Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subject: Chemistry
Unit: Periodic Table & Laws
1 lab session
Differentiation
1 The teacher will be aware of the auditory learners in the class through
the use of small discussion groups in class during the sponge activity and
the anticipatory set and when it is required in the lab activity. The
teacher will make the students discuss their ideas and observations on
what they saw in their pre reading and during their readings and what
their thoughts are on this type of assessment. The teacher will verbalize
what is to be filled in and written down when saying the lecture.
2 The teacher will be aware of the visual learners in class through the
teacher prepared notes that are available to all students but also
primarily directed at approaching students. The teacher will also have
the smart board presentation with the notes on them to fill in with
students.
3 The teacher will differentiate the kinesthetic learners through the use of
a hands on activities where the principles that they have discussed as a
class and have been discovered through students observations and
questions. Different elements that are safe will be passed around in class
to show students different characteristics.
4 The teacher will be aware of the different levels of language proficiency
and the language used in the lab activity will be clear and concise with
directions that are easy to understand. This way, students who do not
speak English as a first language will not be overwhelmed by the basics
of the English language or even those with problems such as dyslexia or
ADHD will all have a fair opportunity to focus on the basic principles they
are discovering independently. The reading article is a below average
level so all students can understand and will master toe concept
Approaching
- Closely monitor those
students who have not
had previous exposure
to the material in
grammar school by
routinely taking note of
their level of
understanding and class
contributions to
discussions and
On-level
Keep track of those
students who are
familiar with the topics
to make sure they stay
focused and dont lose
sight of what they have
previously learned or
confuse the material as
they learn it again.
Beyond
Have students who are
mastering the material
help those who are
struggling with it to
reinforce their own
understanding of the
material.
The critical thinking
questions will be
answered in full by these
students
activities.
Curriculum Integration
Technology will be integrated (the use of PowerPoint and smart board)
Mathematics will be integrated (through the calculations in the examples )
English/Language arts will be integrated (The reading and writing aspects will
be addressed in this lesson.)
Social Studies will be integrated (The article has facts about gold that could be
related to its history)
Materials/Res
ources
Procedures/Strategies
Day 1
1) golden
article
2) teacher
prepared
notes
3) Elements
to pass
around in
class or
use the
ELMO to
show
students
in the lesson and in the article will be reinforced and this will
give the students the ability to inquire about the material on
their own. At this point if students have questions, the
teacher will ask for the beyond level and on level students to
explain the answer in their own words in the hopes that the
material will be clearer from a peer and if not the teacher will
work one on one with the approaching students. There will
also be a small homework sheet given out that will just
reinforce the concepts discussed with a little more
justification required from students.
For example, copper metal has a reddish color. But copper objects turn green when they react
with oxygen in the air. This coating on a copper surface, called a patina, gives the Statue of
Liberty her distinctive green color.
The Statue of Liberty has a greenish color because the copper metal from which it was made
combined with oxygen in the air.
Photo by I. Peterson.
In contrast, gold resists corrosion. It doesn't react with chemicals in the air or elsewhere in the
environment. So it doesn't turn green as copper does, rust the way iron does, or tarnish the way
silver does.
Shaping a nugget
Gold is also a soft metal that's easy to shape. People have been working with it for thousands of
years.
Gold artifacts are among the oldest [human-made objects] that we know, says Jim Webster. He
helped create the gold exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History and studies earth and
planetary sciences at the museum.
Unlike many other metals, gold can be found on the ground in its pure form. Instead of having to
go through many steps to isolate a metal from rock, early people could have used gold nuggets
that were just lying around.
"Literally, now or 6,000 years ago, one could have picked up [a nugget] and just started
hammering on it," says Webster. Ancient people shaped gold into jewelry, statues, coins, and
other beautiful objects.
Jewelry made in the shape of animals, like these gold earrings, was popular more than 2,300
years ago in ancient Greece.
Craig Chesek/AMNH
The property that allows gold to be shaped easily is called malleability. Gold can be hammered
into very thin sheets without breaking.
Experts can make a thin sheet measuring up to 100 square feet in area from just 1 ounce of gold,
Webster says.
The museum's gold exhibit features a small room whose walls and ceilings are covered with gold
a layer just 0.18 micron thick. That's a tiny fraction of the width of a pencil point.
