modulating signal on the channel 1 and the
data generator signal on channel 2).
5. Give the output of DPSK modulator signal to the input of the demodulator, give the bit
clock output to the bit clock input of the demodulator and also give the carrier output to
the carrier input of demodulator.
6. Observe the demodulator output with respect to data generated signal (modulating
signal).
OBSERVATIONS:
= ----------------
= ---------------
3. Amplitude of Synchronous clock signal = --------------4. Frequency of Synchronous clock signal = --------------5. Amplitude of DPSK Modulated signal = --------------6. Frequency of DPSK Modulated signal
= ---------------
= ---------------
= ----------------
RESULT:
Hence the Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation has been
studied and the modulated and demodulated output wave forms were observed
62

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DC LAB MANUAL

SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Pulse Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation

Pulse Width Modulation & Demodulation

Pulse Position Modulation & Demodulation

Sampling Theorem - Verification

Time Division Multiplexing

Pulse Code modulation

Differential Pulse Code modulation

Frequency Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying

Differential Phase Shift Keying

Head of the Department

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

To study the Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Process.

COMPONENT AND EQUIPMENT:

the standard rectangular pulse of unit amplitude and duration T.

amplitude variation. Adjust the frequency to

nearly 1KHz, with the help of potentiometer P1.

8. Frequency of demodulated output = ---------------RESULT:

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

pulse. In PDM, long pulses expand considerable power

during the pulse while hearing no additional information.

amplitude variation. Adjust the frequency to

nearly 1KHz, with the help of potentiometer P1.

7. Amplitude of demodulated output

8. Frequency of demodulated output

PULSE POSITIOIN MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Sync. Clock input

7. Amplitude of demodulated output

8. Frequency of demodulated output

SAMPLING THEOREM - VERIFICATION

Analog Sampling Gate Trainer kit

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Analog TDM Trainer kit

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

TIME DIVISION DEMULTIPLEXING

Sampling frequency fs = -------

Amplitude of sine wave m1 = --------------

Frequency of sine wave m1 = --------------

Amplitude of triangular wave m2 = -----------

Frequency of triangular wave m2 = -----------

Amplitude of square wave m3 = ---------------

Frequency of square wave m3 = ---------------

Amplitude of another sine wave m4 = -----------

Frequency of another sine wave m4 = -----------

PULSE CODE MODULATION

amplitude variation. Adjust the frequency to

nearly 1KHz, with the help of potentiometer P1.

8. Frequency of demodulated output

DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION

1. DPCM Trainer kit

7. Amplitude of demodulated output

8. Frequency of demodulated output

to Clk input of the Delta

7. Amplitude of demodulated output

8. Frequency of demodulated output

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

4. Frequency of FSK modulated signal

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

7. Amplitude of demodulated output