The Periodic Table

What is an element?
All matter is made up of atoms, and each unique

atom represents a different element.

Atom The smallest unit of matter that can take part

in a chemical change and keep its characteristics.

A pure substance that cannot be broken down

into simpler substances.

Elements are made up of identical atoms.

Subatomic Particles
Subatomic Particle
A

particle smaller than an atom.

Electrons, Neutrons and Protons

Todays Atom The Periodic Table

Chemical symbol

An abbreviation of the name of an element.

E.g.

Carbon = C
Helium = He

There are 2 rules for finding the symbol for an

element:

A single-letter symbol is always capitalized

E.g. Oxygen = O

The first letter of a two-letter symbol is always capitalized.

E.g. Lithium = Li

The Periodic Table

Period:

the horizontal rows of the periodic table.

Numbered 1-7
Indicates the number of electron shells or
orbitals.

Group/Family:

The vertical columns of the periodic table.

Contain elements with similar properties
They all have the same number of outer shell electrons
called : VALENCE ELECTRONS

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Metals: To
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Transitional Metals

Hydrogen is an exception. It is an explosive gas but is placed in

the Alkali metals because it only has 1 electron.

The Main families/Groups

Group IA: Alkali Metals

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
Group VIA: Chalcogens
Group VIIA: Halogens
Group VIIIA: Noble Gases
Note: Hydrogen is a family all to itself.
http://www.dayah.com/periodic/

The Periodic Table

There are 3 main types of elements on the

periodic table:
Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids

Metals
Most common form of matter
75% of the P.T. are metals
On the left side of the staircase
Lustre (shiny)
Silver/Gold colour
Malleable (flexible, bendable, flattened)
Ductile (drawn into wires)
Solid (Hg is liquid, H is a gas)
Conducts heat and electricity

Non-Metals
Located on the right side of the periodic table
15% of elements are non-metals
Opposite of metals
No lustre
Brittle (breaks)
Does not conduct heat or electricity well
Insulators
Solids, some gas, liquids

Metalloids
Surrounds the stair case
6-10% of elements on the P.T.
Some properties of metals but not all.
Solid at room temp.
Some have lustre
Semi-Conductors

Hindenburg
May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg carrying 61 crew and 36

passengers took flight.

This 804-foot dirigible filled with over 7 million cubic
feet of hydrogen was a crowning achievement of its age.
Never before or since has a larger aircraft taken flight.
Many theories were talked about and investigated:
sabotage, mechanical failure, hydrogen explosions,
lightning or even the possibility that it was shot from the
sky.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiAT9xvTVKI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F54rqDh2mWA

The Elements
Element kit
How small is an atom?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqNSQ3OQMGI

Alkali metals in water!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=CA&hl=en&v=Ft4E1eCUItI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY&feature=related

How to read the periodic table

Jersey analogy

Noble Gases = Team Name

Atomic # 36 = Player #
Symbol Kr = Mascot
Krypton = Player Name
Mass 83.80 = Stats

Noble Gases

Bohr Diagrams
Protons and Neutrons are found within the nucleus.
Electrons travel around the nucleus in specific paths

called orbits or shells.

These shells exist whether they are occupied or not.

The 2-8-8 Rule

1st shell holds a max of 2 electrons
2nd shell holds a max of 8 electrons
3rd shell holds a max of 8 electrons

How do you find the number of Protons and Electrons?

Each element has a unique atomic number that

identifies how many protons are in one atom of that

element.

The Atomic number = the number of protons

Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and

electrons. Therefore:

The Atomic number also = the number of electrons

E.g. Calcium has 20 protons AND 20 electrons

P.E.A rule = # of protons = # of electrons = atomic number

How do you find the number of Neutrons?

You simply take the "Atomic Mass" (the larger

number), round the atomic mass to a whole number to

get the Mass Number, and subtract the Atomic
Number from it.

# Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

Example: Hydrogen (H)

atomic number = 1
number of protons = 1, and number of electrons = 1
atomic mass = 1.008 which rounds to 1
#of neutrons = atomic mass atomic number = 1-1 = 0

Summary Table
Subatomic
Particle

Symbol and
Charge

Mass

Location

Proton

p+

1 amu

Nucleus

Neutron

1 amu

Nucleus

Electron

e-

1/1837 amu

Electron shells

Note: AMU = Atomic Mass Unit

Atomic Symbols
Note that the mass number may be on the top or

bottom (the mass number is always the larger of the

two)

Atomic # of
the atom

Element
name

Chemical
symbol

14.007
10.811
1.0079

7
5
1

N
B
H

20
35
14

40.08
65.39
27

20
30
13

9
23

10
28

19
51

9
23

17
3
79
11
33
50
19

18
4
118
12
42
69
20

35
6.941
196.97
23
74.922
118.71
39.098

17
3
79
11
33
50
19

Nitrogen
Boron
Hydroge
n
Calcium
Zinc
Aluminu
m
Fluorine
Vanadiu
m
Chlorine
Lithium
Gold
Sodium
Arsenic
Tin
Potassiu
m

# of protons
in the atom

# of
Electrons in
the atom

# of neutrons Atomic mass

in the atom
of the atom

7
5
1

7
5
1

7
6
0

20
30
13

20
30
13

9
23
17
3
79
11
33
50
19

Ca
Zn
Al
F
V
Cl
Li
Au
Na
As
Sn
K