Sarah Webb stands in the gold room at the American Museum of Natural History. The walls and
ceiling are coated with a layer of gold only 0.18 micron thick.
Photo by Anne Sasso.
Because gold is so soft, jewelers and other users often combine it with other metals to make it
stronger. The purity of gold is measured in karats, and pure gold is 24 karats. Jewelry in the
United States is often 14 karats, or about 60 percent gold, combined with other metals, such as
silver or copper.
Rare metal
Even though gold has many special properties, the main reason for its value is its rarity.
Researchers estimate that the total amount of gold ever mined would fit into 60 tractor trailers,
Webster says. This might seem like a lotuntil you compare it with iron. Iron mining and
smelting companies produce six times that amount every year.
Because of its value, people have made coins out of gold, and banks store gold in the form of
bars. Some people collect gold coins or trade gold in international markets. Its current value is
more than $600 per ounce.
Banks and gold markets can use gold bars for transactions. This bar weighs about 27 pounds
and is roughly 6 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 2 inches thick. At current prices, it's worth more
than a quarter of a million dollars.
C. Chesek/AMNH, Courtesy of Johnson Matthey, Inc.
Electronic gold
Most gold that's mined today still goes into making jewelry. You also see it in Olympic medals
and many other special awards, including the Oscar statuettes that honor movies.
But modern electronics and the journey into space have helped give gold an important place in
the technology that we use every day.
Audio and video cables often have gold-coated plugs for two reasons. Gold conducts electricity
better than all but two other metals, Webster says. And because gold doesn't corrode, the surface
on the plug stays clean.
For the same reasons, computer chips also often contain gold, as do a variety of other electronic
components.
We've also launched gold into space.
A thin layer of gold covered the visor on the helmet of an astronaut on the moon. The gold layer
is transparent but still keeps out the sun's heat.
NASA
Gold reflects heat better than any other metal. The visor on an astronaut's helmet has an ultrathin
layer of gold. The layer is thin enough to be transparent, so the astronaut can still see through it.
But this thin layer reflects the sun's heat away from the astronaut.
The museum's gold exhibit includes a helmet from the Apollo 11 mission, when astronauts first
landed on the moon in 1969.
Even after thousands of years, gold remains a precious metalone that has long been prized for
its glitter and is now more useful than ever.
Agree
Disagre
e
Statement
The shine (luster) on gold is not permanent.
The yellow color of gold is common among other elements,
Gold tarnishes like silver and reacts with other elements in the
air
Gold is found in its pure form in the ground
Golden Ticket
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NAME:___________________________________
corrode?
________________________________________________________________________
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Mendeleev__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Moseley__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Atomic Size
NONMETALS
METALLOIDS
(semi-metals)
Atomic Radius:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
EX)
Trends:
Periods: ______________ in atomic radius from left right
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Groups: ______________ in atomic radius from topbottom
Down a group the ____________, the
radius_____________
ELECTRON CLOUD EFFECT: produces a shielding
effect of the valence electrons from the nucleolus.
The inner (non valence) e- ____________ the outer
(valence) e- because they have the same charge.
Ionization Energy:
________________________________________________
Measured in _________________
The_______ an atom attracts its e-, the __________ the
IE
Trends
Periods: IE _________ across a period from leftright
Metallic Character
Measure of an atoms ability to ______ e- and form
(____) ions
Strong metals _______ valance e- easily
Elements with the greatest degree of MC have ____ IE
and ____EN
The ___________ active metals are in the
________________ corner of the table (_______ and
________)
Trends:
Periods:
MC __________ across a period because the e- are
________ easily lost (IE and EN increase)
Group 1 metals are __________ metallic than group
2.
Groups:
MC ___________ down a period since the atomic size
_________ (IE and EN decrease)
Electrons are easily __________ the further they are
from the nucleus
NONMETALS
METALLOIDS (semimetals)
Right side of
Have
zigzag line
intermediate
Poor conductors
properties of
Brittle (solid)
metals and
Exist as solid,
nonmetals
liquid and gas
On the zigzag
Tend to form (-)
line NOT Al!
ions anions (gain
(B,Si,Ge,As,Sb,
electrons
Te)
7 Diatomic
Semiconductor
elements (2 atoms
s- used in
in mlcs)
computer
(H2,N2,O2,F2,Cl2,
industry
Br2,I2)
The most
nonmetallic
electropositive
elements
Most maleable
elements are in
the lower left
corner of table (Fr)
elements are in
the upper right
side of the
table*excludes
noble gases*
Noble gasesUnreactive b/c
their filled valence
shell, Monatomic
Atomic Size
Distance
Distance
Radius= diameter/(2)
Measured in pm (picometers) 1 pm=10^-12m
Trends:
Periods: Decrease in atomic radius from left right
As atomic number (number of protons) ,the nuclear
charge
The attraction b/w the (+) proton and (-)
electron pulling the atom in making it smaller.
