References

Burlew, L., & Shurtz, W. (2013). Men and Body Image: Current Issues and Counseling
Implications. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91.
This study outlines that it is apparent that men also experience body image issues
related to their weight, body shape, and appearance, which can lead to detrimental
physical and emotional consequences. Approximately 10%-15% of eating disorder
diagnoses are assigned to men and 2.2% of males meet the criteria for body
dysmorphic disorder. However, men may experience and manifest body image issues
differently than women because of a variety of factors. I plan on using this research to
explain the types of influences that affect men and how they contribute to body
dysmorphic disorders and eating disorders.
Daniel, S., & Bridges, S. K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and
objectification theory. Body Image, 7(1), 32-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003
Daniel and Bridges performed an online survey consisting of 244 college-aged men to
understand media influence and their thoughts on muscularity. They found that
internalization of media views was the largest driving force in perception on
muscularity of men, followed by other factors. This lead them to believe that
objectification theory may not be as prevalent in males but rather their own concept of
muscularity as defined by the media. I plan to use this in my research to touch on what
is usually over-looked in studies on media influence on body image, which is men.
Many times, research only focuses on how women are affected by body image and
media whereas, men are affected as well.

Dohnt, H., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers
and Media Prior to Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 55(2).
This study explores peer and media influences in the body image concerns and dieting
awareness of girls between the age 5 and 8 years. 128 girls were recruited from the
first 4 years of formal schooling. Interviews were conducted to assess the aspects of
body image and well as their knowledge of dieting. By 6 years of age, a large number
of girls desired a thinner ideal figure. Specifically, girls perceptions of their peers
body dissatisfaction predicted their own level of body dissatisfaction and dieting
awareness. Watching music television shows and reading appearance-focused
magazines predicted dieting awareness. I plan to use this research to understand how
younger girls are affected by their peers and media and how this can contribute to
further body image dissatisfaction later in life.
Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of
thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of
Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005
This study was a meta-analysis of 25 studies to examine the main effect of mass media
images on female body image. They found that body image was more negative after
viewing "thin media" then after viewing images of average, plus size, or inanimate
objects. This negative view was even stronger for participants under the age of 19 or
those who were vulnerable to "activation of a thinness schema." I plan to use this
research by using their analysis of many different studies which all were able to prove
the same concept. Being able to find meta-analysis is difficult and I was thrilled to
find one that was relatively recent.

Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and
children (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
In this book, the author provides an overview of body image and how it affects not
only men and women, but also children. It also includes sociocultural influences, as
well as body modification due to influences. This book provides information on the
media effects, effects of social class, effects of ethnicity, as well as ways to promote
positive body image. I will use the research provided in this text to expand on how
socioeconomic factors play into the concept of body image, as well as ways that body
image can be promoted positively instead of negatively.
Harmenszoon van Rijn, R. (n.d.). Bathsheba with Davids letter [Image]. Wikimedia Commons.
Retrieved from
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_016.jpg
Hatoum, I. J., & Belle, D. (2004). Mags and abs: Media consumption and bodily concerns in
men. Sex Roles, 51(7/8), 397-407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000049229.93256.48
This study relates to my previous journal that links media images and young men with
muscularity dissatisfaction and therefore body dissatisfaction. Media messages are
trying to promote a "hypermuscular male body", which is difficult if not impossible
for the average person to achieve. This study investigates the association between
media consumption and male body concerns. The sample size was 89 college age men.
They found that reading male-directed magazines increased concerns about
muscularity and fitness. I plan to use this research to further develop my point about

men and muscularity as well as their views on standards for women's bodies due to
this media exposure.
Mabe, A. G., Forney, J., & Keel, P. K. (2014). 'Do you "like" my photo? Facebook use maintains
eating disorder risk'. International Journal of Eating Disorders.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22254
This study analyzes the use of Facebook and it's relation to college women who have
"appearance-focused behaviors" and "greater eating pathology". The study finds that
women with these qualities are more likely to put focus on receiving comments and
"likes" on status updates, remove tags from their friend's photos, and compare
themselves to photos of their friends. This research will be helpful in analyzing social
media's effects on women and how the use of Facebook's affirmation system shapes
body image issues.
Michael, S. L., Wentzel, K., Elliot, M. N., Dittus, P. J., Kanouse, D. E., Wallander, J. L., . . .
Schuster, M. A. (2014). Parental and Peer Factors Associated with Body Image
Discrepancy among Fifth-Grade Boys and Girls. Journal of Youth & Adolescence.
In this journal, the findings suggest that father nurturance and getting along with peers
has a negative relation body image for boys, whereas for girls, fear of negative
perception by peers is related positively to body image discrepancy. For both boys and
girls, getting along with peers and fear of negative evaluation by peers are related
directly to physical self-worth. Also, mother nurturance is related positively to
physical self-worth for girls, and father nurturance is related positively to physical
self-worth for boys. The findings show that parental and peer factors can help to

reduce fifth graders body image discrepancy. I plan to use this article in the section
relating to how outside influences impact body image perceptions of children.