Groups:Increase in atomic radius from topbottom
Down a group the # of p.e.l , the radius
ELECTRON CLOUD EFFECT: produces a shielding
effect of the valence electrons from the nucleolus.
The inner (non valence) e- repel the outer (valence)
e- because they have the same charge. The greater
the # of inner e-, the less the outer e- are attracted
to the nucleus.
Ionic Radius: Radius of an ion
Cations: (+) ions (lost one or more e-). The radius
becomes smaller than the original atom.
Ex. (Na) 2-8-1
(Na+1) 2-8
Anions: (-) ion (gain one or more e-) The radium becomes
larger than the original atom.
Ex. (F) 2-7
(F-1) 2-8
Ionization Energy:
Amount of energy needed to remove an e Measured in KJ/mol
The more an atom attracts its e-, the greater the IE
Trends
Periods: IE increase across a period from leftright
Group 1:=lowest values and group 18 highest values
As the nuclear charge increases so does the IE
Groups: IE decrease down a group
As the size of the atom (with inc. p.e.l) the
attraction to the outer e- becomes less therefore less
energy is needed to remove an e**** If an atom achieves a noble gas configuration by
losing an e- it becomes very stable. It will require a great
amount of energy to remove another e-.
Electronegativity
Relative Scale
Measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons
Compounds form due to atoms gaining , losing, or
sharing e-.
Trends
Periods: EN increases across a period from left right
Nonmetals are more EN than metals
Flourine is the most EN (EN=4.0)
Groups 1+2 are the least EN, They want to give eaway not attract them
Groups: EN decreases down a group or stays close to the
same value
Cs and Fr have the largest atomic radii therefore they
have the lowest IE and EN
F2 has the smallest radius therefore it has a high IE
and EN
Metallic Character
Measure of an atoms ability to lose e- and form (+)
ions
Strong metals lose valance e- easily
Elements with the greatest degree of MC have IE
and EN
The most active metals are in the bottom, left corner
of the table (Cs and Fr)
Trends:
Periods:
MC decreases across a period because the e- are less
easily lost (IE and EN increase)
Name:_________________________________
Homework Review from Vocabulary Lesson
Please answer the following questions
1)In which period and group is an atom with the
electron configuration:
a. 2-8-6
b. 2-8-18-8-2
c. 2-8-18-3
d. 2-1
e. 2-8-18-18-8
f. 2-8-7
2)Name each of the elements:
a. _______________________
b. _______________________
c. _______________________
d. _______________________
e. ________________________
f. ________________________
3)Which atom in each pair has a larger atomic radius?
a. Li or K _______
b. Ca or Ni________
c. Ga or B__________
d. O or C___________
e. Fe or Au___________
Name:_________________________________
Homework Review from Vocabulary Lesson
Please answer the following questions
1)In which period and group is an atom with the
electron configuration:
a. 2-8-6 Period 3, Group 16
b. 2-8-18-8-2- Period 5, Group 3
c. 2-8-18-3 Period 4, Group 13
d. 2-1 Period 2, Group 1
e. 2-8-18-18-8 Period 5 Group 18
f. 2-8-7 Period 3, Group 17
2)Name each of the elements:
a. Sulfur
b. Strontium
c. Galium
d. Lithium
e. Xenon
f. Chlorine
3)Which atom in each pair has a larger atomic radius?
a. Li or K _______
b. Ca or Ni________
c. Ga or B__________
d. O or C___________
e. Fe or Au___________
Symbol
Atomic Number
______
Atomic Mass
_______
# of Protons
______
_______
# of Neutrons
# of Electrons
________
Solid
________
Liquid
Gas
Discovered by ___________________________________
Interesting Info:
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REFERENCES:
sciencespot.net/Media/adtelempjt.pdf